Version 2.1 7,758 words ARABIC DICTIONARY [with etymologies] by András Rajki 2005 A a : is it? a‘adda : prepare [‘adda] ab : August [Akk abu, Heb av] Per ab ab : father [Sem ’-b, Heb av, Akk abu, Syr aba, BAram ’b, Hrs hhayb, Meh hhayb, Amh abat, Tig ab, Uga ab, Phoen ’b] aba : refuse [Sem ’-b-y] abad : eternity [abbada] Ind abad, Per abad borrowed from Ara abada : flee [Sem ’-b-d, Akk abatu (destroy), Heb ibbed (lose), Syr ebd (perish), BAram ’bd, Uga ’bd, Phoen ’bd] abadi : eternal [abbada] Aze ebedi, Ful abada, Per abadi, Tur ebedi, Uzb abadiy borrowed from Ara abaqa : flee [OS abiq] abbada : make eternal [?] abbana : praise the dead [?] abda : show [?] abhama : be dark [?] abjad : alphabet [from the first four letters of the Ara alphabet (a, b, j, d)] Per abjad borrowed from Ara abkam : dumb [bakima] Per abkam borrowed from Ara ablagha : hand over, announce [balagha] ablaq : checkered, black-and-white [Ara blq (white)] abna : sons [tabanna] Per abna borrowed from Ara abnus : ebony from Gre ebenos from OEg habni from Nubian Alb abanoz, Bul abanos, Gre ampanozi, Hin abnus, Ind abnus, Per abnus, Rom abanos, Tur abanoz borrowed from Ara abril : April [from Lat aprilis] absala : cook unripe dates [Sem b-sh-l, Akk bashalu (be cooked, ripe), Heb hivshil (cook), Syr bashel, JNA bshl, Soq behel (be cooked), Amh besele, Uga bshl] abssara : see, notice [bassura] abu : father [ab] Per abu borrowed from Ara abyasz : white [basza] Tur beyaz, Ind abiad, Per abyasz, Tur beyaz borrowed from Ara acchara : put off, delay [Sem ’-ch-r, Mal iehor (other), l-ahhar (last), Akk acharu (be behind), Heb acher (behind; other), acharon (last), Syr achrena (other), achraya (last), JNA ’khr (be late), khena (other), kharaya (last), BAram ’chry (another), Uga ’chr (restrain, delay), Phoen ’hhr, ’chr (behind)] ach : brother [Sem ’-ch, Mal hu, Akk achu, Heb ach, Syr acha, BAram ’ch, Tig hhu, Uga ach, Phoen ’ch] Per ach borrowed from Ara achadha : take Sem ’-ch-dh, Akk achazu, Heb achaz, Syr echad, Uga ’chd achar : other [acchara] Per achar borrowed from Ara achbar : news [chabbara] Ind akhbar, Per achbar borrowed from Ara achbara : announce [chabbara] achfash : day-blind [chunfus] achir : end; last [acchara] Ind akhir, Kyr akir, Per acher borrowed from Ara achira : next world [acchara] Ful alahira, Hau lahira, Ind akhirat, Per acherat, Swa ahera borrowed from Ara achissai : specialist [chassa] achlala : disturb [?] achlaq : morals [chulq] Aze exlaq, Per achlaq, Tat ekhlak, Tur ahlak borrowed from Ara achlatt: mix; garbage [chiltt] Per achlatt, Uzb akhlat borrowed from Ara achram : perforated-nosed [charama] achszar : green [chaszira] Per achszar borrowed from Ara achttara : notify [chattara] a‘da : multiply; repeat [‘adda] adab : good manners, politeness, decency; moral; respect [aduba] Hau ladabi, Hin adab, Ind adab, Per adab, Swa adabu, Tat edep, Uzb odob borrowed from Ara adaba : invite to a feast [?] adabi : literary [aduba] Kaz odebi, Per adabi, Tur edebi borrowed from Ara adabia : literature; letters [aduba] Aze edebiyyat, Kaz odebiet, Per adabiyat, Tur edebiyat, Uzb adabiyot borrowed from Ara adam : man, human, person [Sem ’-d-m, Heb adam, Tig addam, Uga adm, Phoen ’dm] Aze adam, Ful adama, Hin adam, Ind adam, Kaz adam, Kyr adam, Per adam, Tur adam, Uzb odam borrowed from Ara adam : skin [OS adam] a‘dama : destroy [‘adima] adami : human [adam] Kaz adami from Ara adara : turn [dara] adat : tool [?] Per adat borrowed from Ara adchala : lead inside [dachala] adda : conduct [?] addaba : educate [aduba] addhana : call to prayer [adhina] adha : damage; disturb [adhia] Per adha borrowed from Ara adham : black [Akk damu (dark)] adhan : call to prayer [adhina] Hin azan, Ind azan, Per adhan, Swa adhana, Tur ezan borrowed from Ara adhan : trouble [adhia] Swa adha borrowed from Ara adhana : call to prayer [adhina] Swa adhini borrowed from Ara adhar : March [Akk adaru, Heb adar] Per adhar borrowed from Ara adhia : suffer damage [?] adhia : torment, torture [adhia] Aze eziyyet, Per adhiyat, Tur eziyet borrowed from Ara adhina : hear [Sem ’-dh-n, EgAr widan (ear), LiAr dan, Mal widna, Akk uznu, Heb ozen, Syr edana, Hrs hheydhen, Tig ezen, Uga udn, idn (permit)] adib : literate; author [adab] Ind adib, Per adib, Tur edip borrowed from Ara adla : utter [?] admana : be addicted [?] adraka : catch up with [Sem d-r-k, Heb derekh (road), darakh (tread), Syr adarek, Amh medrek (stage), Uga drk (tread), Phoen drk (road)] aduba : be literate [?] adwara : control, direct [dara] adzhara : show [dzahara] afa : misfortune, calamity; adversity, disaster [?] Hin afat, Per afat, Swa afa, Uzb ofat borrowed from Ara afada : be useful [Sem p-y-d, Uga pwd, pyd (be used)] af‘an : viper [Sem ’-p-‘, Mal lifgha, Heb efe‘a, Ara ’p‘, Hrr hhiffiny, Amh effunnyet, Tig af‘ot, Uga ap‘] Per af‘i borrowed from Ara afaka : tell a lie [Sem h-p-k, Akk abaku (overturn), Heb hafakh (turn), Syr hefak, Uga hpk, Phoen hpk] afala : go down [Akk apalu (be late), Heb afela (dark)] afandi : sir [from Gre authentes] Per afandi, Tat efende, Tur efendi borrowed from Ara afkar : thoughts, ideas, opinions [fakkara] Per afkar, Tur efkar borrowed from Ara afsada : spoil [Heb hifssid (lose)] afssahha : explain [fassuhha] afszal : better [faszala] Ind afzal, Per afszal borrowed from Ara afta : authorize; advise Sem p-t-w, Hrs afto (decide on a plan), Gez ftw afttara : have breakfast [fattara] afyun : opium, dope [from Gre opion] Alb afion, Gre afioni, Ind apyun, Kyr apiyim, Per afyun, Swa afyuni, Uzb afyun borrowed from Ara aghara : invade, attack [ghara] aghatha : help [?] aghfala : neglect [ghafala] aghlab : most of [ghalaba] Per aghlab borrowed from Ara aghlaqa : conclude [ghalaqa] aghra : attract [ghara] aghszaba : tease, make angry [ghasziba] aghusttus : August [from Lat augustus] ahala : marry [Heb ohel (tent), Uga ahl (residence)] ahala : qualify [?] ahammia : importance, significance [hamma] Aze ehemiyyet, Hin ahmiyat, Per ahammiyat, Tat ehemiyat, Tur ehemmiyet borrowed from Ara ahana : insult [hana] ahda : exchange gifts [hadia] ahhabba : love hhabba] ahhad : one [wahhada] Per ahhad borrowed from Ara Ahhad : Sunday [wahhada] Ful alad, Ind Ahad borrowed from Ara ahhkama : make strong, fortify [?] ahhmaq : foolish hhamiqa Per ahhmaq borrowed from Ara ahhmar : red [hhammara] Ind ahmar, Per ahhmar borrowed from Ara ahhnaka : experience sg, go through sg Sem hh-n-k, Heb chinnekh (educate), Gez hhanaka (perceive)] ahhsan : better, nicer [hhasan] Per ahhsan borrowed from Ara ahhsana : do good [hhasan] ahhszara : bring; prepare [hhaszara] ahhtaja : need [Sem hh-g-y, Mal htieja (need)] ahhwal : conditions, state of affairs, situation [hhal] Aze ehval, Ind ahwal, Per ahhwal, Tur ahval borrowed from Ara ahhwar : black-and-white (eyes) [hhara] ahhyanan : from time to time [hhin] ahl : able, capable [ahala] Per ahl, Tur ehil borrowed from Ara ahl : kinfolk [ahala] Per ahl borrowed from Ara ahmala : neglect [?] ai : that is [ayy] ail : mountain goat Sem ’-y-l, Akk alu (ram), ayyalu (deer), Heb ayal (mountain goat), ail (ram), Uga il, ayl (deer), Phoen ’yl (buck)] ailul : September [Sem hh-l-l, Akk elulu, Heb elul, Syr eylul] Per eilul, Tur eylul borrowed from Ara aiman : right [yamana] aina : who [ayy] aiqadza : wake up [yaqidza] aisar : left [yasar] Per eysar borrowed from Ara aisara : be rich [Sem ‘-th-r, Heb ‘ashir (rich), Syr ‘athir, JNA atira] aiszan : also [?] Per eyszan borrowed from Ara ajaba : answer [jawab] a‘jaba : please [EgAr a‘gab] ajal : hour of death, fate; deadline [Ara ’gl (gate)] Hau ajali, Per ajal, Swa ajali, Tur ecel borrowed from Ara a‘jam : speaking a non-Arab language [‘ajam] Per a‘jam borrowed from Ara ajara : hire, reward [Sem ’-g-r, Akk agaru (hire), Heb agora (a coin), Syr agra (pay), JNA a’ra (reward, pay), Uga ’gr] Swa ajiri ajash : hoarse [Heb gass (rough)] ajdad : ancestors [jadd] Aze ecdad, Per ajdad, Tur ecdat borrowed from Ara ajhar : suffering in nyctalopia, night-blind [jahar] ajjada : be useful [?] ajlaf : villain [jilf] Aze eclaf, Per ajlaf borrowed from Ara ajlahh : bald [jalihha] ajli : sake [?] Swa ajili borrowed from Ara ajnabi : foreign, foreigner [janb] Aze ecnebi, Per ajnabi, Tur ecnebi, Uzb adzhnabiy borrowed from Ara ajnas : sorts, types [jins] Per ajnas borrowed from Ara ajr : reward [ajara] Per ajr borrowed from Ara ajra : implement [?] ajram : bodies [jirm] Per ajram borrowed from Ara ajsam : bodies [jasuma] Per ajsam borrowed from Ara ajur : brick [Akk agurru, JNA ajurra] Per ajor borrowed from Ara akala : eat [Sem ’-k-l, Mal kiel, Akk akalu, Heb akhal, Syr ekal, JNA ’khl, BAram ’kl, Amh ehel (cereal), Uga ’kl (eat), Phoen ’kl] akama : hill [OS ekam] Per akame borrowed from Ara akbar : greatest [kabura] Ind akbar, Per akbar borrowed from Ara akid : sure [wakkada] Per akid borrowed from Ara akkar : farmer [Akk ikkaru, from Sum engar] akl : food [akala] Per akl borrowed from Ara akmal : complete [kamala] Per akmal borrowed from Ara akthar : more [kathara] Per akthar, Tur ekser borrowed from Ara aktharia : majority [kathara] Aze ekseriyyet, Per akthariyat, Tur ekseriyet borrowed from Ara al : the [Sem ’-l, Mal il, Heb ele (these)] Ind al borrowed from Ara al : family [Ara ’l] Per al borrowed from Ara ala : cease [OS Vl] ala : tool [?] Ind alat, Per alat, Swa ala, Ser alat, Tur alet borrowed from Ara a‘la : higher [‘ala] Aze ela, Per a‘la borrowed from Ara a‘la : provide a family [‘ala] alaka : send [laka] alam : pain, sorrow; injury [alima] Per alam, Tur elem, Uzb alam borrowed from Ara a‘lama : inform [‘alama] alamma : be familiar [?] al-an : now [al + an] Per al-an borrowed from Ara a‘lana : make known [‘alana] al-barihha : yesterday [al + barihha] albasa : clothes labisa] Per albese, Tur elbise borrowed from Ara al-bata : certainly, surely, of course al + bata] Aze elbette, Kyr alvette, Per albate, Taj albatta, Tur elbette borrowed from Ara alf : thousand [Sem ’-l-p, Mal elf, Heb elef, Syr alfa, JNA alpa, BAram ’lp, Amh elf (myriad), Uga alp (thousand), Phoen ’lp] Hau alif, Ind alf, alaf, Per alf, Swa elfu borrowed from Ara alia : tail fat [Sem ’-l-y, JNA ulitha] alif : the letter a [Sem ’-l-p (ox), Heb alef] Ind alif, Per alef borrowed from Ara alif : trusted, tame; friend [alifa] Per alif borrowed from Ara alifa : be trusted, accustomed, tame [Sem ’-l-p, Heb illef (train), Syr alef (teach), yilef (learn), JNA lyp] alifba : alphabet [alif + ba] Aze elifba, Per alefba borrowed from Ara alima : feel pain [Sem ’-l-m, Heb illem (dumb)] alla : unless [Heb ela (but)] alladhi : that there [al + dha] allafa : compile [alifa] Allah : God [ilah] Hin Allah, Ind Allah, Per Allah, Swa Allah, Tur Allah borrowed from Ara almas : diamond [from Gre adamas] Bul elmaz, Ind almas, Kyr almaz, Per almas, Rus almaz, Swa almasi, Tat almaz, Tur elmas, Uzb olmos borrowed from Ara alqa : throw [laqia] am : or, either [?] ama : maid Sem ’-m, Akk amtu, Heb ama, Syr amtha, Tig amet, Uga amt, Phoen ’mt] am‘a : intestines [ma‘a] Per am‘a borrowed from Ara a‘ma : blind [‘amia] Per a‘ma borrowed from Ara amad : term, period [?] amadda : supply [madda] amal : hope amala] Per amal, Tur emel borrowed from Ara amala : hope [Sem ’-m-r, Akk amaru (see), namaru (mirror), Heb tamrur (sign), JNA nora (mirror), Amh ammere (show), Tig amere (know), Uga ’mr (see), Phoen ’mr (contemplate)] amama : in front [imama] amami : frontal [imama] aman : safety, security, peace [amana] Hin aman, Ind aman, Per aman, Swa amani borrowed from Ara amana : trust, believe [Sem ’-m-n, Mal emmen, Heb heemin, Syr hamen, amin (reliable), JNA ’mn (trust), Hrs amon (believe), Amh ammene, emnat, haymanot (faith), Uga imt (true)] Swa amini borrowed from Ara amana : trust, pledge, credit, pawn, deposit, savings [amana] Ful amana, Gre amanati, Hin amanat, Ind amanah, Per amanat, Rom amanet, Swa amana, Tur emanet, Uzb omonat borrowed from Ara amar : command [amara] Ind amar borrowed from Ara amara : issue a command [Sem ’-m-r (speak), Heb amar (say), Syr emar, JNA ’mr, Hrs amor, Uga ’mr (say), Phoen ’mr] amara : signal [amala] Per emarat, Tur emare borrowed from Ara amd : time, season [amad] Per amd borrowed from Ara amin : true, faithful; reliable, safe; peaceful [amana] Aze emin, Per amin, Swa amini, Tur emin borrowed from Ara amina : be sure [amana] amir : commander, prince [amara] Hin amir, Ind amir, Per amir, Tur amir borrowed from Ara amla : dictate [Sem m-l-l, Heb mila (word), Syr malel (speak)] amlak : assets malaka] Per amlak, Tur emlak borrowed from Ara amlas : smooth [malisa] amma : but [am] Aze amma, Per amma, Uzb ammo borrowed from Ara amn : safety [amana] Per amn borrowed from Ara amna : ejaculate [Sem m-n-y, Hrs emtoni (wish), Amh temennye, Tig temenna] amnia : safety [amana] Per amniyat, Tur emniet borrowed from Ara amr : command [amara] Aze emr, Ful umro, Hau umur, Hin amr, Ind amar, Per amr, Swa amri borrowed from Ara amr : deed, business, affair [Gur geber (goods)] Hau alamari, Per amr, Swa amara borrowed from Ara ams : yesterday [Sem ’-m-s, Akk mushu (night), Heb emesh (last night), Amh messhet (evening), Tig meset] Per ams borrowed from Ara amsaka : seize [masaka] amsza : execute, put signature on [masza] amta‘a : goods [?] Aze emtee, Per amte‘e, Tur emtia borrowed from Ara amthal : examples, similar objects mathala] Ind amsal, Per amsal, Tur emsal borrowed from Ara amti‘a : goods; baggage [mata‘a] Per amte‘e borrowed from Ara amuna : be true [amana] an : that [Akk enna (now), Heb hinne (here is it)] Per an borrowed from Ara an : time, moment [Sem ’-n, Heb toana (occasion)] Per an borrowed from Ara ana : I [Sem ’-n, Mal jien, Akk ana, Heb ani, Syr ena, JNA ana, BAram ana, Ara ’nh, Amh ene, Tig ena, Uga an] anaba : represent [?] anaqa : elegance [aniqa] anbar : store [from Middle Per hambar] Per ambar borrowed from Ara andhara : warn [nadhira] anf : nose [Sem ’-p, Akk appu, Heb af, Ara ’p, Tig anef, Uga ap, Ebl appu] Per anf borrowed from Ara anfaqa : consume, spend [nafaqa] aniq : elegant [aniqa] aniqa : be elegant [?] anis : friendly [anisa] Per anis borrowed from Ara anisa : be friendly [?] anisa : young lady [anisa] anjaza : execute [najaza] ankara : deny [nakira] anna : moan [Sem ’-n-n, ’-n-y, Heb anan, Ara ’nn, Uga ’ny (complain)] anna : how [?] anqadha : liberate, rescue [naqadha] anqasz : ruins naqasza] Tur enkaz borrowed from Ara anshada : sing [?] anssar : helpers, disciples [nassara] anta : you [Sem ’-n-t, Mal inti, Akk atta, Heb ata, Syr anth, Amh ante, Tig enta, Uga at, Phoen ’t] Ind inta borrowed from Ara antahhala : adopt [Sem n-hh-l, Heb nachal (inherit)] antaja : produce [nataja] anti : you [anta] antum : you [anta] antunna : you [anta] anuk : lead [Akk annaku, from Sum anag anuq : vulture Sem ’-n-q] anutha : be feminine [Akk isshu (woman), asshatu (wife), Heb isha, Syr antha, Amh enest (female), Tig essit (woman), Uga atht, Phoen ’sh] aqall : less [qalla] Hau akalla, Per aqall borrowed from Ara aqalla : reduce [qalla] aqama : stay [qama] aqarra : confirm [qarra] aqdam : earlier; older [qadama] Per aqdam borrowed from Ara aqdama : be bold; attack [qadama] aqfala : shut, lock [qafala] aqla‘a : sail out, start [qala‘a] aqmar : whitish [qamar] aqna‘a : persuade [qani‘a] aqra‘ : bald [qari‘a] aqraba : relatives [qaruba] Per aqreba, Tur akraba borrowed from Ara aqrasza : lend [qarasza] aqsama : swear an oath [Sem q-s-m, Heb qassam (divine), Ara qssam, OSAr mqsm (divination), Gez qasama (divine)] aqssa : far; farther [qassa] Per aqssa borrowed from Ara ara : show [ra] a‘ra : lend [?] araba : tie up [OS erib] a‘raba : express; arabize [‘arraba] A‘rabi : Arab [‘arraba] arada : want [Sem r-d-y, Mal ried, Heb ratza, JNA rizza (a wish)] arahha : rest [rahha] a‘raj : limp [‘arija] Per a‘raj borrowed from Ara araszi : grounds, lands [arsz] Aze erazi, Per araszi borrowed from Ara arba‘ : four [Sem r-b-‘, Mal erbgha, Akk erbe, Heb arba‘a, Syr arba‘, JNA arba, Amh arat, Uga arb‘, Phoen ’rb‘] Swa aroba borrowed from Ara arba‘in : forty [arba‘] Hau arbain, Per arba‘in, Swa arobaini borrowed from Ara arbab : masters rabba] Per arbab, Tur erbap borrowed from Ara arbi‘a : Wednesday [arba‘] Ind arba borrowed from Ara arghama : force sy [?] arhaqa : make suffer [?] ariba : be skilled [Heb arav (lurk)] arjawan : purple [Akk argamannu, Heb argaman, JNA arjawan] Per arghawani, Tur erguvani borrowed from Ara arkan : pillars; staff officers rakana] Per arkan, Tur erkan borrowed from Ara armal : widower [armala] Per armal borrowed from Ara armala : be widowed [Sem ’-r-m-l, Mal armla (widow), Akk almattu, Heb almana, JNA armiltha, Uga almnt, Phoen ’lmt] arnab : hare [Sem ’-r-n-b, Akk arnabu, Heb arnevet, Syr arnaba, JNA arnuwa, Hrs hheyneb] Ind arnab borrowed from Ara arracha : fix a date [Sem y-r-ch, Akk warchu (moon), Heb yareach, tarich (date), JNA yarkha (month), Sab warch, Amh war (month), tarik (history), Tig werehh (moon), Uga yrch, Phoen yrch] arsa : lay anchor [rasa] arsz : earth [EgAr ard, Akk erssetu, Heb eretz, Syr ar‘a, JNA ara, Uga arss, Phoen ’rss] Ful lardi, Hau lardi, Ind arzi, Per arsz, Swa ardhi, Tur arz borrowed from Ara aruzz : rice [from Gre oryza] arz : cedar [Sem ’-r-z, Mal arznu, Heb erez, Syr arza, JNA arza, Uga arz] Ind araz, Per arz borrowed from Ara arzaq : provisions razaqa] Aze erzaq, Per arzaq, Tur erzak borrowed from Ara as : myrtle [Akk asu, JNA asa] Per as borrowed from Ara asa : cure [Akk azu, from Sum azu] asa : make bad [Heb asson (calamity)] asad : lion [Sem ’-sh-d, Akk shedu (demon), Heb shed, Syr sheda, JNA shedha] Ind asad, Per asad borrowed from Ara asaf : regret [asifa] Per asaf borrowed from Ara as‘afa : help [sa‘afa] asara : tie up [Sem ’-s-r, Mal jassar (capture), Akk eseru, Heb assar (arrest), Syr esar, JNA ysr, Amh essere, Uga ’sr] asas : base, foundation [asasa] Aze esas, Hau harshashi, Ind asas, Per asas, Tur esas borrowed from Ara asasa : lay foundations [Ara ashesh] asbab : objects, means; gear, equipment, tool(s) [sabab] Per asbab, Uzb asbob from Ara asbala : hang [Heb shovel (tab)] as’cham : black [sacchama] asfal : low [see safala] Ind asfal, Per asfal borrowed from Ara asfara : shine Sem s-p-r, Heb shafar (be pleasant), Syr shafir (fine, beautiful), JNA shpira] ashada : praise [?] ash‘ala : ignite [sha‘ala] ashall : paralyzed [shalla] Hin shal, Per shal borrowed from Ara asham : unfortunate [tashama] ashara : make signs [shara] Swa ashiria borrowed from Ara ash‘ara : make known [sha‘ara] ashfaqa : have mercy [?] ash’hab : grey [shahab] Per ash’hab borrowed from Ara ash’hal : blue-eyed [shuhla] Per ash’hal borrowed from Ara as’hham : red [sahham] ashia : objects, things [shai] Aze esya, Per ashya, Tur esya borrowed from Ara ashmal : left [shimal] ashqar : bay-colored; blond-haired [shaqira] Per ashqar borrowed from Ara ashraf : nobles [sharufa] Per ashraf borrowed from Ara ashram : hare-lipped [sharama] ashraqa : ascend [sharaqa] ashyab : gray-haired [shaba] asifa : regret [?] asir : prisoner, captive [asara] Per asir, Tur esir, Uzb asir borrowed from Ara askana : settle [sakana] aslahha : arms, weapon silahh Uzb aslaha borrowed from Ara asmar : brown [samara] Per asmar, Tur esmer borrowed from Ara asqatta : drop [saqatta] asrafa : squander [?] asrar : secrets; hashish [sirr] Per asrar, Tur esrar borrowed from Ara assaba : hit [ssaba] assamm : deaf [ssamma] assarra : insist [ssarra] assbu‘ : finger [issba‘] Per assbu‘ borrowed from Ara assbahha : become [?] assdara : publish [ssadara] assfar : yellow [ssuffr] Per assfar borrowed from Ara assgha : listen [?] assil : of noble origin [assula] Per assil borrowed from Ara assl : root; origin, source [assula] Ful asli, Hau asali, Hin asl, Ind asal, Per assl, Swa asili borrowed from Ara asslahha : repair [ssalahha] assli : original, genuine [assula] Aze esil, Hin asli, Per assli borrowed from Ara assnaf : classes, categories; craftsmen; guild [ssannafa] Alb esnaf, Bul esnaf, Per assnaf, Ser esnaf, Tur esnaf borrowed from Ara assrara : insist [Sem s-r-r, Akk sararu (contest), Heb ssarar (rebel)] assula : have roots [Heb atzil (noble)] aswad : black [sauwada] Ind aswad, Per aswad borrowed from Ara asza‘a : destroy [sza‘a] aszhha : sacrifice animal [szahha] Per aszhha borrowed from Ara aszraba : give up, avoid; strike [szaraba] ata : come [Sem ’-t-y, Syr etha, Ara ’th, SAr ’tw, Tig ata, Uga ’tw, ’ty] at‘aba : tire out [ta‘iba] athar : trace [Akk ashru (place), Heb atar (site), Syr athara (place, region), JNA athra, bathir (after), Uga athr, Phoen ’shr, t’r (place)] Hin asar, Per athar, Swa athari, Tur eser borrowed from Ara athara : prefer [?] athath : furniture [atthatha] Per athath borrowed from Ara at’hhafa : give a gift [?] athl : tamarisk [from OEg aser] athna : time; during [thana] Per athna borrowed from Ara atin : coming [ata] Per ati borrowed from Ara atlafa : cause damage [talifa] atqana : make perfect, repair [Heb tiqqen, Syr thaqen] a‘tta : offer, give [‘attan] atta‘a : obey [tta‘a] att‘ama : feed [tta‘ima] attara : bend [Heb ittar (rim)] attbaqa : close; cover [Sem tt-b-q, Uga ttbq] attfa : extinguish [ttafia] atthara : make influence [athara] atthatha : furnish [?] attla‘a : show [ttala‘a] attlaqa : release [ttallaqa] attraf : surroundings, periphery [ttaraf] Aze etraf, Per attraf, Tur etraf borrowed from Ara attrash : deaf [ttarisha] Per attrush borrowed from Ara atun : kiln [Akk utunu, from Sum udun] au : or [Sem ’-w, Mal jew, Heb o, Syr o, Uga u] auhhasha : abandon, let become wild [?] aula : these [Heb ele] aula : first, important [auwal] Per oula, Swa aula borrowed from Ara aulad : children; successors; generation [walada] Aze ovlad, Per oulad, Tur evlat, Uzb avlod borrowed from Ara aulama : give a banquet [Meh awolem (prepare a meal)] aulia : leaders; saint; holy men [wali] Hin auliya, Ind aulia, Per ouliya, Uzb avliyo borrowed from Ara auma : make a sign [Akk wama‘u (swear)] auqafa : install, set [waqafa] auqat : times; mood [waqqata] Hin aukat, Per ouqat borrowed from Ara auraq : pages; papers, documents [waraq] Per ouraq, Tur evrak borrowed from Ara ausatt : central, mid- [wasatt] Hin ausat, Per ousatt borrowed from Ara ausattan : on average [wasatt] Hin ausatan borrowed from Ara aussa : recommend, propose [wassa] aussaf : characteristics [wassafa] Per oussaf, Tur evsaf borrowed from Ara auwa : accommodate [OS ay] auwal : early; earlier; first [Mal ewwel, Aram awla (beginning)] Aze evvel, Hin avval, Ind awal, Per awwal, Swa awali, Tur evvel borrowed from Ara auwali : original, basic [auwal] Per awwali borrowed from Ara auzar : burdens [wazara] Hin auzar, Per ouzar borrowed from Ara awa : jackal [?] a‘waj : bent [‘awija] Per a‘waj borrowed from Ara awalan : at first [auwal] Per awalan borrowed from Ara awan : times, period [an] Per awan borrowed from Ara a‘war : one eyed Sem ‘-w-r, Heb ‘iver (blind), Syr ‘ewira, Hrs ‘awer (go blind), Amh ewur (blind), Tig ore (be blind)] Per a‘war borrowed from Ara a‘waza : be poor; be absent [‘awiza] aya : token; verse [Sem ’-w-y, Akk ittu, Heb ot, Syr atha] Ful aya, Per ayat, Swa aya, Tur ayet borrowed from Ara ayy : which [Sem ’-y, Akk ayyu, Heb eyze, eykh (how), eyfo (where), Uga ay (which)] ayyar : May [Sem ’-y-r, Akk ayyaru (flower), aru (frond), Heb iyyar (May)] Per ayyar borrowed from Ara a‘zab : unmarried [‘azaba] azaba : flow [Sem ’-z-b] azal : eternity [Heb azal (go forth), JNA azal, BAram ’zl] Per azal borrowed from Ara azali : eternal [azal] Per azali, Swa azali, Tur ezeli borrowed from Ara azara : surround, wrap [Sem ’-z-r, Heb eyzor (zone), JNA izar (shawl), Uga ’zr (gird), mizrt (apron)] azhara : bloom [zahara] azma : crisis [?] azraq : gray; blue zariqa] Per azraq borrowed from Ara ‘A ‘aba : be defect ?] ‘aba : fill up; mobilize ?] ‘abada : serve, worship Sem ‘-b-d, Akk abdu (slave), Heb ‘avad (serve), Syr ‘abad, JNA oda (slave), ‘bd (worship), ’wdh (serve), BAram ‘avad (slave), Uga ‘bd (work), Phoen ‘bd] Swa abudu borrowed from Ara ‘abara : cross over [Sem ‘-b-r, Akk eberu, Heb ‘avar, Syr ‘abar, JNA ’wr, Uga ‘br, Phoen ‘br] Swa abiri borrowed from Ara ‘abbada : build, pave ‘abada] ‘abbara : explain, interpret [?] ‘abd : slave [‘abada] Ind abdi, Per ‘abd borrowed from Ara ‘abira : have tears [?] ‘abr : passage; transit [‘abara] Per ‘abr borrowed from Ara ‘ada : return [Sem ‘-w-d, Mal ghid (holiday), ghada (custom), Heb ‘od (again), Syr ‘eda (holiday), ‘yada (custom), JNA edha, Uga ‘wd (bring back), Phoen ‘d (still, yet)] ‘ada : run, pass [Sem ‘-d-w, Mal ghadda, ghadu (enemy), Heb ‘ada (pass), Syr ‘eda, Soq ‘dy, Gez ‘dw] ‘ada : in addition to [?] Per ‘ada borrowed from Ara ‘ada : custom, habit [‘ada] Aze adet, Ful alada, Hau alada, Hin adet, Kyr adat, Per ‘adat, Tat gadet, Tur adet, Uzb odat borrowed from Ara ‘adad : number, numeral; quantity [‘adda] Hau adadi, Hin adad, Per ‘adad, Swa idadi, Uzb adad borrowed from Ara ‘adala : be even [JNA ‘dla (straighten)] ‘adam : nothing [‘adima] Per ‘adam borrowed from Ara ‘adala : justice, court [‘adala] Aze edalat, Hin adalat, Kyr adilet, Per ‘adalat, Tur adalet, Uzb adolat borrowed from Ara ‘adas : lentils [Mal ghads, Heb ‘adasa] Per ‘adas borrowed from Ara ‘adawa : enmity [‘ada] Hau adawa, Per ‘adawat, Tur adavet borrowed from Ara ‘adda : count, reckon [Mal ghadda, ghodda (tool), JNA ‘adad (number), Hrs ‘adad (count), Tig ‘ed (tribe), ‘edde (count)] ‘addhaba : punish [Mal ghaddeb] ‘adha : seek refuge [?] ‘adhab : anguish, pain; punishment, suffering, torment, torture; hell [‘addhaba] Hau azaba, Hin azab, Ind adzab, azab, Kaz azap, Kyr azap, Per ‘adhab, Tat gazap, Tur azap, Uzb azob borrowed from Ara ‘adhala : scold [?] ‘adhara : pardon [Mal ghader] ‘adhb : sweet ‘adhuba] Per ‘adhb borrowed from Ara ‘adhil : scolding [‘adhala] Per ‘adhel borrowed from Ara ‘adhir : pardoning [‘adhara] Per ‘adher borrowed from Ara ‘adhuba : be sweet [?] ‘adi : customary, normal [‘ada] Aze adi, Per ‘adi borrowed from Ara ‘adid : numerous [‘adda] Per ‘adid borrowed from Ara ‘adil : just, righteous, impartial, fair, straight [‘adala] Aze adil, Hau adili, Ind adil, Kaz adil, Kyr adil, Per ‘adel, Swa adili, Tat gadel, Tur adil, Uzb odil borrowed from Ara ‘adim : omitted [‘adima] Per ‘adim borrowed from Ara ‘adima : be lost [JNA ‘dm (destroy)] ‘adlia : justice [‘adala] Aze edliyye, Per ‘adliye borrowed from Ara ‘adu : enemy ‘ada] Per ‘adoww, Swa adui borrowed from Ara ‘adwa : infection ‘ada] ‘adzim : big [‘adzuma] Ind azim, Per ‘adzim borrowed from Ara ‘adzm : bone [Sem ‘-dz-m, EgAr ‘adm, Mal ghadma, Akk essemtu, Heb ‘etzem, Tig assem, Uga ‘dzm, Phoen ‘ssm, Ebl adzmu] Per ‘adzm borrowed from Ara ‘adzuma : be big [Sem ‘-dz-m, Heb ‘atzma (power), Uga ‘dzm, Phoen t‘ssmt] ‘afa : heal Sem ‘-p-w, Hrs ‘afyet] ‘afa : eliminate; pardon ?] ‘afar : dust Sem ‘-p-r, Akk eperu, Heb ‘afar, Syr ‘afra, JNA ipra, Hrs ‘afor (cloud), Tig efer (dust), Uga ‘pr] ‘afasha : heap up [?] ‘affa : refrain from [?] ‘afia : health [‘afa] Aze afiyet, Ful afiya, Hau lafiya, Per ‘afiya, Swa afya, Tur afiyet borrowed from Ara ‘afif : virginal [‘affa] Per ‘afif borrowed from Ara ‘afina : rot [?] ‘afsh : baggage, furniture [‘afasha] ‘afss : gallnut [Heb ‘afatz, JNA ‘apssa] ‘afw : pardon, forgiveness [‘afa] Aze efv, Ful yafu, Per ‘afw, Tat gafu borrowed from Ara ‘ahada : promise Ara ‘hd (remember)] Swa ahidi borrowed from Ara ‘ahd : contract; union; promise; epoch ‘ahada] Hin ahd, Per ‘ahd, Swa ahadi borrowed from Ara ‘aib : blemish, disgrace, shame, fault, guilt, sin [‘aba] Aze ayib, eyib, Hau aibi, Hin aib, Kyr ayip, Per ‘eyb, Swa aibu, Tur ayip, Uzb ayib borrowed from Ara ‘aila : family [‘ala] Per ‘aele, Taj oila, Tat gaile, Tur aile, Uzb oila borrowed from Ara ‘ain : the letter ‘ [Sem ‘-y-n, Heb ‘ain] Per ‘eyn borrowed from Ara ‘ain : eye [Sem ‘-y-n, Mal ghajn, Akk inu, Heb ‘ain, Syr ‘aina, JNA ena, Meh ‘ain, Amh ayn, Tig en, Uga ‘n, Phoen ‘n, Ebl ‘aynay] Ind ain, Per ‘eyn borrowed from Ara ‘ainan : exactly [‘ain] Per ‘eynan borrowed from Ara ‘air : wild ass [Uga ‘r] ‘aish : life [‘asha] Hin aish, Per ‘eysh borrowed from Ara ‘ajab : astonishment, wonder; wonderful ‘ajiba] Aze eceb, Hin ajab, Ind ajabu, Per ‘ajab borrowed from Ara ‘ajaib : wonders; wonderful, interesting [‘ajiba] Aze ecaib, Ind ajaib, Per ‘ajaeb, Taj ajoib, Tur acayip borrowed from Ara ‘aj : tusk [‘awija] Per ‘aj borrowed from Ara ‘ajala : wheel [Heb ‘agala (cart), JNA ‘ajala, Phoen ‘glt] ‘ajala : haste [‘ajila] Per ‘ajale, Tur acele borrowed from Ara ‘ajam : Non-Arabs, Persians [maybe from the geographical name Elam] Per ‘ajam borrowed from Ara ‘ajami : dumb, clumsy; non-Arab, Persian [‘ajam] Ful ajami, Gre atzames, Per ‘ajami, Rom ageamiu, Tur acemi borrowed from Ara ‘ajana : knead [Mal ghagina (dough), JNA ‘jn (knead)] ‘ajaza : be weak [Sem ‘-g-z, Hrs ‘agoz] ‘ajib : astounding, marvelous, wonderful ‘ajiba] Per ‘ajib, Tat gadzhep borrowed from Ara ‘ajiba : amaze [Mal ghaggeb, EgAr ‘agib, JNA ‘jb] ‘ajil : hasty [‘ajila] Per ‘ajil, ‘ajel borrowed from Ara ‘ajila : be in hurry Sem ‘-j-l, Mal ghaggel, EgAr ‘agala (haste)] ‘ajin : dough [‘ajana] Per ‘ajin borrowed from Ara ‘ajiz : weak, impotent [‘ajaza] Hau ajizi, Per ‘ajez, Tur aciz borrowed from Ara ‘ajjaja : whirl up (dust) [?] ‘ajwa : dried dates [?] ‘ajz : weakness, slackness [‘ajaza] Per ‘ajz, Swa ajizi borrowed from Ara ‘akafa : strive [?] ‘akasa : reflect [?] ‘akif : diligent [‘akafa] Per ‘akef borrowed from Ara ‘aks : reflection; photo, picture; opposite [‘akasa] Aze eks, Hau akasi, Per ‘aks borrowed from Ara ‘ala : be high Sem ‘-l-y, Mal ghal (upon), Akk eli, Heb ‘al, Syr ‘al, JNA il, Amh lay (up), Uga ‘l, Phoen ‘l] ‘ala : provide a family [?] ‘ala : on ‘ala] Ind ala, Per ‘ala borrowed from Ara ‘alafa : feed [Mal ghalef] ‘alaja : handle, treat [?] ‘alam : world, universe [Sem ‘-l-m, Heb ‘olam, Syr ‘alma, JNA ‘alam, BAram ‘alma, Amh alem, Uga ‘lm, Phoen ‘lm] Aze alem, Ind alam, Kaz olem, Kyr aalam, Per ‘alam, Tat galem, Tur alem, Uzb olam borrowed from Ara ‘alam : mark; flag ‘alama] Per ‘alam, Tur alem borrowed from Ara ‘alama : know Sem ‘-l-m, Mal ghallem (teach), ghelm (flag), Syr ‘alama (pupil), Amh alama (flag)] ‘alama : sign [‘alama] Aze elamet, Ful alama, Hau alama, Hin alamat, Ind alamat, Per ‘alamat, Swa alama, Tur alamet borrowed from Ara ‘alana : be known [?] ‘alani : public [‘alana] Per ‘alani borrowed from Ara ‘alaq : leech [Sem ‘-l-q, Akk ilqu, Heb ‘aluqa, Amh elqet, Tig aleq] Per ‘alaq borrowed from Ara ‘alaqa : dependence; attachment; connection ‘aliqa] Aze elaqe, Hin ilaka, Per ‘alaqe borrowed from Ara ‘ali : supreme, superior, high [‘ala] Aze ali, Per ‘ali, Tur ali, Uzb oliy borrowed from Ara ‘alil : weak, ill [‘alla] Per ‘alil borrowed from Ara ‘alim : learned; scholar, scientist [‘alama] Aze alim, Ind alim, Per ‘alem, Tat galim, Tur alim, Uzb olim borrowed from Ara ‘alima : know [‘alama] ‘alin : high [‘ala] Per ‘ali, Tur ali borrowed from Ara ‘aliqa : hang; be added [Sem ‘-l-q, Mal ghallaq, Hrs ‘ayleq] ‘alla : be weak, ill [Mal ghilla (ailment)] ‘alla : maybe [?] ‘allaba : put (conserve) in can JNA ‘ulba (bushel)] ‘allama : teach [‘alima] ‘allaqa : iron (for clothes) ?] ‘allaqa : add a comment ‘aliqa] ‘am : uncle [Sem ‘-m, Heb ‘am (kinsman), Syr ‘amtha (aunt), Hrs ‘om (ancestor)] Per ‘am borrowed from Ara ‘am : year [Amh amat] Per ‘am borrowed from Ara ‘ama : swim [Mal gham] ‘ama : blindness [‘amia] Per ‘ama borrowed from Ara ‘amada : support [Sem ‘-m-d, Heb ‘amad (stand), ‘amud (column, pillar), Syr ‘amuda, Amh amd, Phoen ‘md] ‘amal : work, act, affair; operation [‘amila] Hin amal, Ind amal, Kyr amal, Per ‘amal, Swa amali, Tur amel, Uzb amal borrowed from Ara ‘amali : operative, practical [‘amila] Per ‘amali borrowed from Ara ‘amalia : acts, operations [‘amila] Aze emeliyyat, Per ‘amaliyat borrowed from Ara ‘amara : dwell, live [Sem ‘-m-r, Mal ghammar, Syr ‘emar, JNA ’mr (be built), ‘umir (life)] ‘amd : standpoint; intention [‘amada] Per ‘amd borrowed from Ara ‘amdan : intentionally [‘amada] Per ‘amdan borrowed from Ara ‘amia : be blind [Mal aghma, Tig ama] ‘amid : dean [‘amada] Per ‘amid borrowed from Ara ‘amil : factor, agent; worker [‘amila] Per ‘amil, Tur amil borrowed from Ara ‘amila : work, act [Sem ‘-m-l, Mal ghamel, Heb ‘amal (toil), Syr ‘amel] ‘amim : general, public [‘amma] Per ‘amim borrowed from Ara ‘amiq : deep [‘amuqa] Per ‘amiq borrowed from Ara ‘amm : general [‘amma] Per ‘amm borrowed from Ara ‘amma : be general [Akk ammu (people, nation), Heb ‘am, ‘umma, Syr ‘ama, Uga ‘m, Phoen ‘m, ‘mt (community)] ‘amma : cover, comprise [Uga ‘mm (wrap; dim)] ‘amma : mob, crowd; the public [‘amma] Per ‘amme borrowed from Ara ‘ammada : baptize [Mal ghammed, Syr ‘emad] ‘ammama : turban [‘amma] Per ‘ammame borrowed from Ara ‘ammi : common, vulgar [‘amma] Per ‘ammi borrowed from Ara ‘amud : pillar [‘amada] Per ‘amud borrowed from Ara ‘amudi : vertical [‘amud] Per ‘amudi, Tur amudi borrowed from Ara ‘amuqa : be deep [Sem ‘-m-q, Mal ghammieq, Heb ‘amoq, Syr ‘amiqa, JNA ‘umqe (depths), Uga ‘mq (deep), Phoen ‘mq (valley)] ‘amura : bloom [?] ‘an : away from [?] ‘ana : be anxious [?] ‘ana : mean; relate, concern [?] ‘anada : be spiteful; deviate [Ara ‘nd (depart)] ‘anan : clouds [Sem ‘-n-n, Heb ‘anan, Syr ‘anana, JNA inana] Per ‘anan borrowed from Ara ‘an‘ana : oral traditions [?] Aze enene, Per ‘an‘ane borrowed from Ara ‘anaq : female kid [Akk uniqu] ‘anaqa : embrace [Mal ghannaq] ‘anbar : amber Sem ‘-n-b-r Per ‘anbar borrowed from Ara ‘anbar : store anbar ‘andalib : nightingale [?] Per ‘andalib borrowed from Ara ‘anif : severe [‘annafa] Per ‘anif borrowed from Ara ‘annafa : treat severely [?] ‘anqabut : spider [Mal ghanqbuta (cobweb), Heb ‘akkavish, JNA qo’ta] Per ‘ankabut borrowed from Ara ‘anz : goat [Akk enzu, from Sum uz] ‘aqa : hinder [maybe from a common Sem root ‘-q (restrain)] ‘aqab : heel ‘aqaba] Per ‘aqab borrowed from Ara ‘aqaba : follow [Sem ‘-q-b, Mal gharqub (heel), Akk eqbu, Heb ‘aqev, Syr ‘eqba, JNA aqba, Tig eqeb (leg), Uga ‘qb (hoof)] ‘aqaba : steep path; obstacle [Uga ‘qb (restrain)] ‘aqaba : punish [‘aqaba] ‘aqada : tie a knot [Sem ‘-q-d, Mal ghaqqad (unite, congeal), Ara ‘qd (bend, bond)] ‘aqafa : bend Sem ‘-q-p, Heb ‘aqaf (bypass), Ara ‘qp (encircle), Amh aqqefe (embrace)] ‘aqala : be intelligent Sem ‘-q-l, Mal ghaqal, JNA ‘aqil (reason)] ‘aqala : tie up, restrain, fetter maybe from a common Sem root ‘-q (restrain)] ‘aqama : be sterile [Sem ‘-q-m, Heb ‘iqqem (distort), Ara ‘qm] ‘aqaqir : drugs [‘aqara] Per ‘aqaqir borrowed from Ara ‘aqar : sterility ‘aqara] Per ‘aqar borrowed from Ara ‘aqara : be sterile [Sem ‘-q-r, Heb ‘aqar (sterile; uproot), Syr ‘aqar (hinder), ‘eqar (uproot), ‘eqara (root), JNA iqra, ‘aqira (barren woman), Phoen ‘kr] ‘aqara : be addicted [Ara ‘qr (drug)] ‘aqassa : plait [Sem ‘-q-s] ‘aqib : offspring; successor ‘aqaba] Per ‘aqib, ‘aqeb borrowed from Ara ‘aqida : dogma, faith [‘aqada] Per ‘aqide, Tur akide, Ind akidah borrowed from Ara ‘aqil : intelligent [‘aqala] Ind akil, Per ‘aqel borrowed from Ara ‘aql : reason, mind, intellect, intelligence ‘aqala] Hin aql, Ind akal, Kaz akil, Kyr akil, Per ‘aql, Swa akili, Tur akil, Uzb aql borrowed from Ara ‘aqli : mental, intellectual ‘aqala] Aze eqli, Per ‘aqli borrowed from Ara ‘aqqada : complicate [‘aqada] ‘aqrab : scorpion [Sem ‘-q-r-b, Mal ghakreb, Akk aqrabu, Heb ‘aqrav, Syr ‘eqarba, JNA aqirwa, Jib aqreb, Uga ‘qrb] Per ‘aqrab, Tur akrep borrowed from Ara ‘ar : shame [‘urya] Per ‘ar borrowed from Ara ‘ara : loiter [?] ‘arab : Arab [‘arraba] Ful arabo, Hin arab, Ind arab, Per ‘arab, Ser arapin, Tat garep, Tur arap borrowed from Ara ‘araba : carriage, wagon [JNA ‘arabana] Kyr arava, Per ‘arabe, Taj aroba, Tat arba, Tur araba borrowed from Ara ‘arabi : Arabic [‘arraba] Per ‘arabi, Tur arabi borrowed from Ara ‘arabun : pledge; surety [Sem ‘-r-b, Akk urubanu (guarantor), Heb ‘arav (pledge), Syr ‘erab, rahbona, Uga ‘rbn (guarantor), Phoen ‘rb (pledge)] Per ‘arabun, Swa arabuni borrowed from Ara ‘arafa : learn, recognize [Sem ‘-r-p, Mal gharaf] ‘arafa : make known, inform [‘arafa] Swa arifu borrowed from Ara ‘araja : descend [ghariqa] ‘araka : be in battle [Heb ‘arakh (arrange), Uga ‘rk] ‘araka : rub [Mal ghorok] ‘arama : heap up [Sem ‘-r-m, Heb ‘aram, Uga ghrmn (a heap)] ‘araq : sap; spirit; vodka [?] Alb raki, Bul rakija, Gre raki, Hin araq, Kyr arak, Per ‘araq, Rom rachiu, Ser rakija, Tur raki, Uzb araq borrowed from Ara ‘araq : sweat [‘ariqa] Per ‘araq borrowed from Ara ‘ar‘ar : tamarisk [Uga ‘r‘r] Per ‘ar‘ar borrowed from Ara ‘arasza : oppose, object to [?] ‘arasza : show, exhibit; extend an offer [‘arusza] ‘aria : be naked [Sem ‘-r-y, Mal gharwien, gheri (naked), Akk eru (be naked), Heb ‘arom (naked), JNA ‘irwa (nakedness), Uga ‘rw (be naked)] ‘arif : learned [‘arafa] Aze arif, Ind arif, Per ‘aref borrowed from Ara ‘ariq : ancient [‘ariqa] ‘arija : be limp [Sem ‘-r-g, JNA ‘rj] ‘ariqa : sweat [Sem ‘-r-q, Mal gharaq] ‘ariqa : grow roots [Sem ‘-r-q, Mal gherq (root), Hrs ‘arq (vein, sinew), Tig ereq (tendon)] ‘aris : bridegroom [‘arrasa] ‘arish : hut [Sem ‘-r-sh] ‘arisha : vineyard [‘arish] Per ‘aresz borrowed from Ara ‘arisz : appearing [‘arusza] Per ‘aresz borrowed from Ara ‘arisz : wide [‘arusza] Per ‘arisz borrowed from Ara ‘arka : battle [‘araka] ‘arqala : bar, hinder [‘aqala] ‘arqub : Achilles tendon [‘urqub] Per ‘arqub borrowed from Ara ‘arraba : arabize [Mal gharbi (Arab), Heb ‘Arav, Amh Areb] ‘arrafa : make known [‘arafa] ‘arrasa : marry [Sem ‘-r-sh, Mal gharusa (bride), Akk erishu (bridegroom), ereshu (wish), Heb arass (betroth), arussa (fiancee), Phoen ’rsh (wish), Uga ’rsh] ‘arsh : throne [Sem ‘-r-sh, Mal gharix (crib), Akk ershu (bed), Heb ‘eress, ‘arissa (cradle), Syr ‘arsa (throne), Uga ‘rsh (bed)] Ful alarsi, Per ‘arsh borrowed from Ara ‘arssa : court; field, arena [?] Per ‘arsse, Tur arsa borrowed from Ara ‘arsz : breadth [‘arusza] Per ‘arsz, Tur arz borrowed from Ara ‘arsz : offer [‘arasza] Per ‘arsz, Tur arz borrowed from Ara ‘arus : bride [‘arrasa] Per ‘arus borrowed from Ara ‘arusi : wedding [‘arrasa] Swa arusi, Per ‘arusi borrowed from Ara ‘arusza : be wide, extended [?] ‘asa : guard [Sem ‘-w-s, Mal ghassa, Uga ‘ws (night patrol)] ‘asal : honey [Mal ghasel] Per ‘asal, Swa asali, Taj asal, Uzb asal borrowed from Ara ‘asha : live [Mal ghex] Swa ishi borrowed from Ara ‘asha : dinner [Mal ghaxija (evening)] Per ‘asha borrowed from Ara ‘ashar : ten [Sem ‘-sh-r, Mal ghaxar, Akk esher, Heb ‘asara, Syr ‘esra, JNA isra, Amh aser, Uga ‘shr, Phoen ‘shr] Per ‘ashar borrowed from Ara ‘ashara : be in good company; have pleasure [Sem ‘-sh-r, SAr ‘szr (friend), Hsr ‘esore, Soq ‘szr, Uga ‘shr (serve drinks, invite)] ‘ashia : evening [‘asha] ‘ashiq : lover [‘ashiqa] Aze asiq, Per ‘asheq borrowed from Ara ‘ashiqa : love [Sem ‘-sh-q, Mal ghaxqa (delight), JNA ‘shq (desire, be in love)] ‘ashir : tenth [‘ashara] Per ‘asher borrowed from Ara ‘ashra : ten [‘ashara] Per ‘ashre borrowed from Ara ‘askar : troops, army; soldier [from Lat exercitium] Ful askar, Ind askar, Kaz esker, Kyr asker, Per ‘askar, Swa askari, Tat gasker, Tur asker, Uzb askar borrowed from Ara ‘askari : military [‘askar] Kaz eskeri, Per ‘askari, Tur askeri borrowed from Ara ‘asr : vesper; afternoon [Mal ghasar, Soq ‘aser (time)] Hau laasar, Ind asar, Per ‘asr, Swa alasiri borrowed from Ara ‘assa : staff [?] Per ‘assa borrowed from Ara ‘assa : disobey [?] ‘assab : nerve [Heb ‘etzev, Tig anssebet (sinew)] Aze eseb, Ind asabat, Per ‘assab, Uzb asab borrowed from Ara ‘assaba : tie, wrap [Sem ‘-ss-b] ‘assaba : nerves [‘assab] Ind asabat borrowed from Ara ‘assabi : nervous [‘assab] Per ‘assabi, Tur asabi, Uzb asabiy borrowed from Ara ‘assafa : blow (strong wind) [?] ‘assama : withhold; protect [?] ‘assara : squeeze [Sem ‘-ss-r, Mal ghaser, Akk eseru (exact payment), Heb ‘atzar (stop), Amh asere (tie)] ‘assara : be contemporary [Heb ‘atzeret (festival), JNA ‘assir (afternoon)] ‘assi : rebel [‘assa] Per ‘assi borrowed from Ara ‘assifa : storm [‘assafa] Per ‘assefe borrowed from Ara ‘assima : capital city [‘assama] Per ‘asseme borrowed from Ara ‘assir : juice [‘assara] Per ‘assir borrowed from Ara ‘assr : age, epoch; century; afternoon [‘assara] Aze esr, Per ‘assr, Tat gasir, Tur asir, Uzb asr borrowed from Ara ‘assri : contemporary; modern [‘assara] Per ‘asri borrowed from Ara ‘assza : bite [Sem ‘-d] ‘asza : give replacement [?] ‘asza : members [‘uszw] Per ‘asza, Tur aza borrowed from Ara ‘aszala : muscle [‘aszila] ‘aszila : be muscular [?] ‘aszula : muscle [‘aszila] Per ‘aszole borrowed from Ara ‘ataba : threshold [Mal ghatba] Per ‘atabe borrowed from Ara ‘ataqa : set free [Sem ‘-t-q, Akk etequ] ‘atiq : ancient [‘atuqa] Per ‘atiq borrowed from Ara ‘atta : give [Mal ghoti (gift)] ‘atta : gift [‘atta] Per ‘atta borrowed from Ara ‘attab : damage [‘attiba] ‘attafa : incline; feel towards [Sem ‘-tt-p, Heb ‘attaf (wrap), Amh attefe (fold)] ‘attafa : fold [‘attafa] ‘attala : idleness, unemployment [‘attila] Per ‘attalat borrowed from Ara ‘attala : make idle, unemployed [‘attila] ‘attar : perfumery; perfumist [‘attara] Per ‘attar borrowed from Ara ‘attara : perfume [Sem ‘-tt-r, Syr ‘attor (breathing, smoking)] ‘attasa : sneeze [Sem ‘-t-s, Mal ghatas, Heb hit‘attesh, Amh anettese] ‘attash : thirst [‘attisha] Per ‘attash borrowed from Ara ‘attf : inclination; feeling [‘attafa] Per ‘attf borrowed from Ara ‘attia : gift [‘atta] Per ‘attiye borrowed from Ara ‘attiba : damage [Mal ghattab (maim)] ‘attif : good-willing [‘attafa] Per ‘attef borrowed from Ara ‘attil : idle, unemployed [‘attila] Per ‘attel borrowed from Ara ‘attila : be bare; be idle [Heb ‘irttel (denude)] ‘attir : good-smelling [‘attara] Per ‘atter borrowed from Ara ‘attisha : be thirsty [Mal ghatx (thirst)] ‘attr : perfume [‘attara] Aze etir, Ind atar, Kyr atyr, Per ‘attr borrowed from Ara ‘attsa : a sneeze [‘attasa] Per ‘attse borrowed from Ara ‘attshan : thirsty [‘attisha] Per ‘attshan borrowed from Ara ‘atuda : be prepared [Heb ‘atid (future), Syr ‘athid, ‘athed (ready)] ‘atuqa : become ancient [Heb ‘atiq (ancient), Akk etequ (proceed, cross), Syr ‘athiq (ancient), JNA atiqa] ‘aun : help [‘awana] Per ‘oun, Swa auni borrowed from Ara ‘aura : genitals, pudenda [‘awira] Ful alaura, Hin aurat, Ind aurat, Per ‘ourat borrowed from Ara ‘auwala : wail [Heb ‘avel (injustice)] ‘auwasza : replace [‘asza] ‘awana : help [Sem ‘-w-n, Mal ghen, JNA ‘yn, Uga ‘nn (helper)] ‘awija : be bent, hump-backed [Sem ‘-w-g, JNA ‘ujja (hunch)] ‘awira : be one-eyed [Sem ‘-w-r, Heb ‘iver (blind), Syr ‘ewira, JNA ‘wr (squint), Amh ewwer (blind), Uga ‘wr, Phoen ‘wr] ‘awiza : be poor [maybe from a common Sem root ‘-w (be deficient)] ‘ayara : measure Sem ‘-y-r, Syr ‘eyratha (revenge)] ‘ayyar : loiterer; villain [‘ara] Hin aiyar, Per ‘ayyar borrowed from Ara ‘ayyash : fond of life [‘asha] Hin aiyash, Per ‘ayyash borrowed from Ara ‘azab : bachelor [‘azaba] Per ‘azab borrowed from Ara ‘azaba : be distant [Mal ghazeb (bachelor), Akk ezebu (leave), Heb ‘azav] ‘azafa : play (music) [?] ‘azala : remove [?] ‘azama : decide [Ara ‘zm (nip off)] ‘azaqa : dig Sem ‘-z-q, Mal ghazaq] ‘azara : scold [?] ‘azia : get comforted [?] ‘azim : setting off [‘azama] Per ‘azem borrowed from Ara ‘azima : resolve; departure [‘azama] Per ‘azimat, Tur azimet borrowed from Ara ‘azima : talisman [‘azama] Per ‘azimat, Swa azima borrowed from Ara ‘aziz : dear; strong [‘azza] Aze eziz, Hin aziz, Per ‘aziz, Swa azizi, Tur aziz, Uzb aziz borrowed from Ara ‘azm : resolve [‘azama] Per ‘azm borrowed from Ara ‘azza : be strong [Sem ‘-z-z, Mal ghaziz (dear), Akk ezezu (be fierce), Heb ‘oz (vigor), Syr ‘aziz (dear), Amh azzeze (command), Uga ‘z (force), Phoen ‘z] B ba : the letter b [Sem b-y-t, Heb bet] Ind ba, Per be borrowed from Ara ba : return [Sem b-w, Akk bau (come), Heb ba, Tig bea (enter), Uga bw’ (come), Phoen bw’] ba‘a : sell [Mal biegh] ba‘aqa : cut Sem b-‘-q] ba‘atha : send, delegate [?] bab : door; chapter [Sem b-b, Mal bieb, Akk babu, Aram bb] Hau babi, Hin bab, Ind bab, Per bab borrowed from Ara babgha : popinjay, parrot [from Per] babunaj : chamomile [from Middle Per babunag] babur : locomotive [from Ita vapore (steam)] bacha : rot Sem b-w-ch bachil : miserly [bachila] Ind bakhil, Per bakhil, Swa bahili, Uzb bakhil borrowed from Ara bachila : be miserly [?] ba‘d : after [ba‘uda] Hin bad, Per ba‘d, Swa baada borrowed from Ara bada : perish Sem b-y-d bada : begin [OS bada, Hrs bedo] bada‘a : do the first time [bada] badaha : appear unexpectedly [?] badal : change; substitute [badala] Hin badal, Per badal, Swa badala borrowed from Ara badala : replace, exchange [Sem b-d-l, Mal bidel, Heb hevdel (difference), Uga bdlm (reserves)] Hin badalna, Swa badili borrowed from Ara badan : body; corpse [Sem b-d-n, Hrs bedan, Amh beden, Tig beden] Aze beden, Hin badan, Ind badan, Per badan, Taj badan, Tur beden, Uzb badan borrowed from Ara badawi : Beduin [badia] Ind badui, Per badawi borrowed from Ara badda : scatter, distribute Sem b-d-d] badda‘a : charge with heresy [?] badhala : spend [?] badhara : scatter, sow [Sem b-dh-r, Syr badar] badhinjan : eggplant, aubergine [from Per badenjan] Bul patlydzhan, Hun padlizsan, Ser patlidzan, Swa bilingani, Tur patlican, Uzb baqladzhon borrowed from Ara badhr : seed [badhara] badi‘ : unique, wonderful [bada‘a] badia : desert [Sem b-d-w, Heb levad (alone), Uga lbdm, Amh beda (desolate), bado (empty)] badiha : improvisation, cleverness [badaha] badihi : natural [badaha] badla : suit, costume [badala] badr : full moon [?] Ind badar, Per badr borrowed from Ara badrum : cellar [from Gre hypodrome] Alb bodrum, Ser podrum, Tur bodrum borrowed from Ara ba‘du : later [ba‘uda] Badw : Beduins [badia] Ind Badui borrowed from Ara badzr : clitoris [Akk bissuru (vulva)] bafta : calico [from Per] Ind bafta, Swa bafta borrowed from Ara bagha : desire [Sem b-gh-y, Akk bu‘‘u (look for), Syr b’a (ask for), BAram b‘h, b‘w, Hrs beayt (wish)] baghata : come unexpectedly; surprise [Heb ba‘at (frighten)] baghi : prostitute [bagha] baghisza : be hated [?] baghl : mule Sem b-gh-l, Mal baghal, Aram bgl, Hrs be‘elet, Amh beqlo, Tig beqel] Ind baghal, Per baghl borrowed from Ara baghta : surprise [baghata] baha : be beautiful [Sem b-h-w (shine), Heb bahu (hall)] bahala : curse Sem b-h-l, Akk balu (supplicate), Heb nivhal (be frightened), Hrs behelet (word) bahaq : leprosy Sem b-h-q, Aram bhq (bright spot, a skin disease), Hrs bihoq, Tig behaq (blisters)] bahar : spice [LiAr bhar (pepper)] Gre mpahariko, Per bohar, Tur bahar borrowed from Ara bahara : shine Sem b-h-r, Akk bararu (flicker), barru (metal), JNA bhr, Amh berra (be bright), berr (silver), Uga brr (tin)] bahha : reveal Sem b-w-hh] bahhatha : look for; research; discuss [Akk be’eshu (stir), Heb bachash] bahhith : researcher [bahhatha] bahhr : sea Sem b-hh-r, Mal bahar, Syr bachra, Amh baher, Tig behar] Ful bahar, Hin bahr, Ind bahar, Per bahhr, Swa bahari borrowed from Ara bahhri : naval, marine [bahhr] Hin bahri, Ind bahri, Per bahhri, Swa baharia, Tur bahri borrowed from Ara bahhth : dispute, discussion [bahhatha] Hin bahs, Ind bahas, Per bahhth, Tur bahis borrowed from Ara bahima : beast, cattle Sem b-h-m, Mal bhima, Heb behema, JNA bihema, Gez behema (be dumb), Tig behame, Uga bhmt (animal)] Ful bahime, Per bahime borrowed from Ara bahim : dark [abhama] bahim : toe [ibham] bahir : bright [bahara] Per baher borrowed from Ara bahit : pale [bahita] bahita : be pale [?] bahw : saloon [baha] bai‘ : seller; sale [ba‘a] Per baye‘ borrowed from Ara ba‘id : remote [ba‘uda] bain : between [bana] Per bein, Swa baina borrowed from Ara ba‘ir : camel [Sem b-‘-r, Akk biru (bull), Syr ba‘ira (camel), Hrs be‘ir] Per ba‘ir borrowed from Ara bais : miserable [baisa] baisa : be miserable [?] baisz : egg [basza] bait : house [bata] Hau baiti, Ind bait, Per beit borrowed from Ara ba‘ith : motive, reason [ba‘atha] Hin bais, Per ba‘ith borrowed from Ara baittari : veterinarian [from Late Lat vetarius] bajjala : honor [?] baka : weep [Sem b-k-y, Mal beka, Akk baku, Heb bakha, Syr baka, JNA bkhy, Uga bky] bakara : get up early [Sem b-k-r, Akk bukru (son), bakru (first-born; young camel), Heb boqer (morning), bekher (young camel), bachur (youngster), boger (bachelor), JNA bukhra (first-born), Hrs boker (young camel), Amh bekwer (first-born), Tig bekret (young camel), Uga bkr, bchr (youngster)] bakima : be dumb [Tig behame] bakir : early [bakara] bakr : young camel [bakara] bakra : spool [Amh bekera] Bul makara, Ser makara, Tur makara borrowed from Ara bakur : coming early [bakara] bal : sense, mind Syr bala] bal : nevertheless [bila] ba‘l : master Sem b-‘-l, Akk belu, Heb ba‘al, Syr ba‘la, Hrs bal (husband), Meh bal, Amh bal, Tig beal, Uga b‘l, Phoen b‘l] bal‘ : swallowing bala‘a] Per bal‘ borrowed from Ara bala : bale from Ita] bala : try ?] bala : trial, calamity, trouble, misfortune, annoyance, mischief bala] Aze bela, Ful albala, Gre mpelas, Hau balai, Hin bala, Ind bala, Kyr balaa, Per bala, Rom belea, Swa balaa, Tur bela, Uzb balo borrowed from Ara bala : urinate balla] bala‘a : swallow Sem b-l-‘, Mal bala‘, Heb bala‘, JNA bl‘, Hrs bola (eat), Amh bella, Tig bela, Uga bl‘ (swallow)] balad : country [Mal belt (town)] Per balad borrowed from Ara balagh : communication [balagha] Per balagh borrowed from Ara balagha : reach, get to [?] balagha : eloquence [balagha] Hin balaghat, Per balaghat borrowed from Ara balahh : dates [?] balbal : confusion [balbala] balbala : confuse [Sem b-l-b-l, Heb bilbel, Syr balebal] balgham : phlegm [from Gre] Hin balgam, Ind balgham, Per balgham borrowed from Ara balia : be worn [Sem b-l-y, Heb billa (wear), Syr beli‘ (be slain), JNA bly (wear out), Uga blw, bly (consume)] baligh : major, adult balagha] Hau balaga, Hin balig, Per baligh borrowed from Ara balin : worn balia] balla : moisten Sem b-l-l, Akk balalu (mix), Heb balal, Aram bll (moisten)] ballagha : communicate [balagha] ballur : crystal [billaur] ballutt : oak Sem b-l-tt, Mal balluta, Heb ballutt (acorn), JNA balutta] Ful balluda, Hin balut, Per balutt borrowed from Ara baltta : axe [from Tur] bamya : okra [from Tur] Bul bamja, Gre mpamies, Swa mbamia borrowed from Ara bana : build [Sem b-n-y, Akk banu, Heb bana, JNA bny, Uga bnw, bny, Phoen bny] Ind bena borrowed from Ara bana : be clear, distinct [Sem b-y-n, Mal bejn, Heb beyn (between), hevin (understand), Syr banath, bath (between), bayen (distinguish), JNA beni (between), Aram byn (among), Uga byn (understand), bn (between)] banafsha : violet [from Per] Kyr binapsha borrowed from Ara banan : fingertips [ibham] bandar : port, harbor [from Per] Swa bandari borrowed from Ara bandura : tomatoes [from Ita pomodoro] bank : bank [from Eng] banna : builder [bana] banttalun : pantaloons [from Ita pantalone] baqa : cluster, bunch; bundle [?] baqa : continued existence [baqia] Hin baka, Ind baka, Per baqa borrowed from Ara baqala : grow, sprout, bloom Sem b-q-l, Amh beqqele] baqara : split Sem b-q-r] baqar : ox, cattle [Sem b-q-r, Mal baqra (cow), Heb baqar (ox), Syr baqra, Hrs beqeret (cow), Uga bqr (ox), Phoen bqr, Ebl baqaru] Hin bakr, Per baqar borrowed from Ara baqbuqa : bubble Sem b-q-b-q, Heb baqbuq (bottle)] baqdunis : parsley from Gre makedonos (Macedonian)] baqia : remain [?] baqin : remainder [baqia] Hin baki, Per baqi borrowed from Ara baql : herbs baqala] baqla : bean baqala] Hin bakla, Per baqla borrowed from Ara baqlawa : a dessert [from Tur] Per baqlawa borrowed from Ara baqq : bedbug Akk baqqu (gnat), Syr baqa, JNA baqa, Hrs beqqet (bug)] baqqal : grocer [baqala] Alb bakall, Bul bakalin, Gre mpakales, Hin bakkal, Kyr bakal, Per baqqal, Rom bacan, Ser bakal, Tur bakal, Uzb baqqol borrowed from Ara baqqam : redwood, sappan [?] Hin bakkam, Per baqam borrowed from Ara baqs : box-tree [from Gre pyxos] baqshish : tip [from Per bachshesh] Alb bakshish, Bul bakshish, Rom bacsis, Swa bakshishi, Tur bahsis borrowed from Ara bar : bar [from Eng bar] bara : cut to shape; sharpen [Sem b-r-y, Heb barar, Phoen br’ (cutter)] bara : be fallow, uncultivated [Akk aburru (pasture), Aram bwr (be uncultivated)] bara : innocence [baria] bara’a : create [Sem b-r-’, Heb bara, Syr bara, JNA bry (happen), birya (creature)] barad : hail [barada] barada : be cold [Sem b-r-d, Mal biered (cold), Heb barad (hail), JNA barda, Hrs bered (cold), Amh berrad, Tig bered (hail)] baraka : kneel [Sem b-r-k, Akk burku, Heb berekh (knee), Syr burka, JNA birka, Hrs bark, Amh temberekkeke (kneel), Tig berek (knee), Uga brk (kneel)] baraka : blessing; success [barraka] Ful barka, Hin barkat, Ind berkat, Kyr bereke, Per barakat, Swa baraka, Tur bereket, Ind berkat borrowed from Ara barama : turn, screw ?] bar‘ama : bud, bloom [?] baraqa : flash [Sem b-r-q, Mal berqa (lightning), Akk berqu, Heb baraq, Syr barqa, JNA birqa, SAr brq, Amh mebreq, Tig berq, Uga brq] barass : leper [Sem b-r-ss] Per barass borrowed from Ara baraya : race, contest [?] baraza : come forward [?] bard : cold [barada] Per bard borrowed from Ara bardaqush : marjoram [mardaqush] barghash : mosquito [burghuth] barhana : prove [?] bari : creator [bara] Ind bari, Per bari borrowed from Ara bari : free from; innocent [baria] Hin bari, Per bari borrowed from Ara baria : heal [Heb beriut (health), Aram bry (healthy)] baria : be clear, free (of sin) [Sem b-r-r, Akk baru (wild), Heb bar (wild), Syr ba‘riraya, JNA warya (outside), Amh berrere (run fast), Tig barr (region), Uga brr (be freed)] barid : post, messenger [from Late Latin veredus] Ful barade, Per barid borrowed from Ara barid : cold [barada] Swa baridi borrowed from Ara barihha : leave [LiAr mberihh (yesterday), Heb barach (flee), Uga brch, Phoen brhh] barim : string [Heb brorim (cord)] barima : fidget [Ara brm (be exhausted, consumed)] bariz : prominent [baraza] barlaman : parliament [from Fre parlament] barmil : barrel [Mal barmil, Amh bermil] barnaitta : hat [Amh barnetta] barnamaj : program from Middle Per barnamag] barnia : clay vessel [?] barq : lightning [baraqa] Hin bark, Per barq, Taj barq borrowed from Ara barqia : telegram [baraqa] barquq : plum [from Lat praecox] barr : open country [baria] barr : righteous, pious [barra] barra : be good, pious [?] barrada : cooler [barada] barraka : bless [Sem b-r-k, Mal bierek, Heb berakh, Syr burkatha (blessing), JNA birakha, burakhtha, Amh barreke, Uga brk, Phoen brk] Swa bariki borrowed from Ara barraq : flashing [baraqa] Hin barrak, Per barraq borrowed from Ara barri : wild [baria] barrima : cork-screw barama] Hau barima borrowed from Ara barud : gunpowder [from Gre pyrides] Alb barut, Bul barut, Ful barudu, Gre mparouti, Per barut, Ser barut, Swa baruti, Tur barut borrowed from Ara baruda : be cold [barada] barwaz : frame [?] barzach : isthmus [?] Per barzach borrowed from Ara basatta : spread out Sem b-s-tt and f-s-tt, Heb pashatt, Syr peshatt, JNA pshtt] basha : be miserable [Akk bashu (be ashamed), Heb bosh] bashar : humanity [Akk bishru (small child), Heb basar (meat), JNA pisra (humanity), BAram bisra, Uga bshr, Phoen bshr] bashara : bring news [Akk busurtu (news), Heb besora, Mal bxara (news), basra (prediction), Hrs abeser (announce), Amh besrat (news), Tig bshr (announce), Uga bshrt] Swa bashiri borrowed from Ara bashara : skin [bashar] basharia : humankind [bashar] Per bashariyat, Tur beseriyet borrowed from Ara bashasha : friendliness [bassha] bashi‘a : be ugly [?] basil : bold [basula] basitt : simple [Heb pashutt] bassa : ember [OS bac] bassa : spy Sem b-ss-y] bassal : onions [Sem b-s-l, Mal basla, Akk bisru (leek), Heb batzal (onion), JNA bissla, Hrs bessel] bassama : press, stamp [from Tur basma] bassaqa : spew [Sem b-ss-q, Tig bertsheqe] bassar : sight [bassura] bassha : look in a friendly way [?] bassira : insight, prudence bassura] Ful basira, Hau basira, Per bassirat, Swa busara borrowed from Ara bassura : look, inspect [Uga tbssr (control)] basula : be bold [?] basur : haemorrhoids [?] Ful baksur, Hau basur, Ind bawasir, Per bawasir, Tur basur borrowed from Ara ba‘sz : a part of sg; some, various [ba‘sza] Hin baz borrowed from Ara basza : lay eggs [Sem b-y-d, EgAr beida (egg), Mal bajda, abjad (white), Akk pessu (white), Heb betza (egg), Syr beytha, JNA beta, Amh betsha (yellow)] ba‘sza : cut to parts [basza‘a] basza‘a : cut up; carry on trade Sem b-sz-‘, JNA bz’, Uga bss‘ bata : spend the night [Sem b-y-t, Akk bitu (house), Heb bayit, Syr baytha, bath, JNA betha, Meh beyt, Amh bet, Tig bet, Uga bt, Phoen bt] bata : cut off [?] bataka : split Sem b-t-k, Akk bataqu (cleave)] batala : separate Sem b-t-l] batara : cut off Sem b-t-r] ba‘tha : mission [ba‘atha] bathan : cobra [Sem b-th-n, Akk bashmu, Heb peten (viper), Syr patna, Uga bthn, Ebl bashanu] batrul : petrol [from Eng petrol] batt : duck [battbatta] Per batt, Swa bata batta : leather jug Sem b-tt, Akk battu (vessel), Syr battitha (jug)] batta : calf of the leg ?] battahha : lie prone Sem b-tt-hh] battal : void [battala] Per battal, Swa batili, Tur batil borrowed from Ara battal : hero [battula] battala : annul, vacate Sem b-tt-l, Mal battal, Heb bittel, Syr bettal, JNA battila (idle)] Ind batal, Swa batili borrowed from Ara battania : bed-sheet [battuna] battaria : battery [from Eng] battattis : potatoes [from Eng] battbatta : quack [onomatop.; Syr batta (duck)] battha : spread [?] batti : slow [battua] battia : jar, jug [Ara btty] battich : melon [from OEg bittka] battini : inner [battn] battn : belly, inside [battuna] battrach : botargo [from OEg] battraq : patriarch [from Gre patriarchos] battua : be slow ?] battula : be bold ?] battuna : line (clothes) [Heb betten (belly)] batul : virgin [Akk batultu, Heb betula, Uga btlt] batula : birch [from Latin betula] ba‘uda : be far [Sem b-‘-d, Mal boghod (distant), Uga b‘d (back)] baul : urine bala] Hau bawali, Per boul borrowed from Ara bauwab : doorman [bab] Per bawwab, Swa bawabu borrowed from Ara bauwaba : gate [bab] ba‘usz : mosquito [barghash] bayan : clarification, explanation bana] Hau bayani, Hin bayan, Per bayan, Tur beyan borrowed from Ara bayya‘ : seller [ba‘a] bayyana : clarify, explain bana] bazaqa : spew [Sem b-z-q, Tig bozeqe] bazara : scatter, sow Sem b-z-r, Syr bazra (seed), Hrs bezar (peppers)] bazilla : peas [from Ita piselli] Tur bezelye borrowed from Ara bazin : hawk from Per baz] Hin baz borrowed from Ara bazz : fabric, linen buss] Per bazz borrowed from Ara bazza : plunder Sem b-z-z, Heb bazaz, Aram bzz] bazzaqa : cobra; snail [bazaqa] bazzaz : draper [bazz] Hin bazzaz, Per bazzaz borrowed from Ara bi : at [Sem b-, Mal bi-, Heb be-, Syr be-, Sab b, Amh ba, Uga b, Phoen b] bid‘a : heresy [badda‘a] Ful bidua, Per bed‘at borrowed from Ara bidaya : beginning [bada] bigha : prostitution [bagha] bikr : virgin [?] Ful bikra, Ind bikir, Per bekr, Swa bikira borrowed from Ara bikr : first-born [bakara] bila : without [Sem b-l, Mal bla, Akk balu, Heb beli, Aram bl’, bly, Uga bl, Phoen bl, ’bl (no)] Hin bila, Per bela, Swa bila borrowed from Ara bilad : country [balad] billaur : crystal [from Gre beryllion] Alb bilur, Ind hablur, ablor, Hin billaur, Per bolur, Swa bilauri, Tur billur borrowed from Ara bin : son [tabanna] Ind bin, Per ben, Swa bin borrowed from Ara bina : building; structure; foundation [bana] Alb bina, Hin bina, Ind bina, Per bana, Tur bina, Uzb bino borrowed from Ara binia : structure [bana] Tur bunye borrowed from Ara binssir : ring finger [?] Per bensser borrowed from Ara bint : daughter [tabanna] Ind bint, Per bent, Swa binti borrowed from Ara biqala : grocery [baqala] bir : a well [Sem b-’-r, Mal bir, Akk buru, Heb beer, Aram b’r, Phoen b’r, JNA bera] biraz : excrement [tabarraza] birfir : purple [from Lat purpur] Birjis : Jupiter [from Per Berjis] birka : pool [Heb brekha, JNA birke, Uga brkt] Per berke, Swa birika borrowed from Ara birkar : compass [from Per parkar] Swa bikari borrowed from Ara birr : piousness, goodness [barra] birsim : clover [from OEg] bisatt : spread out; carpet [basatta] Hin bisat, Per bisatt borrowed from Ara bishara : tidings [Sem b-s-r, Mal bxara, basra (prediction), Akk bussurtu, Heb besora] bisz‘ : some [basza‘a] Per ba‘szi, Swa baadhi borrowed from Ara bisza‘a : goods [basza‘a] bittaqa : ticket [from Late Gre pittakion] bittriq : aristocrat [from Lat patricius] biyanu : piano [from Eng piano] bubu : pupil of the eye [Heb bava] buchar : steam; fever [?] Ful buharu, Hin bukhar, Per bochar borrowed from Ara buchl : avarice [bachila] bu‘d : distance [ba‘uda] budza : ice cream [from Tur buz] bughia : wish, desire [bagha] bughsz : hatred [baghisza] buhhaira : lake [bahhr] buhma : back [Uga bmt] buka : crying [baka] bukra : early morning; tomorrow [bakara] bulad : steel [fuladh] bulbul : nightingale [onomat.] Alb bilbil, Hin bulbul, Kaz bulbul, Kyr bulbul, Per bolbol, Tur bulbul, Uzb bulbul borrowed from Ara bulis : police [from Eng police] bul‘um : throat [Ara bul‘uma] Per bal‘um borrowed from Ara bum : owl [JNA buma] Hin bum, Per bum borrowed from Ara bunduq : hazelnut; bullet [funduq] bunduqia : rifle, gun [funduq] Ful bindiga, Hin banduk, Per bondoq, Swa bunduki borrowed from Ara bunia : structure [bana] Per bonye, Tur bunye borrowed from Ara bunn : coffee beans [from Ethiopian, cp. Amh bunna (coffee)] Per bon, Swa buni borrowed from Ara bunni : coffee-colored, brown [bunn] buq : trumpet Sem b-w-q] Per buq borrowed from Ara bur : fallow (land) bara] burd : fabric; cloak; screen [?] Per bord borrowed from Ara burdaya : curtain [burd] burghi : screw [from Tur burgu] Alb burgji borrowed from Ara burghul : groats [from Gre pligouri] Alb bullgur, Gre mplougouri, Per barghul, Tur bulgur borrowed from Ara burghuth : flea [Sem b-r-gh-th, Mal berghud, Akk per‘ashu, pershau, Heb par‘osh] burhan : proof [barhana] Per borhan borrowed from Ara burj : tower [from Gre pyrgos] Hin burj, Per borj, Taj burj, Tur burc borrowed from Ara burkan : volcano [from Lat Vulcanus] burma : pot [Mal borma] burnus : cloak [from Gre birrhos] Per bornos, Tur burnus borrowed from Ara bursh : mat [?] bursham : waffle [?] burttum : trunk [?] burtuqal : oranges [from Portuguese Portugal] buruda : cold, freeze [barada] bur‘um : bud [bar‘ama] burunjuk : gauze [?] burzuq : sidewalk [?] bushra : good news [bishara] busr : unripe dates [Syr besre, Hrs beser] buss : fabric [Ara bwtz] bustan : garden [from Per bostan] Ind bustan, Swa bustani, Tur bostan borrowed from Ara butt : slowness [battua] buttm : terebinth [Akk buttnu, buttumtu, JNA bittma] buzaq : saliva [bazaqa] Per bozaq borrowed from Ara buzz : teat, udder [Uga bz] CH cha : the letter ch [Heb chet] chaba : conceal Sem ch-b-y, Mal heba, Heb hechbi] chabala : tangle Sem ch-b-l, Mal habbel] chabar : news, information chabbara] Aze xeber, Bul haber, Ful habaru, Gre hampari, Hau labari, Hin khabar, Ind khabar, Kyr kavar, Per chabar, Rom habar, Swa habari, Tat kheber, Tur haber, Uzb habar borrowed from Ara chabara : examine ?] chabatta : hit, batter [Sem ch-b-tt, Mal habbat, Akk chabattu (rob), Heb chabatt (beat), Syr chabatt, Uga chbt (rob)] chabaza : bake [Sem ch-b-z, Mal hobz (bread), JNA khabaza (baker), Hrs chabz (bread)] chabbara : inform Sem ch-b-r, Mal habbar (announce), Akk ibru, ebru (associate), Heb chaver (friend), Syr chabra, JNA khora, Amh abbere (join up), hebret (alliance), mahber (society), Uga hhbr (companion), Phoen hhbr] chabbaz : baker [chabaza] Per chabbaz borrowed from Ara chabir : expert [chabara] chabith : wicked [chabutha] Aze xebis, Hin khabis, Ind khabis, Per chabis borrowed from Ara chabtt : failure; craze [chabatta] Hin khabt, Per chabtt borrowed from Ara chabutha : be wicked ?] chacham : rabbi [Sem hh-k-m, Heb chakham (wise man)] Per chacham, Tur haham borrowed from Ara chada‘a : deceive [?] chadama : serve, be employed Mal hadem] chadama : servants [chadama] Per chadame, Tur hademe borrowed from Ara chadara : keep secluded [Sem ch-d-r, Heb cheder (room), Uga hhdr, Phoen hhdr] chadd : cheek [Hrs hhadd-] chadda : make furrows [Akk chadadu (make incisions)] chadij : miscarriage Sem ch-d-g] chadim : servant [chadama] Hin khadim, Ind khadam, Per chadem borrowed from Ara chadira : be numb Mal hedla (numbness)] chafa : fear ?] chafada : lower, let down [?] chafara : guard Sem ch-p-r] chafasza : make sink Heb chafatz (bend down)] chaffa : be light (of weight) Mal hafif (light), Hrs chef] chaffafa : make light (of weight), relieve [chaffa] chafi : secret, hidden [chafia] Per chafi, Tur hafi borrowed from Ara chafia : be hidden ?] chafif : light (of weight) [chaffa] Aze xefif, Per chafif, Swa hafifu, Tur hafif borrowed from Ara chafira : be shy Sem ch-p-r, Heb chafar (be ashamed), Syr achfar, Amh affere] chail : horses [Hrs cheyol] chaima : tent chayyama Hin khaima, khema, Ind khemah, Per cheime, Swa hema borrowed from Ara chain : traitor [chana] Aze xain, Per chaen borrowed from Ara chair : good [chara] chair : goodness, benefit, profit; charity; prosperity, happiness [chara] Aze xeyir, Ful hairu, Hau alheri, Hin khair, Ind khair, Per cheir, Swa heri, Tat kheer borrowed from Ara chaitt : thread [chatta] chal : uncle [?] chala : imagine Sem ch-y-l chala : be empty [JNA khly] chala : aunt [chal] Aze xala, Hin khala, Per chale borrowed from Ara chala : emptiness [chala] Per chala borrowed from Ara chala‘a : pull out, take off [?] chalada : be eternal [Sem ch-l-d] chalaf : descendant [chalafa] Aze xelef, Per chalaf borrowed from Ara chalafa : be contradictory; disobey; rebel [JNA khlf (deviate)] Swa halifu borrowed from Ara chalafa : follow [Sem ch-l-p, Akk chalpu (substitute), Heb hechlif (change), Syr chalef, JNA khlp (substitute), Amh allefe (pass), Tig hhalfa] chalal : breach; interval [challa] Hin khalal, Per chalal borrowed from Ara chalala : be friends ?] chalaqa : create [Sem ch-l-q, Mal chalaq, Heb chilleq (allot), JNA khlq (create)] Swa huluku borrowed from Ara chalass : freed; liberation, rescue [chalassa] Aze xilas, Hin khalas, Per chalass borrowed from Ara chalassa : be pure, true [?] chalassa : be free, escape [Sem ch-l-ss, JNA khlss, Phoen hhlss] chalatta : mix [Sem ch-l-tt, Hrs chelot] chalf : back; behind [chalafa] Per chalf borrowed from Ara chali : empty [chala] Hin khali, Ind khali, Per chali, Tur hali borrowed from Ara chalid : eternal [chalada] chalifa : caliph [chalafa] Hin khalifa, Ind khalifah, Per chalife borrowed from Ara chalij : gulf [?] Hin khalij, Per chalij borrowed from Ara chalil : friend [chalala] Ind khalil, Per chalil borrowed from Ara chaliq : creator [chalaqa] Hin khalik, Ind khalik, Per chaleq borrowed from Ara chaliqa : nature [chalaqa] Ind khalikah, Per chaliqe borrowed from Ara chaliss : pure [chalassa] Aze xalis, Hin khalis, Ind khalis, Per chaless borrowed from Ara chall : vinegar [challa] Per chall borrowed from Ara challa : be sour [Mal hall (vinegar), Syr chala] challa : bore through Sem ch-l-l, Heb chalal (space)] challafa : leave behind [chalafa] challaq : creative [chalaqa] Per challaq borrowed from Ara chalq : creation; people, population [chalaqa] Aze xalq, Hin khalk, Kyr kalk, Per chalq, Tat khalik, Tur halk, Uzb khalq borrowed from Ara chalua : be lonely [?] chalwa : loneliness; retreat [chalua] Hau halwa, Ind khalwat, Per chalwat borrowed from Ara cham : rough [from Per] chamala : be obscure [?] chamara : ferment [Sem ch-m-r, Akk chimru (spirit), Syr chamra (wine), JNA khamra, khmira (yeast), Uga chmr (wine)] chamassa : be empty, hungry [?] chamir : leaven; dough [chamara] Aze xemir, Hin khamir, Ind kamir, Kyr kamyr, Per chamir, Swa hamira, Tat kamir, Tur hamur, Uzb khamir borrowed from Ara chamiri : leavened [chamara] Hin khamira, Ind khamiri borrowed from Ara chamis : fifth [chamsa] chamis : Thursday [chamsa] Ful alhamisa, Ind kamis, khamis, Per chamis borrowed from Ara chamma : sweep [Syr chemam] chammana : estimate [?] chamr : spirit, wine [chamara] Ind khamar, Per chamr borrowed from Ara chamsa : five Sem ch-m-sh, Mal hamsa, Akk chamish, Heb chamesh, Syr chamsha, JNA khamsha, Amh ammest, Uga chmsh, Phoen chmsh] chamsin : fifty [chamsa] Hau hamsin, Swa hamsini borrowed from Ara chamur : dough [chamara] Tur hamur borrowed from Ara chan : country inn [from Per] Bul han, Gre hani, Rom han, Tur han borrowed from Ara chana : be treacherous [?] chanaqa : strangle Sem ch-n-qa, Mal hanaq, Akk chanaqu (press), Heb chanaq (strangle), Syr chenaq, JNA khnq, Uga chq, Phoen chnq] chandaq : moat [from Per kandak] Hin khandak borrowed from Ara chanith : effeminate [?] chanjar : dagger [from Per] Alb hanxhar, Aze xencer, Hin khanjar, Hun handzsar, Ind khanjar, Kaz qandjar, Kyr kanjar, Tur hancer, Uzb handzhar borrowed from Ara chara : choose [Sem ch-y-r, Mal hatar] charab : ruined [charaba] Hin kharab, Ind kharab, Per charab, Tur harap, Uzb harob borrowed from Ara charaba : destroy [Sem ch-r-b, Akk charabu, Heb charav, Syr cherab] Swa haribu borrowed from Ara charaba : ruins [charaba] Per charabe, Tat kherabe, Tur harabe borrowed from Ara charaj : tax [charaja] Alb harac, Bul harch, Ful haraji, Gre haratsi, Hau haraji, Hin khiraj, kharch, Hun haracs, Per charaj, Tur harac borrowed from Ara charaja : come out, leave [Sem ch-r-g, EgAr charag, Mal hareg, Heb choreg (step-son), JNA khurga, Hrs cherog (go out)] charaja : taxes, tributes [charaja] Ind kharajat, Per charajat borrowed from Ara charama : pierce Sem ch-r-m, JNA khrm, Meh charmit (notch) charaqa : tear apart [Sem ch-r-q, Heb charaq (grate)] charasan : concrete [from Per char-sang] charatta : carve, lathe [Sem ch-r-tt, Heb charatt, Uga chrtt (pluck)] charaza : perforate [Heb charaz (string together), Syr cheraz] charbasha : scribble [Mal harbesh] chardal : mustard [Heb chardal, JNA khardalle] Aze xardal, Per chardal, Tur hardal borrowed from Ara charia : empty the bowels, defecate [Sem ch-r-y, Heb chara (excrement), JNA ikhre, Amh arra (defecate), Tig hhar (excrement), Uga chr (empty bowels)] Swa hara borrowed from Ara chariba : be destroyed [charaba] charif : autumn [Sem ch-r-p, Mal harifa, Akk charaptu, Heb choref (winter), SAr chrf (year)] Hin kharif, Per charif borrowed from Ara charifa : talk idly; tell tales [Mal harrief] charij : being out of; external; foreign country [charaja] Hin kharij, Per charej borrowed from Ara charitta : map [from Gre charte] Aze xerite, Hin kharita, Per charitte, Taj kharita, Tur harita, harta borrowed from Ara charj : expense, cost [charaja] Aze xerc, Hin kharj, Per charj, Tur harc borrowed from Ara charraja : train [Mal harreg] chartit : rhinoceros [?] chartush : cartridge [from Fre cartouche] charuf : wether, castrated ram [Heb charif (sharp)] charwa : ricinus [?] chas : lettuce [Akk chasu, JNA khasse] chasa : be mean [?] chasafa : sink [Sem ch-s-p, Uga chsp (wilt), Phoen hhsp (go down)] chasara : loss [chasira] Hau hasara, Per chasarat, Swa hasara borrowed from Ara chashab : wood [?] chashia : fear [?] chashia : fear [chasia] Per chasiyat borrowed from Ara chashin : rough [chashuna] Per chashen borrowed from Ara chashuna : be rough [?] chasira : lose Sem ch-s-r, Heb chassar (lack) Syr chesar (lose), JNA khsr, Uga chsr, Phoen mchsr (a need)] chasis : mean, base; miser [chasa] Hin khasis, Per chasis, Uzb khasis borrowed from Ara chass : special; especially [chassa] Aze xas, Hin khas, Ind khas, Per chass, Swa hasa borrowed from Ara chassa : castrate [Sem ch-ss-y, Mal haswa (testicle), JNA khssy (castrate)] chassa : excel [?] chassaba : be fruitful [?] chassama : quarrel [?] chassama : subtract [?] chassi : eunuch [chassa] Per chassi borrowed from Ara chassia : specialty, character [chassa] Aze xasiyyet, Ind khasiat, Per chassiyat borrowed from Ara chassla : character [?] Per chassla borrowed from Ara chassm : opponent [chassama] Per chassm borrowed from Ara chassr : hip, waist [ichtassara] chasza‘a : be dependent [?] chaszaba : paint [?] chaszir : green [chaszira] Per chaszra borrowed from Ara chaszira : be green [LiAr achdar (green), Heb chatzir (greenery)] chatam : concluded [chatama] Ind khatam borrowed from Ara chatam : ring [chatama] chatama : seal [Sem ch-t-m, Mal hatem (ring), Heb chatam (seal), Syr chetham, JNA khitma, Hrs chotem (ring), Amh ateme (print), mahtem (stamp), Phoen chtm] chatan : son-in-law [Sem ch-t-n, Akk chatanu, Heb chatan, JNA khitna, Uga chtn] chatan : circumcision [chatana] Ind khatan, Per chatan borrowed from Ara chatana : circumcise [?] chatim : seal [chatama] Hau hatimi, Per chatem borrowed from Ara chatm : end [chatama] Hin khatm, Ind hatam, Per chatm, Swa hatima borrowed from Ara chatt : line [chatta] Aze xett, Hin khat, Ind khat, Per chatt, Tur hat borrowed from Ara chatta : sew [Sem ch-w-tt, Heb chutt (thread), JNA khytt (sew), Hrs cheyot, qaid (rope), Soq qaid (rope)] chatta : draw (a line), write [Heb chatta (dig, scratch), Syr chatteyttutha (line), Aram chatt (dig, scratch), chattett] chatta : step [?] chatta : mistake, error [chattia] Aze xeta, Hin khata, Per chatta, Swa hatia, Tur hata, Uzb khato borrowed from Ara chattaba : hold a speech [Ara chatteb (praise)] chattar : importance; threat, menace; danger [chattura] Hau hadari, Hin khatra, Kaz qater, Per chattar, Swa hatari, Uzb khatar borrowed from Ara chattara : swing; realise [chittr] chattatta : plan [?] chatti : mistaken; guilty [chattia] Per chatti borrowed from Ara chattia : commit error, sin [Sem ch-tt-y, Mal htija (sin), Akk hhattu, Heb chatta, Syr chettha, JNA khatta, Amh hattiat, khittitha, Uga chtt’ (do wrong)] chattib : speaker; preacher [chattaba] Per chatteb, chattib borrowed from Ara chattir : mood; idea; memory; favor, consideration [chattara] Gre hatiri, Hin khatir, Per chatter, Rom hatir, Tat kheter, Tur hatir borrowed from Ara chattir : dangerous; important [chattura] Per chattir borrowed from Ara chattira : memory; idea; favor, consideration [chattara] Aze xatire, Per chattere, Tat khatire, Tur hatira, Uzb hotira borrowed from Ara chattwa : a step [chatta] Per chattwe borrowed from Ara chattura : be important [?] chatun : lady, wife [from Old Iranian] Aze qadin, Per chatun, Tat khatin, Tur kadin borrowed from Ara chauch : peach Sem ch-w-ch, Mal hawha, Akk chacchu (plum), JNA khokha (peach)] chaucha : mouth SAr ch-h, Jib choh, Gez chochet] chauf : fear; threat; danger [chafa] Hin khauf, Per chouf, Swa hofu, Uzb khavf borrowed from Ara chaur : gulf Sem ch-w-r, Akk churru (hole), Heb chor, Uga chr] chawa : be empty Sem ch-w-y, Hrs chah (mouth)] chayyama : pitch a tent Sem ch-y-m, JNA khema (tent), Hrs chimet, Gez chaymat, Tig hhaymet (hut), Uga chmt (tent) chayyatt : tailor [chatta] Per chayyatt borrowed from Ara chazaf : pottery, china [Sem ch-z-p, Akk chassbu (pottery), Heb chatzaf (shard), Syr chetzfa (jar)] chazama : perforate; string up [Sem ch-z-m, Heb chazam (cut off), Syr chezam] chazana : heap up, store [Sem ch-s-n, Aram chesan (be strong)] chazia : be shameful [?] chazina : treasury; treasure, gem [chazana] Aze xezine, Hin khazana, Per chazine, Swa hazina, Tat khezine, Tur hazine, Uzb khazina borrowed from Ara chazna : cash-box [chazana] Tat kazna, Tur hazne borrowed from Ara chazzaf : potter [chazaf] Per chazzaf borrowed from Ara chial : thought; phantasy; opinion [chala] Aze xeyal, Hin khayal, Ind khayal, Per chiyal borrowed from Ara chiana : crime; betrayal; abuse [chana] Aze xeyanet, Hin khayanat, Ind khiyanat, Per chiyanat, Tat khiyanet, Uzb khiyonat borrowed from Ara chiar : choice, option [chara] Ind khiar, Per chiyar, Swa hiari borrowed from Ara chiar : cucumber [from Per chiyar] Aze xiyar, Tat kiyar, Tur hiyar borrowed from Ara chibra : skills [chabara] Per chebre borrowed from Ara chida‘ : deceit [chada‘a] Per chod‘e, Swa hadaa borrowed from Ara chidma : service, task, work, labor; ministry [chadama] Aze xidmet, Hau hidima, Hin khidmat, Ind khidmat, Kaz khizmet, Kyr kyzmat, Per chedmat, Swa huduma, Tat khezmet, Tur hizmet, Uzb khizmat borrowed from Ara chidr : women’s chamber chadara] chil‘a : robe of honor [?] Hin khilat, Per chal‘at borrowed from Ara chilaf : contrast; error chalafa Hin khilaf, Ind khilaf, hilap, Per chelaf, Tur hilaf borrowed from Ara chilafa : succession; caliphate [chalafa] Hin khilafat, Per chelafat borrowed from Ara chilala : (in) between [challa] chiltt : mix [chalatta] Per cheltt borrowed from Ara chinaq : neck [chanaqa] chindhidh : whirlwind [Uga chdhdh] chinssir : little finger [Sem ch-ss-r, Syr chessra, Jib chessrer] chinnuss : pig [Syr chnaytza, chanutza] chinshar : fern [?] chinzir : pig [Mal hanzir, Akk chuziru, Heb chazir, JNA khizura, Uga chzr] Ful hinjiru, Per chenzir borrowed from Ara chirba : ruin [charaba] chissb : fruitfulness [chassaba] Per chessb borrowed from Ara chiszab : dye; painting [chaszaba] Hin khizab, Per cheszab borrowed from Ara chitam : end [chatama] Per chetam, Tur hitam borrowed from Ara chittab : speech [chattaba] Hin khitab, Per chettab borrowed from Ara chittam : nose-ring; bridle [Akk chuttimu (snout), Aram chutma, Uga chtm (nose)] Per chettam, Swa hatamu borrowed from Ara chittr : branch [Sem ch-tt-r, Akk chuttaru, Heb chetter, Syr chuttra, JNA khittra] chizi : shame, disgrace [chazia] Swa hizi borrowed from Ara chizna : cash-box, treasury [chazana] Ind khizanah borrowed from Ara chubbaz : mauve [?] Per chobbaz borrowed from Ara chubth : wickedness [chabutha] Per chobth borrowed from Ara chubz : bread [chabaza] Per chobz borrowed from Ara chuff : slippers [Gez kuf (shoe), Hrs chef (hoof), Amh kuf] chuffash : bat [chunfus] chufia : secret; detective [chafia] Aze xefiyye, Hin khufiya, Per chofye, Tur hafiye borrowed from Ara chulassa : essence [chalassa] Hin khulasa, Per cholasse borrowed from Ara chuld : mole [Sem ch-l-d, LiAr chlund, Heb choled (skink), chulda (rat), JNA khulda (chamaeleon), Tig huled (mole)] Per chold borrowed from Ara chuld : eternity chalada] Per chold borrowed from Ara chulq : character [chalaqa] Ind khuluk, Per cholq, Swa hulka, Tat kholik borrowed from Ara chultta : participation [chalatta] Hau hulda, Per choltte borrowed from Ara chums : fifth part [chamsa] Ful humsa, Hau humusi, Per choms borrowed from Ara chunfus : black beetle, scarab [LiAr chunufse, Heb chipushit, Aram chrpws, chrpd (bat)] Per chonfos borrowed from Ara chur : excrement [charia] churafa : fable; idle talk; prejudice [charifa] Hin khurafat, Ind khurafat, Per chorafat, Tat khorafat borrowed from Ara churi : priest [from Gre khoros] churnub : carob [hharub] Per charnub borrowed from Ara churr : hole Sem ch-r-r, Akk chararu (bore), Heb charar, Syr chura (hole), Hrs cherrayt] churttum : trunk [Heb charttom (beak)] Per chorttum, Tur hortum borrowed from Ara churuj : exit [charaja] Per choruj borrowed from Ara chuss : palm leaves Sem ch-w-s] chussba : fruitfulness [chassaba] chussia : testicle [chassa] Per chossye borrowed from Ara chussla : cluster [Heb chotzelet (mat)] chussma : quarrel [chassama] Hau husuma, Ind khusmat, Per chossumat borrowed from Ara chussuss : specialty; opportunity [chassa] Ind khusus, Per chossuss, Tur husus borrowed from Ara chussussan : especially [chassa] Aze xususan, Hin khususan, Per chossussan borrowed from Ara chussussi : special, private [chassa] Per chossussi, Swa hususa borrowed from Ara chussussia : specialty, originality, peculiarity [chassa] Aze xususiyet, Hin khususiyat, Per chossussiyat borrowed from Ara chusuf : eclipse [chasafa] Hau husufi, Per chosuf borrowed from Ara chuszar : vegetables [chaszira] Per choszarat borrowed from Ara chutna : circumcision [chatana] Hin khatna, Per chotne borrowed from Ara chutta : plan [chattatta] chuttba : speech; sermon, address [chattaba] Hau huduba, Hin khutba, Ind khutbah, Per chottbe, Swa hotuba borrowed from Ara D da‘a : call, claim [Sem d-‘-w, Tig dey] Swa dai borrowed from Ara da‘ama : support [?] dabara : turn the back; follow Sem d-b-r, Akk dabaru (make turn back), Syr debar (lead), Uga dbr (turn the back)] dabba : crawl Sem d-b-b] dabba : drive away Sem d-b-b, Aram dbb (be an enemy)] dabbaja : decorate [from Middle Per debag (brocade)] dabbara : lead, control, plan [dabara] dabbur : hornet [Sem d-b-r, Heb dabbur, Heb devora (bee), Syr debura (hornet), JNA dibbora (wasp), Hrs dheber (bee)] dabdaba : trample Sem d-b-d-b] dabdaba : noise; pomp [dabdaba] Aze debdebe, Hin dabdaba, Per dabdabe, Tur debdebe borrowed from Ara dabiqa : cling, adhere Sem d-b-q, Heb davaq, JNA dwq (hold)] dacchana : smoke [dachina] dacha : be dizzy [?] dachala : enter [Gur del (belly)] dachil : interior; entrance [dachala] Hin dakhil, Per dachel, Tur dahil borrowed from Ara dachila : interior; entry [dachala] Hin dakhila, Per dachele borrowed from Ara dachili : inner, interior [dachala] Aze daxili, Hin dakhili, Per dacheli, Tur dahili borrowed from Ara dachina : be smoky [Hrs nedehh (smoke)] dachl : entry; income [dachala] Hin dakhl, Per dachl borrowed from Ara daf‘ : a push (backwards), repelling [dafa‘a] Hin dafa, Per daf‘ borrowed from Ara daf‘a : push; occasion, time [dafa‘a] Hin dafa, Per daf‘e borrowed from Ara dafa‘ : defence [dafa‘a] Per defa‘ borrowed from Ara dafa‘a : push [Sem d-p-‘, Hrs dofa, Gez daf‘-] dafa‘a : defend [dafa‘a] dafana : conceal, bury [Sem s-p-n, Mal difen, Akk ssapanu, ssapunu (north), Heb tzofen (code), tzafon (north), Amh ttsheffene (close the eyes), JNA ssafon (north), Phoen sspn] dafara : push [Sem d-p-r, Amh deffere (dare)] daff : drum Sem d-p-p, Heb tof, Uga tp, Amh debeddebe (beat, rap), Phoen mtpp (drummer)] Hin daf, Per daf borrowed from Ara daff : side (of body) Heb daf (page), Syr dafa, Hrs deffet (side) dafia : be warm [OS dafa, EthSem dfn (bake under ashes)] dafin : concealed [dafana] Per dafin borrowed from Ara dafina : buried treasure [dafana] Hin dafina, Per dafine borrowed from Ara dafn : burial [dafana] Hin dafn, Per dafn, Uzb dafn borrowed from Ara daftar : book, account-book, register, notebook, copybook, exercise-book [from Gre diphthera (membrane)] Bul tefter, Ful deftere, Gre tefteri, Hin daftar, Kaz depter, Kyr depter, Per daftar, Swa daftari, Taj daftar, Tur defter, Uzb daftar borrowed from Ara dagh : brand [from Per] Hin dagh borrowed from Ara daghdagha : tickle [onomat.] daghdagha : a tickle [daghdagha] Per daghdaghe borrowed from Ara dahana : smear; rub in [Sem d-h-n, Syr dehan (become fat), JNA dhn] dahaq : shackle [Syr dhq] dahasa : trample [dasa] dahhara : drive away Sem d-hh-r, Gez dhhr] dahhasha : press in [Heb dachass (compress)] dahia : be clever [?] dahin : clever, sly; genius [dahia] Aze dahi, Per dahi, Tur dahi borrowed from Ara dahisha : be amazed [?] dahsha : amazement; panic [dahisha] Hin dahshat, Per dehshat borrowed from Ara daidaban : guard from Per dide-ban] daim : always, constantly, continuing [dama] Aze daim, Hin daym, Per dayem, Swa daima, Tat daim, Tur daima borrowed from Ara daimi : constant, continuous [dama] Per dayemi, Tat daimi, Tur daimi borrowed from Ara dain : debt [dana] Hin dain, Per dein, Swa deni borrowed from Ara da‘in : motive [da‘a] Per da‘i borrowed from Ara dair : monastery [dara] Per deyr borrowed from Ara dair : turning; concerning [dara] Aze dair, Hin dayr, Per dayer, Tur dair borrowed from Ara daira : circle; district, region [dara] Aze daire, Hin dayra, Ind daerah, Per dayere, Tur daire, Uzb doira borrowed from Ara daja : be dim [Ham d-g, Orm dukkana] dajaj : poultry [Sem d-g-d-g, Mal tigiegia] Per dojaj borrowed from Ara dajala : swindle [Sem d-g-l, Syr dagel] dajana : remain [Sem d-g-n (grains)] dajana : be dim [Sem d-g-n, Syr degna (blindness)] dajjal : swindler; antichrist; naughty [dajala] Aze decel, Ful dajjal, Hin dajjal, Per dajjal borrowed from Ara dajl : swindle, deceit [dajala] Hin dagal, Per dajl borrowed from Ara dakka : stamp (floor) [Sem d-k-k, Akk dakkanu (doorway), Syr duktha (place), JNA duka, duktha, dikkana (shop), Hrs dikka (roof), Tig dekka (bench)] dakka : floor, deck; bench [dakka] Per dakke borrowed from Ara dal : the letter d [Sem d-l, Akk daltu (door), Heb dalet, Uga dlt] Per dal borrowed from Ara dala : draw (water) [Sem d-l-w, d-l-y, Akk dalu (bucket), Heb deli, JNA dola, Hrs dolew] dala : change, alternate Sem d-w-l, Syr dal (move) dalafa : ooze Sem d-l-p, Heb dalaf, JNA dlp, Uga dlp] dalaka : rub ?] dalala : guidance, reference [dalla] Per dalalat, Tur delalet borrowed from Ara daldala : let dangle Sem d-l-d-l] dalia : vine; branch [Heb dalia, Syr dalitha] dalil : indication; proof, evidence; quote [dalla] Aze delil, Ful dalila, Hin dalil, Kaz delel, Kyr dalil, Per dalil, Swa dalili, Tur delil, Uzb dalil borrowed from Ara dalla : indicate Sem d-l-l, Uga dll (broker), Amh dellala] dalla : suspend Sem d-l-w] dalla‘ : watermelon [Heb dela‘at (pumpkin)] dallal : broker [dalla] Ful dilali, Hau dillali, Hin dallal, Ind dalal, Kyr daldal, Per dallal, Swa dalali borrowed from Ara dalw : bucket [dala Per dalw borrowed from Ara dam : blood [Sem d-m, Mal demm, Akk damu, Heb dam, Syr dama, JNA dimma, Amh dem, Tig dem, Uga dm, Phoen dm] Per dam, Swa damu borrowed from Ara dam‘ : tears [dama‘a] Per dam‘ borrowed from Ara dama : last Sem d-w-m, Heb domem (still), Hrs adim (stay, dwell), Meh adim, Soq deme (sleep), Uga dmm (be still)] dama‘a : shed tears [Sem d-m-‘, Akk dimtu (tear), Mal demgha, Heb dim‘a, Syr dem‘etha, JNA dime’tha, Hrs demat, Uga dm‘t, Ebl idma‘atu] damana : scatter manure Sem d-m-n, Heb domen (manure)] damara : be destroyed [Sem d-m-r, Uga dmrn (daring)] damasa : conceal Sem d-m-s, JNA dms (sink)] damdama : rumble Sem d-m-d-m, onomat.] damila : heal [?] damin : bloody [dam] damma : paint red [Sem d-m, Akk adammu (red), Heb adom, Gur dama (reddish), Uga ’dm (be red)] dammara : destroy [damara] dana : convert, become pious Sem d-y-n, Akk dianu (condemn), Heb din, Syr dan, JNA dayyan (judge), Amh dannya (arbitrate), Uga dyn] dana : be near Sem d-n-y, Syr dana (approach), Hrs deno (conceive a child)] dana : be lowly Sem d-n-y] dana : borrow ?] danasa : be defiled Sem d-n-s] dann : urn, barrel Sem d-n, Akk dannu, Syr danna] danna : buzz Sem d-n-n, Hrs dennet (echo)] daqal : date palm Sem d-q-l, Syr deqla] daqal : mast Sem d-q-l] daqiq : thin [daqqa] Aze deqiq, Per daqiq borrowed from Ara daqiqa : minute, instant [daqqa] Aze deqiqe, Ful dakika, Hin dakika, Per daqiqe, Swa dakika, Taj daqiqa, Tur dakika, Uzb daqiqa borrowed from Ara daqqa : be thin [Sem d-q-q, Mal dqiq (flour), Akk daqaqu (crush), Heb daq (thin), daqqa (minute), JNA dyq (grind), Amh deqiq (thin), Uga dq, Phoen dq] dar : house [Sem d-w-r, d-y-r, Mal dar, Akk duru (city wall, fortress), Heb dira (apartment), Syr dayar (house), dira (monastery)] Hin dar borrowed from Ara dara : turn [Sem d-w-r, d-y-r, Akk daru (era), Heb dor (generation), JNA dor, Hrs dawr (turn), Uga drdr (eternity), dr (family circle), Phoen dr] dara : know [?] daraj : steps, rank [daraja] daraja : step [Sem d-r-g, Mal targa (step, degree), Heb darga, Syr daraga, Amh dereja] daraja : degree, grade, rank, level [daraja] Aze derece, Hin darja, Ind darjah, derajat, Kaz dorezhe, Kyr daraja, Per daraje, Swa daraja, Tat deredzhe, Tur derece, Uzb daradzha borrowed from Ara daraka : lowest rung [adraka] daran : tumor [Tig deren (blister)] daran : dirt [darina] darasa : thresh [Sem d-r-sh, Aram drs (tread)] darasa : study [Sem d-r-sh, Heb darash (preach), Syr derash, Amh derrese (compose), Phoen drsh (seek)] darb : street, path; passage [Syr darba, Meh darb] Per darb borrowed from Ara darfil : dolphin [dulfin] darham : a coin [from Gre drachme] Ind derham, Per darham borrowed from Ara dariba : be accustomed, practiced [?] darij : current; colloquial [daraja] darina : be dirty [?] darj : insertion, entry; a record [daraja] Hin darj, Per darj borrowed from Ara darra : run freely [Sem d-r-r, Akk dararu] darraba : train sy [dariba] darraja : insert daraja darraja : bicycle [daraja] darrasa : teach [darasa] dars : lesson [darasa] Aze ders, Ful darse, Hau daras, Hin dars, Per dars, Swa darasa, Taj dars, Tat deres, Tur ders, Uzb dars borrowed from Ara darssini : cinnamon [dar + ssini] Bul darchin, Swa dalasini, Tur tarcin borrowed from Ara darz : seam [from Per] dasa : trample, tread [Sem d-w-s, d-y-s, Heb dash (stamp), Syr dash, JNA dysh, d’sh, Hrs dos, Tig dehasa] dasam : fatness [Akk dashnu (mighty), Heb dashan (fat)] dassa : bury Sem d-s-s] dastur : custom; constitution [from Per] Hin dastur, Swa desturi borrowed from Ara daucha : dizziness [dacha] dauka : tumult [Ara dwk] daula : force, majesty, state [dala] Aze dovlet, Hin daulat, Ind daulat, Per doulat, Swa dola, Tat deulet, Tur devlet, Uzb davlat borrowed from Ara daum : duration [dama] Per doum borrowed from Ara daur : a round; rotation, epoch, period, era [dara] Hin daur, Kaz dewir, Per dour, Tur devir, Uzb davr borrowed from Ara daura : turn, revolution; circle; circulation, period [dara] Hin daura, Per doure, Swa duara, Tur devre, Uzb davra borrowed from Ara dauran : epoch [dara] Hin dauran, Per douran borrowed from Ara dauri : sparrow [LiAr dweri, Heb dror] dauri : periodic [dara] Per douri borrowed from Ara dauria : circulation, patrol [dara] Swa doria borrowed from Ara dauwana : register, write in [diwan] dawa : treat, heal [?] dawa : inkpot [maybe from OEg like Heb dyo (ink)] Ful dawa, Hin davat, Ind dawat, Per dawat borrowed from Ara dawa : medicine [dawa] Hin dava, Per dawa, Swa dawa, Tur deva, Uzb davo borrowed from Ara da‘wa : a call [da‘a] Hin davat, Per da‘wat borrowed from Ara da‘wa : claim; lawsuit, action, legal procedure [da‘a] Hin dava, Ind daawa, Kyr doo, Per da‘wa, Swa daawa, Tat degve, Tur dava, Uzb da‘vo borrowed from Ara dawam : duration [dama] Hin davam, Per dawam, Tat devam, Tur devam borrowed from Ara dawan : disease [Sem d-w-y, Akk diu, Heb dawah (ill), Syr dawya (miserable), Uga dwy (be sick)] dawaran : turning, circulation [dara] Hin dauran, Per dawaran borrowed from Ara dia : ransom [wada] Ind diyat, Per diyat, Swa dia borrowed from Ara diana : honesty; religion [dana] Hin dayanat, Per diyanat, Tur diyanet borrowed from Ara diar : region [dara] Hin dayar, Per diyar borrowed from Ara dibaj : brocade dabbaja] Ind dibaj, Per diba, dibaj borrowed from Ara dibaja : ornament; preface dabbaja] Per dibache, Swa dibaji borrowed from Ara diblumasi : diplomacy [from Eng diplomacy] dibs : mead Sem d-b-s, Akk dishpu (honey), Heb dvash, JNA dabasha, dusha] difa‘ : pushing back, defense dafa‘a] Per defa‘ borrowed from Ara difli : oleander [from Gre daphne (laurel)] Per defli borrowed from Ara dihliz : corridor [from Per] dihsha : amazement; fright; horror [dahisha] Aze dehset, Ind dahsyat, Per dehshat, Tat dehshet, Tur dehset, Uzb dahshat borrowed from Ara Dijla : Tigris [from Sum] Per Dajle borrowed from Ara dik : cock [Amh dakkeyye (duck)] Per dik borrowed from Ara dimagh : brain [Sem d-m-gh, Amh demah (crown of the head), Tig demqet] Hin dimag, Per demagh, Tur dimag borrowed from Ara dimn : manure damana] Per demn borrowed from Ara dimukratti : democratic [from Gre demokratikos] din : religion [from Per din] Aze din, Ful dina, Hau addini, Hin din, Ind din, Kyr din, Swa dini, Tat din, Tur din, Uzb din borrowed from Ara dinar : a coin [from Lat denarius] Hin dinar, Per dinar, Ser dinar borrowed from Ara dini : religious [din] Per dini, Tat dini, Tur dini borrowed from Ara diqqa : refinement; attention, care, notice [daqqa] Hin diqqat, Per deggat, Taj diqqat, Tur dikkat, Uzb diqqat borrowed from Ara dir‘ : breastplate Sem d-r-‘] Per der‘ borrowed from Ara dirasa : a study [darasa] Per derasat borrowed from Ara disambr : December [from Fre decembre] diwan : collection of verses; register; councillor [from Per diwan] Ful diwanu, Hin divan, Per diwan, Swa diwani borrowed from Ara diwan : sofa [diwan] Alb divan, Aze divan, Gre ntibani, Taj divan, Tat divan, Tur divan borrowed from Ara du‘a : a call; prayer [da‘a] Ful doa, Hau addua, Hin dua, Ind doa, Per do‘a, Swa dua, Tur dua, Uzb duo borrowed from Ara dubb : bear Sem d-b, Mal debb, Akk dabu, Heb dov, JNA dibba, Amh debb, Tig debb, Ebl dabbu] Per dobb, Swa dubu borrowed from Ara dubr : the back; anus dabara] Ful duburu, Hau dubura, Ind dubur, jubur, Per dobor borrowed from Ara duchan : smoke; tobacco [dachina] Hun dohany, Per dochan borrowed from Ara duchn : millet [?] duchul : entry [dachala] Per dochul borrowed from Ara dud : worm ?] Per dud, Swa dudu borrowed from Ara duhn : oil [dahana] Per dohn borrowed from Ara dujja : darkness [daja] Per doja borrowed from Ara dukkan : shop [dakka] Alb dyqan, Aze dukan, Bul djukjan, Ful dukkani, Hin dukan, Ind dukan, Kaz duken, Kyr dukon, Per dokkan, Swa duka, Ser ducan, Taj dukon, Tur dukkan, Uzb dokon borrowed from Ara dulab : wheel [from a Middle Per *dol-ab (water bucket)] Alb dollap, Gre ntoulapa, Per dulab, Rom dulap, Tur dolap borrowed from Ara dulb : platane [?] dulfin : dolphin [from Gre delphis] Hin dulfin, Per dalfin borrowed from Ara duman : rudder [from Ita timone] Alb timon, Gre timoni, Tur dumen borrowed from Ara dumia : statue [Sem d-m-y, Akk damtu (form), Heb demut (model), Syr dma (resemble)] dumluj : bracelet Sem d-m-l-g duna : without [?] Swa duni borrowed from Ara dunia : world [Mal dinja, JNA dunye] Ful duniya, Hau duniya, Hin duniya, Ind dunya, Kaz dunie, Kyr duino, Per donya, Swa dunia, Tat donya, Tur dunya, Uzb dunyo borrowed from Ara dunum : an area measure [from Tur donum] durbin : binoculars, telescope [from Per dar-bin (far-sight)] Alb dylbi, Kyr durvu, Ser durbin, Swa darubini, Tur durbun, Uzb durbin borrowed from Ara durr : pearl Sem d-w-r, Aram dwr] Hin dur, Ind dur, Per dorr borrowed from Ara durraj : hazel grouse [?] Per dorraj borrowed from Ara durraq : peach ?] duwali : international [daula] duwama : whirlpool [Sem d-w-m] duwar : circulation; dizziness [dara] DH dha : this [Sem dh, EgAr da, Mal dan, Heb ze, Syr da,Uga d, dh, Phoen z] dha‘a : spread, broadcast [?] dhaba : melt [Sem dh-w-b, Syr dab, Aram dwb (flow), Hrs dheyob] dhabahha : slaughter [Sem dh-b-hh, Mal debah (sacrifice), Akk zibu (food offering), Heb zavach (sacrifice), Syr debach (slaughter), JNA madhbahh (altar), Tig zbhh (slaughter), Uga mdbhh, Phoen zbhh (sacrifice)] dhabba : protect [Sem d-b-b, Heb davav, Aram dbb (lawsuit)] dhabba : drive away [dabba] dhabdhaba : swing [Sem dh-b-dh-b] dhabhh : slaughtering [dhabahha] Hin zabah, Per dhabhh borrowed from Ara dhabihha : sacrifice [dhabahha] Swa dhabihu borrowed from Ara dhachara : store Sem dh-ch-r dhachira : reserves [dhachara] Per dhachire borrowed from Ara dhada : drive away [Sem dh-w-d, Syr dad (disturb)] dhahab : gold [dhahaba] Per dhahab, Swa dhahabu borrowed from Ara dhahab : going [dhahaba] Per dhahab, dhaheb borrowed from Ara dhahaba : gild [Sem dh-h-b, EgAr dahab (gold), Heb zahav, Syr dahaba, JNA dehwa] dhahaba : go forth [?] dhahala : forget Sem dh-h-l dhahil : forgetful, careless [dhahala] Hin zahil, Per dhahel borrowed from Ara dhahila : stupefy Sem dh-h-l, Syr dahel dhahin : intelligent [dhihn] Hin zahin, Per dhahin borrowed from Ara dhail : back or bottom part OS cil (tail), Soq ttal (sheep's tail) Hin zail, Per dheyl borrowed from Ara dhaiqa : good taste [dhaqa] Hin zayka, Per dhaeqe borrowed from Ara dhaka : that [dha + ka] dhaka : intelligence [dhakia] Aze zeka, Per dhaka, Tur zeka borrowed from Ara dhakar : male [Sem dh-k-r, Akk zikaru, Heb zakhar, Syr dekra, Uga dkr] Ful jakari, Hau azzakari, Per dhakar borrowed from Ara dhakara : remember [Sem dh-k-r, Akk zakaru (speak), Heb zakhar, Syr dekar, JNA tkhr, Amh tezkar (commemoration), Phoen zkr] dhaki : intelligent [dhakia] Per dhaki borrowed from Ara dhakia : be intelligent [?] dhakir : remembering; pious [dhakara] Hin zakir, Per dhaker borrowed from Ara dhakira : memory [dhakara] Per dhakere borrowed from Ara dhakkara : remind [dhakara] dhalala : baseness [dhalla] Hin zalalat, Per dhellat borrowed from Ara dhalika : that [dha + ka] dhalil : low, base dhalla] Hin zalil, Per dhalil, Tur zelil borrowed from Ara dhalla : be low; humiliated [Sem dh-l-l, Heb zol (cheap), Syr zaleyl (licentious), JNA dalila (poor), Uga dl (small), Phoen dl (poor)] Swa dhili borrowed from Ara dhamma : reproach [Syr damem (observe)] dhanab : tail [Sem dh-n-b, Mal denb, Akk zibbatu, Heb zanav, Syr domba, Hrs dheneb, Soq dinab, Tig zeneb, Uga dhnb, Ebl dhenabu] dhanb : sin [Syr danab (wretched)] Ful junuba, Hau zunubi, Per dhanb, Swa dhambi borrowed from Ara dhaqa : taste good [Sem dh-w-q, Heb duq (look), Syr adeq] dhaqan : beard [Sem dh-q-n, Akk ziqnu, Heb zaqan, JNA diqna, Uga dqn, Phoen zqn, Ebl dhaqanu] dhara : scatter, winnow Sem dh-r-y, Akk zaru, Uga dhry] dhara‘a : measure [?] dharaqa : drop shit [zaraqa] dhari‘a : means [dhara‘a] Hin zariya, Per dhari‘e borrowed from Ara dharib : sharp Sem dh-r-b] dharra : scatter dhara] dharra : a grain; an atom, a molecule [dharra] Hin zarra, Per dharre, Tur zerre, Uzb zarra, Tur zerre borrowed from Ara dhat : nature; essence [dha] Ful jati, Hin zat, Per dhat, Tur zat borrowed from Ara dhauq : taste, flavor; feel [dhaqa] Aze zovq, Hin zauk, Per dhouq, Tur zevk borrowed from Ara dhib : wolf [Sem dh-b, Akk zibu (jackal), Heb zeev, Syr daba, JNA dewa, Amh jeb (hyena), Tig zebi] dhihn : intelligence, mind; memory [dzanna] Aze zehn, Hin zehn, Per dhehn, Tat zihen, Tur zihin borrowed from Ara dhikr : mention [dhakara] Hin zikr, Per dhekr, Tur zikir borrowed from Ara dhikra : memory [dhakara] dhilla : baseness; suffer humiliation [dhalla] Hin zillat, Per zellat borrowed from Ara dhimma : responsibility dhamma] Hin zimma, Per dhemme borrowed from Ara dhira‘ : arm [Sem dh-r-‘, LiAr dra‘, Mal driegh, Heb zero‘a, Syr dera‘a, JNA dra’a, Hrs dhera, Tig mezret, Uga dhr‘] dhu : the one of [Sem dh] dhubab : flies [Sem dh-b-b, LiAr dubbane, Mal dubbiena, Akk zubbu, Heb zevuv, Syr dababa, JNA didwa, Hrs dhebbet, Amh zemb, Ebl zababu] dhura : millet [dharra] dhurria : offspring [dharra] Tur zurriyet borrowed from Ara dhurwa : summit [?] Aze zirve, Per dhorwe, Tur zirve borrowed from Ara DZ dza’ana : depart [Sem dz-’-n, Akk ssenu (carry, load), Heb tta’an, Syr tt’en, JNA tt’n, Amh ttshana] dzabi : gazelle [Sem dz-b-y, Akk ssabitu, Heb tzevi, Syr ttabya, Sab ssby (antelopes), Uga dzby (gazelle), Ebl dzabaytu] dzafira : be successful [?] dzafr : victory [dzafira] Aze zefer, Per dzafar, Tur zafer, Uzb zafar borrowed from Ara dzahara : be clear, bright; appear [zahara] dzahir : clear, obvious; external [dzahara] Aze zahir, Hau zahiri, Per dzaher, Swa dhahiri, Tur zahir borrowed from Ara dzahira : appearance [dzahara] dzahr : back [Sem dz-h-r, Akk sseru, Uga dzr] dzalam : darkness [dzalima] dzalama : oppress Sem dz-l-m, Syr ttlam] Swa dhulumu borrowed from Ara dzalil : shady [dzalla] dzalim : wicked; tyrant, oppressor [dzalama] Hin zalim, Kyr zulum, Per dzalem, Swa dhalimu, Tur zalim, Uzb zolim borrowed from Ara dzalima : be dark [Sem dz-l-m, Mal dlam (darkness), Akk ssalamu (be dark), Heb tzelem (image), Syr tzalma, JNA zulmat (darkness), Soq tlm, Amh tshelleme (be dark), Tig selma (dark), Uga dzlmt (darkness)] dzalla : make shady [Sem dz-l-l, Mal dell (shade), EgAr dill, Akk ssillu, Heb tzel, Syr ttelala, JNA ttilla, Amh ttela, Uga dzl] dzalla : stay [?] dzama : be thirsty Sem dz-m-y, Akk ssamu, Heb tzama, Hrs dzema, Amh ttema, Tig ssema, Uga dzm’] dzann : opinion [dzanna] Aze zenn, Per dzann, Tur zan borrowed from Ara dzanna : mean, think, assume, consider [Hrs dzen, Gur atyanne] dzarafa : elegance, wit [dzarufa] Hin zarafat, Per dzarafat borrowed from Ara dzarf : envelope [dzarrafa] Alb zarf, Aze zerf, Per dzarf, Tur zarf borrowed from Ara dzarf : situation [dzarufa] dzarif : elegant [dzarufa] Aze zerif, Per dzarif, Tur zarif borrowed from Ara dzarrafa : wrap, put in a wrap [?] dzarufa : be elegant [?] dzat : being; object, thing [dzu] Kyr zat, Tur zat borrowed from Ara dzill : shade [dzalla] dzirr : flintstone [Akk ssurru, Heb ssor, Syr ttur, OSAr dzwr, Uga dzr] dzu : belonging to [?] dzufr : fingernail Sem dz-p-r, EgAr dufr, Mal difer, Akk ssupru, Heb tzipporen, Syr ttefra, JNA ttupra, Hrs dzefir, Amh ttefer, Tig ssefer] dzuhr : noon [dzahara] Hau azahar, Ind lohor, Per dzohr, Swa adhuhuri borrowed from Ara dzuhur : appearance [dzahara] Per dzohor, Tur zuhur borrowed from Ara dzulm : oppression; wrong, inequity [dzalama] Aze zulm, Hin dzulm, Per dzolm, Tur zulum, Uzb zulm borrowed from Ara dzulma : darkness [dzalima] Aze zulmet, Hin dzulma, Ind zulmat, Per dzolmat, Tur zulmet borrowed from Ara F fa : the letter f [Sem p-y, Heb pe (mouth)] Per fe borrowed from Ara fa : then [Sem p-y, Heb af (altough, even), Uga p (and then), Phoen ’p] fa‘al : active [fa‘ala] Aze feal, Per fa‘al, Tur faal borrowed from Ara fa‘ala : do [Sem p-‘-l, Heb pa‘l, Syr pa‘la (worker), JNA pa’la, Uga b‘l (act), Phoen p‘l] fa‘ala : workers, laborers [fa‘ala] Aze fehle, Per fa‘le borrowed from Ara fa‘alia : activity [fa‘ala] Per fa‘aliyat, Tur faaliyet, Uzb faoliyat borrowed from Ara facchar : pottery Akk paharu, from Sum bahar Per facchar borrowed from Ara fach : sling [Syr pacha] fachara : boast Sem p-ch-r, Mal fahhar (praise), Heb tiferet (splendor)] fachdh : thigh [Sem p-ch-d, Heb pachad, Syr puchda, Hrs efhad] Per fachdh borrowed from Ara fachir : splendid [fachara] Per facher borrowed from Ara fachr : fame, pride, glory [fachara] Aze fexr, Hin fakhr, Per fachr borrowed from Ara fada : redeem Sem p-d-y, Mal feda, Heb pada, Aram pdy, Amh fayda (value), Uga pdy] fadan : redemption [fada] faddan : an area [Sem p-d-n, Akk padanu (path), Syr padana (plough, yoke, field)] fadza‘a : disgust; dismay [fadzu‘a] Per fadza‘at, Swa fadhaa borrowed from Ara fadzu‘a : be disgusting [?] faghara : gape [Syr pe‘ar] fahama : understand [Mal fehem, maybe from a common Sem root p-h (see), cp. Uga phw, phy (see)] Ful fama, Ind faham, Swa fahamu borrowed from Ara fahd : panther; cheetah [Syr pahda] Per fahd borrowed from Ara fahha : hiss [Sem p-hh, Heb puch (wheeze), Tig fehhot (smell)] fahhassa : break up (soil); investigate [?] fahhish : adulterous [fahhusha] Hin fahish, Per fahhesh borrowed from Ara fahhl : male, stallion [Sem p-hh-l, Mal fahal, Akk puchalu, Uga phhl] Per fahhl borrowed from Ara fahhm : coal [Sem p-hh-m, Akk pemtu, Mal faham, Heb pecham, Uga phhm] Per fahhm borrowed from Ara fahhss : investigation [fahhassa] Per fahhss borrowed from Ara fahhusha : be filthy, adulterous [Mal fahxi (obscene)] fahima : understand [fahama] fahm : understanding [fahama] Ful fahmu, Hin fahm, Ind faham, Per fahm borrowed from Ara faida : use; benefit, profit [afada] Aze fayda, Hau faida, Hin fayda, Kyr payda, Per faede, Swa faida, Tat faida, Tur fayda, Uzb foyda borrowed from Ara fa‘il : perpetrator [fa‘ala] Per fa‘el, Tur fail borrowed from Ara failasuf : philosopher [from Gre philosophos] Hin failasuf, Ind failasuf, Per feylasuf borrowed from Ara faiq : superior, excellent [faqa] Per faeq borrowed from Ara fairuz : turquoise [from Per piruz] Hin firoza, Ind pirus, Per firuz borrowed from Ara faissal : adjudication, decision [fassala] Hin faisla, Per feyssal borrowed from Ara faisz : abundantly; interest, percentage [fasza] Aze faiz, Hin faiz, Per feysz borrowed from Ara faja : come unexpectedly [?] faja‘a : suffer disaster [Heb paga‘ (injure)] faji‘ : disastrous [faja‘a] Per faji‘, Tur feci borrowed from Ara faji‘a : catastrophe, disaster, tragedy [faja‘a] Aze facie, Per faji‘e, Tat fadzhiga, Tur facia, Uzb fodzhia borrowed from Ara fajj : passage (between two hills) [Syr paga (crossroads)] Per fajj borrowed from Ara fajja‘a : torment [faja‘a] fajjara : split, burst [Sem p-g-r, Mal fagra (bleeding)] fajr : daybreak [fajjara] Ful fajiri, Hin fajr, Ind fajar, Per fajr, Swa alfajiri borrowed from Ara fakaha : merryment fakiha] Per fakahat borrowed from Ara fakiha : be merry Sem p-k-h] fakiha : fruit [maybe from a common Sem root p-k (break away)] Per fakehe borrowed from Ara fakk : jaw [Sem p-k-k, Syr paka (cheek)] Per fakk borrowed from Ara fakk : loosening, separaration [fakka] Per fakk borrowed from Ara fakka : loosen, redeem [Syr pekak (break), Gur feka (escape), Tig fekk (limb, joint)] fakkara : think over Sem p-k-r, Mal fakkar (remind)] Swa fikiri borrowed from Ara fal : good omen tafauwala] Per fal, Swa fali, Tur fal borrowed from Ara fa‘l : act [fa‘ala] Hin fal, Ind faal, feel, Per fe‘l borrowed from Ara fala : delouse [Sem p-l-y, Akk uplu (head louse), Syr palya (a locust)] fala‘a : split, divide [Sem p-l-’, JNA pl’] falafil : a dish falahha : split, plough [Sem p-l-hh, Heb pallach (ploughsman), Syr palacha] falaj : palsy [falaja] Per falaj borrowed from Ara falaja : split, divide Sem p-l-g, Akk palgu (canal), Heb pilleg (split), Syr pelag, JNA palga (half), BAram plg, Uga plg, Phoen plg (district)] falak : heaven; orbit [Sem p-l-k, Akk pilakku (spindle), Heb pelekh, Uga plk] Aze felek, Ful falaku, Hin falak, Ind falak, Per falak, Tur felek, Uzb falak borrowed from Ara falaka : disaster, misfortune [falak] Aze felaket, Per falakat, Tur felaket, Uzb falokat borrowed from Ara falamanki : Dutch [from Dutch vleming] falanka : railway sleeper [from Gre phalanx] falaqa : split, divide [Akk palaku (separate), palaqu (slay)] falasa : ruin, make bankrupt [Sem p-l-s, Amh fellese (get uprooted, emigrate)] Swa filisi borrowed from Ara falata : escape Sem p-l-t, Akk balattu (live), Heb niflatt, Syr pelatt, Uga pltt] falia : a scarab [fala] falij : palsy [Mal filga] Hin falij, Per falej, Tur felc borrowed from Ara falla : break, split [Sem p-l-y, Tig fela] fallahh : peasant [falahha] Ind fellah, Per fallahh borrowed from Ara fallasa : declare bankrupt [?] fals : a coin [fils] Per fals borrowed from Ara falsafa : philosophy [from Gre philosophia] Aze felsefe, Hin falsafa, Ind falsafat, filsafat, Per falsafe, Tur felsefe, Uzb falsafa borrowed from Ara faluka : felucca [fulk] fam : mouth Sem p-m, Mal fomm, Syr puma, JNA pimma] Per fam borrowed from Ara fana : going down, perishing [fania] Hin fana, Per fana borrowed from Ara fanar : lighthouse; lantern, lamp [from Gre phanarion] Aze fener, Per fanar, Rus fonar, Tat fonar, Tur fener borrowed from Ara fani : perishing, transitory [fania] Hin fani, Per fani borrowed from Ara fania : consume; go down, perish [Sem p-n-y, Mal fena, Heb pana (turn), Syr pena, Amh fina (direction), Tig fena (depart), Uga pny (turn)] fann : sort; art; technique; science [fanna] Ful fannu, Hau fanni, Hin fan, Per fann, Tur fen, Uzb fan borrowed from Ara fanna : vary [Heb ofen (manner)] fannan : artist; technical [fanna] Per fannan borrowed from Ara fanni : technical, scientific [fanna] Per fanni, Tat fenni, Tur fenni borrowed from Ara fanus : lantern, lamp, torch; headlight [from Gre phanos] Hin fanus, Per fanus, Swa fanusi borrowed from Ara faq : cleft faqa] Per faq borrowed from Ara faqa : split, burst Sem p-q-y] Swa foka borrowed from Ara faqa : surpass Sem p-w-q faqa : need, starvation ? Hin faka, Per faqe borrowed from Ara faqa‘a : burst Sem p-q-‘, Mal faqa‘, JNA pq’] faqada : lose [?] faqar : spinal column ?] Ind fakar, Per faqar borrowed from Ara faqara : pierce Sem p-q-r] faqatt : only [?] Hin fakat, Per faqatt borrowed from Ara faqhha : anus [Ara pqch (open the eyes)] faqid : needy; unconscious [faqada] Per faqed borrowed from Ara faqih : legal expert [faqiha] Per faqih borrowed from Ara faqiha : understand [?] faqir : poor [faqura] Aze faqir, Ful fakiri, Hin faqir, Ind fakir, Per faqir, Swa fukara, Tat fekir, Tur fakir borrowed from Ara faqr : poverty [faqura] Per faqr borrowed from Ara faqura : make poor ?] far : lamb [Sem p-r, Mal fart (young bull), Akk parru (lamb), Heb para (cow), Uga pr (young bull)] far‘ : branch [Mal fergha, Heb peri (fruit), Syr pera, Amh fere, Uga pr, Phoen pr] fara : split Sem p-r-y] fara : mouse [Sem p-r-r, Mal far, Akk perurutu, Hrr fur, Gur fur, Ebl paratu] Per fare, Tur fare borrowed from Ara fara : wild ass [Akk paru (mule), Heb pere] fara : boil Ara pwr (be angry)] farada : be alone Sem p-r-d, Mal fired, Heb hifrid (separate)] faragha : be empty [Mal fieragh] faragh : emptiness; leisure [faragha] Per faragh borrowed from Ara faragha : leisure [faragha] Aze faraqat, Hau faraga, Hin faraghat, Per faraghat borrowed from Ara farahh : joy [farihha] Aze fereh, Per farahh, Swa furaha borrowed from Ara faraj : relaxation [faraja] faraja : split; scatter [Mal farrag (comfort), EgAr farag (release)] faraka : rub [Mal farrak (grind), Syr perak (rub)] faraqa : split, separate [Sem p-r-q, Mal ferraq, Heb pereq (chapter), Syr peraq (remove), purqana (salvation), JNA prk (break off), Uga prq (separate)] faras : horse [Sem p-r-s, Heb parash, Syr parasha (knight), JNA parasha, Hrs ferhin (horse), Amh feres, Tig feres, Uga prs (cart)] Per faras, Swa farasi borrowed from Ara farasa : tear apart [Sem p-r-s, Akk parasu (cut off, decide), Heb perush (meaning), Syr perash (distinguish), JNA prsh (split), Amh ferrese (fall apart)] farasha : spread [Mal firex, Akk parasu, Heb paras, Syr perass, JNA prs, Uga prsh] farasha : moth, butterfly [?] farasza : prescribe [?] farata : pick Sem p-r-t, Heb parat (cut, divide)] faraza : separate [Meh feroz] farch : offspring, shoot, sprout farracha] farcha : young bird farracha] fard : individual; single [farada] Aze ferd, Hin fard, Per fard, Tur fert borrowed from Ara farigh : empty, hollow; free [faragha] Hin farig, Per faregh borrowed from Ara farihha : rejoice [Mal ferah] fariq : difference; group [faraqa] Hin farik, Per fariq borrowed from Ara farir : lamb [far] faris : horseman [faras] farisza : commandment, obligation [farasza] Ful farilla, Per farisze, Swa faradhi borrowed from Ara farj : ravine; vagina [faraja] Ful farji, Hau farji, Per farj borrowed from Ara farmala : brake from Fre frein a main farq : difference [faraqa] Aze ferq, Hin fark, Ind farak, Per farq, Tur fark, Uzb farq borrowed from Ara farra : flee Sem p-r-r, Akk pararu (be broken up), Heb porer (crumble), Syr perar (flee), Hrs fer (fly), Uga prr (break)] farracha : have chicks Sem p-r-ch, Akk per‘u (sprout), Mal ferch (cub), Heb efroach (chick), perach (blossom), Syr parocha (chick), JNA farkha] farran : baker [furn] farraqa : separate faraqa] farrassa : have leisure ?] farrasza : cut in Sem p-r-sz, Heb paratz (break), mifratz (gulf, bay)] farratta : exceed ?] farruj : chicken [Heb pargit, Syr paruga (kid), JNA farrujka (chick)] Swa faranga borrowed from Ara farsh : spread; furniture, carpet [farasha] Aze fers, Hin farsh, Per farsh borrowed from Ara farshahha : squat [Akk napalsuchu, Uga prshh] farsi : Persian [Furs] Per farsi, Taj forsi, Tur farsi borrowed from Ara farsz : groove farrasza] farsz : presumption; duty, obligation [farasza] Aze ferz, Hin farz, Ind fardu, Per farsz, Tat faraz, Tur farz borrowed from Ara farw : fur [Akk paru, from Sum bar (skin)] fas : pickax, axe [Sem p-s, Mal fies, Akk pashu, Meh fos, Soq fos, Amh fas, Tig fas] Per fas borrowed from Ara fasa : fart Sem p-sh-y, Akk pashu, JNA pshy, Amh fesa, Tig fesha] fasacha : dislocate (a limb) [Sem p-s-ch, Akk pesu (lame), Heb pisseach (limping)] fasad : corruption, malice [fasada] Aze fesad, Hin fasad, Per fasad borrowed from Ara fasada : be bad [?] fasaqa : deviate, err [Sem p-s-q, Heb pasaq (part), Aram pesaq] fasara : explain [Sem p-sh-r, Mal fisser, Akk pasharu (solve; interpret a dream), Heb pashar, Syr peshar] Swa fasiri borrowed from Ara fasha : extend Sem p-sh-sh, Akk pashashu (smear), Heb pasa (spread), Tig fss] fashacha : straddle Sem p-s-ch] fashila : be thwarted [?] fasid : corrupt, bad, malicious [fasada] Hin fasid, Per fased, Swa fisadi borrowed from Ara fasihh : spacious fasuhha] fasiq : bad, immoral, profligate person [fasaqa] Ful fasiki, Hau fasiki, Per faseq, Swa fasiki borrowed from Ara fasr : explanation [fasara] Ful fassaru, Per fasr borrowed from Ara fass : stone, gem [Ara ps] Per fass borrowed from Ara fassad : surgeon [fassada] Hin fassad, Per fassad borrowed from Ara fassada : bleed [Mal fasad] fassahha : eloquence [fassuhha] Ful fasaha, Hau fasaha, Hin fasahat, Per fassahhat, Swa fasaha borrowed from Ara fassala : separate Sem p-ss-l, Heb pissel (carve out), Aram pessal (cleave), Uga psl (stonecutter), Phoen pslt (statue)] fassama : sever Sem p-ss-m] fassd : bleeding [fassada] Hin fasd, Per fassd borrowed from Ara fassihh : clear (of speech) [fassuhha] Ind fasih, Per fassihh, Swa fasihi borrowed from Ara fassil : separating; separating fence, wall [fassala] Hin fasil, Per fassil borrowed from Ara fassila : interval [fassala] Aze fasile, Hin fasla, Per fassele, Tur fasila borrowed from Ara fassl : chapter, section; season, harvest [fassala] Ful faslu, Hau fasali, Hin fasl, Ind fasal, Per fassl, Taj fasl, Tur fasil borrowed from Ara fassuhha : be clear (of speech) [?] fasuhha : be wide [Sem p-s-hh] fasza : break open; be spacious [Heb petza‘ (wound)] fasza : overflow, flood [?] fasza : space [fasza] Per fasza borrowed from Ara faszahha : put to shame [?] faszala : be superfluous [?] faszala : be better [?] faszihha : shame [faszahha] Hin fazihat, Ind fadihat, Per faszihhat borrowed from Ara faszil : worthy, excellent [faszala] Hin fazil, Ind fadil, Per faszel, Tur fazil borrowed from Ara faszila : excellence, quality, dignity [faszala] Hin fazilat, Per faszilat, Tur fazilet, Uzb fazilat borrowed from Ara faszl : mercy, goodness [faszala] Hin fazl, Per faszl, Swa fadhili borrowed from Ara fata : pass, elapse; disappear, be over [Sem f-w-t, Gez fwt (err, stray)] fatahha : open; conquer [Sem p-t-hh, Mal fetah, Akk petu, pata‘u, Heb patach, Syr pethach, JNA pthkh, Hrs fetoh, Uga pthh, Phoen pthh] fatala : twist, twine Sem p-t-l, Mal fitla (wick), Akk patalu (twist), Heb patal, JNA ptl, Amh fetele] fatan : young man fatia Per fata borrowed from Ara fatana : test, tempt Sem p-t-n, Amh fetene] fataqa : rip [Mal fetaq, Heb peteq (a note)] fatara : loosen, be slack [Sem p-t-r, Mt fietel (tepid), Akk pattaru (let loose), Heb pitter, Syr pettar (separate), Uga pttr (let loose)] fatasha : search, inspect [Mal fittex, Amh feteshe] fatfuta : crumb Sem p-t-p-t fathh : conquest, victory [fatahha] Aze feth, Hin fatah, Per fathh, Tur fetih borrowed from Ara fatia : be young Sem p-t-y fatihh : conqueror [fatahha] Aze fateh, Per fatehh, Tur fatih borrowed from Ara fatihha : opening; opening prayer, blessing [fatahha] Ful fatiha, Hau fatiha, Hin fatiha, Per fatehhe, Swa fatiha, Tat fatikha borrowed from Ara fatir : tepid, flaccid [fatara] Per fater borrowed from Ara fatta : crumble Sem p-t-t, Mal fetta (a slice)] fattana : be clever Sem p-t-n, Amh fettene (be quick)] fattara : break, split Sem p-tt-r, Heb hifttir (conclude)] fattara : create Sem p-tt-r, Amh fettere] fattasa : flatten; flay Sem p-tt-sh, Heb pattish (hammer), Aram pattisha] fattin : clever fattana] Per fatten borrowed from Ara fattir : creator fattana] Per fatter borrowed from Ara fattir : unleavened bread [fattara] fatura : invoice [from Ita fattura] fatwa : authorization afta Hin fatva, Per fatwa borrowed from Ara faud : temple (of the head) [Sem p-w-d, Uga pd (lock, curl)] fauj : regiment, army [?] Hin fauj, Per fouj borrowed from Ara fauqa : above [faqa] fauq al-‘ada : extraordinary, extreme [fauqa + ‘ada] Aze fovqelade, Per fouqol‘ade, Tur fevkalade, Uzb favqulodda borrowed from Ara fauq al-qassira : ultrashort [fauqa + qassura] faur : boiling; haste [fara] fauran : hastily, immediately [fara] Hin fauran, Per fouran borrowed from Ara fauri : hasty; instant [fara] Aze fovri, Per fouri borrowed from Ara faut : passing; death [fata] Hin faut, Per fout borrowed from Ara fauwasza : negotiate [?] fayaszan : flood [fasza] Per fayaszan borrowed from Ara fayyasz : abundant; generous [fasza] Hin faiyaz, Per faesz borrowed from Ara faza : have success [?] fazza : jump up Sem p-z-z, Heb paziz (hasty)] fi : in [Mal fi] Hin fi, Per fi borrowed from Ara fibrayir : February [from Lat februarius] fida : ransom; sacrifice [fada] Aze feda, Hin fida, Per feda borrowed from Ara fidai : guerilla [fada] fidan : redemption [fada] fidya : ransom [fada] Per fediye, Swa fidia borrowed from Ara fihris : index [from Per fehrest] fijj : unripe fig [Sem p-g, Heb pag (early fig). Syr paga] fikr : thought, idea, opinion, judgment [fakkara] Aze fikir, Hin fikr, Ind fikir, pikir, Kaz pikir, Kyr pikir, Per fekr, Swa fikara, Tat fiker, Tur fikir, Uzb fikr borrowed from Ara fil : elephant [Akk piru, Heb pil, Syr pila, Phoen pl (ivory)] Aze fil, Kyr pil, Per fil, Taj fil, Tat fil, Tur fil, Uzb fil borrowed from Ara fi‘l : action, deed, act; verb [fa‘ala] Aze fel, Ful fili, Ind faal, feel, fiil, Per fe‘l, Swa feli, Tur faal, fiil borrowed from Ara fila : villa [from Lat villa] filan : an individual [Sem p-l-n, Heb peloni, Syr plan] Tur filan borrowed from Ara filfil : pepper [from Skt pippala] Per felfel borrowed from Ara filizz : metal, brass [Heb peliz, Aram pliza] Per felezz borrowed from Ara film : film [from Eng film] fils : a coin [from Gre pholis] filsafa : philosophy [falsafa] Ind filsafat borrowed from Ara filw : foal [Mal felu, Tig felit (calf)] fina : court [?] findiq : hazelnut [from Gre pontikos] Aze findiq, Per fandoq, Tur findik borrowed from Ara finjan : cup [from Per pangan] Alb filxhan, Aze fincan, Hun findzsa, Gre flitzani, Per fenjan, Rom filigean, Tur fincan borrowed from Ara fiqh : right, law [faqiha] Ful fikhu, Hau fikhu, Ind fikh, Per feqh borrowed from Ara fiqra : paragraph, sentence [faqar] Hin fikra, Per faqare borrowed from Ara fir‘aun : Pharao [from OEg per-o] Per fer‘oun, Tur firavun borrowed from Ara firaq : separation [faraqa] Hin firak, Per feraq borrowed from Ara firar : flight, run [farra] Per ferar, Tur firar borrowed from Ara firasa : skill, sagacity, intelligence [farasa] Aze feraset, Ind firasat, Per ferasat borrowed from Ara firash : mattress, bed [farasha] Firat : Euphrates [from Gre Euphrates] Tur Firat borrowed from Ara firaula : strawberry [from Ita fragola] firdaus : paradise from Gre paradeisos Ful firdausi, Hin firdaus, Ind firdaus, Per ferdous borrowed from Ara firn : oven [furn] Tur firin borrowed from Ara firqa : party, division [faraqa] Hin firka, Swa faraka, Per ferqe, Tur firka borrowed from Ara firsha : brush [?] Tur firca borrowed from Ara firzil : iron Akk parzillu, Heb barzel, Syr parzila, JNA prizla, Phoen brzl, Uga brdhl, brshl] fistiq : pistachio [from Middle Per pistag] Alb festek, Aze fistiq, Gre fistiki, Tur fistik borrowed from Ara fisza : silver [Mal fidda] Per fesze, Swa fedha borrowed from Ara fitil : wick [fatala] Alb fitil, Bul fitil, Gre fitili, Per fatile, Rom fitil, Rus fitil, Ser fitilj, Tur fitil borrowed from Ara fitna : temptation; intrigue; discord, trouble, rebellion; misfortune, disaster [fatana] Aze fitne, Hau fitna, Hin fitna, Ful fitina, Ind fitnah, Per fetne, Swa fitina, Tat fetne, Tur fitne borrowed from Ara fitra : time span [?] Per fetrat borrowed from Ara fittr : breaking the fast [fattara] Per fettr borrowed from Ara fittra : nature [fattara] Hin fitrat, Per fettrat, Tur fitrat borrowed from Ara fuad : heart [Sem p-w-d, p-y-d, Uga pid] Ind fuad, Per foad borrowed from Ara fuha : mouth Sem p-w, p-y, Akk pu, Heb pe, JNA patha (face), Amh fit, Uga p (mouth), Phoen py] fuja : unforeseen event [faja] Per foje borrowed from Ara fujatan : suddenly [faja] Per fojatan borrowed from Ara fujl : radish [Sem p-g-l, Mal figel, Akk puglu, JNA pe’la] fukaha : humor [fakaha] Per fokahat borrowed from Ara ful : bean [Sem p-w-l, Mal fula, Heb pol] fuladh : steel [from Per pulad] Hin faulad, Per fulad borrowed from Ara fulan : an individual [filan] Hin falan, Ind fulan, Per folan, Swa fulani, Tur filan borrowed from Ara fulk : boat, felucca [from Gre epholkion] funduq : hazelnut [findiq] funduq : inn [from Gre pandokheion] furatta : small change [farratta] furfur : small bird [Gez ferfert (quail), Syr parpura (partridge), Amh ferfert] furn : oven [from Ita forno] furqan : salvation [faraqa] Ful furkanu, Ind furkan, Per forqan borrowed from Ara Furs : Persia [from Per] furssa : opportunity, chance; leisure [farrassa] Aze furset, Hin fursat, Per forssat, Tur firsat, Uzb fursat borrowed from Ara fursza : harbor [farrasza] Swa forodha borrowed from Ara fusaifisa : mosaic from Gre psephos (pebble)] fus’hha : free space [fasuhha] fuss’hha : clearness (of speech), good Arabic [fassuhha] fustan : dress [from a placename, cp. Ita fossata] fustuq : pistachio [fistiq] fuszul : useless; uselessness [faszala] Aze fuzul, Hin fazul, fuzul, Ind fadul, Per foszul borrowed from Ara futtr : mushroom [Heb pittriya] futtur : breakfast [fattara] futur : slackness; defect [fatara] Hin fatur, Per fotur borrowed from Ara fuwaq : hiccup Sem p-w-q] GH ghaba : forest [Akk ababu] ghaba : vanish [Mal gheb] ghaban : stupidity ghabia] ghabana : deceive [?] ghabash : twilight [Mal ghabex] ghabatta : be glad [?] ghabi : stupid ghabia] ghabia : be ignorant Sem gh-b-y, Akk ebu (be thick), Heb ‘ave, Syr ‘aba, JNA ’by (swell), Tig ebi (big), Uga ghbn (thickness)] ghabn : deceit [ghabana] Hin gabn, Per ghabn borrowed from Ara ghad : next day [ghada] ghada : go early [Mal ghada (tomorrow), ghodwa (morning)] ghada : breakfast, lunch [ghada] ghadan : tomorrow [ghada] ghadara : leave, abandon [Heb ne‘edar (miss)] ghaddar : treacherous; traitor [ghadara] Aze qeddar, Hin gaddar, Per ghaddar, Tur gaddar borrowed from Ara ghaddha : feed [Uga ghdyn (provisioning), mghd (food)] ghaddha : hurry [Uga ghdhdh] ghadha : food ghaddha] Aze qida, Hin giza, Per ghadha, Tur gida borrowed from Ara ghadir : pond [Mal ghadira] ghadwa : lunch [ghada] ghadza : make angry [?] ghafala : neglect ?] ghafara : cover (the head); pardon Sem gh-p-r, Mal hafer (forgive), Heb kipper (atone)] ghafil : negligent ghafala] Hin gafil, Per ghafel borrowed from Ara ghafla : neglect ghafala] Hin gaflat, Per ghaflat borrowed from Ara ghafran : pardon, absolution ghafara] Per ghofran, Swa ghofira borrowed from Ara ghagha : tumult [Mal ghagha] ghaib : absent; hidden, secret; out of sight, invisible, unseen [ghaba] Aze qeyb, Ful gaibu, Hau gaibi, Hin gaib, Ind ghaib, Per gheyb borrowed from Ara ghaib : shame [Mal ghajb] ghaidz : anger ghadza] Per gheydz borrowed from Ara ghaim : cloud [ghama] ghair : other; strange [ghayyara] Hin gair, Per gheyr, Swa ghairi borrowed from Ara ghaira : shame; jealousy; effort, energy, activity; courage, might ghara] Hin gairat, Ind gairah, Kyr kayrat, Per gheyrat, Tat gayret, Tur gayret, Uzb ghayrat borrowed from Ara ghairi : other, different; not that ghayyara] Aze qeyri, Per gheire, Tur gayri borrowed from Ara ghaitt : field [?] ghaitt : feces [?] Hau gayadi borrowed from Ara ghala : destroy [Sem gh-w-l, Uga ‘wl (attack)] ghala : boil [Mal ghalla] ghala : exceed [?] ghalaba : overwhelm, vanquish [Mal gheleb (win), Heb he‘eliv (insult), Syr ‘elab] ghalaba : victory [ghalaba] Aze qelebe, Per ghalabe, Tur galebe, Uzb ghalaba borrowed from Ara ghaladza : rudeness [ghaludza] Hin galazat, Per ghaladzat borrowed from Ara ghalafa : wrap [?] ghalaqa : close ?] ghalatt : mistake; wrong [ghalitta] Hin galat, Per ghalatt borrowed from Ara ghalib : dominating, victorious; chief, victor, winner [ghalaba] Aze qalib, Hin galib, Ind ghalib, Per ghaleb, Tur galip, Uzb gholib borrowed from Ara ghaliban : chiefly [ghalaba] Hin galiban, Per ghaleban borrowed from Ara ghalidz : big, rude [ghaludza] Hin galiz, Per ghalidz borrowed from Ara ghalin : too expensive; extreme ghala] Swa ghali borrowed from Ara ghalitta : err, make a mistake [Mal ghelt (a mistake)] ghalla : collect (harvest) [?] ghalla : insert [Heb ‘ol (yoke)] ghaludza : be fat, big, rude [Sem gh-l-dz, Hrs ‘eledz] ghalyun : pipe [ghala] ghama : cover; get cloudy [Sem gh-m-m and gh-m-y and gh-y-m, Heb ‘amum (dim), Uga ‘mm (wrap, cover, dim)] ghama : swoon [ghama] ghamada : cover [Mal ghamed (blindfold)] ghamam : clouds [ghama] ghamasa : sink [Uga qmss] ghamassa : despise Sem gh-m-s, Syr thachmetztha (humiliation)] ghamaza : wink [Mal ghamez] ghamiq : dark [‘amuqa] ghamm : grief, sorrow; concern, care [ghama] Aze qem, Hin gam, Kyr kam, Per ghamm, Swa ghamu, Tur gam, Uzb gham borrowed from Ara ghamma : clouds [ghama] ghamusza : wink [ghamaza] ghana : riches [ghania] ghanam : sheep [ghanima] ghani : rich [ghania] Hin gani, Per ghani borrowed from Ara ghania : be rich [Mal ghani (rich)] ghanima : catch prey [?] ghanima : booty [ghanima] Hau ganima, Hin ganimat, Per ghanimat, Tur ganimet, Uzb ghanimat borrowed from Ara ghanna : sing [Sem gh-n-y, Mal ghanna, Uga ‘ny] ghar : cave [ghara] Hin gar, Per ghar, Uzb ghor borrowed from Ara ghara : be jealous [Sem gh-y-r, Mal ghajjur (jealous)] ghara : sink [Sem gh-w-r, Mal ghar (cave), Heb me‘ara, Syr me‘artha, JNA mighara, Uga ghwr (sink)] ghara : raid, invade [Sem gh-w-r, Amh werrere] ghara : make stick(y) [?] ghara : raid, plunder [ghara] Hin garat, Per gharat borrowed from Ara gharafa : ladle, scoop [Sem gh-r-p] gharama : fine; expense; division of assets gharima] Per ghorama, Swa gharamu borrowed from Ara gharara : sack [?] Per gharare borrowed from Ara gharasa : plant [?] gharasz : aim, objective; motive [?] Hin garz, Per gharasz borrowed from Ara gharaza : prick, sting [?] gharb : west [ghariba] Aze qerb, Per gharb, Tur garp, Uzb gharb borrowed from Ara gharbal : sieve [kirbal] Per gharbal borrowed from Ara gharbi : western [ghariba] Per gharbi, Tur garbi, Uzb gharbiy borrowed from Ara gharghara : gargle [onomat.] gharib : foreigner [Mal gharib] Aze qerib, Ind gharib, Per gharib, Tur garip borrowed from Ara gharib : camel's back [Hrs ‘oreb] ghariba : go down [Sem ‘-r-b, Akk erebu (enter), Heb ‘erev (evening), Syr ‘arab, JNA ma‘arav (west), Hrs ‘arb (west), Amh me‘erab, Uga ‘rb (enter), m‘rb (sunset)] gharid : song-bird [gharida] Per ghared borrowed from Ara gharida : sing (bird) [?] gharima : pay a fine [?] ghariqa : sink [Mal ghereq] gharq : sinking; sunken [ghariqa] Hin gark, Per gharq borrowed from Ara gharra : deceive [?] ghars : planting [gharasa] Per ghars borrowed from Ara ghasal : ablution [ghasala] Ind ghasal borrowed from Ara ghasala : wash [Mal hasel] ghash : swoon [gashia] Hin gash, Per ghash borrowed from Ara ghashia : swoon [Mal ghaxwa] ghashim : ignorant taghashama ghassa : strangle [?] ghassaba : snatch [?] ghassha : deceive [?] ghassib : usurper [ghassaba] Per ghasseb, Tur gaasip borrowed from Ara ghaszab : anger; gall ghasziba] Aze qezeb, Hin gazab, Swa ghadabu, Per ghaszab, Tur gazap, Uzb ghazab borrowed from Ara ghasziba : be angry [Mal ghadba (anger), Heb ‘atzuv (sad)] ghaszir : fresh, green [chaszira] ghath : thin [Heb ‘asheshet (caries)] ghatta : cut [Mal ghatta] ghatta : cover [?] ghatta : dive, plunge [maybe from a common Sem root gh-tt (abyss), cp. Akk ettu (be dark)] ghatta : snore [?] ghattasa : go deep, dive [Sem gh-tt-s, Mal ghodos] ghaur : depth; deep thought [ghara] Hin gaur, Per ghour borrowed from Ara ghautt : deep well [ghatta] ghawa : err Sem gh-w-y, Uga ‘wy (bend, turn away) ghaya : limit, extreme situation; aim, purpose; idea, project [?] Hau gaya, Hin gayat, Per ghaye, Tur gaye, Uzb ghoya borrowed from Ara ghayatan : extremely [ghaya] ghayyara : change [?] ghaz : gas [from Fre gaz] ghaza : raid [Sem gh-z-w, Sab ghzw, Uga ghzw, ghzm (attackers)] ghaza : holy war [ghaza] Ind ghaza borrowed from Ara ghazal : gazelle [Akk chuzalu (young antelope)] ghazal : lyrical poem [ghazala] Hin gazal, Per ghazal borrowed from Ara ghazala : spin [Sem gh-z-l, Mal ghazel, JNA ’zl, Uga ghzl (spinner)] ghazir : abundant [ghazura] ghazura : be abundant [?] ghazw : a raid, invasion [ghaza] ghiba : slander [ighba] Per gheibat, Tur giybet, Uzb ghiybat borrowed from Ara ghidha : food; lunch ghaddha] ghil : thicket [Uga ghl] ghilaf : wrap, sheath [ghalafa] Hin gilaf, Ind ghelaf borrowed from Ara ghina : riches [ghania] Ind ghina, Per ghana borrowed from Ara ghina : song [ghanna] ghiram : gram [from Fre gramme] ghissh : deceit [ghassha] ghitta : cover, veil [ghatta] Per ghetta borrowed from Ara ghubar : dust Sem gh-b-r, Mal ghabra, Hrs ‘ebar, Amh abwara] Hin gubar, Per ghobar borrowed from Ara ghudwa : early morning [ghada] ghufra : lid [ghafara] ghul : desert demon [ghala] ghulam : servant, boy [Syr ‘alama, Uga ghlm, Phoen ‘lmt (maid)] Hin gulam, Ind ghulam, Per gholam borrowed from Ara ghull : handcuffs [ghalla] ghumr : armful [Sem gh-m-r, Mal ghamra (sheaf), Heb ‘omer, Ara ‘mr] ghurab : raven [Sem gh-r-b, Akk erebu, Heb ‘orev, Syr ‘urba, Hrs ye‘ereb, Ebl ‘aribu] ghurba : exile [gharib] Hin gurbat, Per ghorbat borrowed from Ara ghurfa : room [?] ghurla : foreskin [Sem gh-r-l, Akk urullu, Heb ‘orla] ghurnuq : crane [Sem gh-r-n-q, Akk urnigu] ghurr : deceit [gharra] Per ghorr borrowed from Ara ghurub : sunset [ghariba] Hin gurubm, Per ghorub borrowed from Ara ghurur : self-illusion; pride [gharra] Aze qurur, Hin garur, Per ghorur, Tat gorur, Tur gurur, Uzb ghurur borrowed from Ara ghusl : ablution [ghasala] Hin gusl, Per ghosl borrowed from Ara ghussa : grief; anger [ghassa] Aze qusse, Hin gussa, Per ghosse borrowed from Ara ghutta : plunging [ghatta] Hin gota, Per ghutte borrowed from Ara H ha : here! [Heb ha (the), JNA ha (behold!), Phoen h (the)] ha : the letter h [Heb he] Per he borrowed from Ara ha : be of good stature; be prepared [?] habatta : go down, land [MoAr hbett (go)] habba : blow (wind) [Sem h-b-b (move)] hada : lead, guide; convert [Sem h-d-y, Syr hada] Swa hidi borrowed from Ara hada : be Jewish [Mal lhudi (Jew), Heb Yehuda (a personal name), Amh yehudi (Jewish)] hada : give presents [?] hadaf : target [hadafa] Aze hedef, Per hadaf borrowed from Ara hadafa : be near [?] hadaja : totter [?] hadana : be still [?] hadda : calm down [?] haddada : threaten [?] haddama : destroy [Sem h-d-m, Aram hdm (dismember)] haddhaba : educate [?] hadha : this [ha + dha] hadhaba : prune, cleanse [?] hadhaka : that [ha + dha + ka] hadhara : chat, babble [MoAr hdher (talk)] hadi : quiet [hadda] hadia : gift [hada] Aze hediyye, Ind hadiah, Per hadiyye, Swa hedaya borrowed from Ara hadim : destroyer [haddama] Per hadem borrowed from Ara hafa : deviate, fail [?] hafwa : failure [hafa] Per hafwah borrowed from Ara haij : excited [haja] haikal : temple; statue [Akk ekallu, from Sum egal] Aze heykal, Ful haikali, Hau haikali, Per heikal, Swa hekalu, Tat kheikel, Tur heikel, Uzb khaykal borrowed from Ara hail : scary [hala] haisza : dysentery, cholera [?] Hin haiza, Per haysze borrowed from Ara haja : be excited [?] hajama : attack [Sem h-g-m, Aram hgm (destroy)] hajara : depart; emigrate; separate oneself [Sem h-g-r, Aram hgr (convert to Islam)] hajin : racing camel; mixed-blood from Gre eugenes hajja : spell [Sem h-g-g, Heb haga, Uga hgw, hgy] hajr : separation [hajara] Hin hijr, Per hajr borrowed from Ara haka : there! [ha + ka] hakadha : so [haka + dha] hal : is it so? [ha] hala : halo [from Gre halos] Hin hala, Per hale borrowed from Ara hala : scare [?] halak : destroyed; fall, ruin; death [halaka] Aze helak, Hin halak, Per halak, Tur helak borrowed from Ara halaka : perish [Sem h-l-k, Akk alaku (go, walk), Heb halakh, Syr halek, BAram halakh, Uga hlk, Phoen hlk] halaka : fall, ruin; disaster; death [halaka] Hin halakat, Per halakat, Tat helaket, Uzb khalokat borrowed from Ara halayun : asparagus [?] halilaj : myrobalan [from Middle Per halilag] halla : shout [Sem h-l-l, Heb hillel (praise), Syr halel] halla : untie [Mal hall] hallala : jubilate [halla] hamasa : whisper [?] hamhama : growl, make noise Sem h-m-h-m, Heb hama] hamm : anxiety, trouble, grief [hamma] Per hamm borrowed from Ara hamm : important [hamma] hamma : be anxious [Mal hemm (trouble)] hamma : be important [?] hana : be of small weight [?] handama : symmetry [from Middle Per] handasa : geometry [from Middle Per handazag] Per hendese, Tur hendese borrowed from Ara hani : healthy, pleasant [hania] Per hani borrowed from Ara hania : be glad [Mal henna (comfort), Heb hanaa (pleasure)] hanna : congratulate [?] hara : be destroyed [?] haraba : flee [Mal harab] harraba : smuggle [haraba] haraja : be in commotion [Heb harag (destroy)] haram : pyramid [?] Ful harami, Per haram borrowed from Ara haram : senile [harima] Per haram borrowed from Ara harasa : crush, grind [Sem h-r-s, Heb harass (destroy)] harima : get senile [?] harj : commotion [haraja] Hin harj, Per harj, Tur herc borrowed from Ara harwala : hurry [?] hashama : smash, destroy [?] hashim : fragile; hay, oat [hashama] haszama : digest [?] haszba : hill [?] haszm : digestion [haszama] Aze hezm, Hin hazm, Per haszm, Tur hazim borrowed from Ara haszma : digestion [haszama] Hin hazma, Tur hezimet borrowed from Ara hat : please bring! [?] Per hat borrowed from Ara hatafa : buzz, ring [?] hatif : inner voice; buzzer; telephone [hatafa] Per hatef borrowed from Ara haul : horror [hala] Hin haul, Per houl borrowed from Ara hauwa : ventilate [hawa] hauwa : lover [hawa] hauwaya : fan [hawa] hawa : air, atmosphere Sem h-w-y, Amh hewa] Aze hava, Hin hava, Ind hawa, Kyr awa, Per hawa, Swa hewa, Taj havo, Tat khava, Tur hava, Uzb khavo borrowed from Ara hawa : fall into an abyss [Sem h-w-y, Hrs hewo] hawa : desire hawia] Per hawa, Swa hawa borrowed from Ara hawan : love, desire [hawia] hawas : stupidity; rage; desire, love [hawisa] Aze heves, Hin havas, Per hawas, Tat kheves, Tur heves, Uzb khavas borrowed from Ara hawaya : hobby [hawia] hawia : abyss hawa] Ful hawiya, Per hawiye borrowed from Ara hawia : love ?] hawin : amateur [hawia] hawisa : be in commotion [?] hawun : mortar [from Per hawan] haya : stature [ha] hayajan : excitement [haja] Aze heyecan, Per hayajan, Tur heyecan borrowed from Ara hayula : matter [from Gre hyle] hayya : prepare [Mal hejja] hayya : start! hayyin : light (of weight) [hana] haza : mock [?] hazala : reduce [?] hazala : joke [?] hazama : defeat [?] hazhaza : swing [hazza] hazima : defeat [hazama] Per hazimat, Tur hezimet borrowed from Ara hazl : joke [hazala] hazza : swing [Mal hezzez (shake)] hia : she [Sem h-y, Mal hi, Heb hi, Syr hi, JNA ahi, Uga hy, Phoen h’] hiba : gift, present [wahaba] Hin hibba, Ind hebah, Per hebe borrowed from Ara hidaya : guidance, instruction [hada] Hin hidayat, Ind hidayat, Per hedayat borrowed from Ara hija : syllable; spelling [hajjaja] Aze heca, Hin hijje, Ind eja, Per heja, Tur hece borrowed from Ara hijra : emigration [hajara] Ful hijra, Hau hijira, Hin hijrat, Ind hijrat, Per hejrat, Tur hijret borrowed from Ara hijran : separation [hajara] Aze hicran, Per hejran borrowed from Ara hilal : crescent [Heb helal (star), Gez helal (crescent)] Per helal, Tur hilal, Uzb khilol borrowed from Ara himma : effort; resolve [hamma] Hin himmat, Per hemmat borrowed from Ara Hind : India [from Skt Sindh] Per Hend, Tat Khind, Tur Hint, Uzb Khind borrowed from Ara hindab : endive [Ara chdb] Per hendaba borrowed from Ara hubutt : landing [habatta] hud-hud : hopoe [onomat.] Hin hud-hud, Per hod-hod borrowed from Ara hudna : ceasefire [hadana] hudu : quiet, stillness [hadda] hujum : attack, raid; crowd [hajama] Aze hucum, Hin hujum, Per hojum, Tur hucum, Uzb khudzhum borrowed from Ara hum : they [Sem h-w-m, Mal huma, Heb hem] huna : here [Mal hawn, Heb hinne, Uga hn, hnn, Phoen hn] hunaka : there [huna + ka] hunna : they [Sem h-w-n, Heb hen, Syr henon] hurub : flight [haraba] huwa : he [Sem h-w, Mal hu, Heb hu, JNA ahu, Uga hw, Phoen h’] huwa : abyss [hawa] huwia : identity [huwa] Per howiyat, Tur huviyet borrowed from Ara HH hhabaq : basil [Mal habaq] hhabar : bruise [Akk ibaru (mark on skin), Heb chabbura (weld)] hhabasa : restrain, arrest [Sem hh-b-s, Mal habs (jail), Heb chavash (bandage), Syr chebash (imprison)] hhabashi : Ethiopian [Amh habesha] Ful habasi, Hau habasha, Hin hhabshi, Ind habsyi, Per hhabashi, Swa habeshi, Tur habesi borrowed from Ara hhabatta : be lost [chabatta] hhabb : grain; pill [Mal habb, Syr chaba] Alb hape, Bul hap, Gre hapi, Per hhabb, Tur hap borrowed from Ara hhabba : love Sem hh-b-b, Mal habb, Heb ahav, chiba, Syr acheb, chabiba (friendly), Uga ’b, ’hb] hhabba : grain [hhabb] Per hhabbe, Tur habbe borrowed from Ara hhabhhab : melon [Sem hh-b-hh-b] hhabib : friend [hhabba] Ind habib, Per hhabib borrowed from Ara hhabila : be pregnant [Syr chebal (give birth)] hhabl : cable [Sem hh-b-l, Mal habel, Akk eblu, chabalu (tie, strap), Heb chevel (cable), Syr chabla, JNA khola, Hrs hhebelet (umbilical cord), Uga hhbl, chbl (rope)] hhabr : bishop, rabbi [Syr chabara (conjurer, exorcist)] hhabs : arrest; jail [hhabasa] Aze hebs, Ser haps, Per hhabs, Tur hapis borrowed from Ara hhabtt : idle act [hhabatta] Per hhabtt borrowed from Ara hhada : chase [Uga hhdw, hhdy] hhadaba : hump [Mal hotba] hhadaqa : enclose [maybe from a common Sem root hh-d (enclose)] hhadaqa : glance [?] hhadaqa : pupil of the eye [hhadaqa] Per hhadaqe borrowed from Ara hhadara : let down [?] hhadath : unexpected event [hhadutha] Hin hadas, Per hhadath borrowed from Ara hhadatha : happen, occur [hhadutha] hhadd : border, limit [hhadda] Aze hedd, Hin had, Ind had, Per hhadd, Tur had borrowed from Ara hhadd : sharp; edge, blade [hhadda] Per hhadd borrowed from Ara hhadda : limit, define [maybe from a common Sem root hh-d (enclose)] hhadda : sharpen [Heb chad (sharp)] hhadda : threaten [Mal hedded] hhaddada : draw borders [hhadda] hhaddatha : tell, communicate [hhadutha] hhaddha : shoemaker [ihhtadhawa] hhaddz : share, luck; joy [hhadza] Per hhaddz borrowed from Ara hhadha : be opposite to [?] hhadhafa : cut off [?] hhadhar : caution [hhadhira] Per hhadhar, Swa hadhari borrowed from Ara hhadhir : cautious [hhadhira] hhadhira : guard [maybe from a common Sem root hh-dh (enclose)] hhadid : iron [Sem hh-d-d, Mal hadid, Amh hadid (rail)] hhadid : sharp [hhadda] hhadiqa : park, garden [hhadaqa] hhadith : new hhadutha] hhadith : news; story; account; tradition hhadutha] Ful hadise, Per hhadith, Swa hadithi borrowed from Ara hhaditha : event, incident hhadutha] Aze hadise, Hin hadasa, Per hhadithe, Uzb khodisa borrowed from Ara hhadutha : be new Sem hh-d-th, Akk edesshu (new), Heb chadash, Syr chadeth, JNA khatha, Amh addis, Tig hhaddis, Uga hhdth, Phoen chdsh] hhadhwa : opposite to [hhadha] hhadza : have luck [?] hhadzara : enclose, forbid [Sem hh-dz-r (surround), Akk ederu (embrace), Heb eizor (zone), Syr chedar (go round)] hhadzira : perimeter fence [hhadzara] hhadzr : prohibition [hhadzara] hhafa : shore [Heb chof] hhafa : be unjust [?] hhafala : collect, assemble ?] hhafana : grasp Sem hh-p-n, Mal hafna (many), Heb chofen (handful), Amh effeny, Tig hhefen] hhafara : dig [Mal haffer, Akk cheperu, Heb chafar, Syr chefar, JNA khpr] hhafawa : reception [hhafia] hhafaza : drive [?] hhaffa : rub [Sem hh-p-p, Akk chapapu, Heb chafaf (shampoo), JNA khyp] hhafia : go barefoot [Sem hh-p-y, Mal hafi (barefoot), Heb yachef, JNA khipyaya] hhafia : receive sy, welcome [?] hhafid : grandchild [?] hhafidz : protector; scholar [hhafidza] Hin hafiz, Ind hafal, Per hhafidz, Tur hafiz borrowed from Ara hhafidza : preserve [Sem hh-p-dz (be mindful)] Swa hifadhi borrowed from Ara hhafila : bus [hhafala] hhafin : barefoot [hhafia] hhafiz : drive, motive [hhafaza] hhafl : assembly [hhafala] hhafla : feast [hhafala] hhafna : handful [hhafana] hhafria : excavations [hhafara] Per hhafriyat, Tur hafriyat borrowed from Ara hhai : alive [hhayya] Per hhayy, Swa hai borrowed from Ara hhaidar : lion [?] Hin haidar, Per hheydar borrowed from Ara hhaif : injustice [hhafa] Hin haif, Per hheyf borrowed from Ara hhail : power, force [Sem hh-y-l, Akk illatu (group, army), Heb chail (force), Syr chayla, JNA khela, Sab chyl, Amh hayl, Uga hhl] hhaira : amazement; surprise [hhara] Hin hairat, Per hheyrat, Uzb khayrat borrowed from Ara hhairan : amazed, astonished [hhara] Aze heyran, Hin hayran, Ind hairan, Per hheiran borrowed from Ara hhaisz : menstruation [hhasza] Ful haila, Hau haila, Per hheisz, Swa hedhi borrowed from Ara hhaith : standpoint [hhaithu] Per hheyth borrowed from Ara hhaithia : standpoint [hhaithu] Hin haisiya, Per hheythiyat borrowed from Ara hhaithu : where [?] hhaitt : wall [hhatta] hhaitta : enclosure [hhatta] Per hheytte borrowed from Ara hhaiwan : animal, beast [hhayya] Aze heyvan, Ful hayawan, Gre haibani, Hin haivan, Ind haiwan, hewan, Per hheiwan, Swa hayawani, Taj hayvon, Tat khaivan, Tur hayvan, Uzb khayvon borrowed from Ara hhaja : need, request; things, goods [ahhtaja] Ful haja, Hau haja, Hin hajat, Per hhajat, Swa haja, Taj hojat, Tur hacet borrowed from Ara hhajaba : cover [Sem h-g-b, Mal hageb (brow), EgAr hhagib] hhajal : partridge, guinea-fowl [Mal hagel, Heb chogla, Syr chagla, Tig hhagel] hhajama : let blood [?] hhajama : blood-letting; a shave [hhajama] Hin hajamat, Per hhajamat borrowed from Ara hhajar : stone [EgAr hhagar, Mal hagra] hhajaza : restrain, hinder; reserve [?] hhajib : brow [hajaba] hhajiz : barrier [hajaza] hhajj : pilgrimage [hhajja] Ful hijju, Hin hhajj, Per hhajj, Swa haji, Tur hac borrowed from Ara hhajja : go to pilgrimage [Sem hh-g-g, Heb chag (feast), Syr chaga, JNA khigga] hhajja : spell [Heb haga] hhajja : persuade [?] hhajjam : blood-letter; a barber [hhajama] Hin hajjam, Per hhajjam borrowed from Ara hhajji : pilgrim [hhajja] Ful alaji, Hau alhaji, Hin haji, Ind haji, Per hhaji, Tur haci borrowed from Ara hhajm : format, size [?] hhajz : reservation [hajaza] hhaka : weave [Syr chawaka (weaver)] hhaka : tell a tale [?] hhakama : be strong; decide, rule, judge [Sem hh-k-m, Mal hakem, Akk chakamu (be wise), Heb chakham (wise), Syr chakima, BAram chakima, Amh hakim (doctor), Uga hhkm (be wise), Phoen hhkmt (knowledge)] hhakim : wise man, doctor [hhakama] Aze hekim, Hin hakim, Ind hakim, Per hhakim, Tur hekim, Uzb khakim borrowed from Ara hhakim : judge, ruler, governor [hhakama] Aze hakim, Hin hakim, Per hhakem, Swa hakimu, Tat khakim, Tur hakem, hakim, Uzb khokim borrowed from Ara hhakimia : rule, sovereignity, power [hhakama] Aze hakimiyyet, Per hhakemiyat, Uzb khokimiyat borrowed from Ara hhakin : story-teller [hhaka] hhakka : rub; scratch [Sem hh-k-k, Heb chikkekh, Hrs hhek (scratch), Tig hhakka] hhal : state, position, condition; case; character [hhala] Aze hal, Ful hali, Hau hali, Hin hal, Per hhal, Swa hali, Tat khel, Tur hal, Uzb khol borrowed from Ara hhala : change [?] hhala : decorate [Sem hh-l-y] hhala : state, condition, position, attitude [hhala] Aze halet, Hin halat, Per hhalat, Tur halet, Uzb kholat borrowed from Ara hhalab : milk [hhalaba] hhalaba : milch Sem hh-l-b, Akk chalabu, Mal halib (milk), Heb chalav, JNA khalwa, Amh allaba (milch), Uga hhlb, Phoen hhlb] hhalafa : swear Sem hh-l-p, Akk chalapu (accuse), Mal halef (swear)] hhalagha : comb (wool) ?] hhalal : permitted, fair, honest [hhalla] Aze halal, Ful halal, Gre halali, Hau halal, Hin halal, Ind halal, Per hhalal, Swa halali, Tur helal, Uzb khalol borrowed from Ara hhalama : dream Sem hh-l-m, Mal holma (a dream), Heb chalom, Syr chelma, JNA khilma, BAram chalma, Hrs hhaylem (to dream), Amh alleme, Tig hhalme, Uga hhlm] hhalan : now; immediately [hhala] Per hhala borrowed from Ara hhalaqa : shave [Heb chalaq (smooth)] hhalazun : spiral; snail Sem hh-l-z-n, Heb chillazon] Per hhalzun, Tur helezon borrowed from Ara hhalf : oath; alliance [hhalafa] Per hhalf borrowed from Ara hhali : ornament, jewel [hhala] hhalib : milk hhalaba] Per hhalib borrowed from Ara hhall : solution [hhalla] Hin hall, Per hhall borrowed from Ara hhall : vinegar [Sem hh-l-l, Akk challu, JNA khala] hhalla : bore through; solve; analyze [Sem hh-l-l, Heb chalul (hollow), Syr cheleyla, JNA khilol] hhalla : be permitted [?] hhalla : get off, settle [?] hhallagh : comber (of wool) [hhalagha] Per hhallagh borrowed from Ara hhallaq : barber [hhalaqa] Per hhallaq borrowed from Ara hhallaqa : circle, hover Sem hh-l-q, Mal holqa (ring), Hrs hhelqemot (ring, circle)] hhalq : throat; gums Sem hh-l-q, Mal halq (mouth), Tig hhelqem (throat, larynx)] Hin halak, Per hhalq borrowed from Ara hhalqa : ring; link [hhallaqa] Bul halka, Gre halkas, Hin halka, Per hhalqe, Tur halka, Uzb khalqa borrowed from Ara hhaluwa : be sweet [Sem hh-l-w, Mal helu (sweet), Syr chalya, JNA khly (be sweet)] hhalwa : sweetmeat [hhaluwa] Bul halva, Ful alewa, Gre halbas, Hau alawa, Hin halva, Per hhalwa, Rom halva, Tur helva, Uzb kholva borrowed from Ara hhalwani : confectioner [hhaluwa] hham : father-in-law Sem hh-m, Mal hmu, Akk emu, Heb cham, JNA khimyana, Amh amat] hhama : mud [Mal hama] hhama : defend, protect [?] hhamal : ram Sem hh-m-l] Per hhamal borrowed from Ara hhamala : bear Sem hh-m-l, Mal hamal (tolerate)] Hau himili borrowed from Ara hhamam : dove [?] Per hhamam borrowed from Ara hhamaqa : be angry [maybe from a common Sem root hh-m (hot)] Swa hamaki borrowed from Ara hhamaqa : stupidity [hhamiqa] Hin himakat, Per hhamaqat borrowed from Ara hhamd : praise [hhamida] Per hhamd borrowed from Ara hhami : protector; supporter [hhama] Aze hami, Hin hami, Per hhami borrowed from Ara hhamia : be hot; be furious [hhamma] hhamida : praise [Sem hh-m-d, Amh amed (hot ashes), Tig hhamed, Uga hhmd (crave)] Swa himidi borrowed from Ara hhamila : leafy spot Sem hh-m-l] hhamim : hot [hhamma] Per hhamim borrowed from Ara hhamiqa : be foolish Sem hh-m-q hhamisz : acid; sour [hhamusza] Tur hamiz borrowed from Ara hhaml : carrying [hhamala] Hin hhaml, Per hhaml borrowed from Ara hhamla : attack [hhamala] Aze hemle, Hin hhamla, Per hhamle borrowed from Ara hhamma : heat up Sem hh-m-m, Mal ghomma (heat), Akk emmu (hot), Heb cham, Syr chuma (heat), JNA khimma, Uga hhm] hhammal : porter, carrier [hhamala] Alb hamall, Aze hambal, Bul hamalin, Gre hamales, Hin hhammal, Per hhamal, Rom hamal, Swa hamali, Tur hamal borrowed from Ara hhammam : hot bath [hhamma] Aze hamam, Gre hamami, Hin hhammam, Per hhammam, Swa hamamu, Taj hamom, Tur hamam, Uzb khammom borrowed from Ara hhammara : paint red [Sem hh-m-r, Mal ahmar (red), hamrija (soil) Akk emeru (be red), Heb chomer (clay), Tig hhamer (red-brown)] hhamusza : be sour [Sem hh-m-sz, Akk emssu (sour), Heb chamutz, JNA khamussa, Hrs hhamesz, Uga hhmss (vinegar)] hhamsz : acid [hhamusza] Per hhamsz borrowed from Ara hhana : bend [Sem hh-n-n, Akk enu (change)] hhana : incline, sympathize [Sem hh-n-n, Mal hanin (merciful), Akk enenu (be favorable), Heb chen (grace), Syr chanana, Uga hhnn (be favorable), Phoen hhn (favor)] hhana : be green [?] hhanafi : pagan [Syr chanfa] hhanafia : tap, hydrant [?] hhanak : palate Sem hh-y-k, Mal hanek, Heb chekh, Syr cheka, Tig hhanek] hhanash : snake [Mal hanex (earthworm), Heb nachash] hhani : bending [hhana] hhanin : longing [hhana] hhanjara : larynx Sem hh-n-g-r, Hrr hhnngr (throat)] hhanut : inn, shop Sem hh-n-w, Mal hanut, Heb chanut, Syr chanautha, Phoen mchnt (camp)] hhaqada : hate [?] hhaqana : inject [?] hhaqara : despise, disrespect, insult [Sem hh-q-r, Gez hhqr] hhaqara : contempt; abuse [hhaqara] Aze heqaret, Hin hikara, Per hhaqarat, Tur hakaret, Uzb khaqorat borrowed from Ara hhaqiba : suitcase [?] hhaqiqa : truth [hhaqqa] Aze heqiqet, Ful hakika, Hin hakikat, Ind hakikat, Kyr akikat, Per hhaqiqat, Swa hakika, Tat khakiykat, Tur hakikat, Uzb khaqiqat borrowed from Ara hhaqiqatan : truly, in fact [hhaqqa] Hin hakikatan, Per hhaqiqatan, Taj haqiqatan, Tur hakikaten borrowed from Ara hhaqiqi : true, right, actual [hhaqqa] Per hhaqiqi, Uzb khaqiqiy borrowed from Ara hhaqir : contemptible [hhaqara] Hin hakir, Per hhaqir borrowed from Ara hhaql : field [Sem hh-q-l, Akk eqlu, Heb cheqla, Syr chaqla] hhaqq : right, truth [hhaqqa] Aze haqq, Ful hakka, Hau hakki, Hin hak, Ind hak, Per hhaqq, Swa haki, Taj hak, Tat khak, Tur hak, Uzb khaq borrowed from Ara hhaqqa : be right [Sem hh-q-q, Mal haqq (justice), Heb choq (law), JNA chaqqa (true), Amh haqq (truth), hegg (law)] hhaqqan : truly [hhaqqa] Hau hakkan, Per hhaqqan borrowed from Ara hhaqqania : justice [hhaqqa] Per hhaqqaniyat, Tur hakkaniyet borrowed from Ara hhaqqaqa : realize [hhaqqa] hhaqw : loin [Sem hh-q-w, Heb cheq (lap), Aram hheqa, Sab hhqw, Jib hhaqhheq, Gez hhaqe, Tig hheqeq (hips)] hhara : whiten [Sem hh-w-r, Heb chiwer (pale), Syr hewara (white), Hrs hhewer (black)] hhara : roll, turn [Sem hh-w-r, Tig hhore (go)] hhara : perplex, confuse [?] hhara : town quarter [hhara] hharaj : thicket, dense wood [Sem hh-r-g] hharaj : dire straits [hharija] hharaka : movement; act, deed, action, activity; effect [hharraka] Aze hereket, Ful harka, Hau harka, Hin harkat, Kaz qareket, Kyr araket, Per hharakat, Tat khereket, Tur hareket, Uzb kharakat borrowed from Ara hharam : prohibited; holy; women’s quarter [hharuma] Aze haram, Ful haram, Gre haremi, Hau haram, Hin haram, Hun harem, Ind haram, Per hharam, Swa haramu, Tur haram, harem borrowed from Ara hharama : rob [maybe from a common Sem root hh-r (slit, cut)] hharami : robber [hharama] Per hharami, Swa haramia, Hun haramia borrowed from Ara hharaqa : burn [Mal haraq, Heb charakh (singe), Syr charak, JNA khrkh, Hrs hhroq, Uga hhrk] hharara : heat, fever [hharra] Aze heraret, Hin hararat, Per hhararat, Swa harara, Tur hararet, Uzb kharorat borrowed from Ara hharas : guard, watch [hharasa] Per hhares borrowed from Ara hharasa : guard, watch [Mal hares (look), Uga hhrss (reserve)] hharasha : scratch [Mal ahrax (rough), Akk charasu, churshu (thicket), Heb choresh] hharassa : long for, want eagerly [maybe from a common Sem root hh-r (be hot), cf. Uga hhrr (burn)] hharatha : plough Sem hh-r-th, Mal harat, Akk ereshu, Heb charash, Amh arrese, Tig hharsa, Uga hhrth hharaza : guard, watch [hharasa] hharb : war [hhariba] Aze herb, Hin harb, Per hharb, Tur harb, Uzb kharb borrowed from Ara hharbi : military [hhariba] Per hharbi, Tat kherbi, Uzb kharbiy borrowed from Ara hharf : sharp edge [Sem hh-r-p, Heb charif (sharp), Syr cherfa, churfa (edge), JNA kharipa (sharp)] hharf : letter; consonant [hharrafa] Aze herf, Hau harafi, Hin harf, Per hharf, Swa herufi, Taj harf, Tat kheref, Tur harf, Uzb kharf borrowed from Ara hhariba : be furious [Sem hh-r-b, Mal harbat (war), Akk arbu (waste), charabu (be ruined), Heb charav, cherev (sword), Syr cherab (be ruined), JNA khrw, charb (war), charba (sword), Uga hhrb] hharif : customer; fellow; rival [?] Hin harif, Per hharif borrowed from Ara hharija : be narrow; critical [?] hharim : of women [hharuma] Per hharim borrowed from Ara hhariq : fire [hharaqa] Per hhariq borrowed from Ara hharir : silk Sem hh-r-r, Mal harir, Amh harr] Per hharir, Swa hariri borrowed from Ara hharis : guard, watch [hharasa] Ind haris, Per hhares borrowed from Ara hhariss : eager [hharassa] Per hhariss borrowed from Ara hharith : farmer [hharatha] Ind haris, Per hhareth borrowed from Ara hharr : hot; heat [hharra] Per hharr borrowed from Ara hharra : be free [Sem hh-r-r, Heb cherut (freedom), Syr chera (free)] hharra : be hot [Sem hh-r-r, Mal hrara (heat), JNA kharkharitha (fever), Amh arrere (burn), harur (heat), Tig hharra (be hot), hharere (burn)] hharraf : sharp; sharp-witted [hharf] Hin harraf, Per hharraf borrowed from Ara hharrafa : make crooked, make oblique [?] hharraka : move [Mal harrek] Swa haraka borrowed from Ara hharrara : liberate [hharra] hharshaf : fish scales [Akk arsuppu (carp)] Per charshaf borrowed from Ara hharth : ploughing [hharatha] Per hharth borrowed from Ara hharub : carob [Akk harubu, from Sum harub] Eng carob, Gre haroupi, Tur harup borrowed from Ara hharuma : be prohibited [Sem hh-r-m, Akk charamu (separate), Heb cherem (prohibited), Syr achrem, JNA charama, Uga hhrm] hhasa : feel [Sem hh-s-y, Mal hass, Heb chash, Amh hewas (sense), Uga hhwsh (excite)] hhasa : soup [tahhasawa] hhasab : account, reckoning [hhasaba] Kaz esep, Tur hesap borrowed from Ara hhasaba : think, reckon [Sem hh-sh-b, Mal haseb, Akk chashabu, Heb chashav, JNA khshw, Hrs hhesob (count, think), Amh asebe, hasab (idea), hisab (account), Uga hhthb (count), Phoen hhshb (think)] hhasad : envy [hhasada] Aze hesed, Hau hassada, Ind hasad, Per hhasad, Swa husudu, Tur haset borrowed from Ara hhasada : feel envy [?] hhasama : finish, decide [?] hhasan : good, nice [hhasuna] Hin hasin, Per hhasan borrowed from Ara hhasas : sensitive [hhasa] Aze hessas, Per hhasas, Tur hassas borrowed from Ara hhasasia : sensitivity [hhasa] hhasb : counting, quantity [hhasaba] Hin hasb, Per hhasb borrowed from Ara hhasha : fill, stuff [Mal hexa] hhashama : shame [?] hhashara : gather [?] hhashara : insect; mosquito [?] Ind hasyarat, Per hhashare borrowed from Ara hhashasha : mow [Sem hh-sh-sh, Mal haxix (grass)] hhashia : rim [?] Hin hashiya, Per hhashiye borrowed from Ara hhashish : grass [hhashasha] Hun hasis, Gre hasisi, Per hhashish, Tur hasis borrowed from Ara hhashr : meeting [hhashara] Hin hashr, Per hhashr borrowed from Ara hhashw : filling [hhasha] hhasib : calculator [hhasaba] hhasib : attention! hhasiba : think [hhasaba] hhasira : feel pity [Mal hasra (pity)] hhasra : trouble; sorrow [hhasira] Aze hesret, Hin hasrat, Ind hasrat, Per hhasrat, Tat khesret borrowed from Ara hhassa : have a share [?] hhassaba : macadamize [Heb chatzav (carve)] hhassad : harvest [hhassada] Tur hasat borrowed from Ara hhassada : mow [Akk essedu, Mal hasad, Amh attshede] hhassala : exist; acquire [Syr cheshal (fabricate, forge)] hhassara : encircle; restrict [Sem hh-s-r, Heb chatzer (court), Uga hhdzr (house, residence)] hhassba : measles [Mal hosba, Heb chatzevet] hhassd : harvest [hhassada] Per hhassd, Tur hasat borrowed from Ara hhassil : result, product [hhassala] Aze hasil, Hau hasali, Hin hasil, Ind hasil, Per hhassel borrowed from Ara hhassila : crop, yield [hhassala] hhassir : mat [Sem hh-ss-r, Mal hasira, Heb chatzir] Per hhassir, Ser asura, Tur hasir borrowed from Ara hhassl : product [hhassala] Ful hasali, Ind hasil, Per hhassel borrowed from Ara hhassr : enclosure [hhassara] hhassuna : be fortified [Sem hh-ss-n, Heb chizzen (strengthen), Syr chesan (overwhelm)] hhasuna : be good, nice [?] hhasw : soup [tahhasawa] hhasszara : make appear [hhaszara] hhasza : menstruate [Sem hh-y-sz, Uga hhyss (sweat)] hhaszara : be present, appear [?] hhaszara : hold a lecture [haszara] hhaszara : be settled, civilized [haszara] hhaszara : culture, civilization [haszara] hhaszir : present, available [hhaszara] Aze hazir, Hin hazir, Per hhaszer, Taj hozir, Tur hazir borrowed from Ara hhaszira : capital city [maybe from a common Sem root hh-d (enclose)] hhaszra : presence; highness, majesty [hhaszara] Hin hazrat, Ind hadrat, Per hhaszrat, Tur hazret borrowed from Ara hhata : until [?] Per hhata, Swa hata borrowed from Ara hhatta : encircle, surround; guard [Mal hajt (wall)] hhatta : settle [?] hhatta : even [?] Hau hatta borrowed from Ara hhattab : firewood [hhattaba] Per hhattab borrowed from Ara hhattaba : gather firewood [Sem hh-tt-b, Mal hatab (firewood), Heb chattav (hew), Uga httb (gather firewood)] hhauba : sin [Syr chaube, Aram chwb (commit a sin)] hhaul : year [Soq hhaul] hhaul : force [hhail] Hin haul, Per hhoul borrowed from Ara hhaul : around, approximately [hhala] Per hhoul borrowed from Ara hhaur : poplar [Syr chaura] hhaush : courtyard [?] Per hhoush borrowed from Ara hhaussal : crop of bird [Mal hawsla] Hin hausla, Per hhoussele borrowed from Ara hhausz : pool, pond [Mal hawt] Hin hauz, Per hhousz, Tur havuz, Uzb khovuz borrowed from Ara hhauwala : change [hhala] hhawa : gather [?] hhawala : try, make tricks [?] hhawala : order to pay; bill of exchange [hhala] Per hhawale borrowed from Ara hhawara : dispute [Gez hhwr (apostle)] hhawari : disciple, apostle [hhawara] Ful hawari, Per hhawari, Tur havari borrowed from Ara hhawin : including [?] Hin havi, Per hhawi borrowed from Ara hhaya : life [hhayya] Aze heyat, Hin hhayat, Ind hayat, Per hhayat, Tur hayat, Uzb khayot borrowed from Ara hhaya : shame, modesty [hhayia] Aze heya, Hin hhaya, Per hhaya, Swa haya borrowed from Ara hhayawan : animal [hhayya] Tur hayvan, Ind haiwan, hewan borrowed from Ara hhayia : shame ?] hhayya : live Sem hh-y-w, Mal haj, Heb chay, Syr chaya, JNA khy, Amh heyaw, Uga hhyy, Phoen hhy] hhayya : snake [Sem hh-w-y, Syr chewya, JNA khuwwe, Aram hi (worm), Gur awiye] hhayya : greet [hhayya] hhazama : tie, gird [Syr chzama (girdle)] hhazana : sadden [Sem hh-z-n] hhazara : guess [?] hhazin : sad [hhazana] Aze hezin, Per hhazin borrowed from Ara hhazina : be sad [hhazana] hhaziran : June [Syr cheziran] hhazuma : be resolute [?] hhazzaba : crowd together [Amh hezb (people)] hhibr : ink Sem hh-b-r, Akk eberu (paint)] Per hhebr borrowed from Ara hhidda : sharpness; violence, fury [hhadda] Aze hiddet, Per hheddat borrowed from Ara hhidha : shoe [ihhtadhawa] hhidha : opposite to [hhadha] hhifadza : protection [hhafidza] Hin hifaza, Per hhefadzat borrowed from Ara hhifdz : protection [hhafidza] hhijab : separating wall; veil [hhajaba] Ind higab, Per hhejab borrowed from Ara hhijama : letting blood; shaving, haircut [hhajama] Ind hajamat, Per hhajamat borrowed from Ara hhijr : lap [Mal hogor] hhikaya : story, legend, tale [hhaka] Aze hekaye, Hau hikaya, Hin hikayat, Per hhekayat, Swa hekaya, Tat khikeya, Tur hikaye, Uzb khikoya borrowed from Ara hhikka : itch Sem hh-k-k, Mal hakk, Akk ekeku (scratch), JNA khyk] hhikma : wisdom [hhakama] Ful hikma, Hau hikima, Hin hikmat, Ind hikma, Per hhekmat, Swa hekima borrowed from Ara hhila : trick; deceit, fraud; pretence [hhawala] Aze hiyle, Ful hila, Hin hila, Ind kilah, Per hhile, Tat kheile borrowed from Ara hhilia : ornament, jewel [hhala] Per hhelye borrowed from Ara hhimar : donkey Sem hh-m-r, Mal hmar, Akk imeru, Heb chamor, Syr chemara, JNA khmara, Uga hhmr] hhimaya : protection, defense [hhama] Hin himayat, Per hhemayat, Swa himaya, Uzb khimoya borrowed from Ara hhimmas : chick-pea [Heb chimtza] hhimia : diet [hhama] hhin : time [Mal hin] Per hhin borrowed from Ara hhinama : during [hhin] hhinatta : embalming Sem hh-n-t, Heb chanatt (embalm)] hhink : experience ahhnaka] hhinna : henna [hhana] Hin hina, Per hhana borrowed from Ara hhintta : wheat [Sem hh-t-t, Akk uttat (barley), Heb chitta (wheat), Syr chettha, JNA khitte, Uga hhtt’t] Per hhentte borrowed from Ara hhirasa : protection, custody [hharasa] Hin hirasat, Per hherasat borrowed from Ara hhirba : chameleon [Akk arbabillu] hhirdhaun : lizard [Syr hhardana, Amh ar‘ano, Ebl udau] hhirfa : handicraft [hharif] hhirm : a ban [hharuma] hhirrif : sharp, pungent [hharf] Swa harufu borrowed from Ara hhirsh : thick bush [hharasha] hhirss : eagerness; anger [hharassa] Aze hirs, Hin hirs, Per hherss borrowed from Ara hhis : feeling, sense [hhasa] Aze hiss, Hin hiss, Per hhes, Tat khis, Tur his, Uzb khis borrowed from Ara hhisab : counting, reckoning; account, check [hhasaba] Aze hesab, Ful hisabu, Hin hisab, Kaz esep, Per hhesab, Swa hesabu, Taj hisob, Tat hisap, isep, Tur hesap, Uzb khisob borrowed from Ara hhishma : shame; modesty [hhashama] Hin hishma, Per hheshmat borrowed from Ara hhissa : share [hhassa] Hin hissa, Per hhesse, Swa hisa borrowed from Ara hhissan : stallion [?] Per hhessan borrowed from Ara hhissar : fortress; blockade [hhassara] Hin hisar, Per hhessar borrowed from Ara hhissn : fortress [Syr chetzna] Per hhessn borrowed from Ara hhiszn : bosom Sem hh-sz-n, Mal hdan (embrace), Heb chotzen (bosom), JNA khidhya, Gez hheszn (lap), Amh tshen, Tig hhessen] Per hheszn borrowed from Ara hhiwar : dialogue, dispute [hhawara] hhizam : girdle [hhazama] hhizb : party [hhazzaba] Per hhezb borrowed from Ara hhubb : love [hhabba] Per hhobb, Swa huba borrowed from Ara hhubla : pregnant [hhabila] Per hhobla borrowed from Ara hhudud : limits; norms [hhadda] Aze hudud, Per hhodud borrowed from Ara hhujja : proof; argument; excuse [hhajja] Ful hujja, Hau hujja, Hin hujjat, Per hhojjat borrowed from Ara hhujra : room; cell [maybe akin to chidr] Aze hucre, Per hhojre, Tur hucre borrowed from Ara hhukm : order, command, edict; sentence, judgment, verdict [hhakama] Alb gjyqim, Aze hokm, Hin hukm, Kaz ukim, Per hhokm, Swa hukumu, Tat khokem, Tur hukum borrowed from Ara hhukuma : government [hhakama] Aze hokumet, Hau hukuma, Hin hukumat, Per hhokumat, Tat khokumet, Tur hukumet borrowed from Ara hhulm : a dream [hhalama] Per hholm borrowed from Ara hhulqum : throat [hhalq] Ind halkum, Per hholqum borrowed from Ara hhulw : sweet hhaluwa] Per hholw borrowed from Ara hhumma : fever [hhamma] Hau himma, Per hhomma, Swa homa, Tur humma borrowed from Ara hhummus : chickpeas [hhimmas] Gre houmos, Tur humus borrowed from Ara hhunk : experience [hhink] hhunu : compassion [Sem hh-n-y] hhuqna : rinsing; injection [hhaqana] Per hhoqne borrowed from Ara hhuqqa : jar, pot; box; hookah [hhaqqa] Hin hukka, Per hhoqqe borrowed from Ara hhuquq : right, law [hhaqqa] Aze huquq, Per hhoquq, Tat khokuk, Tur hukuk, Uzb khuquq borrowed from Ara hhuquqi : juristic, civil, legal [hhaqqa] Per hhoquqi, Tur hukuki borrowed from Ara hhur : houri [hhara] Hin hur, Per hhur borrowed from Ara hhurma : ban; attention, honor, respect [hharuma] Aze hormet, Ful alhorma, Ind hormat, Per hhormat, Tat khormet, Tur hurmet, Uzb khurmat borrowed from Ara hhurr : free [hharra] Per hhorr, Swa huru, Tur hur, Uzb khur borrowed from Ara hhurria : freedom [hharra] Aze hurriyet, Per hhorriyat, Tur hurriyet, Uzb khurriyat borrowed from Ara hhursh : thick bush [hharasha] hhusn : beauty [hhasuna] Hin husn, Per hhosn borrowed from Ara hhuszur : presence; attendance; honor; rest; pleasure [hhaszara] Aze huzur, Hin huzur, Per hhoszur, Swa hudhuri, Tat khozur, Tur huzur borrowed from Ara hhut : fish [Sem hh-w-t, Mal huta] Per hhut borrowed from Ara hhuzma : bundle [hhazama] hhuzn : sadness, grief [hhazana] Aze huzun, Per hhozn, Swa huzuni, Tur huzun borrowed from Ara I i‘ada : repetition [‘adda] i‘ana : aid [‘awana] i‘az : advice [wa‘adza] ibham : great toe, thumb [Akk ubanu (finger), Heb bohen (thumb), Hrs hhaben, Ebl bahanu] Hau ibhami, Per ebham borrowed from Ara ibham : darkness [abhama] ibil : camel [Akk ibilu] iblagh : report [balagha] iblis : devil from Gre diabolos Aze iblis, Hin iblis, Ind iblis, Per eblis, Swa ibilisi, Tat iblis, Tur iblis borrowed from Ara ibn : son [tabanna] Per ebn borrowed from Ara ibna : daughter [tabanna] ibra : needle [Sem ’-b-r, Mal labra] ibtada : begin [bada] ibtida : beginning [bada] Aze ibtida, Hin ibtida, Per ebteda borrowed from Ara ibtt : arm-pit [Hrs ebatt, Amh bebbet] Per ebtt borrowed from Ara ichlaq : morals [chalaqa] Hin ikhlak borrowed from Ara ichlass : affection; honesty [chalassa] Hin ikhlas, Ind ikhlas, Per echlass borrowed from Ara ichra‘a : invent [?] ichtafa : disappear [chafia] ichtara : choose [chara] ichtassara : shorten Sem ch-ss-r, Amh attere, attsher (short)] ichtatama : finish [chatama] ichtiar : choice, option [chara] Aze ixtiyar, Hin ikhtiyar, Ind ikhtiar, Per echtiyar, Tat ixtiyar, Tur ihtiyar borrowed from Ara ichtibar : examination [chabara] ichtilaf : contradiction; discord, disagreement [chalafa] Aze ixtilaf, Hin ikhtilaf, Ind ikhtilaf, Per echtelaf, Tur ihtilaf borrowed from Ara ichtilal : disturbance [achlala] ichtira‘ : invention [ichra‘a] Aze ixtira, Per echtera‘, Tur ihtira, Uzb ikhtiro borrowed from Ara ichtissar : abbreviation [ichtassara] Aze ixtisar, Per echtessar, Tur ihtisar borrowed from Ara ichtissass : specialization [chassa] Aze ixtisas, Per echtessass, Tur ihtisas borrowed from Ara ichttar : notification [chattara] ichwan : brothers [ach] Hin ikhvan, Ind ikhwan, Per echwan borrowed from Ara ida‘ : payment, deposit [wada‘a] Per ida‘, Tur eda borrowed from Ara i‘dad : preparation [‘adda] idara : direction; administration; government [adara] Aze idare, Per edare, Swa idara, Tat idare, Tur idare borrowed from Ara iddachara : store [dhachara] iddi‘a : claim, charge [da‘a] Aze iddia, Per edde‘a, Tur iddia borrowed from Ara iddichar : storage [dhachara] idh : as, then [Heb az, Uga id] idha : pain, torture [adhia] Hin iza, Per idha borrowed from Ara idha‘ : expansion [dha‘a] idhaka : then [idha + ka] idhn : permission [adhina] Hau izni, Ind izin, Per edhn, Swa idhini, Tur izin borrowed from Ara idla : contribution [Sem d-l-w, Uga dlw (offer oneself)] idman : addiction [idman] idrak : perception, intelligence [adraka] Aze idrak, Per edrak, Tur idrak borrowed from Ara idzhar : display, disclosure [dzahara] Hin izhar, Per edzhar borrowed from Ara ifa : fulfilling [wafa] Hin ifay, Per ifa borrowed from Ara ifada : usefulness; expression [afada] Aze ifade, Per efade, Tur ifade borrowed from Ara iflas : bankruptcy [fallasa] Aze iflas, Per eflas, Tur iflas borrowed from Ara ifranji : European [from Germanic frank] Hin farangi, Per firangi borrowed from Ara ifratt : excess [farratta] Hin ifrat, Per efratt borrowed from Ara ifraz : separation [faraza] Aze ifraz, Per efraz, Tur ifraz borrowed from Ara iftakara : think [fakkara] iftaqara : use, need [faqura] iftaraqa : be split [faraqa] iftatahha : open [fatahha] iftichar : honor, pride [fachara] Aze iftixar, Per eftechar, Tur iftihar, Uzb iftihor borrowed from Ara ighba : slander [from Cushitic, cp. Hausa gaba (enmity)] ighma : swoon [ghama] ightabatta : be glad [ghabatta] ihana : insult [hana] ihhatta : encirclement; surroundings; inclusion [hhatta] Aze ehate, Per ehhatte, Tur ihata borrowed from Ara ihhlil : urethra [Syr hheltha (vagina), Tig hhelil (urethra)] ihhsan : good deed [hhasuna] Ind ihsan, Per ehhsan, Tur ihsan borrowed from Ara ihhtadha : put on shoes [hhadha] ihhtafala : celebrate [hhafala] ihhtaja : need, necessitate [hhaja] ihhtajja : make a protest [hhajja] ihhtalla : occupy [?] ihhtaraqa : burn [hharaqa] ihhtaris : precaution [hharasa] ihhtawa : contain [hhawa] ihhtiaj : need, poverty [hhaja] Aze ehtiyac, Per ehhtiyaj, Tat ikhtiyadzh, Tur ihtiyac, Uzb ekhtiyodzh borrowed from Ara ihhtiatt : precaution; reserves; caution [hhatta] Aze ehtiyat, Hin ehtyat, Per ehhtiyatt, Tur ihtiyat, Uzb ekhtiyot borrowed from Ara ihhtijaj : protest [hhajja] ihhtilal : occupation [ihhtalla] ihhtimal : possibility, probability [hhamala] Aze ehtimal, Per ehhtemal, Taj ehtimol, Tur ihtimal borrowed from Ara ihhtiram : honor, respect [hharuma] Aze ehtiram, Per ehhteram, Tat ikhtiram, Tur ihtiram borrowed from Ara ihhtiraz : precaution [hharaza] Per ehhteraz, Tur ihtiraz borrowed from Ara ihtamma : care for [hamma] ihtimam : interest [hamma] i‘jab : favor [a‘jaba] ijaba : positive answer, agreement; fulfillment [jawab] Hau ijaba, Ind ijabat, Per ejabat borrowed from Ara ijabi : positive [jawab] ijad : creation; contrivance [wajada] Hin ijad, Per ijad borrowed from Ara ijar : renting [ajara] ijara : leasing, hire, rent; wages, commission [ajara] Aze icare, Hau ijara, Hin ijara, Per ejare, Swa ijara, Tur icar borrowed from Ara ijaza : permit, permission [jaza] Aze icaze, Hin ijazat, Per ejazat, Tur icazet, Uzb idzhozat borrowed from Ara ijbar : compulsion [jabara] Per ejbar, Tur icbar borrowed from Ara ijbari : compulsory [jabara] Aze icbari, Per ejbari borrowed from Ara ijir : foot [LiAr ijir, Amh eger] ijjass : pear [LiAr njass, Heb agass] ijlas : session, meeting [jalasa] Aze iclas, Hin ijlas, Per ejlas borrowed from Ara ijma‘ : agreement [jama‘a] ijmal : overview, review, summary [jamala] Aze icmal, Per ejmal borrowed from Ara ijra : causing to circulate; execution [jara] Hin ijra, Per ejra borrowed from Ara ijtaza : pass, cross [jaza] ijtim‘a : assembly, commune, society [jama‘a] Per ejtema‘, Tur ictimai borrowed from Ara ijtim‘ai : public, social, collective [jama‘a] Per ejtema‘i, Tat idzhtimagiy, Tur ictimai borrowed from Ara iklil : crown [kallala] ikrah : force, violence [kariha] ikram : respect [karuma] Hin ikram, Per ekram borrowed from Ara iktara : rent [karia] iktaratha : be anxious, care about [karatha] iktasaba : acquire [kasaba] iktashafa : discover [kashafa] ila : to [Sem l, Mal lil, Akk la, Heb el, JNA il, lal-, Amh la, Uga l, Phoen ’l, l] ilah : deity [Sem ’-l, Mal alla, Akk ilu, Heb el, elohim, Syr alaha, JNA ilaha, BAram ’lh, Uga il, ilh, Phoen ’l] ilahi : divine [ilah] Ful ilahi, Hau ilahi, Hin ilahi, Tat ilahi, Tur ilahi borrowed from Ara i‘lam : information [‘alima] i‘lan : declaration [‘alana] Aze elan, Per e‘lan, Swa ilani, Tat iglan, Tur ilan borrowed from Ara ilham : inspiration [lahima] Aze ilham, Hau ilhami, Per elham, Tat ilham, Tur ilham borrowed from Ara ilhhad : atheism [lahhada] illa : unless; except; without [alla] Per ella borrowed from Ara iltamasa : request [?] iltaqa : meet [laqia] iltifat : attention [lafata] Hin iltifat, Per eltefat borrowed from Ara iltihab : inflammation [lahiba] Aze iltihab, Per eltehab, Tur iltihap borrowed from Ara iltihhaq : accession [lahhiqa] iltija : (asking for) asylum; entreaty [laja] Hin iltija, Per elteja borrowed from Ara iltimas : request, petition [iltamasa] Hin iltamas, Per eltemas, Taj iltimos, Tur iltimas borrowed from Ara iltiqa : encounter [laqia] Per elteqa borrowed from Ara iltiqatt : reading; reception [laqatta] Per elteqatt borrowed from Ara iltizam : duty [lazima] Per eltezam borrowed from Ara ilzam : obligation; accusation [lazima] Hin ilzam, Per elzam borrowed from Ara imam : priest [imama] Ful imamu, Hin imam, Ind imam, Per emam, Swa imamu, Tur imam borrowed from Ara imama : lead, precede [Sem ’-m-m] iman : faith [amana] Ful imana, Hau imani, Hin iman, Ind iman, Per iman, Swa imani, Tur iman, Uzb imon borrowed from Ara imara : emirate; command [amara] Ful imrati, Hin imarat, Per emarat borrowed from Ara imdad : help [madda] Hin imdad, Per emdad, Tur imdat borrowed from Ara imkan : possibility, chance; ability, capacity [makuna] Aze imkan, Hin imkan, Ind imkan, Per emkan, Swa yamkini, Taj imkon, Tur imkan, Uzb imkon borrowed from Ara imla : spelling, orthography; dictation [amla] Aze imla, Hin imla, Per emla, Swa imla, Tur imla borrowed from Ara imna : ejaculation [amnawa] imra : man [mar] imsza : signature [masza] Aze imza, Per emsza, Tat imza, Tur imza, Uzb imzo borrowed from Ara imtalaka : acquire [malaka] imtana‘a : refuse [mana‘a] imtiaz : distinction, privilege, concession [maza] Aze imtiyaz, Hin imtiyaz, Per emtiyaz, Tur imtiyaz borrowed from Ara imtihhan : examination [mahhana] Aze imtahan, Hin imtahan, Per emtehhan, Swa mtihani, Tur imtihan, Uzb imtikhon borrowed from Ara imtina‘ : refusal [mana‘a] Aze imtina, Per emtena‘ borrowed from Ara in : when [Heb im, Syr en] ina : vessel [Sem ’-n-y, Heb oniya, Uga any] in‘am : favour; gift, gratuity, tip [na‘im] Hin inam, Per en‘am borrowed from Ara in‘aqada : be tied; conclude [‘aqada] in‘ash : refreshing [‘asha] in‘azala : be isolated [‘azala] inbasatta : expand; be glad [basatta] inchafasza : be reduced [chafasza] indafa‘a : hurry [dafa‘a] indahasha : be amazed [dahisha] indamala : heal [damila] indhar : warning [nadhira] infa‘ala : be excited [fa‘ala] infajara : explode [fajjara] infaq : consumption, expense [nafaqa] infiraj : relaxation [faraja] infissal : division; decision [fassala] Hin infisal, Per enfessal borrowed from Ara inha : end [naha] inhara : break up [hara] inhhana : bend [hhana] inhharafa : deviate [hharafa] inhhidar : descent [hhadara] inhhina : curve [hhana] in‘ikas : reflection [‘akasa] Aze inikas, Per en‘ekas borrowed from Ara ina : vessel Sem n-w-y, Akk unutu (tools), Heb oniya (boat)] inhhissar : encirclement; monopoly [hhassara] Hin inhisar, Per enhhessar borrowed from Ara injass : pear [ijjass] injaz : execution [najaza] injil : gospel [from Gre evangelion] Ful linjila, Hin injil, Ind injil, Per enjil, Swa injili, Tur incil borrowed from Ara inkar : refusal, denial [nakira] Aze inkar, Hau inkari, Hin inkar, Ind inkar, Per enkar, Tur inkar borrowed from Ara inkasara : be broken [kasara] inkishaf : development [kashafa] Aze inkisaf, Per enkeshaf, Tur inkisaf borrowed from Ara innama : only inqadh : rescue, liberation [naqadha] inqarahha : propose [?] inqasama : split [qasama] inqasza : be finished [qasza] inqatta‘a : break up [qatta‘a] inqilab : change; revolution; coup [qalaba] Hin inkalab, Per enqelab, Uzb inqilob borrowed from Ara ins : people [Sem n-sh, Mal nies, Akk nishu, Heb ish (man), anashim (people), Syr anasha (man), JNA nasha (person), BAram anasha (man), Uga nsh, Phoen ’sh] insaba : flow [saba] insahhaba : withdraw [sahhaba] insan : man [ins] Aze insan, Hin insan, Ind insan, Per ensan, Tur insan borrowed from Ara insani : human [ins] Per ensani, Uzb insoniy borrowed from Ara insania : humanity [ins] Hin insaniya, Per ensaniyat, Uzb insoniyat borrowed from Ara insha : creation, composition; construction [nasha] Aze insa, Hin insha, Per ensha, Tur insa borrowed from Ara inshaqqa : split [shaqqa] inssaf : justice; conscience [nassafa] Aze insaf, Hin insaf, Ind insaf, Per enssaf, Tat insaf, Tur insaf borrowed from Ara inssarafa : depart [ssarafa] inszamma : join [szamma] intabaha : pay attention [nabaha] intachaba : choose, select [nachaba] intadzara : take care [nadzara] intafacha : swell [nafacha] intaha : finish [naha] intaj : production [nataja] intaqada : criticize [naqada] intaqassa : reduce [naqassa] intasaba : be related [nasaba] intashara : spread [nashara] intassara : vanquish [nassara] intibah : attention [nabaha] intichab : choice, election [nachaba] Hin intakhab, Per entechab borrowed from Ara intidzam : order, rule [nadzama] Aze intizam, Hin intazam, Per entedzam, Tur intizam borrowed from Ara intidzar : expectation [nadzara] Aze intizar, Hin intazar, Per entedzar, Tur intizar borrowed from Ara intifasza : revolt [nafasza] intiha : end [naha] Hin intaha, Ind intaha, Per enteha, Tur intiha borrowed from Ara intiqal : change; transfer [naqala] Hin intakal borrowed from Ara intiqam : revenge [naqama] Aze intiqam, Hin intakam, Per enteqam, Tur intikam borrowed from Ara intissar : victory [nassara] inttiba‘ : impression [ttaba‘a] inttilaq : start [ttallaqa] inza‘aja : be anxious [za‘aja] inzal : ejaculation; orgasm [nazila] Hau inzali, Per enzal borrowed from Ara iqama : stay [qama] iqbal : acceptance; admission; approach [qabila] Hin ikbal, Per eqbal borrowed from Ara iqdam : going forward; initiative, measure [qadama] Hin ikdam, Per eqdam borrowed from Ara iqlim : climate; region [from Gre klima] Aze iqlim, Ind iklim, Per eqlim borrowed from Ara iqrar : confirmation, acknowledgement; confession [qarra] Hau ikrari, Hin ikrar, Ind ikrar, Per eqrar, Tur ikrar borrowed from Ara iqtana : acquire [qana] iqtaraba : go nearer [qaruba] iqtarahha : propose [inqarahha] iqtira‘ : elections [qara‘a] iqtirab : approach [qaruba] iqtirahh : proposal [inqarahha] iqtisza : necessity [qasza] iqtta‘ : feudalism [qatta‘a] iqttissad : savings, economy [qassada] Aze iqtisad, Ind iktisad, Per eqtessad, Swa iktisadi, Tur iktisad borrowed from Ara i‘rab : arabization [‘arraba] irad : imports [warada] irada : will, desire [arada] Hin irada, Per erade, Taj iroda, Tur irade borrowed from Ara irdabb : an area measure [?] irhab : terror [rahiba] irsal : sending, broadcast [rasala] Hin irsal, Per ersal borrowed from Ara irshad : lead, direction, command [rashada] Hin irshad, Per ershad borrowed from Ara irtafa‘a : rise [rafa‘a] irtafaqa : be propped up [Heb marpeq (elbow)] irtakaba : commit [Sem r-k-b, Heb hirkiv (assemble)] irth : heritage [waritha] Aze irs, Per erth, Tur irs borrowed from Ara irtija‘ : reaction [raja‘a] Aze irtica, Per erteja‘, Tur irtica borrowed from Ara is‘af : assistance [sa‘afa] isara : captivity, slavery [asara] Per esarat, Tur esaret borrowed from Ara isfanach : spinach [from Middle Per aspinag] isfanj : sponge [from Gre spongos] Per esfanj, Swa sifongo borrowed from Ara isfidaj : ceruse [?] is’hal : diarrhoea [sahula] ishara : mark, sign, signal; hint [shara] Aze isare, Ind isyarat, Hin isharat, Kyr isharat, Per esharat, Swa ishara, Tur isaret, Uzb ishora borrowed from Ara ishghal : occupation [shaghala] Aze isgal, Per ‘eshghal, Tur isgal borrowed from Ara ishtaghala : be busy [shaghala] ishtaha : appetite [shaha] Aze istaha, Per eshteha, Tur istah borrowed from Ara ishtara : buy [shara] ishtaraka : participate [sharika] ishti‘al : inflammation [sha‘ala] Hin ishtaal, Per eshte‘al borrowed from Ara ishtihar : fame; announcement, advertisement [shahara] Hin ishtahar, Ind isytihar, Per eshtehar borrowed from Ara ishtiqaq : etymology [shaqqa] ishtira : purchase [shara] ishtirak : participation [sharika] Aze istirak, Per eshterak, Tur istirak borrowed from Ara ishtirakia : socialism [sharika] iskaf : leatherworker Akk ashkapu, from Sum ashgab islam : Islam [salima] Aze islam, Ind islam, Per eslam, Swa islamu, Tat islam, Tur islam borrowed from Ara ism : name [samma] Aze isim, Hin ism, Ind isim, Kaz esim, Kyr isim, Per esm, Tat isem, Tur isim, Uzb ism borrowed from Ara ismant : cement [from Lat caementum] isnad : charge, incrimination [sanada] Aze isnad, Per esnad, Tur isnat borrowed from Ara isqatt : shooting down [saqatta] israf : extravagance, squandering [asrafa] Hin israf, Per esraf, Tat israf, Tur israf borrowed from Ara issaba : injury [ssaba] issal : invoice [wassala] i‘ssar : whirlwind [?] issba‘ : finger [Sem ss-b-‘, Mal saba‘, Akk nessbetu, Heb etzba‘, Syr tzeb‘a, JNA ssabo’ta, Hrs hhashba, Tig tshebet, Uga ussb‘, Ebl issbau] issdar : publication [ssadara] isslahh : reform [ssalahha] Hin israf, Per esslahh borrowed from Ara issrar : insistence [assrara] Hin israr, Per essrar borrowed from Ara isstada : hunt [ssada] isstidam : collision [ssadama] isstilahh : convention; term [ssalahha] Ful istilahu, Ind istilah, Per esstelahh borrowed from Ara isstina‘ : art [ssana‘a] ist : bottom, buttock, arse [Heb shet, Syr eshtha, Hrs shit, Phoen ’sht’t] Per est borrowed from Ara istadana : get indebted [dana] istafragha : abandon, break [faragha] istaghalla : exploit [ghalla] istaghna : get rich; renounce [ghania] istahhlala : be impossible [hhala] istahila : deserve [ahala] Swa stahili borrowed from Ara istaiqadza : wake up [yaqidza] istajara : rent out [ajara] istama‘a : listen [sami‘a] ista‘mala : use, handle [‘amila] istansacha : copy [nasacha] istanttaqa : make speak, interrogate [nattaqa] istaqalla : be independent [qalla] istarahha : get rest [rahha] istarihh : rest, repose [rahha] Swa starehe borrowed from Ara istarra : keep a secret [mastur] istathmara : exploit [thamara] istatta‘a : be able istaula : possess [walia] istaurada : import [warada] istibdad : despotism [badda] Aze istebdad, Per estebdad, Tur istibdat borrowed from Ara istichdam : use [chadama] istida‘ : deposit [wada‘a] istid‘a : entreaty [da‘a] Hin istadua, Per ested‘a borrowed from Ara isti‘dad : readiness, ability, capacity, talent [‘adda] Aze istedad, Hin istedad, Per este‘dad borrowed from Ara isti‘fa : resignation ‘afa] Aze istifa, Hin istifa, Per este‘fa, Tur istifa borrowed from Ara istifada : use, benefit [fada] Aze istifade, Per estefade, Tur istifade borrowed from Ara istifham : question [fahama] Ind istifaham, Per estefham borrowed from Ara istifsar : query [fasara] istighatha : seeking help [aghatha] Hin istaghasa, Per esteghase borrowed from Ara istihhkam : fortification [ahhkama] Aze istehkam, Per estehhkam, Tur istihkam borrowed from Ara istihhssal : product, result [hhassala] Aze istehsal, Per estehhssal, Tur istihsal borrowed from Ara istihlak : consumption; amortization [halaka] Aze istehlak, Per estehlak, Tur istihlak borrowed from Ara istihhsan : consent [hhasuna] istihlak : consumption [halaka] istihza : mockery [haza] Aze istehza, Per estehza, Tur istihza borrowed from Ara isti‘jaba : be surprised, wonder ‘ajiba] Swa staajabu borrowed from Ara istila : conquest [walia] Aze istila, Per estila, Tur istila borrowed from Ara isti‘mal : use, handling [‘amila] Hin istimal, Ind istikmal, Per este‘mal, Tur istimal borrowed from Ara isti‘mar : colonialism [‘amara] Per este‘mar borrowed from Ara istimara : questionnaire [amara] istinttaq : interrogation [nattaqa] Aze istintaq, Per estenttaq, Tur istintak borrowed from Ara istiqama : uprightness; guidance [qama] Aze istiqamet, Per esteqamat, Tur istikamet borrowed from Ara istiqbal : reception, welcome; encounter [qabila] Hin istaqbal, Per esteqbal borrowed from Ara istiqlal : independence [qalla] Aze istiqlal, Per esteqlal, Taj istiqlal, Tur istiklal borrowed from Ara istiqrar : confirmation [qarra] Per esteqrar borrowed from Ara istirad : imports [warada] istirahha : rest [rahha] Aze istirahet, Ind istirahat, Per estirahhat, Tur istirahat borrowed from Ara istithmar : exploitation [thamara] Aze istismar, Per estethmar, Tur istismar borrowed from Ara istithna : exception [thana] Aze istisna, Hin istisna, Per estethna, Tur istisna borrowed from Ara istittla‘ : inquiry [ttala‘a] istiwa : equality; equator [sawa] Ind istiwa, Per estewa borrowed from Ara iswar : bracelet [siwar] isza : illumination [sza] iszafa : increase [Akk wassabu (add), Heb yassaf, Syr ussef, Uga usp (harvest), Phoen ysp] Hin izafa, Per eszafe borrowed from Ara iszafa : increment [iszafa] Hin izafat, Per eszafat borrowed from Ara iszahh : clarification [waszahha] iszbara : file [szabara] iszrab : strike [szaraba] isztaraba : be unruly [szaraba] isztarra : force, compel [szarra] itachadha : seize [achadha] i‘tada : be accustomed [‘ada] i‘tada : be hostile, raid [‘ada] i‘tana : care for [‘ana] i‘tanaqa : embrace accept [‘anaqa] i‘taqada : believe [‘aqada] i‘tarafa : admit [‘arafa] i‘tarasza : object to [‘arasza] itasa‘a : extend [wasu‘a] ithar : preference; honor, offering; gift [athara] Hin isar, Per ithar borrowed from Ara ithm : guilt [Sem ’-th-m, Heb ashma, Uga ’thm] Ithnain : Monday [thana] Ind Isnin borrowed from Ara ithnani : two [thana] i‘tibar : consideration, attention [‘abbara] Aze etibar, Per e‘tebar, Tat igtibar, Tur itibar, Uzb etibor borrowed from Ara i‘tidal : balance [‘adala] i‘tidhar : apology [‘adhara] itifaq : concord; agreement, treaty [wafiqa] Aze ittifaq, Hin ittafak, Per etefaq borrowed from Ara itiham : accusation [wahama] Aze ittiham, Per eteham, Tur itham borrowed from Ara itihhad : union [wahhada] Hin ittahad, Per etehhad borrowed from Ara itijah : orientation [wajuha] i‘tiqad : faith [‘aqada] Aze etiqad, Per e‘teqad, Tur itikat borrowed from Ara i‘tiqal : arrest [‘aqala] i‘tiraf : admission of sg [‘arafa] Aze etiraf, Per e‘teraf, Tur itiraf borrowed from Ara i‘tirasz : objection [‘arasza] Aze etiraz, Hin etiraz, Per e‘terasz, Tur itiraz borrowed from Ara i‘tissab : strike [ssaba] itissaf : description [wassafa] Per etessaf borrowed from Ara itissal : contact [wassala] Per etessal borrowed from Ara itmam : completion [tamma] Hin itmam, Per etmam borrowed from Ara itta‘a : obedience [tta‘a] Aze itaat, Per etta‘at, Tur itaat borrowed from Ara ittar : frame [attara] ittila‘ : information [ttala‘a] Hin ittala, Per ettela‘ borrowed from Ara ittlaq : release [ttallaqa] iwazz : goose [wazz] iyala : province [?] Per eyalat, Tur eyalet borrowed from Ara iza : before, against [?] iz‘aj : disturbance [za‘aja] izar : loincloth; underpants [azara] Hin izar, Per ezar borrowed from Ara izmil : chisel [from Gre smile] ‘I ‘iatt : howl [Heb ‘aitt (eagle)] ‘ib : burden [Mal ghabba (load)] ‘ibada : worship, service, religion [‘abada] Aze ibadet, Ful ibada, Hau ibada, Hin ibadat, Ind ibadat, Per ‘ebadat, Swa ibada, Tur ibadet borrowed from Ara ‘ibara : expression; essay [‘abbara] Aze ibaret, Ind ibarat, Per ‘ebarat, Tur ibare borrowed from Ara ‘ibra : example; warning [‘abbara] Aze ibret, Hin ibrat, Per ‘ebrat, Tur ibret borrowed from Ara ‘ibrani : Hebrew [‘ibri] Hin ibrani, Per ‘ebrani borrowed from Ara ‘ibri : Hebrew [Heb ‘ivri] ‘id : festival [‘ada] Ful idi, Hau idi, Hin id, Ind id, Per ‘eid, Swa idi borrowed from Ara ‘idda : count; days of morning [‘adda] Ful edda, Per ‘edde, Swa eda, Tur eda borrowed from Ara ‘idzam : power [‘adzuma] ‘ifrit : demon Mal ghafrid] Per ‘efrit borrowed from Ara ‘ijl : calf [Sem ‘-g-l, Mal ghogol, Heb ‘egel, Syr ‘egla, Tig egal, Uga ‘gl, Phoen ‘gl, Ebl ugilu] Per ‘ejl borrowed from Ara ‘ilaj : medical treatment; medicine [‘alaja] Hin ilaj, Per ‘elaj, Tur ilac borrowed from Ara ‘ilawa : addition ‘ala] Aze elave, Per ‘elawe borrowed from Ara ‘illa : ailment; fault [‘alla] Hin illat, Ind ilat, Per ‘ellat borrowed from Ara ‘ilm : knowledge, science [‘alima] Aze elm, Ful ilmu, Hau ilmi, Hin ilm, Ind ilmu, Kyr ilim, Per ‘elm, Swa elimu, Tur ilim borrowed from Ara ‘imad : pillars, supports [‘amada] Per ‘emad borrowed from Ara ‘imama : turban [‘amma] ‘imara : building [‘amara] Hin imarat, Kyr imarat, Per ‘emarat borrowed from Ara ‘imma : turban [‘amma] ‘inab : grapes [Mal ghenba, Akk inbu (fruit), Heb ‘enav (grape), Ara ‘nb’, Uga ghnab] Ful inabo, Hau inabi, Per ‘enab borrowed from Ara ‘inad : spite, obstinacy [‘anada] Alb inat, Aze inad, Ser inat, Per ‘enad, Tur inat borrowed from Ara ‘inaya : care; favor, kindness [‘ana] Hin inayat, Per ‘enayat, Tur inayet borrowed from Ara ‘ind : at, by [Mal ghand, Gur enta] Per ‘end borrowed from Ara ‘inqad : bunch of grapes [‘unqud] Per ‘enqad borrowed from Ara ‘iqd : necklace [‘aqada] Per ‘eqd borrowed from Ara ‘irq : root, vein ‘ariqa] Aze irq, Per ‘erq borrowed from Ara ‘irsa : weasel [?] ‘irsz : honor, dignity [?] Hau irili, Per ‘ersz borrowed from Ara ‘ishq : love, desire [‘ashiqa] Aze esq, Hin ishk, Ind isyk, Per ‘eshq, Swa ashiki, Tur ask borrowed from Ara ‘ishra : good company; pleasure [‘ashara] Hin ishrat, Per ‘eshrat borrowed from Ara ‘ishruna : twenty [‘ashara] Hau ashirin, Swa ishirini borrowed from Ara ‘issma : chastity [‘assama] Aze ismet, Per ‘esmat, Tur ismet borrowed from Ara ‘issyan : disobedience, rebellion [‘assa] Aze usyan, Per ‘essyan borrowed from Ara ‘ittr : essence, perfume ‘attara] Hin itr borrowed from Ara ‘iwasz : replacement, substitution [‘asza] Aze evez, Per ‘ewasz borrowed from Ara ‘iyada : visit [‘ada] ‘iyal : family [‘ala] Ful iyalu, Hau iyali, Per ‘eyal borrowed from Ara ‘iyar : measure [?] Per ‘eyar borrowed from Ara ‘izza : might; honor, respect [‘azza] Ful izza, Hau izza, Hin izzat, Ind izzat, Per ‘ezzat, Tur izzet, Uzb izzat borrowed from Ara J ja : come [Mal gie, EgAr gi] ja‘a : be hungry [Mal guh (hunger), Heb ga‘gu‘im (longing)] ja‘ala : make, do, start [Syr ag‘el (commit)] ja‘ba : box; quiver; barrel [?] Per ja‘be borrowed from Ara jabal : mountain [Sem g-b-l, EgAr gabal, Heb gevul (frontier), Aram gbwl, Uga gbl, Phoen gbl] Ind jabal, Per jabal, Swa jabali borrowed from Ara jaban : cowardly [jabuna] Per jaban borrowed from Ara jabara : force [Sem g-b-r, Heb gever (man), gibbor (hero), Syr gabra (man), JNA gora, Amh gebbere (pay tax), Phoen gbr (man)] jabas : melon [?] jabba : gather Sem g-b-b, Syr gaba, Uga gbb jabbana : coagulate, let milk get sour [Sem g-b-n, Mal gobon (cheese), Akk gubnatu, Heb gevina, Syr gbetha, JNA gubta] jabbana : cemetery [?] jabbar : mighty; giant [jabara] Hin jabbar, Ind jabar, Per jabbar, Tur cebbar borrowed from Ara jabha : forehead [Akk gubbuchu (bald), Heb gabba (eyebrow), gibbeach (balding), Syr gbacha, Hrs yabheh (eyebrow), Tig gebbehit (forehead)] Per jabhe, Tur cephe borrowed from Ara jabin : forehead [Mal gbin, EgAr gibna] jabir : violent, despotic [jabara] Hin jabir, Per jaber borrowed from Ara jabuna : be cowardly [?] jabr : force, might; compulsion, oppression [jabara] Aze cebr, Hin jabr, Per jabr, Tur cebir, Uzb dzhabr borrowed from Ara jabr : algebra [jabara] Ful aljibra, Per jabr, Tur cebir borrowed from Ara jabran : forcibly, violently [jabara] Hin jabran, Per jabran borrowed from Ara ja‘d : curl [ja‘uda] Per ja‘d borrowed from Ara jada : be good, grant Sem g-d-y] jada‘a : cut off, mutilate Sem g-d-‘, Heb gada‘, Syr geda, Tig gd‘ (beat)] jadafa : row Sem g-d-p, Syr gdafa (rowing) jadal : dispute [jadala] Per jadal borrowed from Ara jadala : fight; argue, debate; cross-question [Sem g-d-l, Amh geddele (kill), Tig tegadele] Swa jadili borrowed from Ara jadala : plait [Sem g-d-l, Akk gidlu (plaited string), Heb gadal (plait), Syr gedal (twist), JNA gdhl] jadar : blisters; smallpox [Mal gidri] Per jadar borrowed from Ara jadd : ancestor, grandfather ?] Hin jadd, Per jadd borrowed from Ara jadd : fortune, luck Mal gid, Syr gada, JNA gada, Amh gedd, Phoen gd] jadda : be new [EgAr gidid (new), Mal gdid, Syr gdd (renew)] jadda : be serious Sem g-d-d jadda : street [?] Per jadde, Tur cadde borrowed from Ara jaddada : renew, reform [jadda] Hau jaddada borrowed from Ara jaddafa : abuse, revile Sem g-d-p, Syr gadef jaddhab : attractive [jadhaba] Per jaddhab borrowed from Ara jadha : shear [Sem g-d-d, Syr gad (cut off)] jadha : young man [EgAr gada] jadhaba : pull [Sem g-d-b] jadhafa : row [jadafa] jadhama : cut off [Sem g-d-m, Heb gadam, Syr gedam] jadhara : uproot [Sem g-d-r, EgAr gidr (root), Aram gdr (uproot)] jadhb : attraction; absorption [jadhaba] Aze cezb, Hin jazb, Per jazb borrowed from Ara jadhba : emotion [jadhaba] Hin jazba, Per jadhbe borrowed from Ara jadhib : attractive [jadhaba] Hin jazib, Per jadheb borrowed from Ara jadhiba : attraction [jadhaba] Aze caziba, Per jadhebe, Tur cazibe, Uzb dzhozibe borrowed from Ara jadhm : amputation [jadhama] Per jadhm borrowed from Ara jadhr : root [jadhara] Per jadhr borrowed from Ara jadi : kid Sem g-d-y, Mal gidi, Akk gadu, Heb gedi, JNA gidhya, Uga gdy, Phoen gd’] Per jady borrowed from Ara jadid : new [jadda] Hin jadid borrowed from Ara jadr : wall [jidar] Per jadr borrowed from Ara jadura : be fit [?] jadwa : usefulness, profit [ajjada] jadwal : creek; list, schedule; ruler [?] Aze cedwel, Ful jadwalu, Hau jadawali, Per jadwal, Taj jadval, Tur cetvel borrowed from Ara jafa : be rude [?] jafa : rudeness; cruelty, torture [jafa] Aze cefa, Ful jafi, Hin jafa, Per jafa, Tur cefa borrowed from Ara jafaf : drought [jaffa] Per jafaf borrowed from Ara ja‘far : stream ?] Per ja‘far borrowed from Ara jaffa : be dry [?] jafn : eyelid jabin] Per jafn borrowed from Ara jafna : vine [Sem g-p-n, Akk gapnu (bush), gupnu (tree-trunk), Heb gefen (vine), Syr gefetha, Uga gpn] jafr : magic ?] Per jafr borrowed from Ara jahada : strive [?] jahala : ignore [jahila] jahala : ignorance [jahila] Aze cehalet, Hin jahalat, Per jahalat borrowed from Ara jaham : clouds [?] jahannam : hell [Heb gehinnom, Amh gehannem] Aze cehennem, Ful jahannama, Hau jahannama, Hin jahannum, Ind jahanam, Per jahannam, Swa jehanum, Tat dzhehennem, Tur cehennem, Uzb dzhakhannam borrowed from Ara jahar : nyctalopia [Syr gehar (be dim)] Per jahar borrowed from Ara jahara : make known [?] jahaz : apparatus; dowry; ship [jahaza] Hin jahaz, jahez, Per jehaz borrowed from Ara jahaza : prepare [?] jahd : toil, effort; zeal [jahada] Aze cehd, Hin jahd, Ind jahad, Per jahd, Swa juhudi borrowed from Ara jahhada : deny [?] jahhafa : peel Sem g-hh-p jahhd : denial [jahhada] Per jahhd borrowed from Ara jahhim : hell [?] jahid : zealous [jahada] Per jahed borrowed from Ara jahil : illiterate, ignorant [jahila] Aze cahil, Ful jahili, Hau jahili, Hin jahil, Per jahel, Tur cahil, Uzb dzhokhil borrowed from Ara jahila : be ignorant [?] jahiz : prepared, ready [jahaza] jahl : ignorance [jahila] Per jahl borrowed from Ara jahr : publicity [jahara] Per jahr borrowed from Ara jahran : publicly [jahara] Per jahran borrowed from Ara jai‘ : hungry [ja‘a] jaib : breast; pocket; sinus [jib] Per jeyb borrowed from Ara jaid : good [jada] Per jayyed borrowed from Ara jaish : army [jassha] Per jeysh, Swa jeshi borrowed from Ara jaiz : allowable, permitted [jaza] Hin jayaz, Per jayez borrowed from Ara jaiza : examination; award, acknowledgement [jaza] Hin jayza, Per jayeze borrowed from Ara ja‘ja‘a : honk, make noise [Heb gi‘ge‘a] ja‘l : remake; imitation, falsification ja‘ala] Hin jal, Per ja‘l borrowed from Ara jala : clean, polish, make clear [Sem g-l-y, Heb gilla (uncover), Syr gela, JNA gly, Phoen gly] jala : remove [Sem g-l-y, Akk galu (be deported), Heb gala (go into exile), Aram gly (open), Uga gly] jala : wander, go round [Sem g-w-l, g-l-l, Akk galalu (roll), Heb galgel, Syr ‘ala‘la (whirlwind), JNA gigla (spindle), Aram gwl (roll up), Uga glgl (roll)] jala : clarity [jala] Per jala borrowed from Ara jala : emigration [jala] Per jala borrowed from Ara jalaba : catch; bring, fetch [Sem g-l-b] jalacha : whet [?] jalada : firmness [jaluda] Per jaladat borrowed from Ara jalal : might, glory, pomp [jalla] Aze calal, Hin jalal, Per jalal borrowed from Ara jalama : cut off, shave, shear Sem g-l-m, Mal gelem (shears)] jalasa : sit [Amh gelas (saddle cover)] jalb : procurement; involvement [jalaba] Aze celb, Per jalb, Tur celp, Uzb dzhalb borrowed from Ara jald : firm; fast [jaluda] Aze celd, Hin jald, Per jald borrowed from Ara jali : apparent jala] Per jali borrowed from Ara jalid : ice [jalida] Per jalid borrowed from Ara jalida : freeze [Sem g-l-d, Heb gelida (ice), Syr gelida] jalihha : shave Sem g-l-hh, Heb gilleach, Aram glch (cut hair; expose)] jalil : mighty, majestic [jalla] Per jalil borrowed from Ara jalis : partner [jalasa] Per jalis borrowed from Ara jalla : wrap [Sem g-l-l (roll)] jalla : be mighty [?] jalla : clothes [jalla] jallab : trader [jalaba] Per jallab borrowed from Ara jallad : hangman [jallada] Alb xhelat, Aze cellad, Hin jallad, Per jallad, Ser dzelat, Tur cellat borrowed from Ara jallada : bind in leather [Sem g-l-d, EgAr gild (skin), Mal gilda, JNA gilda, Hrs geled (skins), Tig geldet (animal skin)] jalsa : session, meeting [jalasa] Hin jalsa, Per jalase, Tur celse borrowed from Ara jaluda : be firm [?] jalwa : shine, lustre [jala] Hin jalva, Per jelwe borrowed from Ara jam : glass vessel, goblet [from Per] jam‘ : gathering; plural; total [jama‘a] Ful jamu, Hau jami, Per jam‘, Tur cemi, Uzb dzham borrowed from Ara jama‘a : gather [Mal gama‘, gimgha (week), Hrs gm‘ (collect), Hrs egtoma] jama‘a : people, crowd; public, community, family; group, class [jama‘a] Aze camaat, Ful jamaa, Hau jamaa, Hin jamat, Per jama‘at, Swa jamaa, Tat dzhemegat, Tur cemaat, Uzb dzhamoa borrowed from Ara jamad : rigid body; rock; mineral [jamada] Per jamad borrowed from Ara jamada : congeal, freeze Sem g-m-d, Heb gammad (dwarf), Aram gmd (contract), Uga gmdh (stoop) jamal : camel [Sem g-m-l, EgAr gamal, Mal gemel, Akk gammalu, Heb gamal, Syr gamla, JNA gumla, Meh gemmol, Amh gemel, Tig gemel] Eng camel borrowed from Ara jamal : beauty; courtesy [jamula] Aze camal, Hin jamal, Per jamal, Swa jamala borrowed from Ara jamala : add, summarize [maybe from a common Sem root g-m (gather)] jamasha : shave Sem g-m-s jamhara : assemble [maybe from a common Sem root g-m (gather)] jamhur : assembly, community [jamhara] Hin jamhur, Per jomhur borrowed from Ara jamhuria : democracy, republic [jamhara] Hin jamhuriyat, Per jomhuriyat borrowed from Ara jami‘ : mosque; totality [jama‘a] Alb xhami, Bul dzhamija, Hun dzsami, Gre tzami, Per jame‘, Rom geamie, Ser dzamija, Tur cami, Uzb dzhomeyi borrowed from Ara jami‘ : comprehensive; collective; sum [jama‘a] Hin jama, Uzb dzham‘i borrowed from Ara jami‘a : league, society, group, club, union, party, company [jama‘a] Aze cemiyyet, Hau jamiyya, Hin jamiyat, Per jame‘e, Swa jamii, Tat dzhemgiyat, Tur cemiyet, Uzb dzhamiyat borrowed from Ara jami‘a : university [jama‘a] Hau jamia borrowed from Ara jamid : rigid [jamada] Per jamed borrowed from Ara jamil : nice [jamula] Per jamil borrowed from Ara jamiz : fig [jummaiz] Per jamiz borrowed from Ara jamm : abundant; a crowd [jamma] Per jamm borrowed from Ara jamma : gather [Heb gam (also)] jammal : camel driver [jamal] jamr : ember [Mal gamar] jamula : be beautiful [EgAr gamil (beautiful), Mal gmiel (beauty), Aram gml (show kindness)] jamus : buffalo [from Per gavmish] Aze camis, Per jamus borrowed from Ara jana : commit a crime [Ara gny (disgrace)] janab : excellency [janaba] Hin janab, Per jenab borrowed from Ara janaba : turn aside [Sem g-n-b, Mal genb, Heb ganav (steal), gav (back), Syr gabba, genab (side), ganab (steal), JNA gnw, Meh ganb (side), Jib ganb, Tig gebo, Phoen gnb (steal)] janaba : impurity, uncleanliness [janaba] Ful janaba, Hau janaba borrowed from Ara janahh : wing [Sem g-n-hh, Mal gewnah, Soq genahh (sternum)] Aze cinah, Per janahh borrowed from Ara janaiz : bodies; burial [jannaza] Ful janaija, Hau janaiza, Per janayez borrowed from Ara janan : interior [Akk gannu (part of inside of a sheep), Uga ggn (interior)] janaza : body, corpse; bier; burial [jannaza] Hin janaza, Ind jenazah, Per jenaze, Tur cenaze, Ind jenazah borrowed from Ara janb : side janaba] Per janb borrowed from Ara janba : side; aspect [janaba] Per janbe borrowed from Ara jandara : a press [from Skt yantra] janib : side [janaba] Hin janib, Per janeb borrowed from Ara janin : embryo [janan] Ind janin, Per janin borrowed from Ara janna : be mad [Mal gennen] janna : cover, conceal [Sem g-n-n, Mal gnien (garden), Heb gan, ginna (garden), hegen (protect), Syr gena, JNA ginune (chamber), gintha (garden), Uga gn, Phoen mgn (shield)] janna : garden, paradise [janna] Aze cennet, Ful aljanna, Hau aljanna, Hin jannat, Per jannat, Tur cennet, Uzb dzhannat borrowed from Ara jannaza : speak at funeral [Sem g-n-z, EgAr ganaza (funeral)] janub : south [janaba] Aze cenub, Hin janub, Per janub, Tur cenup, Uzb dzhanub borrowed from Ara janubi : southern [janub] Uzb dzhanubiy borrowed from Ara janzabil : ginger [zanjabil] jar : neighbor [jawara] Per jar borrowed from Ara jara : run [Mal gera, EgAr gara, Hrs gero, Gez (ta)agrata (hurry)] jara : be unjust [Amh gera (left side), Tig gawere (be audacious)] jara‘a : swallow Sem g-r-‘] jarab : an itch [jariba] Per jarab borrowed from Ara jarad : bald; locust [jarada] Per jarad borrowed from Ara jarada : peel; isolate Sem g-r-d, Mal grad (locust), Akk garadu (pluck, tear), Heb gered, Aram grd (scrape)] jarafa : sweep away Sem g-r-p, Heb garaf (shovel), Syr geraf (cast with spade) jarahha : injure, wound [Syr garacha (surgeon)] jarahha : wound; pus [jarahha] Per jarahhat, Tur cerahat borrowed from Ara jaraim : crimes; sanctions [jarama] Hin jaraym, Per jarayem borrowed from Ara jarama : commit a sin [Ara grm (establish)] jaras : bell [jarasa] Per jaras borrowed from Ara jarasa : emit a sound [?] jarasha : scrape [Sem g-r-s, Syr gerash (be crushed), JNA grss (grind)] jarayan : current, flow [jara] Aze cereyan, Per jarayan, Tur cereyan borrowed from Ara jard : peeling [jarada] Per jard borrowed from Ara jardal : bucket [?] jarhh : injury, wound; provocation [jarahha] Hin jirah, Per jarhh, Swa jeraha borrowed from Ara jari : running, progressing, current [jara] Hin jari, Per jari borrowed from Ara jari : bold [jarua] Per jari borrowed from Ara jarib : a measure [jarraba] Hin jarib, Per jarib borrowed from Ara jariba : be itchy [Sem g-r-b, Akk garabu (mange, scab), Syr gerba (rash), JNA grwn (be a leper), Meh garb (mange, scab), Tig gerbeb] jarida : tree-bark; newspaper [jarada] Hau jarida, Per jaride borrowed from Ara jarihh : injured [jarahha] Per jarihh borrowed from Ara jarima : crime; fine, penalty [jarama] Aze cerime, Per jarime borrowed from Ara jarin : running, flowing [jara] Aze cari, Per jari borrowed from Ara jarjara : drag [jarra] jarr : pulling [jarra] Per jarr borrowed from Ara jarra : pull Sem g-r-r, Mal garr (transport), Heb garar (pull), Syr negar] jarra : jar, pitcher Mal garra, Akk garru (box) Per jarre borrowed from Ara jarraba : test, try, examine [maybe from a common Sem root g-r (scratch)] Ful jarriba, Hau jarraba, Swa jaribu borrowed from Ara jarrahh : surgeon [jarahha] Aze cerrah, Hin jarrah, Per jarrah, Tur cerrah, Uzb dzharrokh borrowed from Ara jarrar : potter [jarra] jarrara : scorpion ?] Per jarrare borrowed from Ara jarthuma : germ [jurthuma] jarua : dare, risk [Syr gara (incite)] jarw : cub, pup [Mal geru, Heb gur, Hrs yeru] jasad : dead body, corpse [?] Aze cesed, Per jasad, Tur ceset, Uzb dzhasad borrowed from Ara jasama : volume [jasuma] Per jasamat, Tur cesamet borrowed from Ara jasara : cross, pass [Akk gishru, gushuru, from Sum gish-ur (bridge)] jasara : dare [?] jasara : boldness [jasara] Per jasarat, Tur cesaret borrowed from Ara jasha : excite [Syr gash (touch)] jassa : feel out, spy out Sem g-s-s, Heb gishesh, Syr gash] jasha‘ : lust [jashi‘a] jashi‘a : be lustful; long for [Gur gatshe (hunger)] jassha : mobilize [Heb gaiss (troops), OSAr gys (troop), Amh gassha (shield), Tig gassha] jassha : belch [Sem g-s-y, Heb gassass (expire), Aram gsy (belch), Hrs geso, Amh gesa, Tig gesa] jasim : thick [jasuma] Per jasim borrowed from Ara jasuma : be thick [Mal gisem (body), Heb geshem, Syr gushma, Meh gesem, Uga gshm (rain)] jasur : bold, brave, daring [jasara] Per jasur, Swa jasiri, Tur cesur, Uzb dzhasur borrowed from Ara jasus : spy [jassa] Aze casus, Hin jasus, Per jasus, Swa jasisi, Tur casus, Uzb dzhosus borrowed from Ara ja‘uda : be curly [?] jaudar : rye [from Per chavdar] Per joudar borrowed from Ara jauf : a hollow [Sem g-w-p, Mal guf (womb), gifa (carcass), Heb guf (body), Aram gwp, Meh gawf (chest), Tig gof (body)] Per jouf borrowed from Ara jauhar : essence; jewel [from Per gouhar] Aze covher, Hin jauhar, Per jouhar, Swa johari, Tur cevher borrowed from Ara jaula : a tour, a walk [jala] jauq : troupe; choir [?] jauqa : group [jauq] Per jouqe borrowed from Ara jaur : injustice, violence, wrong-doing [jara] Hin jaur, Per jour borrowed from Ara jaurab : stockings [jirab] Alb corape, Aze corab, Bul chorap, Per jorab, Rom ciorap, Ser carapa, Taj jurob, Tur corap borrowed from Ara jausaq : villa [?] jauw : atmosphere [Mal gewwa (within), Syr gaw, JNA go, Phoen gw] Per jaww borrowed from Ara jauwal : going about, wandering [jala] Hin javal borrowed from Ara jauz : pair [zauj] jauz : walnut [from Per gouz] Per jouz, Tur ceviz borrowed from Ara jauza : twin [zauj] Per jouza borrowed from Ara jauzal : young dove [Ara gwzl] jawab : reply, response, answer Sem g-w-b, Mal wiegieb, Syr ageb, Hrs yewab] Aze cavab, Ful jawabu, Hau jawabi, Hin javab, Kyr joop, Per jawab, Swa jawabu, Tat dzhavap, Tur cevap, Uzb dzhavob borrowed from Ara jawad : generous [jada] Per jawad borrowed from Ara jawahir : jewels [jauhar] Aze cavahir, Alb xhevahir, Hin javahar, Per jawaher, Rom giuvaer, Tur cevahir borrowed from Ara jawalan : wandering; rotation [jala] Per jawalan borrowed from Ara jawar : neighborhood [jawara] Hin jabar, Per jawar borrowed from Ara jawara : be neighbor [Sem g-w-r, Mal gar (neighbor), Akk geru (be hostile), Heb gar (dwell), ger (proselyte), Uga gr (stranger), Phoen gr (proselyte)] jawaz : permit [jaza] Per jawaz, Tur cevaz borrowed from Ara jaza : repay, retribute, punish [Sem g-z-y, Aram gzy] jaza : go through, cross over, pass along; be possible Sem g-w-z, Aram gwz] jaza : divide [jaza‘a, jazza] jaza : retribution, punishment [jaza] Aze ceza, Per jaza, Tur ceza borrowed from Ara jaza‘ : trouble; impatience jazi‘a] Per jaza‘ borrowed from Ara jaza‘a : divide Sem g-z-‘, Heb geza‘ (trunk)] jazafa : act at random Sem g-z-p, Aram gzp (without number)] jazala : richness [jazula] Per jazalat borrowed from Ara jazama : cut off; decide Sem g-z-m, Syr gezam (threaten)] jazar : carrot [from Per gazar] jazara : kill, massacre Sem g-z-r (cut off), JNA gzr, Amh gezzere (circumcise)] jazara : sink, ebb Mal gzira (island), JNA gzira] jazi‘a : be troubled ?] jazim : decisive [jazama] Per jazem borrowed from Ara jazira : island jazara] Per jazire borrowed from Ara jazm : amputation [jazama] Per jazm borrowed from Ara jazma : boots [from Tur cizme] jazr : ebb [jazara] Per jazr borrowed from Ara jazula : be big, rich [Ara gzl (snatch, rob)] jazza : cut off [Sem g-z-z, Mal gezz (slice), Heb gazaz, Tig geza (acquire), Uga gzz (cut)] jib : jeep [from Eng jeep] jib : pocket [Sem g-b, Heb gav (back), JNA geba (side), Uga gb (back)] Alb xhep, Aze cib, Bul dzheb, Ful jiba, Hin jib, Hun zseb, Gre tsepi, Per jib, Ser dzep, Tur cep borrowed from Ara jibs : gypsum [jiss] jid : neck [Akk gidu (sinew), Akk gidu, Heb gid, Syr gada, Aram gida, giada, Jib zhid, Soq zhid, Uga gd] Per jid borrowed from Ara jidal : struggle [jadala] Hau jidali, Per jedal borrowed from Ara jidar : wall [Sem g-d-r, Heb gader (fence), Aram gdr (wall)] Per jidar borrowed from Ara jidd : effort [jadda] Hin jad-, Per jedd borrowed from Ara jiddan : earnest, serious [jadda] Per jeddan borrowed from Ara jiddi : serious [jadda] Aze ciddi, Per jeddi, Tur ciddi borrowed from Ara jidh‘ : trunk [jaza‘a] jifa : carcass [jauf] Per jife borrowed from Ara jiha : side, region [wajuha] Ful jiha, Hau jiha, Per jehat, Tur cihet borrowed from Ara jihad : holy war [jahada] Ful jihadi, Hau jihadi, Hin jihad, Ind jahad, Per jehad borrowed from Ara jihaz : equipment, device; ship [jahaza] Aze cihaz, Hin jihaz, Per jahaz, Swa jahazi, Tat dzhihaz, Tur cihaz borrowed from Ara jil : tribe; generation, epoch [Heb gil (age)] Per jil borrowed from Ara jild : skin, leather; book cover; volume [jallada] Aze cild, Hin jild, Per jeld, Swa jalidi, Tur cilt, Uzb dzhild jilf : rude [?] Per jelf borrowed from Ara jilwa : revealing; shining; grace, charm [jala] Aze cilve, Per jelwe borrowed from Ara jim : the letter j [Sem g-m-l, Heb gimel] Per jim borrowed from Ara jima‘ : intercourse [jama‘a] Hau jimai, Per jema‘ borrowed from Ara jinai : criminal [jana] Aze cani, Per jonai borrowed from Ara jinas : pun [jins] Aze cinas, Per jenas, Tur cinas borrowed from Ara jinaya : crime [jana] Aze cinayet, Per jenayat borrowed from Ara jinaza : corpse; burial; bier [jannaza] Ind jenazah, Per jenaze, Swa jeneza, Tur cenaze borrowed from Ara jinhh : side; wing [janahh] Per jenhh borrowed from Ara jinn : genie; demon from Lat genius] Aze cin, Hin jinn, Kyr jin, Per jenn, Swa jini, Tur cin borrowed from Ara jinna : madness [janna] Per jennat borrowed from Ara jins : kind; gender, sex [from Gre genos] Aze cins, Ful jinsu, Hau jinsi, Hin jins, Per jens, Tat zhenes, Tur cins, Uzb dzhins jinsi : sexual, sexy [jins] Per jensi, Tat zhensi, Tur cinsi, Uzb dzhinsiy borrowed from Ara jir : lime, chalk [kura] jirab : bag Sem g-r-b, Akk gurabu, Syr graba (jug) jiran : camel’s neck [Sem g-r-n, Heb garon (throat)] jirjir : cress [Sem g-g-r, Akk egemgiru, Heb gargir, Syr gargira] Per jerjir borrowed from Ara jirm : body [Sem g-r-m, Heb garam (cause), Syr gerama (body), JNA garma (bone), Uga grm] Per jerm borrowed from Ara jirw : cub [jarw] jism : body [jasuma] Aze cisim, Hin jism, Per jesm, Tur cisim, Uzb dzhism borrowed from Ara jisman : body [jism] Per jesman borrowed from Ara jismani : corporeal, physical [jisman] Per jesmani, Uzb dzhismoniy borrowed from Ara jisr : beam, bridge [jasara] Per jesr borrowed from Ara jiss : gypsum [Mal gibs (chalk), Akk gassu (gypsum), JNA gassa] jiwar : neighborhood [jawara] Aze civar, Per jawar borrowed from Ara jizdan : purse [juzdan] jizia : poll tax [jaza] Hin jizya, Per jezye borrowed from Ara ju‘ : hunger [ja‘a] Per ju‘ borrowed from Ara ju‘al : scarab ?] Per jo‘al borrowed from Ara ju‘ala : reward ja‘ala] Per jo‘ale borrowed from Ara jubb : cistern [Sem g-b-b (be bent), Mal giebja, Akk gubbu, Heb gavav (vault), Aram gwb (cistern), Hrs gebyt, Tig gebb (moat)] jubba : gown [Sem g-b-b (be bent), Tig gebbet (coat)] Ful jabba, Hau jabba, Per jobbe borrowed from Ara jubn : cheese [jabbana] Swa jibini borrowed from Ara jubn : cowardice [jabuna] Per jobn borrowed from Ara juch : cloth [?] juda : goodness; quality [jada] Per joudat borrowed from Ara judar : blisters; smallpox [jadar] judham : leprosy [Mal gdiem] Per jodham, Tur cuzam borrowed from Ara judhmur : trunk [jaza‘a] judjud : cricket [Tig gedged (a beetle)] jughrafia : geography [from Gre geographia] Aze cografiya, Ful jagrufe, Per joghrafiya, Tur coghrafiya borrowed from Ara juhhr : cave [Syr guchra] julla : dung [Sem g-l-l, Aram gala, Tig gello] julla : clothes [jalla] julus : procession; coronation [jalasa] Hin julus, Per jolus borrowed from Ara jum‘a : Friday; week [jama‘a] Aze cume, Ful jumba, Hin juma, Ind jumat, Kyr juma, Mal zoma, Per jom‘e, Swa ijumaa, Tat dzhomga, Tur Cuma, Uzb dzhuma borrowed from Ara jumada : a Hijra month [?] jumhuri : republic [jamhara] Per jomhuri, Swa jamhuri borrowed from Ara jumhuria : republic [jamhara] Hau jamhuriya, Kyr jumuruyat, Per jomhuriyet, Tur cumhuriyet borrowed from Ara jumjuma : skull [Soq gemgemoh (head)] jumla : sum, total; sentence [jamala] Aze cumle, Hau jimla, Hin jumla, Per jomle, Swa jumla, Tat dzhomle, Tur cumle borrowed from Ara jummaiz : sycamore [Mal gommajz] jumud : rigidity [jamada] Per jomud borrowed from Ara jun : color [from Per gun] jun : bay [?] junab : breast-bone [janaba] Per jonab borrowed from Ara junahh : sin [from Per gonah] Per jonahh borrowed from Ara jund : troop [from Per gund] Per jond borrowed from Ara jundub : locust [Gez gundan (spider), Amh gundan (black ant)] junhh : darkness; night watch [?] Per jonhh borrowed from Ara junhha : crime [junahh] Per jonhhe borrowed from Ara junna : defense [janna] junun : madness [janna] Hin janun, Per jonun borrowed from Ara jura : pit, hole [?] jura : boldness [jarua] Aze curet, Hin jurrat, Per jorat, Tur curet borrowed from Ara jurab : sock [jaurab] Per jurab borrowed from Ara juradh : rat [LiAr jardaun, Mal gurdien, JNA grdh (scratch), Hrs gerdhin (rat)] jurf : shore eroded by flood Sem g-r-p, Aram grp (flood)] jurhh : wound [jarahha] jurm : offence [jarama] Hin jurm, Per jorm borrowed from Ara jurn : threshing floor Sem g-r-n, Heb goren, Uga grn] jurthuma : root; germ [?] Per jorthume borrowed from Ara jurw : cub [jarw] jusha : a belch jassha] jusman : body [jism] juthman : body [jism] Per jathman borrowed from Ara juttha : dead body [Heb gush (block), Aram gt (cadaver)] Per jotthe borrowed from Ara juz : part [jazza] Hin juz, Per joz, Tur cuz borrowed from Ara juzdan : purse [?] Rom ghiozdan, Tur cuzdan borrowed from Ara juzi : partial; slight [jazza] Aze cuzi, Per jozi borrowed from Ara K -ka : there [Heb kakh (thus), BAram dek (that), Gez zeku, Phoen k’] ka‘b : cube [Amh kebbebe (enclose)] Per ka‘b borrowed from Ara ka‘b : heel [?] kaba : trouble, pain [Heb keev, Aram k’b] Per kabe borrowed from Ara ka‘ba : cube [ka‘b] Hin kaba, Ind kaabah, Per ka‘be borrowed from Ara kabab : roast on skewer, grill [Sem k-b-b, Akk kababu (burn), Aram kbb (char), JNA kababa (kebab), Soq qebb (roast)] Aze kabab, Bul kebap, Hin kabab, Ind kebab, Per kabab, Ser cevap, Tur kebap, Uzb kabob borrowed from Ara kabad : middle, center [kabd] Per kabad borrowed from Ara kabada : suffer hard [Akk kabtu (heavy), Heb kaved, kavod (respect), Aram kbd (be heavy), Amh kebbed (heavy), Uga kbd (respect), Phoen kbd] kabahha : restrain, brake [?] kabar : caper [from Gre kapparis] kabasa : press [Akk kabasu (tread), kibsu (gangway), Heb kibbess (wash), kavash (conquer), kevish (road), Syr kebash, JNA kbs, kwsh (go down), Uga kbs (wash), Phoen kbs] kabata : throw down, debase Sem k-b-t] kabbut : hood [?] kabd : liver Sem k-b-d, Akk kabattu, Heb kaved, Syr kabda, JNA koda, Uga kbd] Per kabd borrowed from Ara kabir : great [see kabura] Hin kabir, Per kabir borrowed from Ara kabl : fetters Sem k-b-l, Heb kevel (cable), Syr kabla (foot-chain)] kabsh : wether [Sem k-b-s, Akk kabsu (lamb), Heb keves (sheep), Aram kbs (wether), Hrs kabs (lamb), Phoen kbsh (sheep)] kabura : be great [Sem k-b-r, Mal kbir (great), Aram kbr (be much), Amh kebbere (be precious), keber (honor)] kabus : ghost, nightmare [kabasa] Aze kabus, Per kabus, Tur kabus borrowed from Ara kadar : melancholy [kadura] Aze keder, Per kadar borrowed from Ara kadd : jug [Heb kad, Uga kd] kadd : effort [kadda] Hin kad, Per kadd borrowed from Ara kadda : strive [?] kaddhaba : deny [kadhaba] kadha : so [dha] Ful kaja, Hau kaza, Per kadha, Swa kadha borrowed from Ara kadhaba : tell a lie [Sem k-dh-b, Mal gideb, Akk kazabu, Syr kadaba (liar)] kadhalik : also [kadha] Per kadhalek borrowed from Ara kadhb : lie, falsehood [kadhaba] Hau kazaf, Per kedhb borrowed from Ara kadura : be turbid [Syr kedar (be wearied)] kaf : the letter k [Sem k-p-p, Heb kaf] kafa : suffice [Sem k-p-y, cp. Chadic kap (all)] kafahha : fight [?] kafan : shroud [kafana] Aze kefen, Hin kafan, Per kafan borrowed from Ara kafana : wrap Sem k-p-n, Mal kefen (shroud), Amh keffene (wrap up)] kafara : be a non-believer [Sem k-p-r, Syr kefar (deny), JNA kpr] Swa kufuru borrowed from Ara kafara : cover Sem k-p-r] kaff : palm of hand [Sem k-p-p, Akk kappu, Heb kaf, Syr kafa, JNA kaffa, Hrs kof, Uga kp] Per kaf borrowed from Ara kaffara : repentance; sacrifice [kafara] Per kaffara, Swa kafara borrowed from Ara kafin : sufficient [kafa] Aze kafi, Hin kafi, Per kafi borrowed from Ara kafir : infidel, unbeliever [kafara] Hin kafir, Ind kafir, Per kafer, Swa kafiri borrowed from Ara kafr : village [Sem k-p-r, Akk kapru, Heb kefar] kafur : camphor [from Skt kapura] Hau kafur, Hin kafur, Per kafur borrowed from Ara kahala : reach maturity [Sem k-h-l and y-k-l, Heb yakhol (can), Amh tshale] kahin : priest, soothsayer [Sem k-h-n, Heb kohen, Syr kahana, Amh kahen, Uga khn, Phoen khn] Per kahen, Tur kahin borrowed from Ara kahl : mature age [kahala] Per kahl borrowed from Ara kahraba : amber; electricity [from Per kah-ruba] kai : that [Sem k-y, Akk aki (yea), ki (as), Heb ke, Amh ka, Uga k, Phoen k] kaif : status; mood [kayyafa] Alb qejf, Aze kef, Bul kef, Gre kefi, Per keyf, Tat keyef, Tur keyif borrowed from Ara kaif : how [kayyafa] Per keyf borrowed from Ara kaifia : quality; spirit [kayyafa] Aze keyfiyyet, Hin kaifiyat, Ind kaifiat, Per keyfiyat, Uzb kayfiyat borrowed from Ara kail : a measure [Heb keli (vessel), Syr kayla (a mesure)] kaika : egg [from Middle Per] kain : being [kana] Per kaen borrowed from Ara kaina : beings; universe [kana] Hin kaynat, Per kaenat borrowed from Ara ka‘k : cake [from Per kak] kala : guard Sem k-l-y, Akk kalu (hold back), Heb kele (jail), Syr kla, Uga kl’ (lock up)] kala : measure Sem k-w-l, k-y-l, Aram kwl] kalak : raft [Akk kalakku, Syr klaka, JNA kalak] Per kalak borrowed from Ara kalam : talk; word kallama] Hin kalam, Per kalam borrowed from Ara kalb : dog Sem k-l-b, Mal kelb, Akk kalbu, Heb kelev, Syr kalba, JNA kalba, Hrs kelob (dogs), Tig kelb (dog), Uga klb, Phoen klb] kalifa : please [?] kalima : talk; word kallama] Hau kalami, Hin kalma, Per kaleme, Taj kalima borrowed from Ara kalla : no! [?] kallafa : charge with a task [kalifa] kallala : crown Sem k-l-l, Akk kililu, Syr kalel, Amh aklil, kellele (surround; crown), Tig kella (go round)] kallama : talk ?] kam : how much [Sem k-m, Mal kemm, Heb kamma, Syr kema, JNA kma, Uga km (so, as), Phoen km] kam : truffle [Akk kamtu, Heb kmeha] kamah : blindness [Syr kmaha] kamal : perfection [kamala] Hin kamal, Per kamal borrowed from Ara kamala : be complete [Heb gamal (recompense), JNA kml (be complete)] kamar : belt [from Per] kamil : perfect [kamala] Aze kamil, Hau kamili, Hin kamil, Ind kamil, Per kamel, Swa kamili, Tur kamil borrowed from Ara kammia : quantity [kam] Aze kemiyyet, Per kammiyat borrowed from Ara kammun : cumin [Akk kamunu, from Sum gamun] kamsha : handful [Sem k-m-s, Akk kamasu (gather)] kana : be [Sem k-w-n, Mal kien, Amh hone, Uga kwn, Phoen kwm] kana : call, give names; express oneself in allegories [Sem k-n-y, Heb kinnuy (appellation), Uga kny (allude)] kanaba : sofa [from Fre canape] kanaf : wing Sem k-n-p, Akk kappu, Heb kanaf, Amh kenf, Syr kenfa, Tig kenf, Uga knp] kanasa : sweep [Sem k-n-sh, Mal kines, JNA knsh (sweep)] kanaza : store away [kanz] kanisa : synagogue Sem k-n-sh, Akk kanashu (gather), Heb kneset (assembly), Syr kanash (gather), JNA kinishta (synagogue), Phoen knsh (gather) Per kanise, Swa kanisa borroweed from Ara kanna : bride, daughter-in-law [Mal kenna] kanun : oven; focus [Akk kinunu, JNA kanuna] Per kanun borrowed from Ara kanun : December/January [kanun] Per kanun borrowed from Ara kanz : treasure [from Per ganj] Per kanz borrowed from Ara kar : work [from Per] kara : dig [Sem k-r-w, k-r-y, Heb kara (mine), Aram kry (dig), Uga krw, kry] karafs : celery from Per] Bul kereviz, Tur kereviz borrowed from Ara karaha : disgust [kariha] Hin karaha, Per karahat borrowed from Ara karam : nobility, generosity [karuma] Hin karam, Per karam borrowed from Ara karama : generosity; miracle [karuma] Hau karama, Hin karamat, Ind keramat, Per karamat, Swa karama, Uzb karomat borrowed from Ara karatha : be anxious [?] karaza : announce [from Gre keryx (herald)] karh : disgust, detestation [kariha] Per karh, Swa karaha borrowed from Ara karia : rent, hire [Mal kera, JNA kry] kariha : be disgusted [Mal ikreh (ugly), Hrs keroh (hate)] Swa kirihi borrowed from Ara karim : noble, generous, holy [karuma] Hau karimi, Hin karim, Per karim, Swa karimu borrowed from Ara karkaddan : rhinoceros [from Per kargedan] karm : vine [Sem k-r-m, Heb kerem (vineyard), Syr karma, JNA karma, Hrs kermaym (hill), Uga krm (vineyard)] Per karm borrowed from Ara karra : return [?] karram : wine-grower [karm] karrara : repeat [karra] Swa kariri borrowed from Ara karrath : leek [Mal kurrata, Akk karashu, Heb keresha, Syr karatha, JNA kirate] karuma : be noble [Sem k-r-m] Swa kirimu borrowed from Ara kas : cup [Mal kus, Akk kasu, Heb koss, Syr kasa, JNA kasiya, Uga ks] Per kas borrowed from Ara kasa : clothe, cover [Sem k-s-y, Mal kesa, Heb kissa, Syr kase, JNA kusitha (hat), Uga ksw, ksy (dress up)] kasaba : earn, acquire [?] kasafa : be dark [?] kasafa : getting dark [kasafa] Per kasafat borrowed from Ara kasala : idleness; lethargy [kasila] Hau kasala, Per kasalat borrowed from Ara kasara : break [Mal kisser, Amh kesere (go broke)] kasb : business, occupation, profession; workplace [kasaba] Per kasb, Taj kasb, Tat kesep, Tur kesp, Uzb kasb borrowed from Ara kashafa : unveil; investigate Sem k-s-p, Mal kixef] kashf : investigation; discovery, invention [kashafa] Aze kesf, Per kashf, Uzb kashf borrowed from Ara kasila : be lazy [Heb nikhshal (fail)] kasshaf : discoverer; very clear; headlight [kashafa] Hin kashaf, Per kasshaf borrowed from Ara kasr : breach; want, deficit; fraction [kasara] Hin kasr, Per kasr, Uzb kasr borrowed from Ara kataba : write Sem k-t-b, Mal kiteb, Heb katav, Syr kethab, Uga ktb, Phoen ktb] katan : linen [Mal kitien, Heb kutna (cotton), JNA kitana (cotton), Syr kethana (linen), JNA kittan, Uga ktn, Phoen ktn] Hin katan, Per katan, Swa kitani borrowed from Ara kathara : exceed [Sem k-th-r, Akk kasharu (fit), Heb kasher (restore, have success), Syr kashira (happy), Uga kthr (health)] kathib : dune [?] kathif : dense [kathufa] Per kathif borrowed from Ara kathir : many [kathara] Hin kasir, Per kathir borrowed from Ara kathira : increase [kathara] Swa kithiri borrowed from Ara kathra : quantity; excess [kathara] Hin kasrat, Per kathrat borrowed from Ara kathufa : be dense [?] kathuliki : catholic [from Gre katholikos] katib : scribe, clerk, secretary [kataba] Aze katib, Hin katib, Ind katib, Per kateb, Swa katibu, Tur katip borrowed from Ara kaukab : star [Sem k-b-k-b, Mal kewkba, Akk kakkabu, Heb kokhav, Syr kokba, JNA kukhwa, Hrs kebkib, Amh kokeb, Tig kokeb, Uga kkb, kbkb, Phoen kkb] Per koukab borrowed from Ara kaun : being [kana] Per koun borrowed from Ara kawa : iron (clothes) [?] kawara : beehive; basket [Heb kavveret, Syr kawara] Per kaware borrowed from Ara kawwana : create [kana] kayyafa : adapt, match [?] kian : being, existence [kana] kibrit : sulphur; matches [Sem k-b-r-t, Mal kubrit, Akk kibritu, Heb gafrit, JNA kibrit] Aze kibrit, Bul kibrit, Per kebrit, Rom chibrit, Swa kiberiti, Tur kibrit borrowed from Ara kifahh : battle [kafahha] kifaya : sufficiency [kafa] Aze kifayet, Hin kifayat, Per kefayat borrowed from Ara kila : both [Sem k-y-l, Akk kilalan, Heb kilaim (hybrid), Amh hulet (two), Uga klat (double)] killa : veil [Syr keltha] kilu : kilo [from Fre kilo] kimia : chemistry [from Late Gre chemeia] Per kimiya borrowed from Ara kinaya : allegory, hint [kana] Per kenaye, Tat kinaya, Tur kinaye borrowed from Ara kir : bellows [?] kira : rental, hire [karia] Alb qira, Ful akiri, Hin kiraya, Per keraye, Rom chirie, Ser kirija, Tur kira borrowed from Ara kirbal : sieve from Lat cribellum] kirdan : necklace Hrs qard (throat)] kirsh : stomach Sem k-r-s, Akk karshu, Heb kares (belly), Syr karsa (womb), JNA kasa, Hrs keres (belly), Gez kars, Tig kerset, Ebl karsu] kisa : purse [Sem k-y-s, Akk kisu, Heb kiss (pocket), Syr kesa, JNA kis, Amh kis] Per kise borrowed from Ara kisl : loin, sinew [Heb kesel, Uga ksl] kiswa : covering; clothes, garment [kasa] Per keswat, Swa kisua borrowed from Ara kitab : book [kataba] Aze kitab, Hin kitab, Kaz kitap, Kyr kitep, Per ketab, Taj kitob, Tat kitap, Tur kitap, Uzb kitob borrowed from Ara kitaba : writing [kataba] Hin kitabat, Per ketabat borrowed from Ara kitf : shoulder Sem k-t-p, Heb katef, Syr kathfa, JNA kapa, Hrs kotf, Tig mektef, Uga ktp] Per ketf borrowed from Ara ku‘ : elbow [Syr kua (joint)] kub : cup [Syr kuba] kubba : skein [?] kuch : hut, shed [JNA kukhta] kuchl : antimony Sem k-ch-l, Mal ikhal, Akk guchlu, Heb kachol (blue), JNA kikhla (antimony)] Per kochl borrowed from Ara kuds : heap [Heb godesh (overflow)] kufia : head covering [?] Per kufiye, Swa kofia borrowed from Ara kufr : lack of faith [kafara] Hin kufr, Per kofr borrowed from Ara kulfa : task; difficulty, toil; mischief [kallafa] Per kolfat, Tur kulfet, Uzb kulfat borrowed from Ara kulia : kidney [Sem k-l-y, Akk kalitu, Mal kilwa, Heb kilya, Syr koulatha, JNA kulitha, Hrs kelit, Amh kulalit, Tig kelaw, Uga klyt] Per kolye borrowed from Ara kull : all [Sem k-l-l, Mal kollu, Akk kalu, Heb kol, JNA kulla, Sab kl, Amh hullu, Uga kl, Phoen kl] Ful kala, Hin kul, Per koll borrowed from Ara kullab : hook, hinge [JNA kullaba] Hin kulaba, Per qollab, Swa kulabu borrowed from Ara kulli : general, total [kull] Aze kulli, Per kolli borrowed from Ara kullia : entirety [kull] Per kolliye, Tur kulliyet borrowed from Ara kulun : pantyhose [from Fre collant] kumait : reddish brown, bay [kull] Hin kumait, Per komeyt borrowed from Ara kumm : sleeve [Akk kimkimmu (wrist), Tig kem (joint)] kummathra : pear [?] kumruk : customs [from Late Lat excommercium] kumza : ball [qamaza] kundur : frankincense [from Per] kunia : nickname [kana] Per konyat borrowed from Ara kur : saddle Sem k-w-r, Heb kar (pillow)] kura : furnace [Akk giru, from Sum gir] Per kure borrowed from Ara kura : land [Syr koura] Per kure kura : ball [?] Per kore, Tur kure borrowed from Ara kura‘ : leg Sem k-r-‘, Akk kuritu (shin), Heb kera‘ (leg), Aram kr‘, Uga kr‘ (lower thigh)] kurasa : copy-book, leaflet [?] Per korase borrowed from Ara kurki : crane [Akk kurku, from Sum kurku] kurkum : saffron from Skt kunkuma kurrath : leek [karrath] kursi : throne; chair, seat, cathedra [Akk kussu, from Sum guza] Hin kursi, Per korsi, Taj kursi, Tur kursu, Uzb kursi borrowed from Ara kurunb : cabbage from Gre krambe kurzan : axe Sem k-r-z-n, Heb garzen, Syr chatzeyna] kurzum : axe [Heb qardom] kus : vulva [Gez kwehhs] kusb : remnants, dregs [Akk kuspu, JNA kuspa] kusbara : coriander [from Skt kustumbaru] kushk : kiosk [from Per] kushuf : list [kashafa] kusuf : getting dark; eclipse [kasafa] Per kosuf borrowed from Ara kutab : school [kataba] Per kotab borrowed from Ara kutla : lump [Heb qotel (bacon)] kutub : books [kitab] Per kotob, Tur kutup borrowed from Ara L la : no [Sem l-’, Mal le, Akk la, Heb lo, Syr la, JNA la, BAram la, Hrs la, Uga l] Hin la, Ind la, Per la, Swa la borrowed from Ara la‘aba : dribble [Mal liegheb, lghab (spittle)] la‘alla : maybe [‘alla] laama : agree, fit, suit [Sem l-’-m, Syr lama, Sab l’m (peace), Tig leame (be attached)] la‘ana : curse [?] la‘b : play [la‘iba] Per la‘b borrowed from Ara labada : stitch together [Sem l-b-d, Heb leved (felt)] labaka : mix Sem l-b-k, Syr lebak (take hold)] laban : milk; yoghurt [Sem l-b-n, Heb lavan (white), Meh lbon] Per laban borrowed from Ara labba : accept [?] labba : upper part of chest [Akk labianu (neck), Tig lebbet (side), Meh melabb, Jib leb] labbana : make bricks [Sem l-b-n, Akk labanu (spread), Heb levena (brick), Syr lebetha, JNA lubna, lubintha, Uga lbn (make bricks)] labin : brick [labbana] labisa : dress up [Sem l-b-sh, Mal libes, Akk labashu, Heb hilbish, Syr lebesh, JNA lwsh, Amh lebbese, lebs (garment), Uga lbsh] labwa : lioness [Akk labu (lion), Heb levia (lioness), lavia (lion), Uga lbu] lacchassa : shorten; summerize [?] lada : at [?] Per lada borrowed from Ara laddha : be enjoyable [?] ladhidh : tasty [laddha] Hin laziz, Per ladhidh borrowed from Ara lafa : eat, chew [Sem l-w-p] lafadza : emit; spit out [lafidza] lafata : turn; pay attention ?] lafdz : word, expression [lafidza] Hin lafz, Ind lafaz, Per lafdz borrowed from Ara laffa : wrap [?] lafidza : emit; pronounce [?] lafif : wrapped [laffa] Per lafif borrowed from Ara lafita : shield, advertisement [lafata] lagha : speak Sem l-gh-w, Akk lu‘u (throat), Heb lo‘a  lagha : be invalid, void ? lagham : a mine [from Ita laguna] Aze lagim, Per lagham, Tur lagim borrowed from Ara laghaza : speak in riddles [Syr le‘z, Heb lo‘az] laghw : abolition [lagha] Aze legv, Per laghw borrowed from Ara laha : be amused; play [Sem l-h-w, Gez laha] laha : uvula [?] lahb : flame [lahiba] Per lahb borrowed from Ara lahha : appear ?] lahhada : bury, dig ?] lahhada : deviate ?] lahhadza : look, glance; note [?] lahhafa : cover [?] lahham : butcher [lahhm] Per lahham borrowed from Ara lahhama : solder Sem l-hh-m, Heb lacham] lahhana : intone [Mal lehen (voice), Heb lachan (tune)] lahhasa : devour Sem l-hh-s, Amh lase (lick), melas (tongue), Tig lehhasa (lick)] lahhdza : a glance, a moment [lahhadza] Aze lehze, Hin lahza, Per lahhdze, Tur lahze borrowed from Ara lahhi : jaw Sem l-hh-y, Mal lehja (beard), ilhit (chin), Akk lachu (jaw), letu (cheek), Heb lechi (cheek), Hrs melehhaw (side of jaw), Tig lehhe (jaw), Uga lhh (cheek)] lahhima : devour Sem l-hh-m] lahhiqa : join; follow, reach [Mal lahaq] lahhisa : lick up [lahhasa] lahhm : meat Sem l-hh-m, Heb lechem (bread), Syr lachma, JNA lakhma, BAram lacham (feast), Uga lhhm (bread), Phoen lchm] lahhn : voice [lahhana] Per lahhn borrowed from Ara lahiba : flame [Sem l-h-b, Heb lehava, shalhevet, hilhiv (kindle), Syr shalhabitha, JNA lahibe (flame)] lahima : get inspiration [?] lahima : swallow [l-h-m, Akk lemu (eat), Uga lhhm] lahja : tip of the tongue; accent; dialect [JNA lhg (eat voraciously] Aze lehce, Hin lahja, Per lahje, Tur lehce borrowed from Ara la‘iba : play [Mal laghab, Heb la‘av (mock)] laihha : list; project [lahha] Aze layiha, Per laehhe, Tur layiha borrowed from Ara lail : night [Sem l-y-l Mal lejl, Akk lilu, Heb laila, Syr lelaya, JNA lele, Amh lelit, Tig lali, Uga ll, Phoen ll] Per leyl borrowed from Ara laila : night [lail] Ind lailah, lailat, Per leyle borrowed from Ara laimun : lemon [from Skt nimbu] lain : soft, smooth [lana] Per layyen, Swa laini borrowed from Ara laiq : suitable, worthy, meritous [laqa] Aze layiq, Hin layak, Per layiq, Tat laek, Tur layik borrowed from Ara la‘iqa : lick [LiAr mal‘a (spoon), Akk leku (lick), Uga lhhk] laisa : is not [la + *isa; Heb yesh (there is), JNA ith, Uga ith] laith : lion Akk neshu, Heb laish] Per leyth borrowed from Ara laja : take refuge [?] lajam : bridle [lajjama] Hin lagam, Ind lagam borrowed from Ara laji : refugee [laja] lajja : noise [Heb ligleg (sneer)] lajjama : bridle, rein in [Sem l-g-m, Mal liggem (curb), Syr lgama (rein), Amh legwam] lajlaja : stammer Sem l-g-l-g, Uga ‘lg lajna : committee [?] laka : send [Sem l-’-k, Akk malaku (messenger), JNA malakh, Amh lake, Uga l’k, mlak (messenger), Phoen ml’k] lakama : hit, fight, box [?] lakan : trough [?] lakin : but [la] Aze lakin, Hin lekin, Per laken, Swa lakini, Tat lakin, Tur lakin, Uzb lekin borrowed from Ara lakina : stutter [?] la‘l : ruby [from Per la-la (bright)] Per la‘l borrowed from Ara lam : the letter l [Sem l-m-d, Heb lamed] Hin lam, Per lam borrowed from Ara lam : not [la] lama : gather [Sem l-m, Akk lim (thousand), Heb leom (nation), Uga lim (people)] lama : reproach, blame [Mal liem] Swa laumu borrowed from Ara lama : not [la] lama‘a : glitter, shine [?] lamahha : see, glance [Mal lemah] lamhha : a glance, a moment [lamahha] Hin lamha, Per lamhhe borrowed from Ara lamma : collect [lama] lamma : as [ila] lamma : not, not yet [la] lan : not [la] lana : be soft [?] la‘na : curse [la‘ana] Aze lenet, Hau laana, Hin lanat, Ind laknat, Per la‘nat, Swa laana, Tur lanet, Uzb lan‘at borrowed from Ara laqa : be suitable [?] laqab : nickname [laqqaba] Aze leqeb, Hau lakabi, Per laqab, Uzb laqab borrowed from Ara laqatta : collect [Akk laqatu, Heb yalqutt (bag), JNA lqtt (glean). EthSem l-q-t] laqia : hit, meet [?] laqifa : seize Sem l-q-p] laqlaq : stork [laqlaqa] Aze leylek, Hin laklak, Per laqlaq, Tur leylek borrowed from Ara laqlaqa : shake, rattle Sem l-q-l-q, Akk laqlaqqu (stork), JNA lqlq (rattle), Ebl laqlaqu (stork) laqqaba : give a name ?] laqqahha : fecundate Sem l-q-hh, Akk lequ, laqa’u, laqachu (take), Heb laqach, Uga lqhh, Phoen lqhh] laqwa : (facial) paralysis [?] Hin lakva, Per laqwe borrowed from Ara latha : make dirty, make (water) turbid [Sem l-w-th, Heb lash (knead), Syr laysha (dough), JNA lysh (knead)] lattafa : caress [Sem l-tt-p, Heb littef, Amh lettefe (knead), Uga lthfn (clever)] lattafa : tenderness, charm, elegance [lattafa] Aze letafet, Per lattafat borrowed from Ara lattama : hit [maybe from a common Sem root l-tt] lattasha : hit [maybe from a common Sem root l-tt, Sem l-tt-sh, Syr lettash (sharpen), Uga lttsh (sharpened)] lattif : fine, kind [lattafa] Aze letif, Hin latif, Ind latif, Per lattif, Tur latif borrowed from Ara lattifa : joke, humor, anecdote [lattafa] Aze letife, Hin latifa, Per lattife, Tur latife borrowed from Ara lau : if [Akk lu (either), Heb lu (if only), Syr elaw (when), Phoen ’l (if)] lauhh : table [Sem l-w-hh, Mal luh, Akk le‘u, Heb luach, Uga lhh] Aze lovhe, Ful alluha, Ind loh, Per louhh borrowed from Ara lauhha : board, tablet [lauhh] Per louhha, Tur levha borrowed from Ara laulab : screw, spring [Sem l-b-l-b, Heb lulav] lauma : blame [lama] Swa lawama borrowed from Ara laun : color [lauwana] Hau launi, Per loun borrowed from Ara lauwahha : give sign [lahha] lauwana : color [Mal lewn (a color)] lauz : almonds [Sem l-w-z, Mal lewza, Amh lewz] Ful lauja, Per louz, Swa lozi borrowed from Ara lawa : toil [Syr leutha, Aram l’y (make efforts, labor)] lawazima : necessities, utilities [lazima] Aze levazimat, Per lawazemat borrowed from Ara lazim : necessary; must [lazima] Aze lazim, Hin lazim, Per lazem, Swa lazima, Taj lozim, Tur lazim, Uzb lozim borrowed from Ara lazima : be necessary [?] laziqa : stick together [?] li : to [ila] lian : so that [ila] lianna : as, because [ila] liaqa : suitability, worthiness; merit, service [laqa] Aze leyaqet, Hin liyaqat, Per liyaqat, Tur liyakat borrowed from Ara libas : dress [labisa] Aze libas, Per lebas, Tur libas, Uzb libos borrowed from Ara libd : felt [labada] libn : brick [labbana] libs : clothing, dress [labisa] Kyr labbas borrowed from Ara liddha : joy, pleasure; flavor, taste; delight [laddha] Aze lezzet, Ind lezat, Per ledhat, Swa ladha, Tur lezzet, Uzb lazzat borrowed from Ara lidhalika : therefore [ila + dha] lifafa : wrap, cover [laffa] Hin lifafa, Per lefafe borrowed from Ara lift : turnip Mal lift, Akk laptu, Heb lefet, Syr laftha] lihhadz : regard, point of view [lahhadza] Hin lihaz, Per lehhadz borrowed from Ara lihhaf : bed-sheet, cover, quilt [lahhafa] Hin lihaf borrowed from Ara lihhia : beard [lahhi] Per lehhye borrowed from Ara lijam : bridle lajjama] Per lejam, legam borrowed from Ara lika : so that [ila] lim : peace [laama] lima : why [ila + ma] limadha : why [ila + ma + dha] liman : harbor from Gre limen liman : for whom [ila + man] liqa : encounter [laqia] lisan : tongue Sem l-s-n, Mal lsien, Akk lishanu, Heb lashon, Syr leshna, JNA lishana, Meh ewshen, Hrs leshen, Tig lesan, Uga lshn, Ebl lishanu Ind lisan, Per lesan, Tur lisan borrowed from Ara liss : robber from Gre lestes littha : gums [Akk lash’hhu] Per letthe borrowed from Ara liwa : bend [Sem l-w-y, Mal liwja (curve), Hrs lewo (turn), Uga lwy (encircle)] lu‘ab : spittle [la‘aba] Per lo‘ab borrowed from Ara lu‘ba : toy [la‘iba] lubab : essence [lubb] Hin labab, Per lobab borrowed from Ara luban : olibanum [lubna] Ful luban, Hau luban, Per loban, Swa ubani borrowed from Ara lubb : core Sem l-b-b, Akk libbu (heart), Heb lev, Syr leba, JNA libba, Hrs hhelbeb, Amh leb, Tig lebb, Uga lb, Phoen lb, Ebl libbu] lubbada : felt saddle cover; mantle [labada] Hin labada, Per labbade borrowed from Ara lubda : felt [labada] lubia : kidney beans [Syr lubya] Per lubiya, Uzb loviya borrowed from Ara lubna : storax Sem l-b-n] lugha : language, dialect; vocabulary, dictionary [lagha] Aze luget, Ful lunga, Hau lugga, Hin lugat, Ind loghat, Kyr lugat, Per loghat, Swa lugha, Taj lughat, Tur lugat, Uzb lughat borrowed from Ara lughm : a mine [lagham] Per loghm borrowed from Ara lughz : riddle [laghaza] Per loghz borrowed from Ara lukanda : pub from Ita locanda lulu : pearl [Amh lul] Hau luuluu, Per lolo borrowed from Ara luqma : a bit [Mal loqma, JNA luqma] Hin lukma, Per loqme, Tur lokma borrowed from Ara luttf : elegance, grace; friendliness [lattafa] Hin lutf, Per lottf, Tur lutuf borrowed from Ara luzum : necessity [lazima] Aze luzum, Per lozum, Tur luzum borrowed from Ara M ma : what [Sem m-y, Heb ma, Syr ma, JNA ma, Tig mi] Per ma borrowed from Ara ma : not [Mal ma, Soq be (without), Gur bay (no)] Per ma borrowed from Ara ma : water [Sem m-w, Mal ilma, Akk mu, Heb maim, Syr maya, JNA maye, Aram my’, Meh hhemo, Hrs hhemyoh] Ind maa, Per ma borrowed from Ara ma‘a : intestine [Sem m-‘-y, Akk amutu (liver), Heb me‘aim (guts), JNA me’ya, Hrs me’yin, Tig me‘o, Uga mm‘] Per ma‘a borrowed from Ara ma‘a : together with [Mal ma‘] Hin may, Per ma‘a borrowed from Ara ma‘a : flow [?] ma‘ad : return; future [‘ada] Ind maad, Per ma‘ad borrowed from Ara maada : grow [Akk madu (much), Heb meod (very), Uga m’d (be much)] ma‘aka : rub [Sem m-‘-k, Heb ma‘akh (crush)] ma‘amal : laboratory [‘amila] Ind maamal borrowed from Ara ma‘arif : education; enlightening [‘arafa] Aze maarif, Per ma‘aref borrowed from Ara ma‘ash : making a living; pension [‘asha] Aze maas, Per ma‘ash, Tur maas borrowed from Ara ma‘bad : temple [‘abada] Aze mebed, Per ma‘bad, Tur mabet borrowed from Ara ma‘bar : ford [‘abara] Per ma‘bar borrowed from Ara mabda : beginning [bada] Per mabda, Tur mebde borrowed from Ara mabit : accommodation [bata] Per mabit borrowed from Ara mablagh : sum [balagha] Aze mebleg, Per mablagh, Tur meblag, Uzb mablagh borrowed from Ara mabnan : building [bana] Per mabna borrowed from Ara mabsutt : happy [basatta] Per mabsutt borrowed from Ara mab‘uth : delegate [ba‘atha] Per mab‘uth borrowed from Ara machasza : churn Sem m-ch-sz, Akk machassu (smite), Heb machatz (smash), Uga mchss] machfi : secret, hidden; occult; clandestine [chafia] Per machfi, Uzb makhfiy borrowed from Ara machisza : suffer labor pains Sem m-ch-sz, Gez machasza, Tig mehhasse] machluq : created [chalaqa] Hin makhluk, Ind makhluk, Per machluq borrowed from Ara machmal : velvet [chamala] Aze mexmar, Hin makhmal, Per machmal borrowed from Ara machmassa : distress [chamassa] Hin makhmasa, Per machmasse borrowed from Ara machmur : intoxicated [chamara] Hin makhmur, Per machmur borrowed from Ara machraj : exit; denominator [charaja] Aze mexrac, Per machraj borrowed from Ara machrutt : cone [charatta] Per machrutt borrowed from Ara machrutti : cone-shaped [charatta] Hin makhruti, Per machrutti borrowed from Ara machssuss : specific, special [chassa] Aze mexsus, Hin makhsus, Per machssuss, Tat makhsus, Uzb makhsus borrowed from Ara machzan : store [chazana] Hin makhzan, Per machzan, Tur mahzen borrowed from Ara ma‘da : stomach [?] Aze mede, Per me‘de borrowed from Ara madaba : feast, banquet [adaba] Per madabe borrowed from Ara madad : help, assistence, aid [madda] Hin madad, Per madad, Tur medet, Uzb madad borrowed from Ara madahha : praise [?] madam : while [dama] Per madam, Swa maadamu borrowed from Ara madan : space [?] ma‘dan : mine; mineral, metal [ma‘din] Per ma‘dan borrowed from Ara madani : civil; civilized; cultural [dana] Aze medeni, Per madani, Tur medeni, Uzb madaniy borrowed from Ara madania : urbanity, civilization, culture [dana] Kaz medeniyet, Per madaniyat, Tat medeniyat, Tur medeniyet, Uzb madaniyat borrowed from Ara madar : soil, clod Sem m-d-r, Syr medra, Amh meder (earth)] madar : turning, circle, orbit [dara] Per madar, Tur medar borrowed from Ara madchal : entrance [dachala] Per madchal, Tur medhal borrowed from Ara madda : spread, extend; support; help Sem m-d-d, Tig medda] madd : expansion; flood [madda] Per madd borrowed from Ara madda : material, subject; article, item; matter, pus [madda] Aze madde, Hin madda, Per madde, Tur madde, Uzb modda borrowed from Ara maddada : excrete pus [madda] maddada : extend [madda] maddana : found cities [dana] maddi : material (istic) [madda] Aze maddi, Per maddi, Tur maddi, Uzb moddiy borrowed from Ara madfan : tomb [dafana] Per madfan borrowed from Ara madha : what [ma + dha] madhaq : taste [dhaqa] Hin mazak, Per madhaq borrowed from Ara madhbahh : altar [dhabahha] Hin mazbah, Per madhbahh, Swa madhabahu borrowed from Ara madhbahh : slaughterhouse [dhabahha] Per madhbahh, Tur mezbaha borrowed from Ara madh’hab : doctrine; religion, denomination [dhahaba] Per madhhab, Swa madhehebu borrowed from Ara madhira : be rotten (egg) [Heb mamzer (bastard)] madhkur : mentioned [dhakara] Hin mazkur, Ind mazkur, Per madhkur, Tur mezkur, Uzb mazkur borrowed from Ara ma‘dhur : excused [‘adhara] Hin mazur, Per ma‘dhur borrowed from Ara mad’hush : numbed, intoxicated [dahasha] Hin mad’hosh, Per mad’hush borrowed from Ara madia : knife [?] ma‘din : mineral, metal [Sem m-‘-d-n, Amh ma‘edan] Swa madini, Tur maden borrowed from Ara madina : town [dana] Ind madinat, Per madine borrowed from Ara madrasa : school [darasa] Hin madrasa, Ind madrasah, Per madrase, Tur medrese, Uzb madrasa borrowed from Ara madzanna : thought, opinion [dzanna] Per madzanne borrowed from Ara madzhab : way, manner; religion [dzahaba] Hin mazhab borrowed from Ara madzhar : manifestation [dzahara] Per madzhar borrowed from Ara madzlum : oppressed [dzalama] Hin mazlum, Per madzlum borrowed from Ara madznun : thought, suspected [dzanna] Per madznun borrowed from Ara mafhum : understanding [fahama] Aze mefhum, Ind mafhum, Per mafhum borrowed from Ara mafraq : top of head; crossing [faraqa] Per mafraq borrowed from Ara mafssil : joint [fassala] Per mafssel borrowed from Ara maftuhh : open [fatahha] Per maftuhh borrowed from Ara maftun : enthusiastic; charmed, fascinated [fatana] Aze meftun, Per maftun, Uzb maftun borrowed from Ara maghara : cave [ghara] Aze magara, Per maghare, Tur magara borrowed from Ara maghlub : defeated [ghalaba] Aze meglub, Ind maghlub, Per maghlub, Uzb maghlub borrowed from Ara maghmum : sad [ghama] Per maghmum borrowed from Ara maghnattis : magnet [mighnattis] Per maghnattis borrowed from Ara maghrib : west, occident; sunset [ghariba] Hau magariba, Hin magrib, Ind maghrib, Per maghreb, Swa magharibi, Uzb maghrib borrowed from Ara maghrur : deceived; conceited; proud; sublime [gharra] Hin magrur, Per maghrur, Uzb maghrur borrowed from Ara maghsal : laundry; washing site [ghasala] Per maghsal borrowed from Ara maghss : cramps, stomach trouble [Syr masa] Per maghss borrowed from Ara mahada : make flat, smoothen [?] mahala : be slow [?] mahana : serve [?] mahara : be clever, skilled Sem m-h-r, Heb mahir (fast), Syr maher (instruct), Amh temare (learn), temhert (lesson)] mahara : skill, mastery [mahara] Aze meharet, Per maharat, Tur meharet borrowed from Ara mahd : bed, cradle [mahada] Per mahd borrowed from Ara mahdi : leader [hada] Ind mahdi, Per mahdi borrowed from Ara mahha : erase [Sem m-hh-y, Heb macha (strike), Syr mecha, JNA mkhy, Uga mhhy, Phoen mhhy] mahhabba : love, liking [hhabba] Aze mehabbet, Ful muhibba, Hin muhabbat, Kyr makhawat, Per mahhabbat, Tat mekhebbet, Tur muhabbet borrowed from Ara mahhall : place; store; palace [hhalla] Hau muhalli, Hin mahl, Per mahhall, Swa mahali borrowed from Ara mahhalla : quarter, section of town, district, neighborhood [hhalla] Gre mahalas, Hin muhalla, Per mahhalle, Rom mahala, Tat mekhelle, Tur mahalle, Uzb makhalla borrowed from Ara mahhana : try, examine [?] mahhaqa : erase Sem m-hh-q, Heb machaq] mahhassil : revenues [hhassala] Hin mahasil borrowed from Ara mahhasza : be pure, honest [?] mahhatt : stop, station [hhatta] Per mahhatt borrowed from Ara mahhbub : loved, beloved, popular [hhabba] Hin mahbub, Ind mahbub, Per mahhbub borrowed from Ara mahhbus : arrested [hhabasa] Aze mehbus, Per mahhbus, Swa mahabusi, Tur mahbus borrowed from Ara mahhdud : limited [hhadda] Aze mehdud, Hin mahdud, Per mahhdud, Tur mahdut borrowed from Ara mahhdzudz : happy [hhadza] Per mahhdzudz borrowed from Ara mahhfadza : box; wallet; stock exchange [hhafadza] Per mahhfadze borrowed from Ara mahhfil : circle, assembly [hhafala] Hin mahfil, Per mahhfel borrowed from Ara mahhfudz : guarded, protected [hhafidza] Hin mahfuz, Per mahhfudz borrowed from Ara mahhjuz : reserved [hhajaza] mahhkama : court; administrative department [hhakama] Aze mehkeme, Hin mahakma, Ind mahkama, Per mahkame, Tur mahkeme borrowed from Ara mahhkum : governed, subject; convicted [hhakama] Aze mehkum, Hin mahkum, Per mahkum, Tur mahkum borrowed from Ara mahhram : close relative [hharuma] Hin mahram, Per mahhram borrowed from Ara mahhrama : handkerchief [hharuma] mahhrum : bereaved, robbed, deprived [hharama] Aze mehrum, Hin mahrum, Per mahhrum, Tat mekhrum, Tur mahrum borrowed from Ara mahhruq : burnt [hharaqa] Per mahhruq borrowed from Ara mahhssul : revenue; produce, harvest; product, output [hhassala] Aze mehsul, Hin mahsul, Ind mahsul, Per mahhssul, Tur mahsul, Uzb makhsul borrowed from Ara mahhsus : perceivable; perceived [hhasa] Hin mahsus, Per mahhsus borrowed from Ara mahhw : destruction; elimination [mahha] Aze mehv, Per mahhw borrowed from Ara mahhsz : pure, honest [mahhasza] Hin mahz, Per mahhsz borrowed from Ara mahia : quality, nature; essence, core; wage [ma] Per mahiyat, Uzb mokhiyat borrowed from Ara mahir : clever, skilled, skillful, proficient mahara] Hin mahir, Ind mahir, Per maher, Uzb mokhir borrowed from Ara mahr : dower [Akk machiru (price), Heb mechir, Uga mchr] Hin mahr, Per mahr borrowed from Ara mai‘ : liquid [ma‘a] Aze maye, Per maye‘, Tur mayi borrowed from Ara maida : table [from Per] maidan : place, field [?] Aze meydan, Hin maydan, Per meydan, Tat meidan, Tur meydan, Uzb maydon borrowed from Ara mail : inclination, tendency [mala] Aze meyl, Per meil borrowed from Ara mail : inclined, sloping [mala] Aze maili, Hin mayal, Per ma(y)el borrowed from Ara maimun : monkey [?] Alb majmun, Aze meymun, Bul majmuna, Hun majom, Gre maimou, Per meymun, Rom maimuta, Ser majmun, Taj maymun, Tat maimil, Tur maymun, Uzb maymun borrowed from Ara maimun : happy; blessed [yamin] Per meymun borrowed from Ara ma‘isha : way of life [‘asha] Per ma‘ishat, Uzb maishat borrowed from Ara ma‘ishi : vital [‘asha] Uzb maishi borrowed from Ara mait : dead; corpse [mata] Aze meyit, Per mayyet, Swa maiti borrowed from Ara majal : space, region; possibility; right, power [jala] Hin majal, Per majal borrowed from Ara majalla : magazine [jalla] Per majalle borrowed from Ara majana : make jokes [?] majazi : figurative [jaza] Aze mecazi, Hin majazi, Per majazi borrowed from Ara majbur : compelled, obliged, forced [jabara] Aze mecbur, Hin majbur, Per majbur, Tur mecbur, Uzb madzhbur borrowed from Ara majburi : compulsory, obligatory; forced [jabara] Tat medzhburi, Tur mecburi, Uzb madzhburiy borrowed from Ara majburia : obligation, compulsion [jabara] Per majburiyat, Tur mecburiyet, Uzb madzhburiyat borrowed from Ara majdhub : enthusiastic [jadhaba] Ind majzub, Per majdhub borrowed from Ara majhul : unknown [jahila] Aze mechul, Per majhul, Tur mechul borrowed from Ara majjannan : free of charge [majana] Per majjannan borrowed from Ara majla : blister [Sem m-g-l, Syr mugla, Gez megl, Amh megel, Tig megel] majlis : seat; assembly, meeting, council [jalasa] Aze meclis, Hau majalisa, Hin majlis, Per majles, Tur meclis, Uzb madzhlis borrowed from Ara majma‘ : assembly; academy [jama‘a] Hin majma, Per majma‘ borrowed from Ara majmu‘ : all; result, sum; anthology [jama‘a] Ind majmuk, Per majmu‘, Tur mecmu borrowed from Ara majmu‘a : collected; collection [jama‘a] Aze mecmue, Hin majmua, Per majmu‘e, Tur mecmua borrowed from Ara majnun : crazy, mad [janna] Hau majanuni, Hin majnun, Ind majnun, Per majnun borrowed from Ara majran : stream [jara] Per majra borrowed from Ara majruhh : wounded [jarahha] Hin majruh, Per majruhh borrowed from Ara ma‘jun : paste; mix containing hemp or opium [‘ajana] Hin majun, Per ma‘jun borrowed from Ara majus : magician, astrologer [from Per] Ind majusi, Per majus, Swa majusi borrowed from Ara makan : place; habitation [kana] Hin makan, Per makan, Tur mekan, Uzb makon borrowed from Ara makara : deceive [?] makina : machine [from Ita macchina] Aze makine, Tur makina borrowed from Ara makir : deceitful, cunning [makara] Hau makiri, Per maker borrowed from Ara makkana : empower, make suitable [makuna] makkar : deceitful, cunning [makara] Hin makkar, Per makkar borrowed from Ara makr : deceit, trickiness [makara] Hin makr, Per makr borrowed from Ara makruh : detestable, offensive [kariha] Per makruh, Swa makuruhi, Tur mekruh borrowed from Ara maks : tax [Akk miksu, Heb mekhess (duty)] maksab : earning, profit [kasaba] Per maksab borrowed from Ara makshuf : open, unveiled [kashafa] Per makshuf borrowed from Ara maksur : broken [kasara] Per maksur borrowed from Ara maktab : school, college [kataba] Aze mekteb, Hin maktab, Ind maktab, Kaz mektep, Kyr mektep, Per maktab, Taj maktab, Tat mektep, Tur mektep, Uzb makhtab borrowed from Ara maktaba : bookshop, library [kataba] Swa maktaba borrowed from Ara maktub : letter [kataba] Aze mektub, Per maktub, Tur mektup, Uzb maktub borrowed from Ara makul : eatable; food [akala] Per makul, Swa maakuli borrowed from Ara makula : nutriments [akala] Per makulat, Tur mekulat borrowed from Ara makuna : have power [?] mal : goods, assets, property, livestock [mauwala] Aze mal, Hin mal, Kyr mal, Per mal, Swa mali, Tur mal, Uzb mol borrowed from Ara mala : incline, be friendly [cp. Cushitic mol (brother, friend)] mala : fill [Mal mimli (full), Akk malu, Heb male, Syr mela, JNA milya, Amh mulu, Uga mlu, Phoen ml’ (fill)] mala : fullness; heap [mala] Per mala borrowed from Ara mal‘ab : playing field [la‘iba] Per mal‘ab borrowed from Ara malacha : pull out [Sem m-l-ch, Uga mlhh (drawn)] ma‘laf : manger [‘alafa] Per ma‘laf borrowed from Ara malahha : be salty [Sem m-l-hh, Mal melh (salt), Heb melach, Syr melcha, JNA milkha, Uga mlhht] malaika : angels [laka] Hau malaika, Per malaeke, Swa malaika borrowed from Ara malaja : suck [Sem m-l-g, Amh meleggege] malak : angel [laka] Aze melek, Ind malak, Per malak, Tur melek borrowed from Ara malaka : possess [Akk malku (king), Heb melekh, Syr malka, JNA malka, BAram malka, Sab mlk, Uga mlk, Phoen mlk, Ebl malik] Hau mallaka, Swa miliki borrowed from Ara malaka : angel [laka] Ind malekat borrowed from Ara malaka : ability, talent; habit, qualification [malaka] Per malake, Uzb malaka borrowed from Ara malal : dejection, depression; anxiety, difficulty [malla] Hin malal, Per malal, Uzb malol borrowed from Ara ma‘lam : mark; licence plate [‘alima] Per ma‘lam borrowed from Ara malama : reproach, rebuke [lama] Hin malamat, Per malamat borrowed from Ara malbas : dress [labisa] Per malbas borrowed from Ara malfuf : wrapped [laffa] Per malfuf borrowed from Ara malhhama : slaughter [talahhama] Per malhhame borrowed from Ara mali : financial [mauwala] Hin mali, Per mali, Tur mali borrowed from Ara malia : finances, taxes, revenues [mauwala] Aze maliyye, Per maliyyat, Tur maliye, Uzb moliya borrowed from Ara malihh : salty; elegant, pretty [malahha] Per malihh borrowed from Ara malik : king [malaka] Hin malik, Ind malik, Per malek, Tur melik borrowed from Ara malik : owner [malaka] Aze malik, Hin malik, Per malek, Tur malik borrowed from Ara malika : queen [malaka] Hin malka, Per maleke, Swa malkia, Tur melike borrowed from Ara malisa : be smooth [?] malla : be tired, depressed [?] mallahh : seaman [Akk malahu, from Sum malah] Hin mallah, Per mallahh borrowed from Ara malul : depressed, sad [malla] Hin malul, Per malul borrowed from Ara ma‘lum : known; certain, definite [‘alima] Aze melum, Hin malum, Ind maklum, Per ma‘lum, Tur malum, Uzb ma‘lum borrowed from Ara ma‘luma : knowledge, information; cognition [‘alima] Aze melumat, Ind maalumat, maklumat, Per ma‘lumat, Uzb ma‘lumot borrowed from Ara ma‘mal : factory; laboratory [‘amila] Ind maamal, makmal, Per ma‘mal borrowed from Ara mamarr : corridor [marra] Per mamarr borrowed from Ara mamlahha : saline [malahha] Tur memleha borrowed from Ara mamlaka : realm, kingdom; nation, country; state [malaka] Ind mamlakat, Kaz memleket, Kyr mamleket, Per mamlakat, Swa mamlaka, Taj mamlakat, Tur memleket, Uzb mamlakat borrowed from Ara mamnu‘ : forbidden [mana‘a] Per mamnu‘, Tur memnu borrowed from Ara mamnun : grateful; satisfied, pleased, content; glad [manna] Aze memnun, Hin mamnun, Per mamnun, Uzb mamnun borrowed from Ara ma‘mudia : baptism [‘ammada] Per ma‘mudiyat borrowed from Ara ma‘mul : customary [‘amila] Hin mamul, Per ma‘mul borrowed from Ara ma‘mur : inhabited; blooming [‘amura] Hin mamur, Ind makmur, Per ma‘mur borrowed from Ara man : who [Sem m-y, Mal min, Akk mannu, Heb mi, Syr man, JNA man, Hrs mon, Amh man, Tig men, Uga mn] Per man borrowed from Ara man‘ : prohibition [mana‘a] Hin mana, Per man‘, Uzb man borrowed from Ara mana : assign, provide, supply [Akk manu (count, assign), Heb mana, Aram mena, Uga mut (enumeration)] mana‘a : forbid, stop [Sem m-n-‘, Heb mana‘ (prevent, restrain), Aram mena‘] manafi‘ : profits [nafa‘a] Hin munafa borrowed from Ara manahha : give, spend [Sem m-n-hh, Heb mincha (tribute), Uga mnhh (give a gift)] ma‘nan : sense, meaning; purport, significance [‘ana] Aze mena, Ful mana, Hau maana, Hin mane, Ind makna, Per ma‘na, Swa maana, Tur mana, Uzb ma‘no borrowed from Ara manar : minaret; lighthouse [nara] Hin minar borrowed from Ara manara : tower [nara] Aze minare, Ful minaru, Gre minares, Hin minar, Hun minaret, Kyr munara, Per manare, Swa mnara, Tat manara, Tur minare borrowed from Ara ma‘nawi : ideal, moral; spiritual; ghostly [‘ana] Aze menevi, Ind maknawi, Per ma‘nawi, Uzb ma‘naviy borrowed from Ara manchar : nostril [nachara] Per manchar borrowed from Ara manba‘ : spring, fountain; source [naba‘a] Aze menbe, Per manba‘, Tur memba, Uzb manba borrowed from Ara mandhur : promised; agreed [nadhara] Hin manzur, Per mandhur borrowed from Ara mandil : kerchief [from Late Lat mantellum] Per mandil, Tur mindil borrowed from Ara mandub : representative [nadaba] mandzar : look, sight, view [nadzara] Hin manzar, Per mandzar, Swa mandhari borrowed from Ara mandzara : look, vista, view, panorama [nadzara] Per mandzare, Tur manzara, Uzb manzara borrowed from Ara manfa‘a : profit, good [nafa‘a] Aze menfeet, Ind manfaat, Per manfa‘at, Uzb manfaat borrowed from Ara manfan : exile [nafa] Per manfa borrowed from Ara manfi : negative [nafa] Aze menfi, Per manfi borrowed from Ara manhhus : ill-omened [nahhusa] Hin manhus, Per manhhus borrowed from Ara mani : semen [amnawa] Ful mani, Hau mani, Per mani borrowed from Ara mani‘ : obstacle [mana‘a] Aze manee, Per mane‘, Tur mani borrowed from Ara manja : mango [from Tamil man-kay] manjala : vise [from Gre manganon] manna : be good, show mercy [?] manna : make desire [?] mansub : related; appointed [nasaba] Hin mansub, Per mansub borrowed from Ara mansuch : cancelled [nasacha] Hin mansukh, Ind mansukh, Per mansuch borrowed from Ara manttaqa : zone [nattaqa] Per manttaqe borrowed from Ara manttiq : logic [nattaqa] Aze mentiq, Ind mantik, Per mantteq, Tur mantik, Uzb mantiq borrowed from Ara manttiqi : logical [manttiq] Per mantteqi, Uzb mantiqiy borrowed from Ara manzil : halting place, apartment; camp; stage, state of life [nazala] Aze menzil, Hin manzil, Ind manzil, Per manzel, Swa manzili, Taj manzil, Tur menzil, Uzb manzil borrowed from Ara maq‘ad : seat [qa‘ada] Per maq‘ad borrowed from Ara maqal : word, speech [qala] Per maqal, Uzb maqal borrowed from Ara maqala : artice [qala] Aze meqale, Ind makalah, Per maqale, Swa makala, Tat mekale, Uzb maqala borrowed from Ara maqam : place, status, rank [qama] Hau makami, Per maqam borrowed from Ara maqarr : seat; place [qarra] Per maqarr borrowed from Ara maqas : measure; size [qasa] maqass : scissors [qassa] Ful mekes, Ser makaze, Swa mkasi, Tur makas borrowed from Ara maqbara : tomb; cemetery [qabara] Hin makbara, Per maqbare, Uzb maqbara borrowed from Ara maqbisz : grip, handle [qabasza] maqbul : accepted, agreed, approved [qabila] Hin makbul, Ind makbul, Per maqbul, Tur makbul borrowed from Ara maqdis : sanctum [qadusa] Per maqdes borrowed from Ara maqdur : capacity, power [qadara] Hin makdur, Per maqdur borrowed from Ara maqhan : coffee-house [qahwa] maqrusz : indebted [qarasza] Hin makruz, Per maqrusz borrowed from Ara maqssad : aim, goal, intention; idea, purpose [qassada] Aze meqsed, Hau makasudi, Hin maksad, Kyr maksat, Per maqssad, Tat maksat, Tur maksat, Uzb maqsad borrowed from Ara maqssaf : canteen [qassafa] maqssud : intended; intent [qassada] Hin maksud, Ind maksud, Per maqssud borrowed from Ara maqssura : department [qassura] maqsum : divided [qasama] Hin maksum, Per maqsum borrowed from Ara maqtul : murdered [qatala] Per maqtul, Tur maktul borrowed from Ara ma‘qul : reasonable, appropriate [‘aqila] Hin makul, Per ma‘qul borrowed from Ara ma‘qulia : reasonableness, appropriateness [‘aqila] Hin makuliyat, Per ma‘quliyat borrowed from Ara mar : man; lord [Mal mara (lady), Akk maru (son), Heb mar (mister), Syr mara (man), JNA mara (master)] Per mar borrowed from Ara maracha : smear [Heb marach] marada : rebel Sem m-r-d, Heb marad, Syr merad] ma‘raka : battlefield; battle [‘araka] Hin marka, Per ma‘reke borrowed from Ara maramma : repair [ramma] Hin marammat, Per marammat borrowed from Ara marana : be flexible [?] maraq : sauce [Sem m-r-q, Mal meraq, Heb maraq (broth), JNA maraqa, Amh mereq] Per maraq borrowed from Ara marara : bile, bitterness [marra] Per mararat borrowed from Ara marasim : custom, rite; ceremony [rasama] Aze merasim, Per marasem, Uzb marosim borrowed from Ara marasz : disease, illness [marisza] Hin maraz, Per marasz, Swa maradhi borrowed from Ara maratib : steps, grades; storeys [rataba] Hin maratib, Per marateb borrowed from Ara maratta : pluck Sem m-r-tt, Heb maratt, Syr meratt (despoil)] mardaqush : marjoram from Per marzangush marfa : port [?] marham : ointment [?] Alb melhem, Bul mehlem, Per marham, Ser melem, Swa marhamu, Tur melhem borrowed from Ara marhhaban : welcome [rahhiba] Per marhhaba borrowed from Ara marhhala : stop, stage (of a trip) [rahhala] Hin marhala, Per marhhale borrowed from Ara marhhama : compassion, grace, mercy; welcome [rahhima] Aze merhamet, Per marhhamat, Taj marhamat, Tat merkhemet, Tur merhamet, Uzb markhamat borrowed from Ara marhhum : deceased [rahhima] Hin marhum, Ind marhum, Per marhhum, Swa marehemu, Tur merhum borrowed from Ara marasa : practice [?] marasa : cable [?] maratta : pluck [Syr meratt (despoil)] ma‘rasz : exposition [‘arasza] Per ma‘rasz borrowed from Ara marfu‘ : elevated [rafa‘a] Per marfu‘ borrowed from Ara ma‘rifa : knowledge; education, formation [‘arifa] Hin marfat, Per ma‘rifat, Uzb ma‘rifat borrowed from Ara marin : flexible [marana] maris : March [from Lat martius] marisz : ill [marisza] Hin mariz, Per marisz borrowed from Ara marisza : be ill [Sem m-r-ss, Mal marid (ill), Akk marassu, Syr mera‘, JNA mr’ (feel pain), Meh meresz (illness), Hrs meresz (be ill), Uga mrss] marj : meadow [Syr marga] Per marj borrowed from Ara marjan : pearl, coral [from Gre margaron] Per marjan, Swa marijani borrowed from Ara markab : ship [rakiba] Per markab borrowed from Ara markaz : center, focus [rakaza] Aze merkez, Hin markaz, Per markaz, Taj markaz, Tur merkez, Uzb markaz borrowed from Ara markazi : central, focal [markaz] Per markazi, Uzb markaziy borrowed from Ara marqad : sleeping place [raqada] Per marqad borrowed from Ara marqass : dancing [raqassa] marr : spade [Akk marru, JNA marra] marra : be bitter [Sem m-r-r, Mal morr (bitter), Akk mararu (be bitter), Heb mar (bitter), Syr marira, JNA marira, Hrs mer, Amh merara, Tig meraret (bile), Uga mr (bitter)] marra : pass [Mal mar (go), Uga mrr (chase), Amh merra (lead)] marra : time, occasion [marra] Per marre borrowed from Ara marrana : exercise [Heb timeron (maneuver)] marsan : port, anchorage [rasa] Per marsa borrowed from Ara marssad : observatory [rassada] Per marssad borrowed from Ara marsz : disease [marisza] Hin marz borrowed from Ara marszin : pleasing, satisfactory [raszia] Hin marzi, Per marszi borrowed from Ara martaba : step, rank, grade; level, floor; time [rataba] Aze mertebe, Hin martaba, Per martabe, Tur mertebe borrowed from Ara marthia : dirge [ratha] Hin marsiya, Per marthiye borrowed from Ara ma‘ruf : known; glorious [‘arifa] Hin maruf, Ind makruf, Per ma‘ruf, Swa maarufu, Uzb ma‘ruf borrowed from Ara marzuban : marquis [from Per] masa : evening [ams] Per masa borrowed from Ara masa : touch, feel Sem m-s-s, Mal mess, Heb mishesh] masafa : distance [sawafa] Aze mesafe, Per masafat, Tur mesafe borrowed from Ara masahha : wipe [Sem m-s-hh, Heb mashach, Syr meshach, JNA mshkh, mishkha (oil, butter), BAram mshch, Sab ms’hh (anoint), Uga msh’hh (smear)] masaka : hold, seize Sem m-s-k, Uga mthk] masala : question, problem; puzzle [saala] Aze mesele, Ful masala, Hau matsala, Hin masla, Ind masalah, Per masale, Tat mesele, Tur mesele, Uzb masala borrowed from Ara maschara : joker, clown; gibe, jeer, scorn; masquerade [sachira] Hin maskhara, Per maschare, Uzb maskhara borrowed from Ara masdud : barred; restricted [sadda] Per masdud borrowed from Ara mash : vetch, pulse [from Per] masha : go, walk [Mal mexa] mashahha : rub in, anoint [masahha] mash‘al : torch [sha‘ala] Hin mashal, Per mash‘al, Uzb mash‘al borrowed from Ara mashaqqa : toil, difficulty; torment [shaqqa] Hin mashakkat, Ind masyakat, Per mashaqqat, Uzb mashaqqat borrowed from Ara mashghala : work, business [shaghala] Aze mesgele, Per mashghale, Tur mesgale, Uzb mashghulot borrowed from Ara mashghul : occupied, busy; intent [shaghala] Aze mesgul, Hin mashgul, Per mashghul, Tur mesgul, Uzb mashghul borrowed from Ara mash’had : scene; site of burial [shahida] Per mash’had borrowed from Ara mas’hhuq : crushed; powder [sahhaqa] Per mas’hhuq borrowed from Ara mash’hur : famous, renowned; famed, known [shahara] Aze meshur, Hau mashahuri, Hin mash’hur, Ind masyhur, Per mash’hur, Swa mashuhuri, Uzb mashkhur borrowed from Ara mashi : walking; guideline [masha] Per mashi borrowed from Ara mashia : cattle [masha] mashkuk : doubtful [shakka] Hin mashkuk, Per mashkuk borrowed from Ara mashq : practice; exercise, drill; sample, copy [?] Hin mashk, Per mashq, Uzb mashq borrowed from Ara mashquq : burst [shaqqa] mashriq : east [sharaqa] Hin mashrik, Ind masyrik, Per mashreq, Swa mashariki borrowed from Ara mashru‘ : legitimate; striped cloth [shara‘a] Hin mashru, Per mashru‘ borrowed from Ara mashrub : drink [sharaba] Per mashrub, Tur mesrup borrowed from Ara mashruba : drinks [sharaba] Per mashrubat, Tur mesrubat borrowed from Ara ma‘shuq : beloved [‘ashiqa] Hin mashuk, Ind maksyuk, Per ma‘shuq borrowed from Ara ma‘shuqia : loveliness [‘ashiqa] Hin mashukiyat, Per ma‘shuqiyat borrowed from Ara mashwara : consultation; advice [shauwara] Hin mashvira, Ind musyawarat, Per mashwarat borrowed from Ara mashwi : roasted [shawa] masihh : anointed one [masahha] Ful almasihu, Hin masih, Ind masah, Per masihh borrowed from Ara masihhi : Christian [masahha] Hin masihi, Per masihhi borrowed from Ara masir : route [sara] Per masir borrowed from Ara masjid : mosque [sajada] Hin masjid, Ind masjid, Per masjed, Swa msikiti, Taj masjid, Tur mescit, Uzb masdzhid borrowed from Ara maskan : dwelling [sakana] Per maskan, Swa maskani, Tur mesken borrowed from Ara masmaka : fishmonger [samak] masnad : prop; cushion [sanada] Hin masnad, Per masnad borrowed from Ara masnun : cut [sanna] masrahh : grazing field; stage; theater [ssarihha] masrahhia : theater piece [ssarihha] masrur : glad [sarra] Per masrur borrowed from Ara mass : suction [massa] Per massa borrowed from Ara mass’hhaf : book [ssahhafa] Per masshhaf, Swa msahafu borrowed from Ara massa : suck Sem m-ss, Heb matzatz, JNA myss, Uga mss] mass‘ad : ascension [ssa‘ida] Per mass‘ad borrowed from Ara massaff : position; phalanx; line, row [ssaffa] Per massaf, Swa msafa borrowed from Ara massahh : health spa [ssahha] massahha : sanatorium [ssahha] massala : get sour (milk) [?] massalahh : benefit; ingredient, material [ssalahha] Hin masalah, Per massalehh borrowed from Ara massalla : prayer rug [ssalla] Hin musalla, Ind masala, Per massalla borrowed from Ara massara : build, settle [Heb Mitzraim (Egypt), Uga mssrm] massarif : expenses [ssarafa] Per massaref borrowed from Ara massdar : source [ssadara] Per massdar borrowed from Ara massfan : refinery [ssafa] massir : intestine [?] massl : whey; serum [massala] masslahha : benefit, interest; advice, recommendation; consultation; reconcilation [ssalahha] Aze meslahet, Hin maslahat, Per masslahhat, Swa masilahi, Taj maslihat, Uzb maslakhat borrowed from Ara massna‘ : factory; facility [ssana‘a] Per massna‘ borrowed from Ara Massr : Egypt [Missr] Ind Masir, Per Messr borrowed from Ara massraf : use, purpose; cost, expense [ssarafa] Hin masraf, Per massraf, Swa masurufu borrowed from Ara massrif : bank [ssarafa] massruf : engaged, used, occupied [ssarafa] Hin masruf, Per massruf borrowed from Ara ma‘ssum : protected; innocent [‘assama] Hin masum, Per ma‘ssum borrowed from Ara massza : bur, ache [?] mastur : hidden [from Gre mysterion] Ind mastur, Per mastur, Tur mestir borrowed from Ara masul : responsible [saala] Aze mesul, Per masul, Tur mesul, Uzb masul borrowed from Ara masulia : responsibility [saala] Per masuliyat, Tur mesuliyet, Uzb masuliyat borrowed from Ara masza : carry on, pass [?] maszagha : chew [?] maszara : get sour (milk) [massala] maszarra : harm, damage [szarra] Hin mazarrat, Per maszarrat, Swa madhara borrowed from Ara maszbutt : strong, secured; firm, reliable [szabatta] Hin mazbut, Per maszbutt, Swa madhubuti borrowed from Ara maszin : past [masza] Hin mazi, Per maszi borrowed from Ara maszmun : warranted; sense, content, intent [szamina] Hin mazmun, Per maszmun, Swa madhumuni borrowed from Ara mat : dead; defeated [mata] Hin mat, Ind mat, Per mat borrowed from Ara mata : die [Sem m-w-t, Akk matu, Mal miet, Heb met, Syr mith, JNA myth, Aram mwt, Hrs mot, Amh mote, Tig mote, Uga mwt] mata : when [LiAr aimta, Mal meta, Akk mati, Heb matai, Amh metshe, Uga mat (what)] mata‘a : carry off [?] mata‘a : make enjoy [?] mata‘ib : complaints; troubles [ta‘iba] matam : mourning, mournful [?] Aze matem, Hin matam, Per matam, Tat matem, Tur matem, Uzb motam borrowed from Ara mathal : example; saying, proverb, parable, fable [mathala] Aze misal, Ful misalu, Hau misali, Hin masal, Kyr misal, Swa mithali, Per mathal, methal, Tat misal, Tur masal, Uzb masal borrowed from Ara mathala : compare [Sem m-th-l, Akk mashalu (be equal), Heb mashal (example), JNA mathala, Amh mesale, mesele (look like)] Tur masal borrowed from Ara mathalan : for example [mathala] Hin maslan, Per mathalan, Uzb masalan borrowed from Ara mathana : bladder [Akk shanu (urinate), Heb shin, Gez shena, Amh shenne, Tig shena, Uga tyn] mat’hhaf : museum [?] mathnawi : couplets, poems [thana] Hin masnavi, Per mathnawi borrowed from Ara mathni : doubled (up) [thana] matin : firm [matuna] Per matin borrowed from Ara matjar : trading; shop [tajara] Per matjar borrowed from Ara matn : back [Sem m-t-n, Akk matnu (sinew), Heb moten (loins), Hrs motn (flesh of back), Uga mtn (sinew), Ebl matnu (hip)] Per matn borrowed from Ara matruk : abandoned, obsolete [taraka] Per matruk, Tur metruk borrowed from Ara matta : pull, stretch [Sem m-tt-tt, Hrs mett] mattala : hammer out [Heb mettil (bar)] matt‘am : restaurant, inn [tta‘ama] mattar : rain [Sem m-tt-r, Heb mattar, Syr methra, JNA mittra, Uga mttr] Per mattar borrowed from Ara mattar : airport [ttara] mattatt : elastic [matta] mattba‘a : printing house [ttaba‘a] Hau madabaa, Hin matba, Per mattba‘e, Tur matbaa borrowed from Ara mattbach : kitchen [ttabacha] Aze metbex, Per mattbach borrowed from Ara mattbu‘a : press, printed matter; seal [ttaba‘a] Aze metbuat, Hin matbua, Per mattbu‘at, Tat metbugat, Tur matbua(t), Uzb matbuot borrowed from Ara matthala : perform [mathala] matt’hhun : ground [ttahhana] Per matt’hhun borrowed from Ara mattia : tool; pack animal [Heb matte (staff), Tig mett (beat), Uga mtt (staff), Ebl mattiu] Per mattiyat borrowed from Ara mattlab : object, intention, meaning [ttalaba] Hin matlab, Per mattlab borrowed from Ara mattlub : desired, sought [ttalaba] Per mattlub borrowed from Ara matuna : be firm [matn] mauhiba : gift [wahaba] Ind muhabbat, Per mouhebat borrowed from Ara mauhuma : phantasy; superstition [wahama] Aze movhumat, Per mouhumat borrowed from Ara mau‘id : term [wa‘ada] Per mou‘ed borrowed from Ara mauj : wave [Sem m-w-g, Mal mewga; cp. Amh moged] Hin mauj, Per mauj borrowed from Ara maujud : existing, present, actual [wajada] Aze movcud, Hin maujud, Ind maujud, Per moujud, Tur mevcut, Uzb mavdzhud borrowed from Ara maujudia : existence [wajada] Per moujudiyat, Tur mevcudiyet borrowed from Ara maulan : master, leader; mullah [walia] Hin maula, Per moula borrowed from Ara maulana : our master [walia] Per moulana, Swa maulana borrowed from Ara maulawi : dervish; learned man [walia] Hin maulvi, Per moulawi borrowed from Ara maulid : birthday [walada] Tur mevlit borrowed from Ara maulud : birthday [walada] Ind maulud, Per moulud, Tur mevlut borrowed from Ara maulud : born, newborn [walada] Hin maulud, Per moulud borrowed from Ara ma‘una : help [‘awana] Per ma‘unat borrowed from Ara mauqi‘ : site, position; incident; opportunity [waqa‘a] Aze movqe, Hin mauka, Per mouqe‘, Tur mevki borrowed from Ara mauqif : stop; station [waqafa] Per mouqef borrowed from Ara mauquf : stopped; arrested [waqafa] Hin maukuf, Per mouquf, Tur mevkuf borrowed from Ara maurid : case; object; resource; situation, moment, time [warada] Per moured, Uzb mavrid borrowed from Ara mauruth : inherited [waritha] Hin maurus, Per mouruth borrowed from Ara mausim : season [wasama] Aze movsum, Hin mausam, Ind musim, Per mousem, Swa msimu, Tur mevsim, Uzb mavsum borrowed from Ara mausum : named [samma] Hin mausum, Per mousum borrowed from Ara mauszi‘ : place, point; position; small town [wasza‘a] Hin mauza, Per mousze‘ borrowed from Ara mauszu‘ : placed; theme, topic, subjrct [wasza‘a] Aze movzu, Hin mauzun, Per mouszu‘, Tur mevzu, Uzb mavzu‘ borrowed from Ara maut : death [mata] Hin maut, Per mout, Swa mauti borrowed from Ara mauttin : homeland [wattana] Per mouttan borrowed from Ara mauwala : finance [JNA mal (assets), Meh mol (riches), Hrs melet (dowry), Soq mal (riches)] mauz : banana [from Skt mauca] Ind mauz, Per mouz, Tur muz borrowed from Ara mawadd : pus, matter [madda] Hin mavad, Per mawadd borrowed from Ara mawadda : love [wadda] Per mawaddat borrowed from Ara mawajib : sums due [wajaba] Hin mavajib, Per mawajeb borrowed from Ara mawashi : domestic animals, cattle [masha] Hin maveshi, Per mawashi borrowed from Ara mawi : watery; blue [ma] Aze mavi, Gre mabys, Tur mavi borrowed from Ara mayu : May [from Lat maius] mayyit : dead [mata] Per mayyet borrowed from Ara maza : separate; award [?] mazahha : joke [?] mazaja : blend [Sem m-z-g, Heb mizzeg, Syr mezag, Uga msk] mazaqa : tear apart [?] mazar : tomb, pilgrims' destination; cemetery, graveyard [zara] Hin mazar, Per mazar, Uzb mozor borrowed from Ara mazharia : vase [zahara] mazhh : fun, banter, joke [mazahha] Uzb mazah borrowed from Ara mazia : advantage; privilege [?] mazid : completed; more [zada] Per mazid borrowed from Ara mazra‘a : sowing field [zara‘a] Per mazra‘e borrowed from Ara mazut : fuel [from Rus] mia : hundred [Mal mija, Akk meatu, Heb mea, Syr maa, JNA imma, Amh meto, Uga mit, Phoen m’t] Swa mia borrowed from Ara mi‘ad : term, period [wa‘ada] Hin miyad, Per mi‘ad borrowed from Ara mi‘an : innards, guts [ma‘a] michadda : pillow [?] Per mechadde, Spa almohada borrowed from Ara mida : measure [Sem m-d-d, Akk madadu, Heb madad, mida, Phoen mdd, mdt] mi‘da : stomach [?] Per me‘de borrowed from Ara midad : ink, oil; pencil [?] Per medad borrowed from Ara midhwad : manger [Sem d-w-d, Akk dudu (vessel, cauldron), Heb dud, Syr duda, Uga dd] miftahh : key [fatahha] Per meftahh borrowed from Ara mighnattis : magnet [from Gre magnetos] Hin miknatis borrowed from Ara mighzal : spindle [ghazala] Per meghzal borrowed from Ara mihhna : trial; punishment, torture; toil, labor, work, employment; hell [mahhana] Hin mehnat, Per mehhnat, Tat mikhnet, Tur mihnet, Uzb mekhnat borrowed from Ara mihhrab : sanctuary [hhariba] Per mehhrab, Tur mihrep borrowed from Ara mihhwar : rolling-pin; axis [hhara] Per mehhwar borrowed from Ara mijann : shield [junna] Per mejann borrowed from Ara mil : mile [from Lat mille] milad : birth [walada] Per milad, Tur milat, Uzb milod borrowed from Ara milahha : navigation [mallahh] Per melahhat borrowed from Ara mil‘aqa : ladle, spoon [la‘iqa] Per mel‘aqe borrowed from Ara milatt : plaster [Sem l-tt, Heb melett (cement)] Per melatt borrowed from Ara milhh : salt [malahha] Per melhh borrowed from Ara miliar : ten million [from Fre milliard] miliun : million [from Fre million] milk : possession [malaka] Hin milk, Per melk borrowed from Ara milkia : property [malaka] Aze mulkiyyet, Hin milkiyat, Per melkiyat, Tur mulkiyet borrowed from Ara milla : nation, nationality [Heb mila (word), Syr malel (speak), meltha (word), JNA millita (nation)] Aze millet, Hin millat, Per mellat, Tat millet, Tur millet, Uzb millat borrowed from Ara milli : national [milla] Per melli, Tat milli, Tur milli, Uzb milliy borrowed from Ara millia : nationality [milla] Per melliyat, Tat millete, Tur milliyet borrowed from Ara mim : the letter m [Sem m-w, Heb mem] Per mim borrowed from Ara mi‘mar : architect [‘amara] Aze memar, Per me‘mar, Tur mimar, Uzb me‘mor borrowed from Ara min : from [Mal minn, Heb min, Syr men, JNA min, BAram min, Aram mn, Phoen mn] Per men borrowed from Ara mina : port [?] minara : tower [nara] Tur minare, Swa mnara, Uzb minora borrowed from Ara minassa : stage, grand-stand [nassa] Per manasse borrowed from Ara minbar : pulpit, platform; tribune, stand [nabara] Ful mimbar, Per menbar, Swa mimbari, Tur mimber, Uzb minbar borrowed from Ara mindil : kerchief [mandil] Tur mindil borrowed from Ara minfach : bellows [nafacha] Per menfach borrowed from Ara minhaj : method [nahaja] Hau manhaja, Per menhaj borrowed from Ara minjal : sickle [Akk niggallu, from Sum nigalla] minna : kindness; gratitude, entreaty [manna] Hin minnat, Per mennat, Taj minnat, Tur minnet, Uzb minnat borrowed from Ara minqar : beak [naqara] Per menqar borrowed from Ara minshafa : towel; handkerchief [nashafa] minshar : saw [nashara] Per menshar borrowed from Ara minszada : table [naszada] minttaqa : zone [nattaqa] Tur mintaka borrowed from Ara miqdar : measure, amount, quantity [qadara] Aze miqdar, Hin mikdar, Per meqdar borrowed from Ara miqdhaf : oar [qadafa] miqla‘ : sling [qala‘a] miqrasz : pincers; scissors [qarasza] Per meqrasz borrowed from Ara miqyas : scale; measuring instrument [qasa] Per meqyas borrowed from Ara mira : mirror [ra] miraran : passingly, temporarily [marra] mirath : inheritance; heritage, legacy [waritha] Hin miras, Kyr muras, Per mirath, Tat miras, Tur miras, Uzb meros borrowed from Ara mirfa‘ : jack, hoist [rafa‘a] mirfaq : elbow [irtafaqa] Per merfaq borrowed from Ara mirhhasz : washroom [rahhasza] mirra : bile [marra] Mirrich : Mars [?] Ful Mirriha, Ind Marikh, Per Merrich, Tur Merih borrowed from Ara mirsa : anchor [rasa] Per mersat borrowed from Ara mirssad : observation point; telescope [rassada] Per merssad borrowed from Ara mirwahha : fan [rahha] misafir : guest [safara] Tur misafir borrowed from Ara misahha : surface [masahha] misalla : needle [Akk ssillu (thorn)] misann : grindstone [sanna] Per mesann borrowed from Ara mishmish : apricot [Heb mishmesh] miskin : wretched [Sem sh-k-n, Akk mushkenu, Heb missken, Syr meskina, JNA miskena, Amh meskin] Ful miskin, Hau miskini, Hin miskin, Ind miskin, Per meskin, Swa maskini, Tat mesken, Tur miskin borrowed from Ara mismar : nail [sammara] Aze mismar, Per mesmar, Swa msumari borrowed from Ara miss‘ad : lift [ssa‘ida] mi‘ssam : knuckle [?] Per me‘ssam borrowed from Ara missbahh : lantern [ssabuhha] Ind misbah, Per messbahh borrowed from Ara missdam : bumper [ssadama] miss’har : melting fuse [ssahara] Missr : Egypt [massara] Ful Misra, Hau Masar, Hin Misr, Swa Misri, Tur Misir, Uzb Misr borrowed from Ara misttar : line; liner [sattara] Per mesttar borrowed from Ara miszaccha : pump [szaccha] miszrab : bat; plectrum [szaraba] Hin mizrab, Per meszrab borrowed from Ara mithal : example [mathala] Hin misal, Ind misal, Per methal, Tur misal borrowed from Ara mithaq : treaty [wathiqa] Per mithaq borrowed from Ara mithlama : the same way [mathala + ma] mitr : meter [from Eng meter] mi‘ttaf : cloak [‘attafa] mitt’hhana : mill [ttahhana] mizab : eaves [from Per miz-ab] mizaj : mixture; temperament [mazaja] Hin mizaj, Per mazaj, Tur mizac borrowed from Ara mizan : scales [wazana] Hin mizan, Per mizan, Mal mizana, Swa mizani borrowed from Ara mizar : cloak [azara] mizmar : flute [zamara] Per mezmar borrowed from Ara mu‘abbad : paved [‘abbada] muacchar : later [acchara] Per moacchar, Tur muahhar borrowed from Ara mu‘adda : equipment [‘adda] muaddib : teacher [aduba] Per moaddeb borrowed from Ara muaddhin : caller [adhina] Alb myezin, Hin muazzan, Per moaddhen, Tur muezzin borrowed from Ara mu‘adil : equal; moderate [‘adala] Per mo‘adel borrowed from Ara mu‘af : free, liberated; forgiven [‘afa] Hin muaf, Per mo‘af, Tur muaf borrowed from Ara mu‘afa : exemption [‘afa] mu‘afan : forgiven; exempt [‘afa] Hin maf borrowed from Ara mu‘afia : release [‘afa] Per mo‘afiyat, Tur muafiyet borrowed from Ara mu‘ahada : promise; agreement [‘ahada] Hin muahida, Per mo‘ahade borrowed from Ara muajjir : tenant [ajara] Per mujer borrowed from Ara mu‘alija : healing; treatment [‘alaja] Aze mualice, Per mo‘alaje borrowed from Ara mu‘alla : high [‘ala] Hin mualla, Per mo‘alla borrowed from Ara mu‘allaba : can, conserve [‘allaba] mu‘allaq : hanging, moot [‘aliqa] Per mo‘allaq borrowed from Ara muallif : author [allafa] Aze muellif, Per moallef, Tur muellif borrowed from Ara mu‘allim : teacher, master [‘alima] Aze muellim, Hin muallim, Kaz mughalim, Kyr mugalim, Per mo‘allem, Swa mwalimu, Taj muallim, Tur muallim, Uzb muallim borrowed from Ara mu‘allima : teacher [‘alima] Per mo‘alleme, Taj muallima borrowed from Ara mu‘amala : affair, business; act, treatment [‘amila] Hau maamala, Hin mamla, muamle, Per mo‘amale, Uzb muomala borrowed from Ara mu‘amma : riddle [‘amma] Hin muamma, Per mo‘amma borrowed from Ara muannath : feminine [anutha] Per moannath, Tur muennes borrowed from Ara mu‘aqqad : complicated [‘aqada] muarrach : dated [arracha] muarrich : historian [arracha] muasasa : foundation, institution [asasa] Aze muessise, Per moasase, Taj muassisa, Tur muessese borrowed from Ara muasshir : indicator [ashara] mu‘askar : camp [‘askar] mu‘assir : contemporary [‘assara] Aze muasir, Per mo‘asser, Tur muasir borrowed from Ara mu‘attal : defectuous; interrupted; unemployed [‘attila] Hin muattal, Per mo‘attal borrowed from Ara muatthir : impressive [atthara] Per moatther borrowed from Ara mu‘auwaq : hindered; handicapped [‘aqa] mu‘auwiq : obstacle [‘aqa] mu‘awana : assistence [‘awana] Per mo‘awanat borrowed from Ara mu‘awin : assistant; deputy; substitute [‘awana] Uzb muovin borrowed from Ara mu‘awasza : compensation [‘asza] Hin muavaza, Per mo‘awasze borrowed from Ara mu‘ayana : individual inspection [‘ain] Hin muayna, Per mo‘ayane borrowed from Ara mu‘ayyan : individual; certain, definite [‘ain] Aze mueyyen, Per mo‘ayyan, Tur muayyen, Uzb muayyan borrowed from Ara mu‘azzaz : honored [‘azza] Hin muazziz, Per mo‘azzaz borrowed from Ara mubadala : exchange, barter [badala] Hin mubadla, Per mobadele borrowed from Ara mubadhar : spendthrift [badhara] Hau mubazzari, Per mobadher borrowed from Ara mubahhitha : argument, debate [bahhatha] Aze mubahise, Hin mubahisa, Per mobahhethe borrowed from Ara mubalagha : exaggeration, hyperbole [balagha] Aze mubalige, Per mobaleghe, Tur mubalaga, Uzb mubolagha borrowed from Ara mubara : race, contest [baraya] mubarak : blessed [barraka] Hin mubarak, Ind mubarak, Per mobarak, Tur mubarek borrowed from Ara mubariz : fighter [baraza] Aze mubariz, Per mobarez borrowed from Ara mubasharatan : directly [bashara] mubashir : direct; leader [bashara] Per mobasher, Swa mbashiri borrowed from Ara mubashira : direction [bashara] Per mobasherat borrowed from Ara mubassir : inspector [bassura] Per mobasser borrowed from Ara mubasshir : predicator, soothsayer [bashara] Per mobassher, Swa mbashiri borrowed from Ara mubham : obscure [abhama] Per mobham borrowed from Ara mubtadi : beginner [bada] Ind mubtadi, Per mobtadi borrowed from Ara mubtakir : pioneer [bakara] Per mobtaker borrowed from Ara mubtala : tried, afflicted [bala] Hin mubtala, Per mobtala borrowed from Ara muchabara : correspondence; report; secret service [chabbara] Per mochabare borrowed from Ara muchaddara : secluded [chadara] muchaddir : drug [chadira] muchalif : opposite; differing [chalafa] Hin mukhalif, Per mochalef borrowed from Ara muchalifa : opposition, resistance [chalafa] Hin mukhalifat, Per mochalefat borrowed from Ara muchatt : snot [Mal mahta, Heb machatt (blow nose)] muchattib : conversing; addressing [chattaba] Hin muchatib, Per mochatteb borrowed from Ara muchayyam : tent camp [chayyama] muchbir : informer; correspondent [chabbara] Aze muxbir, Hin mukhbir, Per mochber, Uzb mukhbir borrowed from Ara muchh : brain [Mal mohh, Akk muchu (skull), Heb moach (brain), JNA mokha, Ebl muchu (forehead)] Per moch borrowed from Ara muchliss : true [chalassa] muchrij : director [charaja] muchtabar : laboratory [chabbara] muchtalif : different [chalafa] Aze muxtelif, Hin mukhtalif, Per mochtalef borrowed from Ara muchtar : chosen; authorized; independent, autonomous [chara] Aze muxtar, Hin mukhtar, Per mochtar borrowed from Ara muchtassar : abridged, shortened, reduced [ichtassara] Aze muxteser, Hin mukhtasar, Per mochtassar borrowed from Ara muda : fashion [from Ita moda] mudacchan : smoked [dachina] mudacchin : smoker [dachina] mudachala : intrusion [dachala] Hin mudakhalat, Per modachalat borrowed from Ara mudafa‘a : defense [dafa‘a] Aze mudafie, Per modafa‘e, Uzb mudofaa borrowed from Ara mudafi‘ : defender [dafa‘a] Per modafe‘ borrowed from Ara mudallik : masseur [dalaka] mudam : continuously [dama] Hin mudam, Per modam borrowed from Ara mudarris : teacher [darasa] Hin mudarris, Per modarres, Tur muderris borrowed from Ara mudawa : treatment [dawa] Per modawa borrowed from Ara mudda : while; period, time; term [madda] Aze muddet, Hin muddat, Per moddat, Swa muda, Tur muddet, Uzb muddat borrowed from Ara mudda‘a : claim [da‘a] Hin muddaa, Per modda‘a borrowed from Ara muddachara : supplies [iddachara] mudda‘in : prosecutor [da‘a] mudhacchar : supplies [dhachara] mudhahab : gilded [dhahaba] Per modhahab, Tur muzehhep borrowed from Ara mudhakira : discussion [dhakara] Aze muzakire, Per modhakere borrowed from Ara mudhakkir : masculine [dhakar] Hau muzakkari, Per modhakkar, Tur muzekker borrowed from Ara mudhakkira : note [dhakara] mudhi‘ : speaker, broadcaster [dha‘a] mudhin : damaging; tormentor [adhia] Hin muzi, Per mudhi borrowed from Ara mud’hish : terrible [dahasha] Aze mudhis, Per modhesh borrowed from Ara mu‘din : contagious [‘ada] mudir : director, manager [adwara] Aze mudir, Per modir, Tur mudur, Uzb mudir borrowed from Ara mudrik : understanding; wise [adraka] Aze mudrik, Per modrek borrowed from Ara mudzallal : shady, darkened [dzalla] Per modzallal borrowed from Ara mudzlim : dark, dim [dzalam] Per modzlem, Tur muzlim borrowed from Ara mufaja‘a : surprise [faja‘a] mufakkira : notebook [fakkara] mufassal : separated; detailed; comprehensive [fassala] Aze mufessel, Hin mufassal, Per mofassal borrowed from Ara mufatish : inspector [fatasha] Aze mufettis, Per mofatesh, Tur mufettis borrowed from Ara mufawasza : negotiation [fauwasza] mufid : useful, profitable [fada] Hin mufid, Per mofid borrowed from Ara muflis : bankrupt [falasa] Alb myfliz, Aze muflis, Hin muflis, Ind muflis, Per mofles, Tur muflis borrowed from Ara muftin : issuer of authorization afta Hin mufti, Ind mufti, Per mofti borrowed from Ara mughadara : outbound travel [ghadara] mughalatta : error; delusion [ghalitta] Hin mugalata, Per moghalatte borrowed from Ara mughannin : singer [ghanna] Aze mugenni, Per moghanni borrowed from Ara mughayyam : cloudy [ghamma] mughlaq : unclear; closed [ghalaqa] Per moghlaq borrowed from Ara muhaddhab : polite [hadhaba] muhajama : attack [hajama] Per mohajame borrowed from Ara muhajara : emigration [hajara] Per mohajarat, Tur muhaceret borrowed from Ara muhajir : emigrant [hajara] Aze muhacir, Ind muhajir, Per mohajer, Tur muhacir, Uzb mukhodzhir borrowed from Ara muhandis : engineer [handasa] Aze muhendis, Per mohandes, Taj muhandis, Tur muhendis borrowed from Ara muhaya : ready [ha] Hin muhaiya, Per mohayya borrowed from Ara muhhabba : love, passion [hhabba] Tur muhabbet, Uzb mukhabbat borrowed from Ara muhhadatha : conversation [hhadutha] muhhaddad : defined [hhadda] muhhafadza : protection; province [hhafidza] Aze muhafize, Hin muhafizat, Per mohhafedze, Tur muhafaza borrowed from Ara muhhafidz : defending; protector; conservative; governor [hhafidza] Hin muhafiz, Per mohhafedz, Tur muhafiz borrowed from Ara muhhakama : discussion, dispute; judgement [hhakama] Aze muhakime, Per mohhakeme, Tur muhakeme, Uzb mukhokama borrowed from Ara muhhal : absurd [hhala] Hin muhal, Per mohhal borrowed from Ara muhhamin : defender; lawyer [hhama] muhhammad : praised [hhamida] Hin muhammad borrowed from Ara muhharaba : war, fight [hhariba] Aze muharibe, Per mohharebe, Tur muharebe borrowed from Ara muhharram : forbidden, banned; a Hijra month [hharuma] Hin muharram, Ind muharram, Per mohharram borrowed from Ara muhharrik : moving; motive; motor [hharraka] Aze muherrik, Per mohharrek, Tur muharrik borrowed from Ara muhharrir : editor; writer, author [hharra] Hin muharrir, Per mohharrer, Tur muharrir, Uzb mukharrir borrowed from Ara muhhasaba : accounts [hhasaba] Hin muhasaba, Per mohhasebe, Tur muhasebe borrowed from Ara muhhasib : accountant [hhasaba] Aze muhasib, Hin muhasib, Per mohhaseb borrowed from Ara muhhassara : siege [hhassara] Aze muhasire, Hin muhasira, Per mohhassare, Tur muhasara borrowed from Ara muhhassil : conductor [hhassala] muhhaszara : conversation; lecture [hhaszara] Aze muhazire, Per mohhaszere borrowed from Ara muhhauwil : transformer [hhala] muhhawara : idiom, usage; discourse, dispute [hhawara] Hau mahawara, Hin muhavra, Per mohhawere borrowed from Ara muhhitt : environment; ocean [hhatta] Aze muhit, Per mohhitt borrowed from Ara muhhkam : strong [hhakama] Aze mohkem, Hin muhkam, Per mohhkam borrowed from Ara muhhsin : obliging [hhasuna] Hin muhsin borrowed from Ara muhhtaj : need; needy, indigent [ahhtaja] Hin muhtaj, Per mohhtaj, Tat moxtadzh, Tur muhtac, Uzb mukhtodzh borrowed from Ara muhhtall : occupied [ihhtalla] muhhtaram : respected, honored; respectable [hharuma] Hin muhtaram, Uzb mukhtaram borrowed from Ara muhhtawaya : content [ihhtawa] muhimm : important, significant; earnest [hamma] Aze muhum, Hau muhimmi, Hin muhim, Per mohemm, Tat mohim, Swa muhimu, Tur muhim, Uzb mukhim borrowed from Ara muhimma : important task [hamma] muhmil : careless [ahmala] muhr : foal [Mal mohor] muhr : stamp, seal [from Per mohr] Alb myhyr, Aze mohur, Hin mohr, Ind mohor, Per mohr, Swa muhuri, Tur muhur borrowed from Ara mu‘id : assistant professor [‘ada] mujaddid : renovator, reformer [jaddada] Ful mujaddi, Hau mujaddadi, Per mojadded borrowed from Ara mujahid : holy warrior [jahada] Hin mujahid borrowed from Ara mujallad : bound (book); volume [jallada] Hin mujallad borrowed from Ara mujallid : bookbinder [jallada] Per mojalled, Tur mucellit borrowed from Ara mu‘jam : unintelligible [‘ajam] mu‘jam : dictionary [‘ajam] mujarrab : experienced [jarraba] Hin mujarrab, Ind mujarrab, Per mojarrab borrowed from Ara mujarrad : abstract; only [jarada] Aze mucerred, Ind mujarrad, Per mojarrad, Tur mucerret borrowed from Ara mujasam : embodied [jasuma] Hin mujassim, Per mojasam, Tur mucessem borrowed from Ara mujawir : neighboring [jawara] Hin mujavar, Per mojawer, Tur mucavir borrowed from Ara mu‘jaza : miracle [mu‘jiz] mu‘jiz : miracle [?] mu‘jiza : miracle [mu‘jiz] Aze mo‘cuze, Per mo‘jeze, Tat mogdzhiza, Tur mucize, Uzb mudzhiza borrowed from Ara mujra : allowance [jara] Hin mujra borrowed from Ara mujrim : criminal [jarama] Hin mujrim borrowed from Ara mujtahid : diligent [jahada] mujtama‘ : society [jama‘a] mujtarr : ruminant [jarra] mukafa : reward, decoration, premium, prize [kafa] Aze mukafat, Per mokafat, Tur mukafat, Uzb mukofot borrowed from Ara muka‘ab : cube, cubic [ka‘aba] mukalama : conversation [kallama] mukallaf : authorized [kallafa] mukammal : complete, accomplished [kamala] Aze mukemmel, Hin mukammal, Ind mukammal, Per mokammal, Tur mukemmel, Uzb mukammal borrowed from Ara mukarrar : repeatedly [karra] Hin mukarrar borrowed from Ara mukatthaf : intensive [kathafa] mukatthif : condenser [kathafa] mula : bed-sheet [?] mulahhadza : observation; reflection, thinking [lahhadza] Hin mulahaza, Uzb mulokhaza borrowed from Ara mulahhin : composer [lahhana] mulaim : soft, tender, mild, gentle; suitable, favorable; fond [laama] Aze mulayim, Hin mulayam, Per molayem, Tat molaim, Uzb muloyim borrowed from Ara mulain : laxative [lana] Per molayyen borrowed from Ara mulakama : boxing [lakama] mulamma‘ : glittering [lama‘a] Hin mulamma borrowed from Ara mulaqa : meeting, encounter [laqia] Hin mulaqat, Per molaqat, Taj muloqot, Tur mulaket borrowed from Ara mulauwan : colored [lauwana] mulazama : service [lazima] Hin mulazamat borrowed from Ara mulazim : escort, servant [lazima] Hin mulazim, Per molazem borrowed from Ara mulk : kingdom, state, country, dominion [malaka] Hin mulk, Per molk, Swa milki borrowed from Ara mulk : property [malaka] Hau mulki, Per molk, Tat milek, mullik, molket, Tur mulk, Uzb mulk borrowed from Ara mulki : political; civil [malaka] Aze mulki, Per molki, Tur mulki borrowed from Ara multaqi : meeting [laqia] Per moltaqi borrowed from Ara muluchia : sorrel [?] mumana‘a : opposition; restriction [mana‘a] Hin mumaniyat, Per momana‘at borrowed from Ara mumathil : similar [mathala] Per momathel borrowed from Ara mumill : tiresome, boring [malla] Per momell borrowed from Ara mumin : believer [amana] Aze momin, Ful mumini, Hau mumini, Per momen, Tur mumin borrowed from Ara mumkin : possible [makuna] Aze mumkun, Hin mumkin, Ind mumkin, Per momken, Tat momkin, Tur mumkun, Uzb mumkin borrowed from Ara mumtahhin : examiner [mahhana] Hin mumtahin, Per momtahhen borrowed from Ara mumtalak : property [malaka] mumtaz : distinguished, eminent; premium [maza] Hin mumtaz, Per momtaz borrowed from Ara mumti‘ : pleasant [mata‘a] muna : food [mana] munabbih : alarm clock [nabaha] Per monabbeh borrowed from Ara munach : resting place [nauwacha] munafasa : rivalry [nafasa] munafis : rival [nafasa] munafiq : hypocrite [nafaqa] Per monafeq, Swa mnafiki borrowed from Ara munajjim : astrologer [najama] Per monajjem, Swa mnajimu borrowed from Ara munaqassa : auction; invitation to bid [naqassa] munaqqa : cleaned [naqqa] Hin munakka borrowed from Ara munasaba : relation; attitude; opportunity [nasaba] Aze munasibet, Hin munasibat, Per monasabat, Tat monesebet, Uzb munosabat borrowed from Ara munasib : suitable, proper, due; relevant, correlative [nasaba] Hin munasib, Per monaseb, Tur munasip, Uzb munosib borrowed from Ara mun‘attaf : curve [‘attafa] munauwim : sleeping pill [nama] munbit : fertile [nabata] Aze munbit, Per monbet, Tur mumbit borrowed from Ara munchafid : low [chafada] mundhu : since [Mal mindu, Heb meaz] munhhadar : slope [hhadara] munhharif : oblique [hharrafa] munshi : writer, clerk [nasha] Hin munshi borrowed from Ara munssif : just, fair [nassafa] Hin munsif borrowed from Ara muntachab : selected [nachaba] muntadzam : ordered, regular [nadzama] Aze muntezem, Hin muntazim, Per montadzam, Tur muntazam borrowed from Ara muntadzar : expecting [nadzara] Hin muntazir borrowed from Ara muntahin : terminated [naha] Hin muntahi, Per montahi borrowed from Ara muntassaf : middle, center [nassafa] muntassir : victorious [nassara] muntij : producer [nataja] munttalaq : starting point [ttalaqa] muqabala : confrontation; contrast, comparison [qabala] Hin mukabala, mukabile, Per moqabale borrowed from Ara muqabbila : hors d'oeuvre [qabala] muqabil : opposite, confronting [qabala] Hin mukabil borrowed from Ara muqaddam : given precedence, superior [qaddama] Hin mukaddam borrowed from Ara muqaddama : case, lawsuit [qaddama] Hin mukadma borrowed from Ara muqaddaman : beforehand [qaddama] muqaddar : fate [qadara] Hin mukaddar borrowed from Ara muqaddara : fate [qadara] Aze muqedderat, Per moqaddarat, Tur mukadderat borrowed from Ara muqaddas : holy, sacred, sacramental [qadusa] Aze muqeddes, Hin mukaddas, Ind mukaddas, Per moqaddas, Tur mukaddes, Uzb muqaddas borrowed from Ara muqam : staying; camping-place [qama] Hin mukam borrowed from Ara muqarrar : settled, fixed, definite [qarra] Hin mukarrar, Uzb muqarrar borrowed from Ara muqatil : fighter [qatala] muqatta‘a : boycot [qatta‘a] muqattar : distilled [qattara] Hin mukattar borrowed from Ara muqauwam : valuable [qama] muqauwim : valuer [qama] muqawala : contract, agreement; enterprise [qala] Aze muqavile, Per moqawale, Tur mukavele borrowed from Ara muqawama : resistance [qama] Aze muqavimet, Per moqawamat, Tur mukavemet borrowed from Ara muqawil : contractor [qala] muqayasa : comparison [qasa] Aze muqayise, Per moqayase, Tur mukayese borrowed from Ara muqayyad : restricted; booked, registered [qayyada] muqirr : asserting [qarra] Hin mukir borrowed from Ara muqtarahh : proposed; proposal [inqarahha] muqtaszan : requirement [qasza] mur : myrrh [marra] mura‘a : respect [ra‘a] Hau marawwa, Per mora‘at borrowed from Ara murabba : jam, marmelade, preserve [rubb] Aze murebbe, Hin murabba, Per morabba, Uzb murabbo borrowed from Ara murabba‘ : square [arba‘a] Hin murabba, Per morabba‘, Swa mraba, Tur murabba borrowed from Ara murad : wish, intention, desire [arada] Ful muradi, Hau muradi, Hin murad, Ind murad, Kyr murat, Per morad, Swa mradi, Tur murat borrowed from Ara murafiq : escort [rafaqa] muraja‘a : return; appeal [raja‘a] Aze muraciet, Per moraja‘e, Tur muracaat, Uzb murodzhaat borrowed from Ara murakkab : consisting of; complex, complicated; involved [irtakaba] Aze murekkeb, Per morakkab, Tur murekkep, Uzb murakkab borrowed from Ara muraqaba : control [raqaba] Per moraqabat borrowed from Ara muraqib : observer [raqaba] Per moraqeb borrowed from Ara murasshahh : candidate [rasshahha] murasshihh : having a cold [rashahha] murasshihh : filter [rashahha] murasala : letter, epistle [rasala] Per morasale borrowed from Ara murasil : correspondent [rasala] murhaq : exhausted [arhaqa] murid : follower [rada] murihh : comfortable [rahha] murith : testator [waritha] Hin muris borrowed from Ara murjan : pearl, coral [marjan] murr : myrrh; bitter [marra] mursal : apostle [rasala] Per morsal borrowed from Ara murshid : guide, pilot [rashada] Hin murshid, Per morshed borrowed from Ara mursil : sender [rasala] Per morsel borrowed from Ara murszin : satisfactory raszia] murtafi‘ : raised high [rafa‘a] Per mortafe‘ borrowed from Ara murtahh : calm [rahha] murta‘id : trembling [ra‘ada] Per morta‘ed borrowed from Ara murtakab : sinner [irtakaba] Per mortakeb borrowed from Ara murur : transit [marra] Per morur borrowed from Ara musa : razor [Meh maus (knife), Soq mos] Per musa borrowed from Ara musa‘ada : help [sa‘ida] Per mosa‘edat, Swa msaada borrowed from Ara musa‘id : helper [sa‘ida] Per mosa‘ed, Swa msaidi borrowed from Ara musabaqa : race, competition, contest, match, duel [sabaqa] Aze musabiqe, Per mosabaqe, Tur musabaka, Uzb musobaqa borrowed from Ara musabbaq : preceding, prior [sabaqa] musaddas : hexagon; six-shooter, revolver [saddasa] Per mosaddas, Hin musaddas borrowed from Ara musafir : traveller, wanderer; visitor, newcomer [safara] Alb mysafir, Gre mousafires, Hin musafir, Ind musafir, Kyr musapir, Per mosafer, Rom musafir, Swa msafiri, Tat mosafir, Tur misafir, Uzb musofir borrowed from Ara musahama : participation [sahama] Per mosahamat borrowed from Ara musajjal : registered [sajjala] Per mosajjal borrowed from Ara musallahh : armed [sallahha] Hin musallah borrowed from Ara musallam : safe; entire [salama] Hin musallam borrowed from Ara musalman : Moslem [salama] Alb mysliman, Aze muselman, Hin musalman, Per mosalman, Tat moselman, Tur musluman borrowed from Ara musalsal : series; gun shooting volleys [salsala] Per mosalsal borrowed from Ara musamahha : negligence; tolerance, forgiveness [samahha] Per mosamahhe, Tur musamaha borrowed from Ara musamm : named [samma] Hin musamm borrowed from Ara musauwada : draft; project; negative [sauwada] Hin masauda borrowed from Ara musawama : bargaining [sama] musha‘ara : gathering of poets [sha‘ara] Hin mushayra borrowed from Ara mushahada : observation [shahida] Aze musahide, Per moshahade, Tur musahede borrowed from Ara mushahara : monthly wage [shahr] Swa mshahara borrowed from Ara mushahid : observer [shahida] Aze musahide, Per moshahid, Tur musahit borrowed from Ara musha‘ir : feelings [sha‘ara] mushamma‘ : washrug, linoleum; raincoat [sham‘] Alb mushama, Bul mushama, Gre mousamas, Per moshamma‘, Rom musama, Tur musamba borrowed from Ara musharaka : participation [sharika] mushawara : consultation, conference [shauwara] Aze musavire, Per moshaware, Tur musavere borrowed from Ara mushayyar : design [shauwara] Hin mushayyar borrowed from Ara mushfiq : kind, compassionate [ashfaqa] Hin mushfik borrowed from Ara mushir : counsellor [shauwara] Hin mashir borrowed from Ara mus’hil : laxative [sahula] mushkil : difficult; uphill [shakala] Hin mushkil, Ind musykil, Per moshkel, Taj mushkil, Tur muskul, Uzb mushkul borrowed from Ara mushkila : difficulty [shakala] mushrik : polytheist [sharika] Hau mushiriki, Ind musyrik, Per moshrek, Tur musrik borrowed from Ara mushtaq : desirous, longing [shaqa] Hin mushtak borrowed from Ara mushtarak : general, common; combined, joint [sharika] Aze musterek, Hin mushtarak, Per moshtarak, Tur musterek borrowed from Ara mushtarin : buyer [shara] Alb myshteri, Ind musytari, Per moshtari, Rom musteriu, Ser musterija, Tur musteri borrowed from Ara Mushtarin : Jupiter [?] Ful Mustari, Hin Mushtari, Per Moshtari borrowed from Ara mushtt : comb [Mal moxt, Akk mushttu] musiqa : music [from Gre mousike] Hin musiki borrowed from Ara musir : rich [aisara] muska : handle [masaka] muslim : Moslem [salama] Hin muslim borrowed from Ara mussab : hit, injured; ill [ssaba] mussadara : confiscation [ssadara] Per mossadare, Tur musadere borrowed from Ara mussafahha : shaking hands [ssafahha] Hau musafaha, Per mossafahhe borrowed from Ara mussahhaba : conversation, interview [ssahhiba] Aze musahibe, Per mossahhabe, Tur musahabe borrowed from Ara mussahhib : companion [ssahhiba] Hin musahab borrowed from Ara mussalahha : peace [ssalahha] Per mossalahhe, Tur musalaha borrowed from Ara mussalihh : peacemaker [ssalahha] Swa msuluhi borrowed from Ara mussalin : praying one [ssalla] mussannif : author [ssannafa] Hin musannif, Per mossannef borrowed from Ara mussauwar : illustrated [ssauwara] mussauwir : photographer; artist, painter [ssauwara] Hin musavvir borrowed from Ara muss’hhaf : book [ssahhafa] mussiba : accident, calamity, disaster, misfortune, sorrow [ssaba] Aze musibet, Hin musibat, Ind musibat, Per mossibat, Tur musibet, Uzb musibat borrowed from Ara mustachdam : employee [chadama] mustachdim : employer [chadama] mustadir : round [dara] mustahhil : impossible [istahhlala] Ind mustahil, Per mostahhil borrowed from Ara mustahhkam : stable, steady, strong [hhakama] Hin mustahkim, Per mostahhkam, Taj mustahkam, Tur mustahkem, Uzb mustakhkam borrowed from Ara mustahlik : consumer [halaka] musta‘idd : ready [‘adda] Hin mustaid borrowed from Ara mustaiqidz : awake [yaqidza] musta‘jil : urgent [‘ajila] mustajir : tenant [ajara] mustami‘ : listener [sama‘a] mustamirr : continuous [marra] mustanad : supported [sanada] Hin mustanad, Per mostanad borrowed from Ara mustaqarr : settlement; residence [qarra] mustaqbal : future [qabala] mustaqill : fixed; permanent; independent [qalla] Aze musteqil, Hin mustakil, Per mostaqell, Tur mustakil, Uzb mustaqil borrowed from Ara mustaqim : direct; erect [qama] Hin mustakim, Per mostaqim borrowed from Ara mustaqirr : settled, stable [qarra] mustarihh : resting [rahha] Per mostarihh, Swa mustarehe borrowed from Ara mustashar : adviser [shauwara] Per mostashar borrowed from Ara mustashfan : hospital [shafa] mustashriq : orientalist [sharaqa] mustathna : except, exceptional [thana] Aze mustesna, Per mostathna, Tur mustesna borrowed from Ara mustattil : oblong; right angle [ttala] mustaufin : sufficient; auditor [wafa] Hin mustaufi, Per mostoufi borrowed from Ara mustawan : level [sawia] Tur mustevi borrowed from Ara mustawin : level, even; well cooked [sawia] Per mostawi, Tur mustevi borrowed from Ara muszadd : opposing, against [szadada] muszayaqa : difficulty [szaqa] Hin muzayka borrowed from Ara muszhhik : funny [szahhaka] muszif : host, steward [szafa] muszirr : harmful [szarra] muta‘addin : agressive; transitive [‘ada] Hin mutaaddi, Per mota‘addi borrowed from Ara mutaakkid : convinced, sure [wakkada] muta‘allim : educated [‘alima] muta‘alliq : connected; belonging; related [‘aliqa] Hin mutaallik, Per mota‘alleq borrowed from Ara muta‘assib : fanatic [‘assaba] mutaasif : regretting, being sorry [asifa] mutabanna : adopted [tabanna] Hin mutabanna borrowed from Ara mutachassiss : expert, specialist [chassa] Aze mutexessis, Per motachassess, Tur mutehassis, Uzb mutakhassis borrowed from Ara mutadayyin : pious [dana] Per motadayyen borrowed from Ara mutafa‘il : optimist [fa‘ala] mutafakkir : thinker, speculator [fakkara] Aze mutefekkir, Per motafakker, Tur mutefekkir, Uzb mutafakkir borrowed from Ara mutafannin : crafty [fanna] Hin mutafanni borrowed from Ara mutafarriq : absent-minded [farraqa] Per motafarreq borrowed from Ara mutafiq : agreeing [wafiqa] Hin muttafik borrowed from Ara mutaham : defendant [wahama] mutahhadith : speaker [hhadutha] mutahharrik : mobile [hharraka] Per motahharrek, Tur muteharrik borrowed from Ara mutahharrir : liberated [hharrara] mutahhasszir : civilized [hhaszara] mutahhid : united [wahhada] mutakalim : speaker [kallama] mutakarrir : repeated [karrara] mutamar : conference [amara] mu‘tamad : reliable; representative [‘amada] mu‘tamid : dependent [‘amada] mutaqaddim : progressive [qadama] mutarjim : translator [tarjama] Per motarjem, Tur mutercim borrowed from Ara mutasach : dirty [wasicha] mutashaim : pessimist [tashama] mutassauwar : imagined ssauwara] Hin mutasavvir borrowed from Ara mutattarrif : extremist, radical [ttaraf] mutattauwir : developed [tattauwara] mutawaffan : deceased [wafa] mutawajjah : attentive wajjaha] Hin mutavajjah borrowed from Ara mutawakkid : convinced, sure [wakkada] mutawalli : guardian, trustee walia] Hin mutavalli borrowed from Ara mutawaqqa‘ : expected [waqa‘a] mutawasitt : middle, average [wasatt] mutawatir : successively watara] Hin mutavatir borrowed from Ara mutazauwij : married [zauj] muthallath : triangle [thalatha] Per mothallath, Tur muselles borrowed from Ara muthaqqaf : intellectual; educated [thaqifa] mutta‘am : vaccined [tta‘ama] muttabiq : corresponding, according [attbaqa] Hin mutabik, Per motabeq borrowed from Ara muttala‘a : reading, lecture [ttala‘a] Aze mutalie, Hin mutalea, Per mottala‘e, Tur mutalaa borrowed from Ara muttalaba : demand ttalaba] Hin mutalaba borrowed from Ara muttallaq : divorced [ttallaqa] muttlaq : freed, absolutely [ttallaqa] Aze mutleq, Hin mutlak, Ind mutlak, Per mottlaq, Tur mutlak, Uzb mutlaq borrowed from Ara muttmain : satisfied [ttamana] Hin mutmain borrowed from Ara muttlaqan : absolutely, certainly [ttallaqa] muwaddzaf : employee [wadzafa] muwaddzif : investor [wadzafa] muwafaqa : concord, consent [wafaqa] Hin muafikat, Ind muafakat, Per mowafaqat, Tur muvafakat borrowed from Ara muwaffaq : successful [wafaqa] Per mowaffaq, Tur muvaffak borrowed from Ara muwaffaqia : success, hit [wafaqa] Aze muveffeqiyyet, Per mowaffaqiyat, Tur muvaffakiyet, Uzb muvaffaqiyat borrowed from Ara muwafiq : agreeing, according, corresponding, suitable [wafaqa] Aze muvafiq, Hin muafik, muvafik, Per mowafeq, Tur muvafik, Uzb muvofiq borrowed from Ara muwahhad : united [wahhada] muwajaha : opposition [wajuha] muwakkal : appointed; client [wakala] Hin muvakkal, Per mowakkel borrowed from Ara muwakkil : appointer [wakala] Hin muvakkil borrowed from Ara muwallid : generator [walada] Per mowalled borrowed from Ara muwaqqati : temporary [waqqata] Aze muveqqeti, Per mowaqqati, Tur muvakkat borrowed from Ara muwarrich : historian [arracha] Per mowarrech, Tur muverrih borrowed from Ara muwassala : connection [wassala] Per mowassalat, Tur muvasala borrowed from Ara muwattin : countryman [wattana] muwazana : balance [wazana] Aze muvazinet, Per mowazane, Tur muvazene(t) borrowed from Ara muwazzi‘ : distributor [wazza‘a] Per mowazze‘, Tur muvezzi borrowed from Ara muyasar : obtainable, available [yasira] Hin muyassar, Per moyasar borrowed from Ara muzachraf : decorated; idel (talk) [zachrafa] Per mozachraf borrowed from Ara muzahhim : obstructing, preventing [zahhama] Hin muzahim, Per mozahhem borrowed from Ara muzari‘ : farmer [zara‘a] muzauwar : falsified [zauwara] Per mozawwer borrowed from Ara muz‘ij : disturbing, tiring [za‘aja] Per moz‘ej borrowed from Ara muzil : remover [zala] Per mozil borrowed from Ara muzmin : chronic [zaman] Per mozmen, Tur muzmin borrowed from Ara N na : be remote [?] na‘am : ostrich [Mal naghma, Heb na‘amit] na‘am : well; yes [na‘ama] Ful naam, Hau naam, Swa naam borrowed from Ara na‘ama : be well [Heb na‘im (pleasant), Uga n‘m, Phoen n‘m] na‘ara : shout, cry [Sem n-‘-r, Akk na‘aru (roar), Heb na‘ar (growl), JNA n‘r (bray), Aram ne‘ar (roar), Hrs en‘eror (snore)] na‘ara : jar, shake, rattle [Sem n-‘-r, Heb na‘r (shake), JNA na’ora (water-wheel)] na‘asa : be sleepy [?] nab : tusk [Mal nejba, Heb niv, Syr niba, Tig nib (tooth)] naba : inform; report [Sem n-b-y, Akk nabu (name), Heb navi (prophet), Syr nabiya, JNA navi, Amh nabiy] naba : meet by accident; come by [Uga nwb] naba : represent [?] naba : information; report [naba] naba‘a : gush forth Sem n-b-‘, Heb nava‘, JNA nabo’a (a spring), Hrr ebi (tear)] nabaha : pay attention [?] nabahha : bark Sem n-b-hh, Mal nebah, Akk nabachu, Heb navach, JNA nwkh] nabala : shoot Sem n-b-l] nabara : rise [Sem n-b-r, Amh nebbere (be present), menber (seat)] nabasha : exhume [Syr nabasha (grave-robber), Gur aboshe (perform funeral dance)] nabasza : pulsate [?] nabat : plant [nabata] Per nabat, Tur nebat borrowed from Ara nabata : grow Sem n-b-t, Heb navatt (sprout)] nabata : vegetable world [nabata] Ind nabatah borrowed from Ara nabatta : dig out Sem n-b-tt, Hrs nebot] nabbaha : call attention [nabaha] nabi : prophet [naba] Ful annabi, Hau annabi, Hin nabi, Ind nabi, Per nabi, Swa nabii borrowed from Ara nabidh : wine [LiAr nbid, Mal nbid, Heb nofet (honey), Uga nbt, Phoen npt] nabil : distinguished [nabula] nabsz : pulse [nabasza] Aze nebz, Hin nabz, Per nabsz, Tur nabiz borrowed from Ara nabula : be distinguished [?] nacchas : goader, animal driver; cattle trader; cattle market [nachasa] Hin nakkhas, Per nacchas borrowed from Ara nachaba : choose, select [?] nachala : sift [Sem n-ch-l, Akk nachalu, Mal nuhhala (bran), Syr nechal (sift), JNA nkhl] nachara : snore [Sem n-ch-r, Mal nahar, Akk nacharu, nachiru (nostril, dolphin), Heb nachar (snore), nachir (nostril), Syr nechra (nose), JNA nakhira (nostril), Hrs ncherir (nose), Uga anchr (whale)] nachasa : sting, goad [nakaza] nachl : date palm [Akk nachallu (stream, riverbed), Heb nachal, Syr nachla (valley), Uga nchl (stream; palm orchard)] Hin nakhl, Per nachil borrowed from Ara nada : call, convene, proclaim [Mal nieda, Akk nadu (praise)] Swa nadi borrowed from Ara nadaba : delegate, appoint [Sem n-d-b, Heb hitnaddev (volunteer), Uga ndb] nadafa : card Sem n-d-p, Amh neddefe] nadama : regret; repent [Mal nidem] Hau nadama, Per nadamat borrowed from Ara nadan : dew [nadia] nadba : scar [nadiba] nadda : flee [Heb nadad (migrate), nidda (expel), nidned (swing), Syr nad, JNA nyd (jump), Uga ndd (flee)] naddzafa : make clean nadzufa] naddzama : organize [nadzama] naddzara : glasses [nadzara] nadhara : vow; dedicate, promise [Sem n-dh-r, Akk nazaru (curse), nadaru (vow), Heb neder, hinnazrut (abstinence), JNA nidhra (a vow), Uga ndr (be praised), Phoen ndr (vow)] nadhira : be warned [?] nadhr : vow; offering [nadhara] Hin nazar, Ind nazar, Per nadhr, Swa nadhiri borrowed from Ara nadia : be wet [Mal nida (dew), Syr nada (gush forth)] nadiba : heal [?] nadim : penitent [nadama] Hin nadim, Per nadem borrowed from Ara nadima : repent [nadama] nadin : union, club [nada] nadir : unusual, rare [Heb nadir (seldom)] Aze nadir, Ful nadari, Hin nadir, Ind nadir, Per nader, Swa nadra, Tur nadir, Uzb nodir borrowed from Ara nadwa : group [nada] nadzafa : cleanliness [nadzufa] nadzama : put in order [?] nadzar : sight, look [nadzara] Aze nezer, Hin nazar, Per nadzar, Tur nazar, Uzb nazar borrowed from Ara nadzara : look, watch [Sem n-ss-r, Akk nassaru, Heb natzar, Amh menesser, menetter (glasses), Phoen nssr (look)] nadzara : look, glance [nadzara] Hin nazara, Per nadzare borrowed from Ara nadzara : supervision, control [nadzara] Aze nezaret, Per nadzarat, Tur nezaret borrowed from Ara nadzari : theoretical [nadzara] Aze nezeri, Per nadzari borrowed from Ara nadzaria : point of view; theory [nadzara] Hin nazriya, Per nadzariye, Tur nazariyat borrowed from Ara nadzif : clean, tidy, neat [nadzufa] Swa nadhifu borrowed from Ara nadzim : administrator, deputy director [nadzama] Hin nazim, Ind nazim, Per nadzem borrowed from Ara nadzir : inspector [nadzara] Aze nazir, Hin nazir, Ind nazir, Per nadzer, Tur nazir borrowed from Ara nadzir : analogue; precedent [nadzara] Hin nazir, Per nadzir borrowed from Ara nadzm : order [nadzama] Hin nazm, Ind nazam, Per nadzm borrowed from Ara nadzufa : be clean Sem n-dz-p, Mal nadif (clean)] naf‘ : profit, advantage nafa‘a Hin nafa, Per naf‘ borrowed from Ara nafa : drive away; negate Sem n-p-y, Uga npw, npy (be expelled) nafa : be high Uga np (height) nafa‘a : be useful, advantageus Sem n-p-‘ nafacha : blow Sem n-p-ch, Mal nefah, Akk napachu, nappachu (smith), Heb nippeach (inflate), Syr nefach, JNA npkh, Hrs nefoh, Amh neffa, Tig nefhha, Uga mpch (bellows)] nafadha : pierce [Mal niffed] nafadza : penetrate; execute [nafadha] nafaq : tunnel ?] nafaqa : be consumed; sell out, get exhausted Sem n-p-q, Mal nefaq, Heb nafaq (go out), Syr nefaq (make expenses), JNA npq (go out), nafqita (consumption)] nafaqa : expense; food; pension; corn [nafaqa] Ind nafkah, Per nafaqe, Swa nafaka, Uzb nafaqa borrowed from Ara nafar : person, individual; soldier [nafara] Aze nefer, Hin nafar, Per nafar, Tur nefer borrowed from Ara nafara : shy away; run, flee in fear; go (on a trip) Sem n-p-r, Mal nafar, Syr nefar, Uga npr] nafas : breath [tanaffasa] Aze nefes, Ful nafsu, Hin nafas, Per nafas, Swa nafasa, Tur nefes, Uzb nafas borrowed from Ara nafasa : envy; rivalize ?] nafasa : value; finesse, exquisiteness [nafusa] Hin nafasat, Per nafasat, Tur nefaset borrowed from Ara nafasha : card wool Sem n-p-sh, Akk napashu] nafasha : swell up ?] nafatha : spew; cough up Sem n-p-tt, Hrs entefat (blow nose), Amh tenaffette (snuff), Tig neffette] naffadha : execute [nafadha] nafi‘ : useful [nafa‘a] nafida : be worn [?] nafidh : penetrating; valid [nafadha] nafidha : window [nafadha] nafiqa : disappear [nafaqa] nafis : valuable, fine, exquisite [nafusa] Hin nafis, Per nafis, Tat nefis, Tur nefis borrowed from Ara nafra : disgust [nafara] Hin nafrat borrowed from Ara nafs : self, person [tanaffasa] Hin nafs, Ind nafsi, nafsu, Per nafs, Swa nafsi, Tur nefis borrowed from Ara nafsani : egoistic; carnal [tanaffasa] Hin nafsani, Per nafsani borrowed from Ara nafsania : carnal desire [tanaffasa] Hin nafsaniyat, Per nafsaniyat borrowed from Ara naftt : oil [Akk napttu] Aze neft, Per naft, Tat neft, Tur neft borrowed from Ara nafura : fountain [nafara] nafusa : be valuable ?] nafy : ban; negation nafa nagha : speak, groan [Mal negha] naghama : sing softly [Heb ne‘ima (tune)] naghm : melody [naghama] naghma : song, melody [naghama] Aze negme, Hin nagma, Per naghme borrowed from Ara naha : stop, end, terminate [?] nahaba : rob ?] nahaja : pant Sem n-h-g] nahaja : proceed, follow [Sem n-h-g, Heb nahag (custom)] nahaqa : bray Sem n-h-q, Mal nahaq, Heb nahaq, Hrs nehaq, Uga nhqt (a bray)] nahar : day [Mal nhar] nahasza : rise ?] nahd : bosom [?] nahha : turn [Mal naha (region), Heb hincha (guide), Uga nhhw, nhhy (turn)] nahha : wail [Heb naha, Uga nwhh] nahhala : be thin Sem n-hh-l] nahhara : kill [Akk neru, na‘aru] nahhata : cut to form [Akk nucchutu, Uga nhht] nahhia : direction; region [nahha] Tur nahiye borrowed from Ara nahhil : thin, emaciated [nahhala] nahhl : bee [Mal nahla, Heb nechil (swarm)] nahhnu : we Sem n-hh-n, EgAr ihhna, LiAr nihhna, Mal ahna, Akk ninu, aneni, Heb anachnu, Syr chnan, JNA akhni, Hrs nehha, Amh ennya, Tig hhena, Phoen ’nchn] nahhr : upper chest [Jib nahhar (windpipe and lungs), Tig nehhar (breast)] nahhs : ill-luck [nahhusa] nahhusa : be ill-omened [Heb nachash (spell)] nahhw : side, direction; manner, syntax; grammar [nahha] Hau nahawu, Per nahhw borrowed from Ara nahj : method [nahaja] nahr : river Sem n-h-r, Akk naru, Heb nahar, Syr nahra, JNA nehra, Uga nhr] Hin nahr, Per nahr, Tur nehir borrowed from Ara nahsza : rise, renaissance nahasza] naib : representative, deputy [naba] Hau naibi, Hin nayab, Ind naib, Per nayeb, Swa naibu, Tur naip borrowed from Ara nail : achievement [nala] Aze nail, Per neil borrowed from Ara na‘im : tender, delightful [na‘ama] Tur naim borrowed from Ara nain : remote [na] naizaq : spear; falling star [Syr nayzka] naja : be rescued [?] naja : escape, rescue [naja] Hin najat, Per najat borrowed from Ara na‘ja : sheep [Mal naghga] najaba : nobility [najuba] Aze necabet, Per najabat, Tur necabet borrowed from Ara najada : help [?] najahh : success [najahha] najahha : succeed [?] najala : beget Sem n-g-l] najama : go up (star); issue [EgAr nigma (star), Soq ngm] najasa : make filthy, defile [EgAr nagis (filthy)] Swa najisi borrowed from Ara najaza : execute [?] najda : help, rescue [najada] najib : noble [najuba] Aze necib, Hin najib, Per najib, Tur necip borrowed from Ara najihh : successful [najahha] najis : filthy [najusa] Ind najis, Swa najisi borrowed from Ara najjar : carpenter Akk nagaru, from Sum nagar najm : star [najama] Ind najam, Per najm borrowed from Ara najuba : born noble ?] najusa : pollute Sem n-g-s, Mal nigges] naka : sleep with Sem n-y-k, Akk niaku, Hrs neyok] nakaba : make miserable [?] nakaha : blow ?] nakahha : marry ?] nakaza : sting [Akk nakadu (beat), Mal niggez, Heb naqaz (puncture)] nakba : disaster [nakaba] nakha : smell, perfume [nakaha] nakkata : joke [?] nakir : stranger [nakira] nakira : not know, deny Sem n-k-r, Akk nakru (enemy), Heb nokhri (stranger), Syr nukraya, JNA nikhraya, Uga nkr] na‘l : sole; sandal; horseshoe [Mal naghla, Heb na‘al (shoe)] Hin nal, Per na‘l, Tur nal borrowed from Ara nala : give [?] nala : achieve [?] nama : sleep Sem n-w-m, Heb nam, JNA nym, Uga nhhmmt (slumber)] nama : noise [Ara n’m (say)] nama : grow ?] na‘ma : favor, mercy [na‘ama] Swa neema borrowed from Ara namash : freckle [Mal nemxa, Heb nemesh] namatt : form; manner; sample [?] Per namatt borrowed from Ara namir : tiger, panther Sem n-m-r, Akk nimru, Heb nemer, JNA numra, Sab nmr, Hrs nemr, Amh neber, Tig nebri, Ebl nameru] naml : ant [Mal nemla, Akk namalu, Heb nemala, Hrs lomel, Phoen nml] namus : law from Gre nomos namus : mosquito [Mal nemusa] na‘na‘ : peppermint [Mal naghniegh, Akk ananichu, Heb na‘na‘, JNA nankha] Aze nane, Per na‘na‘, Tur nane borrowed from Ara naqa : she-camel [?] Per naqe borrowed from Ara naqa‘a : dissolve [Sem n-q-‘, Heb niqqa‘ (sprain), Syr neqa‘ (hole)] naqaba : perforate [Sem n-q-b, Akk naqabu, Heb niqqev, Syr thekeb, JNA nqb, Uga nqb] naqada : scrutinize; pay cash [?] naqadha : liberate [?] naqahha : convalesce Sem n-q-hh] naqala : change, relocate, remove Syr neqal] naqama : avenge Sem n-q-m, Heb naqam] naqara : dig out, peck Mal naqar, Akk naqaru (demolish), Heb niqqer, Syr nqar, JNA nqr] naqasha : dig up, carve; discuss [Mal naqqax (sculpt), JNA nqsh (hurt)] naqassa : cut, decrease Sem n-q-s, Mal naqas (fail), Syr naqda (pure), JNA naqidha (thin)] Hau nakasa borrowed from Ara naqasza : break, ruin naqassa] naqatta : dot Sem n-q-t, Mal nikta (dot), Heb nquda] naqb : digging [naqaba] Hin nakab, Per naqb borrowed from Ara naqd : scrutiny; cash [naqada] Hin nakad, Per naqd, Uzb naqd borrowed from Ara naqi : pure, clean [naqqa] naqib : leader [?] Hin nakib, Per naqib borrowed from Ara naqil : transporting [naqala] naqir : small defect (groove in date pith); insignificant matter [?] Hin nakir, Per naqir borrowed from Ara naqiss : defective, incomplete, wanting [naqassa] Aze naqis, Hin nakis, Per naqess, Tur nakis borrowed from Ara naqisz : contrary [naqasza] naql : transport; copy; tradition; tale, narration [naqala] Aze naqil, neql, Hin nakl, Per naql, Swa nakala, Tur nakil borrowed from Ara naqlia : transport [naqala] Aze neqliyyat, Per naqliyat, Tur nakliyat borrowed from Ara naqqa : cleanse [Heb naqi (clean), JNA nqy (be pure)] naqqaba : pierce, bore naqaba] naqqahha : correct [naqahha] naqqal : story-teller; actor; imitator [naqala] Hin nakkal, Per naqqal borrowed from Ara naqqash : sculptor, painter [naqasha] Hin nakkash, Per naqqash borrowed from Ara naqsh : painting; carving; performance [naqasha] Hin naksh, Per naqsh, Swa nakshi borrowed from Ara naqsha : painting, design; plan [naqasha] Hin naksha, Per naqshe borrowed from Ara naqss : fault, flaw; loss, shortage [naqassa] Hin nuks, Per naqss borrowed from Ara naqsz : destruction, ruin; breach, veto [naqasza] Per naqsz borrowed from Ara nar : fire [nara] nara : light up [Sem n-w-r, Mal nar (fire), Akk nawaru (shine), Heb ner (candle), Syr nura (fire), JNA nhr (shine), Uga nwr] na‘ra : shout, cry [na‘ara] Hin nara, Per na‘re borrowed from Ara nard : backgammon [from Per] nardin : nard [Akk lardu, Heb nard, Syr nardin] narjil : coconut [from Middle Per nargel] Tur narcil borrowed from Ara narjis : narcissus [from Middle Per nargis] nas : people [ins] na‘sa : doze [Mal naghsa] nasab : relation; origin; lineage [nasaba] Ind nasab, Per nasab, Swa nasaba borrowed from Ara nasaba : relate [Phoen nshb (receive)] nasacha : copy Heb nossach (version), Syr nessach (copy)] nasacha : terminate, delete Sem n-s-ch, Akk nasachu, Heb nassach, Uga nsch] nasafa : destroy, explode ?] nasaja : weave Sem n-s-g, Mal niseg, Aram nsg] nasala : beget [Mal nisel (generation)] nasama : breathe [Sem n-sh-m, Heb nasham, JNA nishama (soul)] nasaqa : arrange [Sem n-s-q, Akk nasaqu (choose)] nascha : manuscript [nasacha] Ind naskhah borrowed from Ara nasha : grow up, rise Sem n-sh-y, Akk nashu (lift, carry), Heb nasa, Amh annesse (build), Uga nsh’ (raise), Phoen nsh’] nasha : starch [from Per neshaste] nashada : look for [?] nashafa : suck, dry up Sem n-sh-p, Mal nixxef] nashaja : snuff, sniffle [?] nashara : spread, publish [?] nashara : saw [washara] nashatt : joy; activity, diligence [nashitta] Hau nishadi, Per nashatt borrowed from Ara nashid : hymn [anshada] nashif : dry [nashifa] nashifa : dry [?] nashiqa : smell [Sem n-sh-q, Akk nashaqu (kiss), Heb nashaq, Syr neshaq, JNA nshq, Uga nshq] nashir : publisher [nashara] Aze nasir, Per nasher, Tat neshir, Tur nasir borrowed from Ara nashitt : joyful, active [nashitta] nashitta : be joyful, active [?] nashr : publication nashara] Aze nesr, Per nashr, Tur nesir borrowed from Ara nashra : publication nashara] nasia : forget Sem n-sh-y, Mal nesa, Akk mashu (conceal), Heb nasha, JNA nshy, SAr nas-, Uga nshy] nasij : fabric [nasaja] nasim : breeze, draught [nasama] nasl : offspring; generation; gender [nasala] Aze nesil, Hin nasl, Per nasl, Tat nosel, Tur nesil, Uzb nasl borrowed from Ara nasr : vulture Sem n-sh-r, Akk nashru (eagle), Heb nesher, Syr neshra, JNA nishra, Amh neser, Tig neser, Uga nshr] Ind nasar, Per nasr borrowed from Ara nass : text [nassa] nassa : flee [Heb nass, Uga nws] nassa : install [?] nassaba : erect, plant [Akk nassabu, Heb nitzav (perpendicular), Syr netzab (plant), JNA nssw, Uga nssb (set up)] nassafa : halve [Sem n-ss-p, LiAr niss (half), Mal nofs, Uga nssp] Swa nusu borrowed from Ara nassahha : be reliable; give advice [Sem n-s-hh, Heb natzach (prevail), Syr netzach (shine), Amh nessuhh (pure), Phoen nss’hh (win)] nassala : get free [Heb hitzil (rescue), Uga nssl (get free)] nassara : help; help to victory [?] Swa nusuru borrowed from Ara nassata : pay attention [Syr natzet] nassia : forelock [Akk nassu (plumage), Heb notza (feather)] nassib : luck, share, destiny Sem n-s-b] Hin nasib, Ind nasib, Per nassib, Swa nasibu borrowed from Ara nassihha : advice nassahha] Hau nasiha, Hin nasihat, Ind nasihat, Per nassihhat borrowed from Ara nassir : helper [nassara] nassr : victory [nassara] Ful nasara, Hau nasara, Per nassr borrowed from Ara nassrani : Nazarene; Christian [Mal nisrani, Heb notzri] Ind nasrani, Per nassrani borrowed from Ara nasut : mankind [ins] Ind nasut borrowed from Ara naszada : heap up, put in order [?] naszaja : be ripe [?] naszala : vanquish [?] naszij : ripe [naszaja] naszir : brilliant Sem n-sz-r, Heb netzer (offshoot)] naszra : bloom [naszir] nata‘a : burst forth Sem n-t-‘ natafa : tear out, pluck Sem n-t-p, Mal nittef, Akk nattapu] nataja : produce, beget [?] natana : stink [Mal ntiena (stench), JNA ntn (stink)] natasha : pluck Sem n-t-s, Syr ethnethesh (be torn apart)] nathara : scatter [?] nathr : prose nathara] Aze nesr, Ful nasru, Per nathr, Tur nesir borrowed from Ara natij : result [nataja] natija : result, product, effect, conclusion nataja] Aze netice, Hin natija, Ind natijah, Per natije, Tat netidzhe, Tur netice, Uzb natidzha borrowed from Ara natt‘ : mat Sem n-tt-‘, Heb natta‘ (plant), Uga mtt‘t (plantation) natta : jump Sem n-tt-y, Uga nwtt, ntt’tt (shake) nattacha : touch Syr nettach] nattafa : drip Sem n-tt-p, Heb nattaf, Syr nettaf, Amh nettebe] nattahha : push Sem n-tt-hh] nattal : cup Syr nettla] nattaq : orator nattaqa] Aze natiq, Per nattaq borrowed from Ara nattaqa : gird Sem n-tt-q] nattaqa : articulate, speak ?] nattara : look, watch [Akk nattalu, Syr nettar, JNA nttr (keep)] nattiq : speaker [nattaqa] Per natteq borrowed from Ara nau‘ : kind, sort [nauwa‘a] Aze nov, Per nou‘, Tur nevi borrowed from Ara nauba : turn, shift, period; guard [naba] Aze novbe, Hin naubat, Ind nobat, Per noubat, Tur nobet borrowed from Ara naubati : periodical; next [naba] Aze novbeti, Hin naubati, Per noubati borrowed from Ara nauhha : lament [nahha] Hin nauha, Per nouhhe borrowed from Ara naul : loom [Mal newl, Heb nol, JNA nawilta] naum : sleep [nama] Per noum borrowed from Ara naur : bloom [nara] na‘ura : water wheel [na‘ara] nauwa‘a : classify [?] nauwab : representatives [naba] Hin navab, Per nawaeb borrowed from Ara nauwaba : dismiss [?] nauwacha : repose, take a rest [Sem n-w-ch, Akk nachu, Heb nach, JNA nykh, Tig newwehha (lengthen), Uga nwch (repose), Phoen ncht (rest)] nauwaha : praise ?] nawa : intend ?] nawa : core ?] naza‘a : take away; eliminate [?] naza‘a : fight [?] nazafa : drain Sem n-z-p] nazahha : emigrate [?] nazaka : stab ?] nazala : go down, descend [Sem n-z-l, Mal nizel] nazif : bleeding [nuzifa] nazil : guest, tenant [nazala] nazila : ooze (snut, semen) [Sem n-z-l, Heb nazal (leak)] nazla : descent [nazala] Hin nazla borrowed from Ara nazla : a cold [nazila] Per nazle, Tur nezle borrowed from Ara nazuha : keep away Sem n-z-h] nazuha : go for a walk [?] nazzala : put down [nazala] ni : raw Sem n-y, Mal nej, Heb na, SAr n-y, Gez ny’] nia : intention [nawa] Aze niyyet, Hau niyya, Ind niat, Per niyyat, Swa nia, Tat niyat, Tur niyet borrowed from Ara nibras : lamp [Heb nivreshet (chandelier)] nida : call, proclamation [nada] Tur nida borrowed from Ara nidzam : order, arrangement, discipline [nadzama] Aze nizam, Hin nizam, Per nedzam, Swa nidhamu, Tur nizam borrowed from Ara nidzama : arrangement, administration [nadzama] Hin nizamat, Per nidzamat borrowed from Ara nifaq : hypocrisy; discord [nafaqa] Aze nifaq, Hin nifak, Per nefaq, Tur nifak borrowed from Ara nifra : disgust [nafara] Aze nifret, Per nefrat, Tur nefret borrowed from Ara nihaya : end, extremity [naha] Hin nihayat, Per nihayet, Tur nihayet borrowed from Ara nihhla : gift [Sem n-hh-l, Heb nachala (heritage), Uga nhhlt] nikahh : marriage [nakahha] Aze nikah, Hin nikah, Ind nikah, Per nekahh, Swa nikaha, Tur nikah borrowed from Ara nil : indigo [from Skt nili] nilufar : lotus, water-lily [from Skt nilotpala] Hin nilofar, Per nilofar, Rom nufer, Tur nilufer borrowed from Ara ni‘ma : good deed, tenderness; favor, gift; affluence, prosperity [na‘ama] Aze nemet, Hau niima, Hin nemat, Ind nekmat, Per ne‘mat borrowed from Ara nims : ferret; ichneumon [Mal nemes, Syr nemsa (lizard)] Per nems borrowed from Ara Nimsa : Austria [from Slavic nemets (German)] Per Nemse borrowed from Ara niqab : veil naqaba] Hin nakab, Per neqab borrowed from Ara niqaba : leadership; trade union [naqib] Per naqabat borrowed from Ara niqash : discussion [naqasha] niqris : gout [?] Per neqres borrowed from Ara nir : yoke [Akk niru, Heb nir, Syr nira, JNA nira] Swa nira borrowed from Ara nisa : women [ins] Ind nisa, Per nesa borrowed from Ara nisan : April [Akk nisanu, Heb nisan, Syr nisan] Tur nisan borrowed from Ara nisba : relation; proportion [nasaba] Aze nisbet, Hau nasaba, Hin nisbat, Ind nisbah, Per nesbat, Tur nispet borrowed from Ara nisbatan : relatively [nasaba] Aze nisbeten, Hin nisbatan, Per nesbatan, Tur nispeten borrowed from Ara nisbi : relative [nasaba] Aze nisbi, Ind nisbi, Per nesbi borrowed from Ara nishan : sign, mark [from Per] Aze nisan, Ind nesan, Per neshan, Swa nishani, Tur nishan borrowed from Ara nissab : hilt [Mal nsab, Akk nassbatu (handle), Heb nitzav, Uga mssbt] nissf : half [nassafa] Hin nisf, Per nessf, Swa nusu, Taj nisf borrowed from Ara niszal : battle [naszala] nitt‘ : mat [natt‘] nittaq : girdle; zone [nattaqa] Per nettaq borrowed from Ara niza‘ : fight; dispute [naza‘a] Hin niza, Per neza‘ borrowed from Ara nu‘as : sleepy [na‘asa] nucha‘ : marrow [?] Per nocha‘ borrowed from Ara nucha‘a : snut [?] nuchala : bran [nachala] nufambir : November [from Lat november] nufudh : impact, influence; authority [nafadha] Aze nufuz, Ind nafas, Per nofusz, Tur nufuz borrowed from Ara nuhhas : copper Sem n-hh-s, Mal nhas, Heb nechoshet, Syr nechasha (ore), Amh nehas (copper, bronze), Phoen nhhsht (bronze)] nuhhusa : misfortune [nahhusa] Hin nahusat, Per nohhusat borrowed from Ara nujumi : astrologic [najama] Hin najumi, Per nojumi borrowed from Ara nukta : joke, a point [nakkata] Hin nukta, Per nokte, Tur nukte borrowed from Ara numudhaj : sample [from Middle Per namunag] Per nomudhaj borrowed from Ara nun : the letter n [Sem n-n, Heb nun] nuql : snack [?] Hin nukl, Per noql borrowed from Ara nuqqaria : drum [?] nuqra : pit [naqara] nuqssan : loss, harm [naqassa] Hin nuksan, Per noqssan borrowed from Ara nuqtta : dot, point naqatta] Hin nukta, Ind noktah, Per noqtte, Swa nukta, Tat nokta, Tur nokta, Uzb nuqta borrowed from Ara nur : light [nara] Aze nur, Ful annora, Hau annuri, Hin nur, Ind nur, Per nur, Swa nuru, Taj nur, Tur nur borrowed from Ara nura : chalk Sem n-w-r nurani : bright [nara] Hin nurani, Per nurani borrowed from Ara nuscha : copy; sample [nasacha] Aze nusxe, Hin nuskha, Ind naskhah, Per nosche, Tur nusha, Uzb nuskha borrowed from Ara nushadir : salmiac [from Per nashador] Alb nishader, Ind nusyader, Tur nishadir borrowed from Ara nushu : occurrence [nasha] nusiba : belong [nasaba] nussb : monument [nassaba] nussf : half [nassafa] nuti : sailor [from Gre nautes] nuttq : pronunciation; speech [nattaqa] Uzb nutq borrowed from Ara nuzha : a walk [nazuha] nuzifa : bleed [?] Q qa : vomit Sem q-w-y, Heb heqi, Hrs qewya, Tig qea] qa‘ : plain; bottom [Mal qiegh] Per qa‘ borrowed from Ara qa‘a : hall [qa‘] qa‘ada : bend; sit, crouch [Sem q-‘-d, Mal qaghad, Syr qe‘ad] qaba : mantle [?] Hin kaba, Per qaba borrowed from Ara qabahha : meanness; offense, guilt; scoundrel [qabuhha] Hin kabahat, Per qabahat, Tat kabehet, Tur kabahat borrowed from Ara qabala : face; compare [Mal qabbel, qabel (before)] Swa kabili borrowed from Ara qabara : bury [Sem q-b-r, Mal qabar (grave), Akk qeberu (bury), Heb qavar, Syr qebar, JNA qwr, Amh qebbere, meqaber (grave), Uga qbr (bury), Phoen qbr] qabassa : pinch [Heb qamatz] qabasza : grab, catch [Mal qabad, Heb qibbetz (gather), JNA qbsz, Uga qbss] qabbala : kiss [qabala] qabil : tribe [?] qabil : capable [qibal] Aze qabil, Hin kabil, Per qabel, Tur kabil borrowed from Ara qabila : accept, agree [Sem q-b-l, Mal qabel, Akk qubbulu (accept), Heb qabel, Syr qabel, JNA qbl, Amh teqebbele] Swa kubali borrowed from Ara qabila : midwife [Mal qabla] qabila : tribe; family [qabil] Aze qebile, Hau kabila, Hin kabila, Per qabile, Swa kabila, Tur kabile, Uzb qabila borrowed from Ara qabilia : capacity, ability [qibal] Hin kabiliyat, Kaz qabilet, Per qabeliyat, Tur kabiliyet, Uzb qobiliyat borrowed from Ara qabisz : seizing [qabasza] Hin kabiz, Per qabesz borrowed from Ara qabl : before, earlier [qabala] Per qabl, Swa kabla borrowed from Ara qabla : before [qabala] qabqab : clog [Heb qavqav] qabr : tomb, grave [qabara] Aze qebir, Ful habri, Hau kabari, Hin kabr, Per qabr, Swa kaburi, Tat kaber, Tur kabir, Uzb qabr borrowed from Ara qabsz : seizing; receipt [qabasza] Aze qebz, Hin kabz, Per qabsz borrowed from Ara qabuhha : be ugly [?] qabul : acceptance, favor, reception, adoption [qabila] Aze qebul, Hin kabul, Ind kabul, Kaz qabil, Per qabul, Swa kibali, Tat kabul, Tur kabul, Uzb qabul borrowed from Ara qabw : vault [Sem q-b-b, Heb qavav, Amh qubbeta (cupola), Uga qbb (bend)] qad : already [?] qada : lead, conduct [?] qadafa : row [Sem q-d-p, Mal moqdief (oar), Amh qezzefe (row), meqzefiya (oar)] qadahh : cup, glass [?] Aze qedah, Per qadahh, Tur kadeh borrowed from Ara qadahha : bore [Sem q-d-hh, Heb qadach] qadahha : kindle Sem q-d-hh, Heb eqdach (pistol), JNA qd’hh (ignite)] qadam : foot, step, pace [qadama] Aze qedam, Hin kadm, Kyr kadam, Per qadam, Tur kadem, Uzb qadam borrowed from Ara qadama : precede Sem q-d-m, Mal quddiem (before) Akk qadmu (former time), Heb qadam (before), Syr qedam, JNA qdm (proceed), BAram qadam (before), Ara qdm (upon), Sab qdm, Amh qeddem (earlier), Uga qdm] qadar : predestination [qadara] Per qadar borrowed from Ara qadara : have power; determine [?] qadd : stature [qadda] Hin kadd, Per qadd borrowed from Ara qadda : cut strips [Sem q-d, Amh qoda (skin), Tig qdd (tear)] qaddahh : potter [qadahh] Per qaddahh borrowed from Ara qaddama : introduce, offer [qadama] qaddara : determine [qadara] Hau kaddara borrowed from Ara qadhal : nape [Heb qedal] qadhira : be dirty [?] qadim : ancient [qadama] Aze qedim, Hin kadim, Per qadim, Tur kadim, Uzb qadim borrowed from Ara qadir : mighty [qadara] Hin kadir, Per qader borrowed from Ara qadr : amount, quantity; value; honor, respect, dignity [qadara] Aze qeder, Hau kadari, Hin kadr, Kyr kadir, Per qadr, Swa kadiri, Tat kader, Tur kadar, Uzb qadr borrowed from Ara qadum : carpenter's axe [Tig geddom] qadusa : be holy [Sem q-d-s, Mal qaddis (holy), Heb qadosh, Syr qadisha, Amh qeddus, Uga qdsh, Phoen qdsh] qafa : neck, nape, back side Sem q-p-w, Hrs qefe (back)] qafa : follow qafa] qafala : lock Sem q-p-l, Mal qofol (a lock), Syr ethqafel (be rolled up)] qafala : return, turn back Sem q-p-l, Heb qippel (fold back), JNA qpl, Sab qfl (return)] qafasha : gather [Sem q-p-s, Syr qfass (draw in, contract)] qafass : cage from Gre kaphos] Alb kafaz, Aze qefes, Bul kafez, Gre kafasi, Hin kafas, Per qafas(s), Ser kavez, Tur kafes, Uzb qafas borrowed from Ara qafaza : jump [Mal qabez, Heb qafatz] qafia : rhyme [qafa] Hin kafiya, Per qafiye borrowed from Ara qafila : caravan [qafala] Eng coffle borrowed from Ara qahara : conquer [?] qahha : cough [onomatop.] qahhatta : fail [?] qahhba : whore [Mal qahba] Per qahhbe, Swa kahaba borrowed from Ara qahhtt : failure; famine [qahhatta] Hin kaht, Per qahhtt borrowed from Ara qahqaha : laugh [onomat.] qahqaha : laughter [qahqaha] Hin kahkaha, Per qahqahe borrowed from Ara qahr : anger; calamity [qahara] Hin kahr, Per qahr borrowed from Ara qahwa : coffee [?] Alb kafe, Aze qehve, Bul kafe, Hun kave, Gre kafes, Hin kahva, Ind kahwa, Per qahwe, Ser kafa, Swa kahawa, Taj kahva, Tur kahve borrowed from Ara qaid : leader [qada] Spa alcaide borrowed from Ara qaid : fetters, bond; imprisonment [qayyada] Hin kaid, Per qeyd borrowed from Ara qa‘ida : basis; basic rule [qa‘ada] Aze qayda, Ful kaida, Hau kaida, Hin kayda, Ind kaedah, Per qa‘ede, Tat kagiyde, Tur kaide borrowed from Ara qaidz : summer heat [Akk qessu (summer), Heb qaitz, Syr qatta, JNA qetta, Hrs qaydz, Uga qdz] Per qeydz borrowed from Ara qail : saying; consenting [qala] Hin kayl, Per qael borrowed from Ara qailula : siesta [qala] Per qeylule borrowed from Ara qaim : standing [qama] Hin kaym, Per qaem borrowed from Ara qaim-maqam : representative, agent [qama + maqam] Per qaem-maqam, Swa kaimu, Tur kaymakam borrowed from Ara qaina : female singer [Heb qina (song), Syr qeyntha] qaissar : emperor [from Lat caesar] Hin kaisar, Per qeyssar borrowed from Ara qala : roast Sem q-l-y, Mal qela, Akk qalu, Heb qala, JNA qly] qala : say [Sem q-w-l, Mal qal, Heb qol (voice), Syr qala, JNA qala, Amh qal (word), Tig qal, Uga ql (voice), Phoen ql] qala : hold siesta [?] qala : despise [Syr aqli] qal‘a : fort [?] Aze qala, Hin kila, Per qal‘e, Tur kale borrowed from Ara qala‘a : tear out [Mal qlugh (sail), Heb qala‘ (shoot), qela‘ (sling), Syr qela‘a, JNA miqla’a, Ara ql‘ (curtain), Phoen ql‘ (slinger)] qalaba : overturn [Mal qaleb] qalam : pen, pencil [from Gre kalamos] Aze qelem, Hin kalam, Kyr kalem, Per qalam, Swa kalamu, Taj qalam, Tat kalem, Tur kalem, Uzb qalam borrowed from Ara qalaq : trouble, distress [qaliqa] Hin kalak, Per qalaq borrowed from Ara qalb : heart [Sem q-l-b, Mal qalb, Hrs qalb (mind), Amh qelb] Aze qelb, Hin kalb, Ind kalbu, Per qalb, Tur kalb borrowed from Ara qalb : change [qalaba] Per qalb, Tur kalp borrowed from Ara qalban : from the heart [qalb] Per qalban borrowed from Ara qalib : last; form [from Gre kalopous] Alb kallep, Aze qelib, Bul kalyp, Gre kaloupi, Kyr kalip, Per qaleb, Ser kalup, Tur kalip borrowed from Ara qalil : little [qalla] Per qalil borrowed from Ara qaliqa : be anxious, troubled [?] qalla : be little [Sem q-l-l, Akk qalalu (be light), Heb qal, Syr qalil (few), JNA qalula (light), Hrs qel (be small, light), Amh qellal (light)] qallada : imitate [?] qallaya : cell [from Lat cella] qals : rope [Ara qls] qama : rise [Sem q-w-m, Mal qam, Heb qum (stand up), Syr qam, JNA qym, Amh qome, Uga qwm, Phoen mqm (place)] qama : stature [qama] Hin kamat, Aze qamet, Per qamat borrowed from Ara qama‘a : oppress [Ara qm‘ (be bound)] qamar : moon Sem q-m-r, Mal qamar] Hin kamar, Per qamar borrowed from Ara qamara : gamble Sem q-m-r, Amh qumar (gambling)] qamassa : enclose [?] qamatta : swaddle [Heb qemett (crease), JNA qmtt (shrink)] qamatta : bind, tie up; swaddle; seize [Syr qematt (bind)] Swa kamata borrowed from Ara qamaza : pinch [Heb qamaz] qamhh : wheat [Sem q-m-hh, Mal qamh, Akk qemu (flour), Heb qemach, JNA qamkha, Uga qmhh] Ful alkama, Hau alkama, Per qamhh borrowed from Ara qamiss : shirt [qamassa] Hin kamiz, Per qamiss borrowed from Ara qaml : louse [Sem q-m-l, EgAr ‘amla, Mal qamla, Ara qml, Sab qmlt (a pest), Gur qumal (louse), Gez qml, Amh qemal, Tig qemlet] Per qaml borrowed from Ara qamma : sweep [?] qamus : dictionary [uqyanus] Ful kamus, Hau kamus, Ind kamus, Per qamus, Swa kamusi borrowed from Ara qana : ditch, canal, tube [Akk qanu, from Sum gin] Per qanat borrowed from Ara qana : earn, acquire Sem q-n-y, Heb qana (buy), Syr qena (own)] qana : cane, reed qana qana‘a : contention, satisfaction [qani‘a] Per qana‘at, Tat kanegat, Tur kanaat borrowed from Ara qand : sugar, candy [from Skt kanda] Aze qend, Hin kand, Kyr kant, Per qand borrowed from Ara qandaq : barrel [from Per qondaq] qandil : lamp [from Lat candela] Tur kandil borrowed from Ara qani‘ : satisfied [qani‘a] Per qane‘ borrowed from Ara qani‘a : be satisfied; persuaded [?] qanna‘a : veil, mask [?] qanttara : arched bridge Sem q-tt-n, Amh qettana (passage), Gur qattana (bridge); but also African, cf. Hausa qetara (cross a river) Per qanttare borrowed from Ara qanun : law [from Gre kanon] Aze qanun, Hin kanun, Per qanun, Swa kanuni, Tur kanun, Uzb qonun borrowed from Ara qanunan : by law [qanun] Hin kanunan, Per qanunan borrowed from Ara qaq : raven [onomat.] qaqnus : phoenix [from Gre kyknos] Hin kaknus, Per qoqnos borrowed from Ara qaqula : cardamum [Syr qaqula] Per qaqole borrowed from Ara qaqum : hermine [?] Per qaqom borrowed from Ara qar : bitumen [Akk qiru, JNA qira] qar‘ : pumpkin, calabash [Mal qargha, JNA qare‘tha, qar‘a] Per qar‘ borrowed from Ara qara : entertain guests Sem q-r-y, Heb qirya (village), Syr qritha, Uga qrt, qry (meet), Phoen qrt (village) qara : read [Sem q-r-y, Mal qara, Akk qeru (call), Heb qara, Syr qera, JNA qry, Uga qr’, Phoen qr’] qara‘a : draw lots [?] qara‘a : knock, hit [?] qaraba : kinship [qaruba] qarafa : peel [Sem q-r-p, Amh qerrefe, Tig qerfa] qarahha : injure, wound [maybe from a common Sem root q-r (cut)] qarama : gnaw, nibble [Sem q-r-m] qaranfil : cloves; carnation [from Gre karyophyllon] Alb karafil, Aze qerenfil, Bul karamfil, Hau kanumfari, Per qaranfol, Rom garoafa, Ser karanfil, Swa karafuu, Tur karanfil borrowed from Ara qaraqa : cluck (as a hen) [Sem q-r-q, Syr qareq, onomat.] qarar : quiet; decisiveness; decision [qarra] Aze qerar, Hin karar, Per qarar, Tat karar, Tur karar, Uzb qaror borrowed from Ara qarara : land, ground [qarra] qarasa : make rigid [Sem q-r-s, Syr qeras (harden)] qarassa : pinch; bite, sting [Sem q-r-ss, Amh qeresse (carve), Uga qrss] qarasza : clip Sem q-r-sz, Mal qered (destroy), Heb qaratz (wink)] qarasza : lend [?] qaratta : mince Sem q-r-tt] qarhha : ulcer [qarahha] Per qarhhe borrowed from Ara qari : reader [qara] qaria : village [qara] qari‘a : be bald [?] qarib : boat [from Gre karabos] Per qareb borrowed from Ara qarib : near; relative [qaruba] Hin karib, Per qarib, Swa karibu borrowed from Ara qariban : soon [qaruba] Hin kariban, Per qariban borrowed from Ara qarn : horn; century [Sem q-r-n, Mal qarn, Akk qarnu, Heb qeren, Syr qarna, JNA qana, Hrs qeron (horns), Amh qarn (horn), Tig qern, Uga qrn, Phoen qrn] Hau karni, Per qarn, Swa karne borrowed from Ara qarnabitt : cauliflower [from New Gre kounoupidi] qarqadhan : squirrel [karkaddan] qarqara : coo [Sem q-r-q-r, Heb qarqar (croak), Ara qrqr (make a noise), onomat.] qarr : cold [qarra] qarra : be cold [Sem q-r-r, Heb qar (cold), Syr qarira, JNA qyr (be cold), Tig qerur (cold)] qarra : stay, sit, settle [Amh qerre] qarra : continent [qarra] qarrara : decide; report [qarra] qarssa : a bite, a sting [qarassa] qarsz : loan; debt [qarasza] Hin karz, Per qarsz, Uzb qarz borrowed from Ara qarttama : cut off Sem q-r-tt-m] qaruba : be near [Sem q-r-b, Mal qrib (near), Akk qerebu (be close), Heb qarov (near), Syr qariba, JNA qariwa, Amh qerb, Uga qrb (be close)] qarura : bottle Sem q-r-r, Syr qarura] Per qarure borrowed from Ara qas : priest [Sem q-s-s, Mal qassis, JNA qasha, Amh qes] qasa : measure; compare [Mal qies] qasa : seek [Sem q-th-th, Uga qthth] qasa : be hard [Sem q-s-y, Heb qashe (hard), Syr qeshe] qasam : oath [aqsama] Hin kasam, Per qasam borrowed from Ara qasama : divide [Sem q-s-m, Mal qasam (cut), Akk kasamu (chop), Uga ksm (share)] qasatta : divide into instalments [from Lat sextarius or Gre xestes (a measure)] qash : straw [Heb qash, JNA qirsha] qashara : peel [Sem q-sh-r] qasi : hard [qasa] qasima : voucher [qasama] qass : breast-bone [Akk kaskasu] qassa : cut [Heb qatzatz, Amh mekes (scissors), Uga qss (piece)] qassa : be far [?] qassa : tell a story [?] qassab : butcher [qassaba] Bul kasapin, Gre hasapes, Hin kassab, Per qassab, Ser kasapin, Tur kasap, Uzb qassob borrowed from Ara qassab : reed [qassaba] Per qassab borrowed from Ara qassaba : cut [Sem q-s-b, Mal kasba (cane), Heb qatzav (butcher), JNA qassapa, Phoen qssb (statue)] qassada : intend, aim; make effort [?] qassafa : break apart; bomb [?] qassafa : revel, eat and drink [?] qassala : cut down [Sem q-s-l] qassar : fuller [qassara] Per qassar borrowed from Ara qassara : full (clothes) [Syr qetzar] qassara : miss, fail [qassura] qassasa : cut, halve [Uga qss’ss] qassass : story-teller [qassa] qassassa : retaliate [JNA qyss (shear)] qassba : town quarter [qassaba] Hin kasba borrowed from Ara qassd : intention; suicide [qassada] Aze qesd, Hin kasd, Ind kasad, Per qassd, Swa kusudi, Tur kasit borrowed from Ara qassf : thunder [Syr qetzaf (be angry)] qassh : straw [Heb qash, JNA qirsha] qassida : poem [qassada] qassir : short [qassura] qassqassa : cut [Heb qasqas (scale)] qassr : castle [from Lat castrum] Per qassr, Uzb qasr from Ara qassria : pot [Mal qasrija] qassura : be short [Sem q-s-r, LiAr ‘assir (short), Mal qasir, Heb qatzar (cut short), Uga qssr, Phoen qssr (harvest)] qasza : finish, execute; cut, perforate Sem q-sz-y, Heb qatzin (officer), qatze (end), Syr qetza, Uga qss, Phoen qsst (the end)] qasza : execution; incident, accident [qasza] Aze qeza, Per qasza, Tur kaza borrowed from Ara qaszaba : cut off Sem q-sz-b] qaszia : case; legal process [qasza] Hin kaziya, Per qasziye borrowed from Ara qaszib : rod [qaszaba] Per qaszib borrowed from Ara qaszin : judge [qasza] Ful alkali, Hau alkali, Hin kazi, Per qaszi, Spa alcalde, Swa kadhi, Tat kaziy, Tur kadi borrowed from Ara qata : feed [Sem q-w-t, Hrs qut (food)] qatala : kill, fight [Sem q-t-l, Mal qatel, Heb qattal, Syr qettal, JNA qttl, Tig qetla] qatil : fallen [qatala] Per qatil, Tur katil borrowed from Ara qatil : murderous; murderer, killer [qatala] Aze qatil, Hin katil, Per qatel, Tur katil, Uzb qotil borrowed from Ara qatl : killing, murder [qatala] Hin katl, Per qatl, Tur katil borrowed from Ara qatt : cutting; nib [qatta] Hin kat, Per qatt borrowed from Ara qatt‘ : cutting qatta‘a] Hin kata, Per qatt‘ borrowed from Ara qatta : cut [Sem q-tt] qatta‘a : cut, break Sem q-tt-‘, Mal qata‘, Heb qatta‘ (amputate), Syr qeta‘, JNA qtt’] Swa kata borrowed from Ara qattafa : pick [Sem q-tt-p, Heb qattaf, Syr qettaf, JNA qttf, Amh qettefe, Tig qettfet (leaf)] qattar : train [qattara] Aze qatar, Per qattar, Taj qatar, Tur katar borrowed from Ara qattara : drip; distill [Mal qattar, Akk qataru (smoke), Heb qittor (steam), Syr ‘attor (smoking), Tig qetare (fragrance), Uga qttr (smoke), Phoen qttrt (perfume), Ebl qutturru (smoke)] qattara : line up [?] qattha : gnaw off [Uga qthqth] qatt‘i : decisive, final qatta‘a] Aze qeti, Hin katai, Per qatt‘i, Swa kataa, Tur kati borrowed from Ara qatti‘ : herd qatta‘a] qattifa : velvet; bathing towel [qattafa] Alb kadife, Bul kadife, Rom catifea, Per qattife, Ser kadifa, Tat khetfe, Tur kadife borrowed from Ara qattira : locomotive [qattara] qattra : drop [qattara] Hin katra, Per qattre, Uzb qatra borrowed from Ara qattran : tar [Mal qatran, Akk qatranu (cedar resin), Heb ‘ittran (tar), Syr ‘ettrana, Amh qettran] Alb katran, Bul katran, Fre goudron, Hun katrany, Per qattran, Rom catran, Ser katran, Tur katran borrowed from Ara qaul : speech; vow [qala] Ful alkawal, Hau alkawali, Hin kaul, Ind kaul, Per qoul, Swa kauli borrowed from Ara qaum : nation [qama] Hin kaum, Per qoum borrowed from Ara qaus : arc, bow; brace [Sem q-w-s, Mal qaws, Akk qashtu, Heb qeshet, Syr qeshtha, JNA qishta, Amh qest, Uga qsht, Phoen qsht] Per qous, Tur kavis, Uzb qavs borrowed from Ara qautt : herd [Syr qutta] qawa : desert [Sem q-w-y, Hrs qa (land)] qawa‘id : basics [qa‘ada] Hin kavayd, Per qawa‘ed borrowed from Ara qawia : be strong [Sem q-w-y, Mal qawwa (strength)] qawwad : pimp [qada] Hau kawali, Per qawwad borrowed from Ara qawwal : story-teller [qala] Hin kavval, Per qawwal borrowed from Ara qayyada : restrict [?] qayyim : list [qama] qazz : floss silk [?] qiada : leadership [qada] Per qiyadat borrowed from Ara qiafa : apparel [?] Per qiyafat, Tat kiyafet, Tur kiyafet borrowed from Ara qiam : standing up [qama] Aze qiyam, Hin kayam, Per qiyam, Tur kiyam borrowed from Ara qiama : resurrection [qama] Hau kiyama, Hin kayamat, Ind kiamat, Per qiyamat, Swa kiyama borrowed from Ara qias : measuring; comparison [qasa] Hin kayas, Ind kias, Per qiyas borrowed from Ara qibal : might [?] Per qebal borrowed from Ara qibla : direction qabala] Ful alkibila, Hin kibla, Ind kiblat, Per qeble borrowed from Ara qidd : strip of skin [qadda] qidr : pot, earthenware [Sem q-d-r, Heb qedera, Syr qedra, Hrs qeder] Per qedr borrowed from Ara qif : stop! [waqafa] qihhf : skull [?] Per qehhf borrowed from Ara qil‘ : sail [qala‘a] qilada : collar [Syr qlada] Per qelade borrowed from Ara qilf : bark of trees [Sem q-l-p, Akk qalapu (peel), qilpu (skin), Heb qlipa (bark), JNA qalpa, Hrs qelfet (dried bark), Gur qelfi] qilla : deficiency [qalla] Hin killat, Per qillat borrowed from Ara qima : price, value [qama] Aze qiymet, Hin kimat, Per qeimat, Taj qimat, Tat kyjmmet, Tur kiymet, Uzb qimmat borrowed from Ara qimar : gambling qamara] qimma : top, summit [qama] qin‘ : weapon [?] qina‘ : weapon [qin‘] qina‘ : veil [qanna‘a] qindil : lamp [qandil] Hin kindil, Per qendil borrowed from Ara qinn : slave qana qinna : gum, resin ? qinnab : hemp from Gre kannabis qinnina : bottle Ara qnwn (basket) qir : bitumen [qar] qira : reading [qara] Aze qiraet, Per qera‘at borrowed from Ara qirab : sheath [Akk qerbu (center), Heb qerev (intestines)] qiram : carpet [Syr qeram (cover)] qirba : water-skin [from Per *qir-ab] Per qerbat, Swa kiriba borrowed from Ara qird : monkey [Sem q-r-d] Per qerd borrowed from Ara qirmiz : crimson; cochineal [from Skt krmi (worm)] Hin kirmiz, Per kermez, Tur kirmiz borrowed from Ara qirsh : piaster [from Lat grossus] qirttas : paper charitta Hin kirtas, Per qerttas borrowed from Ara qis : priest [qas] qishr : bark, husk [qashara] Per qeshr borrowed from Ara qisis : priest [qas] Aze kesis, Per qesis, Swa kasisi borrowed from Ara qism : department; part, portion [qasama] Aze qisim, Hin kism, Per qesm, Tur kisim, Uzb qism borrowed from Ara qisma : share, fate [qasama] Aze qismet, Hin kismat, Per qesmat, Tur kismet, Uzb qismat borrowed from Ara qissa : story [qassa] Hau kissa, Hin kissa, Per qesse, Swa kisa borrowed from Ara qissass : retaliation [qassassa] Per qessass, Swa kisasi borrowed from Ara qistt : instalment [qasatta] Hin kist, Per qestt borrowed from Ara qital : struggle [qatala] Per qetal borrowed from Ara qitha : cucumber Sem q-y-th, Heb qishu] qitt : cat [from Late Lat cattus] qitt‘a : portion, piece; continent [qatta‘a] Aze qite, Hin kita, Per qett‘e, Tur kita borrowed from Ara qittar : line, row; series; train [qattara] Hin katar, Per qettar borrowed from Ara qub‘a : cup [Heb qubba‘at, Uga qb‘t] qubba : dome [qabw] Ind kubah, Per qobbe, Ser kube, Swa kuba, Tur kubbe borrowed from Ara qubba‘a : hat [Sem q-b-‘, Heb kova‘] qubbar : lark [?] qubla : kis [qabbala] qubr : grave [qabara] Ind kubur borrowed from Ara qubsza : handful [qabasza] qubur : graves [qabara] Ind kubur, Per qobur borrowed from Ara quddama : before [qadama] quddus : very holy [qadusa] Hin kuddus, Per qoddos borrowed from Ara qudra : might, power [qadara] Aze qudret, Hin kudrat, Ind kudrat, Per qodrat, Tat kodret, Tur kudret, Uzb qudrat borrowed from Ara quds : holiness [qadusa] Per qods borrowed from Ara quffa : basket [Sem q-p, Akk qappatu, Syr quftha, Meh qeffet, Soq qefet, Gez qafo] quffaz : glove [?] qufl : lock [qafala] Aze qifil, Hin kufl, Per qofl, Swa kufuli, Taj qufl borrowed from Ara qulla : jug [Akk qulliu, Gur qula] qulla : top, summit [?] Per qolle borrowed from Ara qulzum : sea [from Gre klysma] Per qolzom borrowed from Ara qumama : waste, litter [qamma] qumar : gambling qamara] Alb kumar, Per qomar, Swa kamari, Tur kumar borrowed from Ara qumash : fabric [?] Per qomash borrowed from Ara qumquma : flagon [Heb qumqum (kettle), Gez kokam (gourd)] Hin qumquma, Per qomqome borrowed from Ara qumri : white dove [qamar] Hin kameri, Per qomri borrowed from Ara qunbula : bomb [from Per chompare] Per qombore borrowed from Ara qundaq : barrel [qandaq] Alb kondak, Per qondaq, Tur kundak borrowed from Ara qunfudh : hedgehog Sem q-p-d, Mal qanfud, Heb qipod, Syr qufda, Tig qenfez (porcupine)] Per qonfodh borrowed from Ara qunn : coop ? qunnab : hemp [qinnab] Per qonnab borrowed from Ara qunssul : consul [from Lat consul] qunu‘ : being satisfied [qani‘a] Per qonu‘ borrowed from Ara quq : cormoran [qaq] Per quq borrowed from Ara qur‘a : lot, ballot [qara‘a] Hau kuria, Per qor‘e, Swa kura borrowed from Ara qurad : a tick [Sem q-r-d, Mal qurdiena, Heb qartzit, Syr qerda, Tig qerd] quran : reading [qara] Ful alkurana, Hin kuran, Ind kuran, Per qor‘an borrowed from Ara qurb : closeness [qaruba] Per qorb borrowed from Ara qurban : sacrifice, offering Sem q-r-b-n, Heb qorban, Syr qurbana, JNA qurban, Amh qurban (sacrament)] Aze qurban, Hin kurban, Ind korban, Per qorban, Tat korban, Tur kurban borrowed from Ara qurd : a tick [qurad] qurhha : ulcer [qarahha] qurss : disk, tablet [qarassa] Per qorss borrowed from Ara qussur : fault, defect; small change qassura] Aze qusur, Gre kousouri, Hin kasur, Per qossur, Rom cusur, Ser kusur, Tur kusur borrowed from Ara qut : food [qata] Per qut borrowed from Ara qutha : cucumber [qitha] quttb : pole [Heb qottev] Aze qutb, Hin kutub, Ind kutub, Per qottb, Tur kutup, Uzb qutb borrowed from Ara quttn : cotton [Sem q-tt-n, Akk qatanu (be thin), Mal qoton (cotton), Heb qattan (small), Hrs qaytten (be thin), Amh qettene] quttr : area; diameter [Sem q-tt-r (tie), Heb qotter, Syr qttar (fasten, tie), JNA qttr] quwa : strength, power, might, force; support [qawia] Aze quvve(t), Ind kuat, Kyr kuwat, Per qowwe, qowwat, Tat kuet, Tur kuvve(t), Uzb quvvat borrowed from Ara R ra : the letter r [Sem r-sh, Heb resh] ra : see Sem r-y, Mal ra, Heb raa, Tig ra, Uga ru (sight)] ra‘a : graze, pasture Sem r-‘-y, Mal ragha, Akk re‘u (shepherd), Heb ra‘a (graze), Syr ra‘ya, JNA r’y, Tig rea, Uga r‘y (shepherd), Phoen r‘ (feed)] ra‘a : amaze maybe from a common Sem root r-‘ (tremble)] ra‘ada : tremble Sem r-‘-d, Mal raghad (thunder), Akk radu (tremble; storm), Heb ra‘ad, JNA r’odhana (earthquake), Amh rade] raafa : be compassionate [?] ra‘asha : quake [Heb ra‘ash (earthquake)] raba : increase [Sem r-b-y, Akk rabu (be big), Heb rav (numerous), Syr raba, yereb, JNA rwy, BAram rav (big), Amh arebbe (breed), Uga rby (be big), Phoen rb (master)] raba : put in doubt [Akk rabu (shake), Heb riv (quarrel), Syr rauba (noise)] rabab : a stringed instrument, rebec [?] Hin rabab, Per rabab borrowed from Ara rabaka : mix [Ara rbk] rabala : be fleshy [Syr rebal] rabasza : settle [Akk rabassu, Heb marbetz (lair), Uga rbss (sit)] rabatta : tie, bind [Mal rabat] rabb : master [rabba] Hin rabb, Per rabb borrowed from Ara rabba : be master [Sem r-b-b, Akk rubu (prince), Heb rav, Phoen rb (chief)] rabi‘ : fourth [arba‘a] rabi‘ : spring-time; a Hijra month [arba‘a] Hin rabi, Per rabi‘ borrowed from Ara rabihh : profitable [rabihha] rabihha : gain Sem r-b-hh, Mal rebah, Heb revach (profit), Amh rebba (be profitable)] rabitta : bundle, bale; tie, connection rabatta] Aze rabite, Per rabette, Swa robota, Tur rabita borrowed from Ara rabtt : connection [rabatta] Hin rabt, Per rabtt borrowed from Ara racchassa : permit [?] racha : go forth [Akk urchu (travel), Heb oreach (guest), Syr urcha (way), JNA urkha] racham : vulture [Heb racham, Hrs rechemot] rachi : soft, weak Sem r-ch-y] rachiss : cheap [rachussa] Per rachiss, Swa rahisi borrowed from Ara rachussa : be cheap [Sem r-ch-ss] ra‘d : thunderclap ra‘da] Per ra‘d, Swa radi borrowed from Ara radafa : follow [Heb radaf (persecute), Syr redaf] radd : denial [radda] Aze redd, Hin radd, Per radd, Tur reddet borrowed from Ara rada : seek [?] radda : return, reject [?] radhala : vileness radhila] Aze rezalet, Per radhalat, Tur rezalet borrowed from Ara radhila : be lowly [?] radiu : radio [from Eng] raf‘ : raising; removal [rafa‘a] Hin rafa, Per raf‘ borrowed from Ara rafa : mend [Sem r-p-y, Heb rippe (heal), SAr rf’ (safeguard), Uga rp’ (heal), Phoen rp’] rafa‘a : raise [Mal rafa‘] rafada : prop Sem r-p-d, Mal riffied (a prop), Heb ripped (upholster)] rafah : comfort rafuha] Aze rifah, Per rafah, Tur refah borrowed from Ara rafaqa : be friendly; accompany Sem r-p-q] rafasa : trample [Sem r-p-s, Mal rifes, Akk rapasu (beat, thrash), Uga rps] rafasza : reject [?] rafata : lay off [?] raff : shelf [from Per] Alb raft, Aze ref, Bul raft, Gre rafi, Per raf, Rom raft, Swa rafu, Tur raf borrowed from Ara raffa : wink [Syr rafef] rafi‘ : high; tender, fine [rafa‘a] Per rafi‘ borrowed from Ara rafiq : friend, companion rafaqa] Per rafiq, Swa rafiki, Tur refik borrowed from Ara rafiqa : wife rafaqa] Tur refika borrowed from Ara rafraf : screen; mud-guard [rafrafa] Per rafraf borrowed from Ara rafrafa : flutter [onomat.] rafuha : be comfortable ?] ragha : foam up [Mal raghwa (foam), Akk ru‘tu (spittle)] raghba : desire raghiba] Aze regbet, Hin ragbat, Per raghbat, Tur ragbet borrowed from Ara raghiba : desire Sem r-gh-b, Heb ra‘av (be hungry), Amh rab, rahab (hunger), Tig rehhab, Uga rghb raghif : bread [?] raghm : spite [arghama] Per raghm borrowed from Ara raghwa : foam [ragha] Per raghwe borrowed from Ara rahaba : be frightened [Sem r-h-b, Syr rehab (run)] rahana : pledge; bet Sem r-h-n, Mal rahan, Heb rahan, JNA rhn] rahha : refresh, get rest [Sem r-w-hh, Mal rih (wind), riha (smell), ruh (spirit), Heb ruach (wind), reyach (smell), Syr rucha (wind), recha (smell), JNA rykh, JNA ruhhaya (spirit), Uga rhh (wind, smell), Phoen rhh (spirit)] rahha : palm of hand [Akk rittu, Tig rehhat, Uga rhht, Ebl rahhtu] rahha : rest, quiet, leisure, pleasure [rahha] Aze rahat, Bul rahat, Gre rahati, Hin rahat, Ind rahat, Per rahhat, Swa raha, Tat rekhet, Tur rahat borrowed from Ara rahhala : depart [Mal rahhal (village)] rahhan : hand-mill [Sem r-hh, Akk eru (grindstone), Heb rechaim, Syr recha, JNA irkhe, Uga rhhm] rahhasza : wash, bathe Sem r-hh-ss, Akk rachassu, Heb rachatz, Uga rhhss] rahhib : wide rahhiba] rahhiba : be wide Sem r-hh-b, Akk rebu, Heb rachav (wide), Aram rchb, OSAr rchb, Uga rhhb, Phoen rhhb (spread)] rahhiba : welcome sy ?] rahhil : departing; the deceased rahhala] rahhim : womb [Sem r-hh-m, Akk remu, Heb rechem, Aram rachma, Tig rehhm, Ebl rehhmu] Ind rahim, Per rahhem, Tur rahim borrowed from Ara rahhima : have compassion [Sem r-hh-m, Akk remu, Heb racham (merciful), Syr rachem (love), JNA rachme (compassion), Uga rhhm (be merciful)] rahhl : saddle; saddle-bag [Sem r-hh-l, Syr rachla (baggage)] rahhm : mercy, pity, compassion, sympathy [rahhima] Aze rehm, Hin rahm, Per rahhm, Uzb rakhm borrowed from Ara rahhma : compassion [rahhima] Hin rahmat, Ind rahmat, Per rahhmat, Swa rehema, Tat rekhmet, Tur rahmet borrowed from Ara rahhman : merciful, compassionate [rahhima] Hin rahman, Ind rahman, Per rahhman borrowed from Ara rahib : monk [rahiba] Aze rahib, Ind rahib, Per raheb, Tur rahip, Uzb rohib borrowed from Ara rahib : terrible [rahiba] rahiba : fear ?] rahiba : nun [rahiba] Per rahebe, Tur rahibe borrowed from Ara rahin : mortgagor [rahana] Hin rahin, Per rahen borrowed from Ara rahn : pledge rahana] Ful ran, Hin rahn, Per rahn, Swa rehani, Tur rehin borrowed from Ara rai : view, review, opinion [ra] Aze rey, Hau raayi, Per rai, Swa rai, Tur rey borrowed from Ara ra‘ia : herd; citizens, subjects ra‘a] Hin raiyat, Ind raayat, Per ra‘iyat, Swa raia, Tur raya borrowed from Ara raib : doubt [raba] raihha : a smell [rahha] rai‘ : wonderful [ra‘a] raij : marketable [raja] ra‘in : shepherd [ra‘a] rair : spittle [Heb rir, Syr rira, JNA rira] rais : chief, boss; chairman ras] Aze reis, Hin rais, Per rais, Swa rasi, Tat reis, Tur reis borrowed from Ara raja : hope [EgAr raga] raja : spread [?] raja‘a : return [Sem r-g-‘] rajab : a Hijra month [rajaba] rajaba : fear [Sem r-g-b] rajahha : exceed [?] rajama : cast (stones at) Sem r-g-m, Heb ragam, Syr regam, JNA rjm] raji‘ : returning [raja‘a] rajm : stoning [rajama] Ind rajam, Per rajm borrowed from Ara rajul : man [EgAr ragil, Mal ragel] rak‘a : prayer with bows ?] Swa rakaa borrowed from Ara rakana : rely on [Sem r-k-n, Syr arken (lean on), JNA rkn (settle)] rakaza : fix [Sem r-k-z, Akk rakasu (tie), Heb rikkez (concentrate), Uga rks (tie)] rakiba : ride Sem r-k-b, Mal rikeb, rkobba (knee), Akk rakabu (ride), Heb rakhav, Syr rekeb, JNA rkw, Amh merkeb (ship), erkab (stirrup), Uga rkb (ride)] Swa rakibu borrowed from Ara rakik : soft [rakka] rakka : be soft [Sem r-k-k, Heb rakh (soft), Syr rakika, JNA rakikha] rakkaba : install [irtakaba] rakkaza : install [rakaza] rama : throw Sem r-m-y, Akk ramu, Mal rema, Syr rma, JNA rmy (lay eggs), Aram rm’ (throw)] ramad : ember Sem r-m-d, Mal rmied, Hrs remed] ramaq : last glance; last breath [ramaqa] Hin ramak, Per ramaq borrowed from Ara ramaqa : glance ? ramasha : pinch Sem r-m-sh ramasz : being scorched Sem r-m-sz, Heb remetz (hot ashes), Amh remett, Tig remetsh] ramaszan : fasting month ramasz] Ful ramadana, Hin ramzan, Per ramaszan, Swa ramadhani borrowed from Ara ramaza : make signs, references [Heb remez (sign)] raml : sand Sem r-m-l, Mal ramel] Hin raml, Per raml borrowed from Ara ramma : rot, ve decayed [Sem r-m-m, Hrs rem (be worn)] ramma : repair [?] ramz : sign [ramaza] ranama : modulate (the voice) [maybe from a common Sem root r-n (shout)] ranna : emit a sound [Heb ranan (shout), Uga rnn] raqa : apply magic [?] raqa : flow out, ooze [Sem r-q-q, Mal riq (saliva), Heb roq, yaraq (spew), Syr raq, JNA ryq, Amh meraq (saliva)] raqa‘a : patch up [Mal roqgha (a patch), JNA rq’ (patch up)] raqaba : observe [?] raqaba : neck [LiAr ra‘be] raqaba : observation; rivalry raqaba] Aze reqabet, Per raqabat, Tur rekabet borrowed from Ara raqada : sleep [Mal raqad] raqam : figure, number; mark raqama] Aze reqem, Hin rakm, Per raqam borrowed from Ara raqama : write [Sem r-q-m, Heb raqam (embroider), Phoen rqm (weaver)] raqassa : dance [Akk raqadu, Heb raqad, Syr marqudtha (dirge), JNA rqdh (dance), Uga rqss (wail)] raqasza : run [?] raqia : ascend [?] raqib : observer; rival raqaba] Aze reqib, Hin rakib, Per raqib, Tur rakip, Uzb raqib borrowed from Ara raqq : turtle Akk raqqu, JNA raqqa raqqa : be thin Sem r-q-q, Akk raqaqu, Heb raqaq, Syr irqiq (thin), JNA raqiqa, Hrs req (be shallow), Amh reqiq (thin), Uga rq raqqass : dancer [raqassa] Aze reqqas, Hin rakkas, Per raqqas, Tur rakkas borrowed from Ara raqss : a dance [raqassa] Aze reqs, Per raqs, Tur rakis, Uzb raqs borrowed from Ara ras : head Sem r-s, Mal ras, Akk reshu, Heb rosh, Syr risha, JNA resh, rish, Hrs hherih, Amh ras, Tig reas, Uga rish, Phoen r’sh, Ebl rishi] Hin ras, Per ras borrowed from Ara rasa : be fastened [?] rasacha : be firm [?] rasala : get into contact [?] rasam : painter, artist rasama] Aze ressam, Per rasam, Tat ressam, Tur ressam, Uzb rassom borrowed from Ara rasama : draw, note [Heb rasham, Syr resham] rasan : rein, halter [Heb ressen (bridle)] rasha : sprinkle Sem r-sh-sh, Mal raxx, Heb rissess, JNA rys, Hrs res, Amh rettshe rasha : bribe [?] rashada : be guided ? rashahha : filter, strain; ooze, perspire ? rashaqa : throw [Syr reshaq (be shot)] rashid : righteous; brave [rashada] Ind rasyid, Per rashid borrowed from Ara rasila : hang loose [Heb rashlan (negligent)] rasm : drawing, picture; custom, fashion; customs rasama] Aze resm, Hin rasm, Per rasm, Tat resem, Tur resim, Uzb rasm borrowed from Ara rasmali : capitalist [ras + mal] rasmi : official; customary rasama] Aze resmi, Hin rasmi, Ind resmi, Per rasmi, Swa rasmi, Tat resmi, Tur resmi, Uzb rasmiy borrowed from Ara rassa : crush [Syr retzatz] rassada : observe [?] rassafa : pave [Heb ritzef (tile)] rassass : lead, bullet JNA rissass, Amh ersas] Per rassass, Swa risasi borrowed from Ara rasshahha : put up a candidate ? rassin : quiet [razin] Per rassin borrowed from Ara rasul : messenger, prophet [rasala] Hin rasul, Per rasul borrowed from Ara rasza : train, exercise [?] rasza‘a : suck [Mal rada‘] raszacha : crack [Heb ratzach (kill)] raszia : be satisfied, content [?] raszin : satisfied, content [raszia] Aze razi, Hin razi, Per raszi, Tur razi borrowed from Ara rataba : arrange [?] Hai rattaba borrowed from Ara ratam : genista, broom [Heb rotem] ratama : utter [Syr retam (murmur)] ratha : mourn [?] ratib : set amount, ration, salary [rataba] Hin ratib, Per rateb borrowed from Ara rattana : speak unintelligibly [Heb rattan (grumble)] rattb : wet rattiba] rattiba : be wet Sem r-tt-b, Mal artab (soft), rtuba (dew), Heb rattov (wet), Amh ertteb] rattl : a measure from Gre litra Hin ratl, Per rattl, Swa ratli borrowed from Ara rauf : compassionate, kind, gentle [raafa] Per rauf, Swa raufu borrowed from Ara raunaq : splendor [?] Hin raunak, Per rounaq borrowed from Ara raushan : roof-light; balcony [from Per] Swa roshani borrowed from Ara rausza : garden; tomb [?] Hin rauza, Per rousze borrowed from Ara rawa : tell, make an account [?] rawaj : circulation; currency [raja] Hin rivaj, Per rawaj borrowed from Ara rawia : quench thirst [Sem r-w-y, Heb rivva, Syr rwe (drunk)] raya : flag [ra] razaqa : provide daily needs rizq] Swa ruzuku borrowed from Ara razin : earnest [razuna] razuna : be earnest [Heb ratzini, rozen (count)] razzaq : provider of daily needs [rizq] Hin razzak, Per razzaq borrowed from Ara ri : quenching thirst [rawia] ria : lung [Akk irtu (chest), Heb rea (lung), Hrs reyi, Uga irt (breast)] rial : a currency [from Portuguese real] riasa : leadership; state [ras] Hin riyasat, Per riyasat borrowed from Ara riasza : exercise; sports [rasza] Per riyaszat borrowed from Ara ri‘aya : protection of subjects; consideration ra‘a] Aze riayet, Hin riayat, Per ra‘ayat, Tur riayet borrowed from Ara riba : interest, usury raba] Ful riba, Swa riba borrowed from Ara riban : interest [raba] ribhh : gain rabihha] ribwa : myriad [raba] rifd : prop rafada] rifq : friendliness [rafaqa] rihan : pledges; a bet [rahana] Per rehan borrowed from Ara rihh : wind [rahha] Per rihh borrowed from Ara rihha : smell [rahha] Tur rayiha borrowed from Ara rija : hope; request raja] Aze rica, Per reja, Tur rica borrowed from Ara rijl : foot [Sem r-g-l, EgAr rigl, Mal rigel, Heb regel, Syr regla, Uga rgl] Per rejl borrowed from Ara rikab : stirrup [rakiba] Hin rakab, Per rekab borrowed from Ara rim : white antelope [Sem r-’-m, Akk rimu (wild ox), Heb reem, Uga rum] riq : saliva [raqa] Per riq borrowed from Ara risala : message; periodical [rasala] Hin risala, Per resale borrowed from Ara rish : feathers; hairs [risha] Per rish borrowed from Ara risha : feather [Mal rixa, Heb riss (eyelash)] risha : rope [Akk riksu] risza : agreement, approval; goodwill, satisfaction raszia] Hin raza, Per resza, Swa radhi, ridhaa borrowed from Ara ritha : inherit waritha] Swa rithi borrowed from Ara riwaq : hall [?] riwaya : account, story, tale [rawa] Aze revayet, Hau ruwaya, Ind riwayat, Per rewayat, Tur rivayet borrowed from Ara rizq : daily needs, provisions [from Middle Per rozig] Per rezq, Swa riziki borrowed from Ara rub‘ : quarter part arba‘a] Aze rub, Ful rubuu, Hau rubui, Per rob‘, Swa robo borrowed from Ara rubb : juice [Heb ribba (jam), JNA mirabba] rucham : marble Sem r-ch-m, Mal rham ruchssa : permission; leave, holiday racchassa] Aze ruxset, Hin rukhsat, Per rochssat, Swa ruhusa, Taj rukhsat, Tat rokhset, Tur ruhsat, Uzb rukhsat borrowed from Ara ruhh : spirit [rahha] Aze ruh, Ful ruhu, Hau ruhu, Hin ruhh, Kaz ruh, Per ruhh, Swa roho, Tat rukh, Tur ruh, Uzb rukh borrowed from Ara ruhhani : priest [ruhh] Hin ruhhani, Per ruhhani, Tat rukhani borrowed from Ara ruhhani : spiritual [ruhh] Per ruhhani, Tur ruhani borrowed from Ara ruju‘ : return [raja‘a] Hin ruju, Per roju‘ borrowed from Ara rukba : knee [rakiba] Per rokbe borrowed from Ara rukn : corner; pillar [rakana] Per rokn borrowed from Ara Rum : Asia Minor [from Lat Roma] Hin Rum, Per Rum borrowed from Ara rumhh : spear from Gre lonche rumman : pomegranate Sem r-m(-n), Mal rummiena, Akk lurmu, nurmu, Heb rimon, JNA armota, Amh roman, Uga lrmn] Per romman borrowed from Ara ruq‘a : patch; scrip [raqa‘a] Hin rukka, Per roq‘e borrowed from Ara rushd : rectitude; ripeness of the soul [rashada] Hin rushd, Per roshd borrowed from Ara rushwa : bribe [rasha] Aze rusvet, Ful riswa, Hau rishwa, Hin rishvat, Ind rasywah, Per reshwat, Swa rushwa, Tat rishvet, Tur rusvet borrowed from Ara rusuch : firmness; weight, influence [rasacha] Hin rusukh, Per rosuch borrowed from Ara rusum : customs [rasama] Hin rasum, Per rosum borrowed from Ara rutba : rank rataba] Aze rutbe, Hin rutba, Per rotbe, Tur rutbe borrowed from Ara ruttuba : moisture rattiba] Per rottubat, Swa rutuba, Tur rutubet borrowed from Ara ruznama : calendar [from Per ruz-name] S sa : be evil [?] sa‘a : hour Sem s-‘, Mal siegha, Heb sha‘a, Syr sha‘tha, JNA sa‘a, Amh se‘at] Aze saat, Ful saa, Hau saa, Hin sait, Ind saat, Kyr saat, Per sa‘at, Ser sat, Swa saa, Taj soat, Tat segat, Tur saat, Uzb soat borrowed from Ara sa‘a : space wasu‘a] sa‘ada : joy sa‘ida] Aze seadet, Per sa‘adat, Tur saadet borrowed from Ara sa‘af : palm leaves [?] sa‘afa : help [?] saala : ask Sem s-’-l, Akk shalu, Heb shaal, Syr sheel, Uga sh’l Swa saili borrowed from Ara sa‘ala : cough Sem sh-‘-l, Mal soghol, Heb sha‘al, JNA s’l, Amh sale, Tig seale] sa‘ara : start a fire, kindle [Sem sh-gh-r, Syr shgar, JNA sh’r] sa‘ara : set a price [Heb sha‘ar (reckon, price)] sab‘ : carnivore Sem s-b-‘, Gez deb‘, Soq dabu‘ah, Heb tzavo‘a (hyena), Syr af‘a] sab‘ : one seventh [sab‘a] Per sab‘ borrowed from Ara saba : capture [Heb shaba, Syr sheba, Uga shby- (prisoner)] saba : flow [?] sab‘a : seven [Sem s-b-‘, Mal sebgha, Akk sebe, Heb shiv‘a, Syr shaba‘, JNA sho’a, shawwa, Amh sebat, Uga shb‘, Phoen shb‘] Per sab‘e, Swa saba borrowed from Ara sab‘in : seventy [sab‘a] Per sab‘in, Swa sabini borrowed from Ara sabab : rope [Akk shibbu] sabab : cause, reason sabba] Aze sebab, Ful sababu, Hin sabab, Ind sabab, Kaz sebep, Per sabab, Swa sababu, Tat sebep, Tur sebep, Uzb sabab borrowed from Ara sabahha : swim [?] sabaka : pour [safaka] sabal : ear of corn Sem sh-b-l, Mal sbul, Heb shibbolet, Syr shebultha, JNA shubultha, Amh sebel (crop), Uga shblt (ear of corn)] sabanach : spinach [isfanach] sabaqa : precede [?] sabaqa : run in contest [sabaqa] sabara : probe Sem s-b-r sabat : basket [from Per sabad] Tur sepet borrowed from Ara sabatt : February [shubatt] Per sabatt borrowed from Ara sabba : cause Sem s-b-b, JNA sabab (cause), Amh sebeb] sabba : insult Sem s-b-b, Meh seb, Jib sebb] sabbaba : index finger [sabba] Per sabbabe borrowed from Ara sabbahha : praise Sem sh-b-hh, Heb shibbeach, Syr shubcha] sabbatt : shoe [from Spa zapato] sabi : capture [saba] Per sabi borrowed from Ara sabi‘ : seventh [sab‘a] sabil : way, path [Sem sh-b-l, Heb shevil, Syr shabila] Hin sabil, Per sabil borrowed from Ara sabil : moustache [sabal] Per seblat borrowed from Ara sabiq : former, earlier [sabaqa] Aze sabiq, Hin sabik, Per sabeq, Tur sabik borrowed from Ara sabiqa : precedence; old acquaintance [sabaqa] Hin sabaka, Per sabeqe borrowed from Ara sabla : manure [zabbala] sabsab : wilderness [?] Per sabsab borrowed from Ara sabt : rest-day, Saturday [Sem sh-b-t, Mal sibt, Akk shabattu, Heb shabat, Syr shabtha, JNA shabtha] Ind sabtu, Per sabt borrowed from Ara sacchama : be black [Akk samu (black), Syr shecham (be black)] sacha : sink in [Syr shach (be submerged)] sachin : hot [sachuna] sachira : mock [?] sachuna : be hot Sem sh-ch-n, Mal s’hun (hot), Akk shachanu, Heb shachen, Syr shechan (be warm), shechen (warm up), JNA shakhina, Jib schanun (hot), Gez sachana (be hot), Uga shchn] sa‘d : happiness [sa‘ida] Per sa‘d borrowed from Ara sada : discuss; be a leader, rule [Sem s-w-d, EgAr sitt (lady), LiAr sit (grandmother), Amh set (woman), Uga sht] sadad : righteousness sadda] Per sadad borrowed from Ara sadaf : darkness [?] Per sadaf borrowed from Ara sadd : dam, bar sadda] Aze sedd, Per sadd, Tur set borrowed from Ara sadda : stop up ?] sadda : be right, fitting ?] saddasa : make six-fold [Akk sh-d-sh, Akk shedish (six), Amh seddest] sadhab : rue [Syr sdb] sadid : right, fitting sadda] Per sadid borrowed from Ara sadis : sixth [saddasa] Per sades borrowed from Ara safaka : pour Sem sh-p-k, Akk shapaku, Heb shafakh, JNA shpkh (spill), Uga shpk (pour)] safala : be low [Sem sh-p-l, Akk shapalu, Heb shafal, Syr shefal (low), Hrs hofel (belly), Uga shpl (low)] safaqa : clap [Heb safaq] safar : trip, travel [safara] Aze sefer, Hau safara, Hin safar, Per safar, Swa safari, Taj safar, Tat sefer, Tur sefer, Uzb safar borrowed from Ara safara : travel Sem s-p-r, Mal siefer, Amh seffere (encamp)] Swa safiri borrowed from Ara safara : whistle ssafara] safara : unveil ?] safara : shine asfara] safarjal : quince safara] saffud : skewer from Gre spodos (ember)] safiha : be foolish [OSAr sfh (be ignorant)] safil : low [safala] Per safil borrowed from Ara safin : wedge [Syr safina] safina : ship [Heb sefina, Syr sefinatha, JNA safina] Per safine, Swa safina borrowed from Ara safir : ambassador [safara] Aze sefir, Hin safir, Per safir, Tur sefir borrowed from Ara safsafa : whistle Sem s-p-s-p, Heb tziftzef, JNA ssfssf] saghab : hunger [saghiba] saghiba : starve [?] saha : neglect, forget [?] Swa sahau borrowed from Ara sahama : take part [Mal sehem (share)] sahha : run down, flow [?] sahha : place, square, court [?] sahha : travel [?] sahhaba : cloud [Mal shab] Per sahhabe borrowed from Ara sahhab : zipper [sahhaba] sahhaba : drag, zip Sem s-hh-b] sahhaja : rub off ?] sahhala : scratch off Sem s-hh-l, JNA sehla (sand), Uga shhhl (beach)] sahhaqa : crush, grind, pound [Sem s-hh-q, Mal sahaq, Syr shacheq, Hrs sehhaq] sahham : red color [Akk samu (red)] sahhar : sunrise, dawn [Akk sheru, Heb shachar (morning), Aram shchr (dawn)] Aze seher, Hin sahr, Per sahhar, Tur seher borrowed from Ara sahhara : bewitch [Mal sahhar (magician), JNA sahhar] sahhil : shore, coast [sahhala] Aze sahil, Hin sahil, Per sahhel, Tur sahil, Uzb sokhil borrowed from Ara sahhiqa : be far [?] sahhir : witch [sahhara] Per sahher borrowed from Ara sahhr : lung [?] sahida : be sleepless [?] sahira : be sleepless [Mal sahra (evening event), Syr shehar (be awake)] sahl : easy, plain [sahula] Hin sahl, Per sahl borrowed from Ara sahl : a plain [sahula] Per sahl borrowed from Ara sahm : arrow [?] Per sahm borrowed from Ara sahm : share [sahama] Per sahm borrowed from Ara sahr : sleeplessness [sahira] Per sahr borrowed from Ara sahra : evening [sahira] sahula : be easy, light, smooth [Sem s-h-l, Gez szhl (be gracious)] sahw : negligence, mistake saha] Aze sehv, Per sahw borrowed from Ara sahwan : false; by mistake saha] Per sahwan, Tur sehven borrowed from Ara sai : evil [sa] sa‘i : possibility; effort [wasi‘a] Aze sey, Per sa‘i, Tur say borrowed from Ara said : ruler [sada] sa‘id : lower arm [?] Per sa‘ed borrowed from Ara sa‘id : happy [sa‘ida] Per sa‘id borrowed from Ara sa‘ida : be happy [JNA sa‘ade (happiness)] sa‘ida : help [?] Swa saidia borrowed from Ara saif : sword from OEg sef Per seyf borrowed from Ara saihh : traveller; pilgrim [sahha] Per sayehh borrowed from Ara sail : torrent [sala] Aze sel, Hin sail, Per seyl, Tur sel borrowed from Ara sail : liquid [sala] Per sayel borrowed from Ara sail : asker; beggar [saala] Per sayel borrowed from Ara saiq : driving [saqa] Per sayeq borrowed from Ara sair : thong [Syr sira (chain, rope)] sair : the others, the remainder [saira] Per sayer borrowed from Ara sair : run, walk, process; observation [sara] Aze seyr, Hin sair, Per seyr, Taj sayr, Tur seyir borrowed from Ara sa‘ir : flame [sa‘ara] Per sa‘ir borrowed from Ara saira : remain [Heb shear (rest), Syr mashraya (abode), Uga sh’r (remain)] sais : leader [sasa] Per saes borrowed from Ara sais : groom [sisi] Hin sais, Per saes borrowed from Ara saittara : dominate [?] saj : teak [?] Hin saj, Per saj borrowed from Ara saj‘ : talking in rhymes [saja‘a] Per saj‘ borrowed from Ara saja‘a : talk in rhymes [?] sajada : bow down, be prostrate; pray [Sem s-g-d, Syr saged (honor), JNA syaja (worship), Amh seggede (genuflect), mesgid (mosque)] Swa sujudu borrowed from Ara sajala : be rival [?] sajana : imprison [?] sajda : worship [sajada] Hin sijda, Per sajde borrowed from Ara sajf : veil [Syr shegaf (cover)] sajia : character ?] Aze seciyye, Per sajiye, Tur seciye borrowed from Ara sajjad : worshipper [sajada] Hin sajjad, Per sajjad borrowed from Ara sajjada : praying mat [sajada] Hin sajjada, Per sajjade borrowed from Ara sajjala : registrate [from Lat sigillum (seal, stamp)] sajjan : prison ward [sajana] Per sajjan borrowed from Ara sajjara : make overflow [Syr shegar (flow)] sajjasa : cause unrest [Syr shegash (confuse)] sakaba : pour [sabaka] sakan : quiet; dwelling [sakana] Per sakan borrowed from Ara sakana : be quiet; dwell, stay put Sem sh-k-n, Akk shakanu (put), mashkanu (place), Heb shakhan (settle), mishkan (residence), Syr shekan (settle), JNA skn, Hrs sekon (stay, dwell), Uga shkn (settle), mshkn (residence) Swa sakini borrowed from Ara sakara : shut off [Akk sekeru, Heb ssekher (dam), ssagar (shut), Soq szigor, Uga sgr] sakata : be still [Mt sikta (silence), skiet, Heb sheqet, Syr shekat (be still)] sakib : flowing; Aquarius [sakaba] Per sakeb borrowed from Ara sakin : resting; dwelling [sakana] Hin sakin, Per saken borrowed from Ara sakira : be drunk [Sem sh-k-r, Akk shakaru, Mal sakra (drunk), Heb shakhur, Syr shekar (be drunk), JNA skr, Amh sekkere, Uga shkr] sakit : quiet, silence [sakata] Aze sakit, Per saket borrowed from Ara sakka : form; block; mint [Sem s-k-k, Akk sakaku] sakkaf : shoemaker [iskaf] Per sakkaf borrowed from Ara sakkana : calm down, relieve [sakana] sakra : drunkenness [sakira] Per sakrat borrowed from Ara sal‘ : rock, cliff Sem s-l-‘, Heb sela‘ sala : forget [Heb ssalach (forgive)] sala : flow, be liquid [Akk shalu (submerge)] salaba : rob [maybe from a common Sem root s-l (snatch)] salacha : flay, skin [Heb shelach (hide), shulchan (table), Syr shalech (strip off), JNA shlkh (peel off), Uga thlhhn (table)] salaf : predecessor, ancient [salafa] Per salaf borrowed from Ara salafa : be over, be past [?] salaka : behave [?] salam : peace, greeting, salute [salima] Hin salam, Ind salam, Per salam, Swa salamu, Tat selam, Tur selam, Uzb salom borrowed from Ara salama : intactness, safety [salima] Hin salamat, Ind selamat, Per salamat, Swa salama, Tat selamet, Tur selamet borrowed from Ara salaqa : boil, scald, singe Sem s-l-q, Akk salaqu, Heb shalaq, Syr shelaq (cook), JNA shlq salch : flaying [salacha] Per salch borrowed from Ara salib : robbed; negative [salaba] Per salib borrowed from Ara salil : offspring [Akk silitu (afterbirth), Heb shilya, Aram slyl (embryo), Gez sayl (foetus), Amh shel, Tig selet (afterbirth)] salim : intact, healthy [salima] Per salim borrowed from Ara salima : be intact; greet [Sem s-l-m, Mal sellem (greet), Akk shalamu (be intact), Heb shalam, Syr shalem (accord), JNA salame (peace), Meh selom, Amh selam, Uga shlm, Phoen shlm] Swa salimu borrowed from Ara saliqa : taste; a sweetened meal [?] Hin salika, Per saliqe borrowed from Ara saljam : turnip [from Tur shalgam] Hin shaljam borrowed from Ara salla : basket [Akk sellu, Heb ssal, JNA sala] Per salle borrowed from Ara sallahha : arm, equip [Sem s-l-hh, Akk shuluchtu (dispatch), shiltachu (arrow), Heb shalach (send), shelach (weapon), Syr shelach (send), JNA ssalihh (weapon), Uga shlhh (send), Phoen shlhh] sallama : deliver; greet [salima] sallatta : make dominant Sem s-l-t, Akk shalattu (rule), Heb shalatt, Syr shelatt, JNA shulttana (king), Amh selttan (power)] salq : beet Heb sseleq, JNA silqa salsala : make a chain, link up [Sem s-l-s-l, Mal sensiela (chain), Akk shersherratu, Heb shalshelet, Syr shesheletha, Amh senselet, Uga shshrt] salttana : rule [sallatta] Hin saltanat, Per salttanat borrowed from Ara salwa : quail [Heb selav, JNA salwa] sam‘ : hearing [sami‘a] Per sam‘ borrowed from Ara sama : sky Sem s-m-y, Mal sema, Akk shamu, Heb shamaim, Syr shemaya, Hrs seme, Amh semay, Uga shmm, Phoen shmm Aze sema, Ful asama, Hau sama, Per sama borrowed from Ara sama : offer for sale [?] samahha : be generous, allow; forgive [?] Swa samehe borrowed from Ara samak : fish [?] Per samak, Swa samaki borrowed from Ara samanjuni : sky-colored [sama + from Per juni (colored)] samara : be brown [Mal ismar (brown)] samawi : celestial; sky-blue [sama] Per samawi, Swa samawati borrowed from Ara sami‘ : hearer [sami‘a] Per same‘ borrowed from Ara sami‘a : hear Sem sh-m-‘, Mal sama‘, Akk shemu, Heb shama‘, Syr shema‘, Hrs homa, Amh semma, Tig shem‘a, Uga shm‘, Phoen shm‘ samid : fine flour [Sem s-m-d, Akk samidu, samadu (grind), JNA semid (fine flour)] Per samid borrowed from Ara samin : fat [samina] Per samen borrowed from Ara samina : be fat [Sem sh-m-n, Mal smin (fat), Akk shamnu, Heb shemen, JNA shimna, Uga shmn] samk : cover [Akk samaku, Heb ssamakh (support), Syr ssmak, JNA smkh] samkari : repairman [from Per] samm : poison [samma] Per samm, Swa sumu borrowed from Ara samma : poison sg [Mal semm (poison), Akk shammu (plant), Heb sam (poison), Syr sama, JNA sama, Hrs sem (plant; poison)] samma : name sy [Sem sh-m, Mal isem (name), Akk shumu, Heb shem, Syr shema, Meh ham, Hrs hem, Amh sem, Tig sem, Uga shm, Phoen shm] samma‘a : earpiece [sami‘a] sammaka : thicken [?] sammara : fasten [Mal sammar, Heb massmer (nail), Amh mesmar] samn : fat, butter [samina] Per samn borrowed from Ara samt : path [from Latin semita] Aze semt, Hin simt, Per samt, Tur semt borrowed from Ara sana : brilliance Sem s-n-y sana : year [Mal sena, Akk shattu, Heb shana, Syr shanatha, JNA shata, shinna, Hrs senet, Uga shnt, Phoen sht] Hin san, Per sane borrowed from Ara sanad : support; document [sanada] Aze sened, Hin sanad, Per sanad, Tur senet borrowed from Ara sanada : lean on, rely on [SAr zand- (forearm), Amh sened (document)] sanam : hump (of camel) [tasannama] sandan : anvil [sindan] sani : excellent [sana] sanja : bayonet [from Tur] sanjab : squirrel [?] Per sanjab borrowed from Ara sanjaq : banner [from Tur] sanna : whet, sharpen Sem s-n-n, Mal senn, Aram shnn, JNA mishna (grindstone), Uga shnn (grind)] sanna : prescribe ?] santt : acacia [from OEg shentt] Per santt borrowed from Ara santtur : a string instrument from Gre psalterion] Per santtur borrowed from Ara saq : thigh Sem s-q, Mal sieq (leg), Akk saqu, Heb shoq, Syr shaqa (thigh, shank), JNA shaqa, saqa (leg), Tig sequqa (calf of leg), Uga shq (leg) Per saq borrowed from Ara saqa : conduct, drive [Mal saq] saqa : give drink; irrigate Sem sh-q-y, Mal saqqa, Akk shaqu, Heb hishqa, Syr ashqi, Uga shqy saqam : disease [saqima] Per saqam borrowed from Ara saqar : hell [?] Per saqar borrowed from Ara saqatt : waste, litter [saqatta] Per saqatt borrowed from Ara saqatta : fall [?] saqf : ceiling [saqqafa] Per saqf, Swa sakafu borrowed from Ara saqi : irrigation [saqa] Per saqi borrowed from Ara saqi : cup-bearer [saqa] Hin saki, Per saqi borrowed from Ara saqima : be sick [?] saqlabi : Slavic [from Lat sclavus] Per saqlabi borrowed from Ara saqqa : water carrier [saqa] Hin sakka, Per saqqa borrowed from Ara saqqafa : build a roof [Mal saqaf (ceiling)] saqtta : fall [saqatta] Per saqtte borrowed from Ara sara : hill, ridge [Sem s-w-r, Hrs sar (behind), Amh sereser (vertebra)] sara : move, depart [Sem s-y-r, Syr shra, Uga srw, shry (let loose)] sara : travel by night [Sem s-y-r, Hrs seyor (go)] sarab : mirage [Heb sharav (heat)] sarahha : let loose, dismiss sarihha] sarai : hall [from Per saray] saraja : be intertwined [Heb shorag, Aram ssrag] saraqa : steal Sem s-r-q, Mal seraq, Akk sharaqu, Amh serreqe] sarattan : crab Sem s-r-tt-n, Heb ssarttan, Syr sarttana, Amh sharttan] Hin sartan, Per sarattan borrowed from Ara sarduk : cock [from Berber] sari‘ : fast, speedy [saru‘a] sarihha : be loose, free Sem s-r-hh] sariq : thief [saraqa] sariqa : theft [saraqa] sarir : bed [?] sarj : saddle [Mal sarg, JNA srg] Per sarj borrowed from Ara sarjin : dung [from Middle Per sargen] sarra : be glad [?] sarrahha : comb [?] sarraj : saddle-maker [sarj] Per sarraj borrowed from Ara saru‘a : be fast, speedy [?] sarw : cypress [from Per sarw] Aze serv, Hin saro, Tur servi borrowed from Ara sarwar : trousers [from Per shalwar] sasa : govern, conduct [?] sa‘tar : thyme Akk sataru, Mal saghtar] Per sa‘tar borrowed from Ara satara : conceal mastur] Swa setiri borrowed from Ara satt‘ : shining satta‘a] Per satt‘ borrowed from Ara satta : whip Sem s-w-tt, Mal sawwat (whip), Heb shott satta : raid ? satta‘a : rise, expand ?] satta‘a : shine ?] sattahha : spread [Heb shettach (surface), JNA shtt’hh (spread)] sattara : draw lines [Sab sttr] satt’hh : surface [sattahha] Aze seth, Hin satah, Per satt’hh, Tur satih borrowed from Ara sattl : bucket [from Lat situla] Per sattl, Taj satil borrowed from Ara sattr : line [sattara] Aze setr, Hin satr, Per sattr, Tur satir borrowed from Ara sattura : large knife [Syr ssattura] sattwa : raid, invasion [satta] Per sattwat borrowed from Ara sauda : melancholy sauwada] Per souda borrowed from Ara saudad : rule sada] Per soudad borrowed from Ara saufa : shall, will [sawafa] sauq : transport [saqa] Per souq borrowed from Ara sautt : whip satta Per soutt borrowed from Ara sauwada : paint black Sem s-w-d, Mal iswed (black)] sauwaqa : market, trade Sem s-w-q, LiAr su‘ (market), Mal suq, Akk suqu (street), Heb shuq (market), Syr shuqa, JNA shuqa, Amh suq (shop) sauwara : wall in, encircle, enclose [Sem sh-w-r, Akk shuwwuru, Syr shaura (wall), JNA shura] sawa : even, equal [sawia] Per sawa, Swa sawa borrowed from Ara sawad : blueprint [sauwada] Per sawad borrowed from Ara sawafa : postpone [?] sawama : bargain [sama] sawi : equal, level [sawia] Per sawi borrowed from Ara sawia : be equal, even [Mal sewwa (equal), Heb shave, Syr shewa, JNA sawa] sawia : equality, level [sawia] Aze seviyye, Per sawiye, Tur seviye borrowed from Ara sawian : together [sawia] sayyada : lady [sada] Per seyyede borrowed from Ara sayyahh : traveler [sahha] Per sayyahh, Tur seyyah borrowed from Ara sayyar : mobile [sara] Per sayyar, Tat seyar, Tur seyyar borrowed from Ara sayyara : car; planet [sara] Per sayyare, Swa sayari, Taj sayora, Tur seyyare borrowed from Ara siada : rule [sada] Per siyadat borrowed from Ara siahha : travel, journey, trip, tour [sahha] Aze seyahet, Per siyahhat, Taj sayohat, Tat seyakhet, Tur seyahat, Uzb sayokhat borrowed from Ara siaqa : driving [saqa] Per siyaqe borrowed from Ara siasa : governance; politics [sasa] Aze siyaset, Hau siyasa, Hin siyasat, Ind siasa, Per siyasat, Swa siasa, Tur siyaset borrowed from Ara sibahha : swimming [sabahha] sibaq : contest, race [sabaqa] sibla : moustache [sabal] Per seblat borrowed from Ara sibtambar : September [from Lat september] sibtt : tribe [Heb shavett, JNA shiwtta] Per sebtt borrowed from Ara sich : skewer [?] Per sich borrowed from Ara sidad : stopping up sadda] Per sedad borrowed from Ara sidr : lotus ?] Per sedr borrowed from Ara sifara : embassy [safara] Per sefarat, Taj saforat, Tur sefaret borrowed from Ara sifr : book [Sem s-p-r, Akk seperu (write), shipirtu (letter), Heb ssefer (book), Syr sefra, Uga spr (script), Phoen spr] Per sefr borrowed from Ara sihhlia : lizard [?] sihhr : magic, witchcraft [sahhara] Aze sehr, Ful siri, Hau sihiri, Ind seher, Per sehhr, Swa sihiri, Tat sikher, Tur sihir borrowed from Ara sijara : cigarette [from Eng cigar] sijill : register sajjala Per sejell, Tur sicil borrowed from Ara sijn : prison [sajana] Per sejn borrowed from Ara sikirtaria : secretariat [from Ita segretaria] sikka : coin [sakka] Hin sikka, Per sekke, Tur sikke borrowed from Ara sikkin : knife [Mal sikkina, Heb ssakkin, Syr sakina, JNA sikkina, Aram skyn’, Meh eshk-, Uga tkn] Per sekkin borrowed from Ara sil‘a : goods [?] silahh : arm, weapon sallahha Aze silah, Hin silah, Per selahh, Swa silaha, Tur silah, Uzb silokh borrowed from Ara silf : brother-in-law [?] silk : thread; telephone [Amh selk] silm : peace [salima] Per selm borrowed from Ara silsila : chain salsala] Aze silsile, Hin silsila, Ind salasilah, Per selsele, Tur silsile borrowed from Ara sima : sign, character from Gre sema Per sima, Tur sima borrowed from Ara sima‘ : hearing; listening [sami‘a] Per sema‘ borrowed from Ara simsim : sesame [Akk shamashamu, Heb shumshom, JNA sushme, Uga shshmn, Phoen shshmn] simtt : cord [Syr shmata (shoelace)] sin : the letter s [Heb sin] Per sin borrowed from Ara sinan : tip (of a lance) [sanna] Per senan borrowed from Ara sindan : anvil [Shuwa Ar sindala] Per sendan borrowed from Ara sinima : cinema [from Eng cinema] sinn : tooth Sem s-n, Mal sinna, Akk shinnu, Heb shen, Syr shena, Uga shn, Ebl shinnu Per senn borrowed from Ara sinn: age [sana] Per senn borrowed from Ara sinnaur : cat BAram shunra, Hrs sennoreh si‘r : price [sa‘ara] Per se‘r borrowed from Ara siraj : lamp [from Per cheragh] Hin siraj, Per seraj borrowed from Ara sirbal : skirt [from Per serwal] Per serbal borrowed from Ara sirdab : vault [from Per sard-ab (cold-water)] sirr : secret [mastur] Aze sirr, Ful asiri, Hau asiri, Per serr, Swa siri, Tat ser, Tur sir borrowed from Ara sisi : pony Sem s-w-s, Akk sisu (horse), Heb ssuss, Syr susiya, JNA susa, Uga ssw, Phoen ss sit : six [Sem sh-t, Mal sitta, Heb shisha, Syr sheth, JNA ishta, BAram sht, Aram sht, Uga thth, Phoen shshm (sixty)] Per set, Swa sita borrowed from Ara sitar : screen, curtain [Syr shatar] Per setar borrowed from Ara sitin : sixty [sita] Hau sittin, Per setin, Swa sitini borrowed from Ara sitt : lady [sada] sittam : plug Sem s-t-m, Heb ssatam (close up)] siwa : except [?] Hin siva, Per siwa borrowed from Ara siwar : bracelet [Akk shawiru] Per sewar borrowed from Ara su : evil [sa] Per su borrowed from Ara su‘al : a cough [sa‘ala] Per so‘al borrowed from Ara sual : question [saala] Aze sual, Hin saval, Per soal, Swa suali, Tur sual borrowed from Ara subhha : rosary sabbahha] Per sobhhe borrowed from Ara subhhan : praise sabbahha] Hin subhan, Per sobhhan borrowed from Ara suchn : hot sachuna] su‘d : reed grass [?] Per so‘d borrowed from Ara sudad : plugged-up nose sadda] Per sodad borrowed from Ara sudda : obstruction, constipation sadda] Hin sudda, Per sodde borrowed from Ara suds : one sixth [saddasa] Per sods borrowed from Ara sufla : lowly [safala] Per sofle borrowed from Ara sufra : table; tablecloth [?] Aze sufre, Per sofre, Tur sofra borrowed from Ara suftaja : bill of exchange [from Per safte] suhad : awake; sleeplessness [sahida] Ind suhad, Per sohad borrowed from Ara Suhail : Canopus [?] Hin Suhel, Per Soheyl borrowed from Ara suhula : ease [sahula] Hin sahulat, Per sohulat borrowed from Ara sukkan : rudder [?] Aze sukan, Per sokkan borrowed from Ara sukkar : sugar from Gre saccharon Ful sukkar, Hau sukari, Swa sukari borrowed from Ara sukna : dwelling [sakana] Per sokna borrowed from Ara sukr : drunkenness [sakira] Per sokr borrowed from Ara sukun : quiet [sakana] Hau sukuni, Hin sukun, Per sokun borrowed from Ara sukuna : silence, calm, quiet [sakana] Per sokunat, Tur sukunet, Uzb sukunat borrowed from Ara sukut : silence [sakata] Aze sukut, Per sokut, Taj sukut, Tur sukut borrowed from Ara sulahhfa : turtle [Akk sheleppu, Meh salefhhot, Ebl shalahhpu] sulaimani : mercury chloride [from Lat sublimatum] sulala : generation, dynasty [tasallala] Aze sulale, Per solale, Tur sulale borrowed from Ara sullam : ladder [Mal sellum, Heb sulam] Per sollam borrowed from Ara sultta : rule [sallatta] Per soltte borrowed from Ara sulttan : ruler [sallatta] Hin sultan, Per solttan borrowed from Ara suluk : behavior [salaka] Hin saluk, Per soluk borrowed from Ara summan : quail [?] sumra : brown color [samara] Per somre borrowed from Ara sunbak : boat [?] Mal sambo, Per sonbak, Tur sumbegi borrowed from Ara sunbula : ear of corn [sabal] Aze sunbul, Per sonbole borrowed from Ara sunna : custom [sanna] Hin sunnat, Per sonnat borrowed from Ara sununa : swallow [Akk sinuntu, Heb ssenunit] suq : market sauwaqa Per suq borrowed from Ara suqutt : fall [saqatta] Per soqutt borrowed from Ara sur : wall, fence [sauwara] Per sur borrowed from Ara sur : remainder [saira] sura : chapter [sauwara] Ful sura, Hau sura, Per sure borrowed from Ara sur‘a : speed [saru‘a] Aze suret, Per so‘rat, Tur surat borrowed from Ara surm : rectum [Akk surumu (bowels), Syr shurma (rectum), JNA shirma] surra : navel [Heb shor, Syn shera, JNA shirtha, Hrs shera] Per sorre borrowed from Ara surur : joy [sarra] Hin sarur, Per sorur borrowed from Ara sus : wood-worm Akk sasu, from Sum ziz Per sus borrowed from Ara sus : sweet-wood from Per susan : lily from OEg seshen Hin sosan, Per susan borrowed from Ara sutra : jacket [mastur] Hau sutura, Per setre borrowed from Ara SH sha : sheep from OEg sa sha : want [OSAr sza(w), Amh sha] sha‘a : spread, scatter [?] sha‘aba : branch off; separate; disperse [?] sha‘aba : assemble [?] sha‘ala : kindle [Mal xeghel] sha‘ara : feel, notice [Heb she‘er (guess), Soq shi‘i (listen)] sha‘ara : write poetry [?] sha‘b : people [sha‘aba] shaba : become gray-haired [Sem s-y-b, Akk shibu (old), Heb seva, ssav (grandfather), Syr sseb (get old), sseba (old man), JNA swy (get old), sawa (old man), Hrs sayb (white hair), Amh shebbete (turn gray), Tig shib (gray hair), Uga shbt] shabab : youth [shabba] Hin shabab, Per shabab borrowed from Ara shabah : copper ?] Swa shaba borrowed from Ara shabaha : resemble ?] Swa shabihi borrowed from Ara shabaka : weave; entangle [Sem sh-b-k, Mal xibka (net), Akk sabaku, Heb ssibbekh (complicate), Hrr shabak (net), Jib sebket, Soq shibkeh] shabaka : net, network [shabaka] Aze sebeke, Per shabake, Taj shabaka, Tur sebeke borrowed from Ara sha‘ban : a Hijra month [sha‘aba] shab‘an : full [shabi‘a] shabb : alum [?] Per shabb borrowed from Ara shabb : young man [shabba] shabba : grow up [Mal xbin (godfather), Hrs szeb (youth), Amh sew (man)] shabba : burn, kindle [Akk shababu (glow), Syr shab- (be dry)] shabba : prance [Akk shepu (foot), Soq sab] shabbaba : reed pipe, flute [?] shabbur : horn [Heb shofar] shabi‘a : be sated, replete [Sem s-b-‘, Mal xabba‘, Akk shebu, Heb sava‘, Syr seba‘, JNA sw‘, Hrs soba, Uga shb‘, Phoen shb‘ (abundance)] Swa shiba borrowed from Ara shabih : resembling; resemblance shabaha] Hin shabih, Per shabih borrowed from Ara shabiha : resemble shabaha] shabin : godfather [shabba] shabitha : hold fast, be firm [?] shacha : get old [Mal xih (old), Syr shayk (highest teacher)] shachassa : rise, appear [?] shachss : person [shachassa] Aze sexs, Hin shakhs, Per shachss, Tur sahis, Uzb shakhs borrowed from Ara shachssi : personal [shachassa] Hin shakhsi, Per shachssi, Tat shekhsi, Uzb shakhsiy borrowed from Ara shachssia : personality [shachassa] Hin shakhsiyat, Per shachssiyat, Tur sahsiyet borrowed from Ara shachtur : boat [?] shada : erect [?] shadid : strong [shadda] Per shadid borrowed from Ara shadir : tent [from Per chador] shadda : be strong [?] shaddh : irregular, abnormal [shadha] shadha : be apart [?] shafa : lip [Sem sh-p-’, Mal xoffa, Akk shaptu, Heb safa, Syr seftha, JNA siptha, Uga shpt, Ebl saptu] Per shafah borrowed from Ara shafa : heal [?] shafa‘a : mediate [?] shafa‘a : mediation [shafa‘a] Per shafa‘at, Tur sefaat borrowed from Ara shafahi : oral [shafa] Aze sifahi, Per shafahi, Tur sifahi borrowed from Ara shafaq : dawn [?] Aze sefeq, Hin shafak, Per shafaq, Tur safak borrowed from Ara shafaqa : mercy, goodness, humanity [ashfaqa] Aze sefqet, Hin shafkat, Ind syafakat, Per shafaqat, Tat shefkat, Tur sefkat borrowed from Ara shaffa : be transparent [?] shaffaf : transparent [shaffa] Per shaffaf, Tur seffaf borrowed from Ara shafr : edge; eyelash [shafra] shafra : knife [Mal xifer (edge), Heb missparaim (scissors), ssefar (frontier), Syr sufara (shearing), sefara (shore), Hrs sforir (eyelash)] Per shafre borrowed from Ara shagghala : employ [shaghala] shaghala : deal with [Mal xoghol (work), JNA shghl (be busy)] shaghara : be vacant [?] shaghir : vacant [shaghara] shaha : wish ?] shahab : grey color Sem s-h-b] shahada : observe [shahida] shahada : testimony [shahida] Aze sehadet, Hau shahada, Hin shahada, Ind syahadat, Per shahadat, Swa shahada, Tur sahadet borrowed from Ara shahaqa : bray; sob Sem sh-h-q, Heb shahaq (hiccup), Hrs shehawq (have whooping cough)] shahara : make known ?] Hau shahara borrowed from Ara shahd : honey [?] Hin shahd, Per shahd borrowed from Ara shahhana : load [Akk ssenu, Heb tta‘an, Gez ssa‘ana] shahhana : chase [?] shahhm : fat [Sem sh-hh-m, Mal xaham, Akk shemu] Per shahhm borrowed from Ara shahhina : lorry [shahhana] shahhn : load, freight shahhana] Per shahhn, Swa shehena borrowed from Ara shahhna : police; bailiff [shahhana] Hin shahna, Per shahhne borrowed from Ara shahia : appetite [shaha] shahid : witness [shahida] Aze sahid, sehid, Ful saida, Hau shaida, Hin shahid, Ind syahid, Per shahed, shahid, Swa shahidi, Tat shahit, Tur sahit borrowed from Ara shahida : be witness [Mal xhud (witness), Heb shahed, Syr sahed, JNA sahdha] shahin : falcon [from Per shahen] Aze sahin, Tur sahin borrowed from Ara shahr : month Sem s-h-r, Mal xahar, Heb ssahar (moon), JNA sehra shahwa : lust, sensuality [shaha] Aze sehvet, Ind syahwat, Per shahwat, Tur sehvet borrowed from Ara shahwani : sensuous [shaha] Per shahwani, Tur sehvani borrowed from Ara shai : tea [from Chinese cha] Alb caj, Bul chaj, Ful sayi, Gre tsai, Hau shayi, Rom ceai, Rus chai, Ser caj, Swa chai, Tur cay, Uzb choy borrowed from Ara shai : thing [Mal xi (what), Akk sha (that), Heb she, Hrs si, Phoen sh] Aze sey, Hin shai, Per shei, Tur sey borrowed from Ara shai‘ : publicly known; published [sha‘a] Hin shai, Per shaye‘ borrowed from Ara shai‘a : rumor [sha‘a] Aze sayie, Per shaye‘e, Tur sayia borrowed from Ara shaich : old man [shacha] Hin shekh, Per sheych borrowed from Ara sha‘ir : barley [sha‘r] Ful shairu, Per sha‘ir, Swa shayiri borrowed from Ara sha‘ir : poet [sha‘ara] Hin shayr, Aze sair, Per sha‘er, Tur sair borrowed from Ara shaittan : devil [Heb saytan] Aze seytan, Ful saidanu, Hin shaitan, Ind syaitan, Per sheyttan, Swa shetani, Tat shaitan, Tur seytan borrowed from Ara shajan : twig [?] Per shajan borrowed from Ara shajan : sadness [shajina] Per shajan borrowed from Ara shajara : tree [maybe from a common Sem root s-g (grow), EgAr shagara (tree), Mal sigra, Heb sigseg (grow), Syr sega, BAram saggi (high)] Ind syajrat, Per shajare, Tur secere borrowed from Ara shaji‘ : brave [shaju‘a] Per shaji‘ borrowed from Ara shajina : be sad [?] shaju‘a : be daring [Heb shaga‘ (be mad), Aram shg‘ (insanity)] shaka : prick Sem s-k-k, Mal xewk, Akk shakaku (be pointed), sikkatu (peg), Heb sakakh (be pointed), Syr ssauktha, sektha (point, pin), ssektha (nail, ploughshare), JNA siktha (peg), Gez sak‘a, sagw‘a (pierce), Amh shok, shoh (thorn)] shaka : complain ?] shakala : fetter, hinder [Mal xekkel] shakala : form [JNA shikil (shape)] shakala : be hard [?] shakama : rein in [?] shakara : thank [JNA shkr] Swa shukuru borrowed from Ara shaki : complaining [shaka] Hin shaki, Per shaki borrowed from Ara shakir : thankful [shakara] Hin shakir, Per shaker borrowed from Ara shakk : doubt, suspicion [shakka] Hau shakka, Hin shak, Ind syak, Per shakk, Swa shaka, Tat shik borrowed from Ara shakka : pierce Sem s-k-k] shakka : doubt [?] Swa shuku borrowed from Ara shakl : form, likeness, figure, picture [shakala] Aze sekil, Hin shakl, Per shekl, Tur sekil borrowed from Ara shakwa : complaint [shaka] Hin shikva, Per shakwe borrowed from Ara shal : shawl [from Per shal] shala : carry [?] shalal : paralysis [shalla] shalala : waterfall [shallal] Aze selale, Per shalale, Tur selale borrowed from Ara shalaqa : split [Akk shalaqu (cut)] shalita : sack [Syr shala] shalla : paralyze [Ara shll (despoil)] shallal : waterfall [?] Sham : Syria; Damascus [maybe from a common Sem root sh-m (north), cp. shimal] Ful Sham, Hin Sham, Ind Syam, Per Sham, Swa Sham, Tur Sam borrowed from Ara sham‘ : wax; candle Sem s-m-‘, Mal xama‘, Syr shama, JNA shama‘, Amh sem, shama (candle)] Aze sam, Per sham‘, Tat shem, Uzb sham borrowed from Ara shama : bad omen [tashama] Hin shamat, Per shamat borrowed from Ara sham‘a : candle; wick [sham‘] Hin shama, Swa shumaa, Tur sama borrowed from Ara shamala : contain [?] shamandar : beet [?] shamandura : buoy [from Gre semanterion] shamar : fennel [Akk shimru, Heb shummar, Syr shamara] shami : Syrian [Sham] Hin shami, Per shami borrowed from Ara shamil : comprehensive [shamala] Hin shamil, Per shamel borrowed from Ara shamla : cloak [Heb simla (dress)] shamm : smell [shamma] shamma : smell [Mal xamma (smell)] shammam : melon [shamma] shammama : aroma [shamma] Per shamame borrowed from Ara shammas : deacon [Sem sh-m-sh, Heb shammash (servant)] Per shammas, Swa shamasi borrowed from Ara shams : sun [Sem sh-m-sh, Mal xemx, Akk shamshu, Heb shemesh, Syr shemsha, Tig shemsh, Phoen shmsh] Ind syamsu, Per shams borrowed from Ara shamsiye : parasol [shams] Per shamsiye, Tur semsiye borrowed from Ara shan : prestige; affair; opportunity [?] Hin shan, Per shan borrowed from Ara shana : hate Sem s-n-y, Heb sane, Syr sena, JNA sny, Uga shn’, Phoen shn’t (hatred) shanab : moustache [?] shantta : handbag [from Tur canta] Swa shanta, Tur canta borrowed from Ara shaqa : fill with longing [?] shaqa : make miserable [?] shaqawa : accident; robbery [shaqa] Per shaqawat, Tur sekavet borrowed from Ara shaqi : miserable [shaqa] Per shaqi borrowed from Ara shaqiq : one half; full brother; temple of the head; migraine [shaqqa] Hau shakiki, Per shaqiq(e), Tur sakak borrowed from Ara shaqira : be blond-haired [?] shaqq : hard; straight [shaqqa] Per shaqq borrowed from Ara shaqqa : split, burst; etymologize [?] shaqqa : be hard [?] shaqul : plummet [thaqula] Hin sahul, Per shaqul, Tur sakul borrowed from Ara sha‘r : hair Sem s-‘-r, Mal xaghar, Akk shartu, Heb se‘ar, Syr sa‘ra, JNA sa‘are (barley), Hrs sor (hair, wool), Amh ssegur, Uga sh‘r, shrt (wool), Ebl sheratu] Per sha‘r borrowed from Ara shar‘ : law [shara‘a] Per shar‘ borrowed from Ara shara : buy [Mal xtara] shara : sign [shauwara] shar‘a : tendon [Akk meshretu (limbs), Syr sharitha (joint)] shara‘a : begin; set; prescribe; legislate [Sem sh-r-‘] sharab : drink; juice; wine [shariba] Aze serab, Hin sharab, Ind syarab, Kyr sharap, Per sharab, Taj sharob, Tur sarap borrowed from Ara sharaf : honor [sharufa] Aze seref, Per sharaf, Tur seref borrowed from Ara sharafa : honor; nobility [sharufa] Hin sharafat, Kyr sharapat, Per sharafat borrowed from Ara sharaha : greed; rejoicing shariha] Per sharahat, Swa sherehe borrowed from Ara sharahha : cut up, dissect; clarify [?] sharaitt : terms, conditions [sharatta] Aze serait, Per sharaitt borrowed from Ara sharak : net, snare [sharika] sharaka : participation [sharika] Hin sharakat, Per sharakat borrowed from Ara sharama : split [Syr sheram (break), srama (stub-nosed), Hrs mesrim (hare-lipped), Tig sherum] sharaqa : go up; be red [Amh mesraq (east)] sharar : spark [Mal xrara] Per sharar borrowed from Ara sharara : wickedness [sharra] Hin shararat, Per shararat borrowed from Ara shararatan : wickedly [sharra] Hin shararatan borrowed from Ara sharatta : cut in [Heb saratt (scratch), JNA srtt (cut in)] sharba : drink; syrup [shariba] Aze serbet, Hin sharbat, Ind syarbat, Per sharba, Tur serbet borrowed from Ara sharbin : larch tree [?] Per sharbin borrowed from Ara sharch : splendor (of youth) Sem sh-r-ch, Akk sharachu (make splendid)] sharhh : commentary, explanation [sharahha] Aze serh, Hau sharhi, Hin sharh, Per sharhh, Tur serh borrowed from Ara sharhha : disk [sharahha] Per sharhhe borrowed from Ara shari‘ : road; street [shara‘a] Hin sara borrowed from Ara shari‘a : law [shara‘a] Hau sharia, Hin shariat, Per shari‘at, Swa sheria, Tur seriat borrowed from Ara sharib : drinker [shariba] Per shareb borrowed from Ara shariba : drink Sem s-r-b, Mal xorob] Swa sharabu borrowed from Ara sharif : noble [sharufa] Hin sharif, Per sharif, Swa sharifu borrowed from Ara shariha : be greedy ?] sharihha : disk sharahha] sharik : partner, ally [sharika] Hin sharik, Kyr sherik, Per sharik, Tur serik borrowed from Ara sharika : participate Sem sh-r-k (join), Heb serokh (string), JNA shiryokha, shrk (be a partner), Gez szrq (plait, snare), Amh sherka (partner)] Swa shiriki borrowed from Ara sharir : wicked [sharra] Hin sharir, Per sharir borrowed from Ara sharitt : tape [Heb sserett, JNA sharitta] Per sharitt, Tur serit borrowed from Ara sharm : gulf [sharama] sharmutta : rag [?] sharnaqa : cocoon [?] sharnaqa : hemp [?] sharq : east [sharaqa] Aze serq, Per sharq, Tur sark, Uzb sharq borrowed from Ara sharqi : eastern [sharaqa] Hin sharki, Per sharqi, Tur sarki, Uzb sharqiy borrowed from Ara sharr : evil, adversity [sharra] Aze ser, Ful sarru, Hau sharri, Per sharr, Swa shari, Tur sirret borrowed from Ara sharra : be evil [?] sharrafa : award [sharufa] sharshaf : bed cover [from Per chador-shab] shartt : a cut; term, condition [sharatta] Aze sert, Hau sharadi, Hin shart, Ind syarat, Kyr shart, Per shartt, Swa sharti, Taj shart, Tat shart, Tur sart borrowed from Ara sharufa : be noble [Sem sh-r-p, Akk sharapu (pure), ssarapu (burn), ssarpu (silver), Heb tzaraf (purify), saraf (burn), Aram tzrp (refine), Uga shrp (burn)] sharyan : artery [shiryan] Per sharyan, Tur siryan borrowed from Ara sha‘sha‘a : shine [?] sha‘sha‘a : glamor [sha‘sha‘a] Per sha‘sha‘e, Tur sasaa borrowed from Ara shatala : plant Sem sh-t-l, Akk satalu, Heb shatal, Syr shetal, JNA shttl] shatama : scold ?] shatara : tear off Sem s-t-r, Heb ssatar (demolish), Syr ssethar (destroy)] shatranj : chess [from Skt catur-anga] shatt : bank, shore; river [Syr shatta] Per shatt borrowed from Ara shatta : exceed Sem sh-tt (split)] shattaba : delete maybe from a common Sem root sh-tt (cut)] shattafa : wash, rinse Sem sh-tt-p, Heb shattaf, Syr shettaf, JNA shttf] shattara : halve Syr sattra (half)] shattara : be clever ?] shattara : wit [shattara] Per shattarat, Tur setaret borrowed from Ara shatti : coast, beach [shatta] shattir : clever [shattara] Per shatter borrowed from Ara shattr : half [shattara] Per shattr borrowed from Ara shattranj : chess [shatranj] Per shattranj, Swa sataranji, Tur satranc borrowed from Ara shauk : thorn [shaka] Per shouk borrowed from Ara shauka : thorn; fork [shaka] shauka : piercing; might [shaka] Hin shaukat, Per shoukat, Tur sevket borrowed from Ara shauq : longing [shaqa] Hin shauk, Ind syauk, Per shouq, Swa shauku, Taj shavq, Tur sevk borrowed from Ara shaur : talk, consultation [shauwara] Hau shawara, Ind syor, Per shour borrowed from Ara shautt : phase [maybe from a common Sem root sh-tt (cut)] shauwal : a Hijra month [?] shauwara : make sign; guide [?] shauwasha : disturb, cause commotion [?] shawa : roast [Akk shawu, Mal xewa] shawarma : meat on rotating skewer [Tur cevirme] shayyada : erect [shada] shayyal : porter, carrier [shala] shi‘a : faction [Heb ssi‘a] Hin shiya, Per shi‘e borrowed from Ara shi‘ar : password, slogan; token [sha‘ara] Aze suar, Per she‘ar, Tur siar borrowed from Ara shibh : likeness, resemblance shabaha] Per shebh, Swa shabaha borrowed from Ara shibit : dill [Akk shibittu] Per shebet borrowed from Ara shibl : cub; kid [?] Per shebl borrowed from Ara shid : plaster [Heb sid] shidda : strength; violence, fierceness [shadda] Aze siddet, Hin shiddat, Per sheddat, Tur siddet borrowed from Ara shidq : jaw [Mal xedaq] shifa : healing, recovery [shafa] Aze sefa, Hin shafa, Per shefa, Tur sifa borrowed from Ara shihab : flame [?] Per shehab borrowed from Ara shik : cheque [from Eng cheque] shikal : shackle [shakala] Per shekal borrowed from Ara shikaya : complaint [shaka] Aze sikayet, Hin shikayat, Per shekayat, Tur sikayet borrowed from Ara shilta : mattrass [?] Tur silte borrowed from Ara shima : character [?] Per shime borrowed from Ara shimal : left, north [Mal xmiel (north wind), Akk shumelu (left), Heb semol, Syr semala, JNA shimal, Hrs semel, Uga shmal] Aze simal, Hin shumal, Per shemal, Tur simal, Uzb shimol borrowed from Ara shimali : northern [shimal] Per shemali, Tur simali, Uzb shimoliy borrowed from Ara shin : the letter sh [Sem sh-n, Heb shin] Per shin borrowed from Ara shiqqa : apartment [shaqqa] shi‘r : knowledge [sha‘ara] shi‘r : poetry, poem [sha‘ara] Aze ser, Hin sher, Ind syaer, Per she‘r, Swa shairi, Tur siir, Uzb sher borrowed from Ara shira : a purchase [shara] Per shera borrowed from Ara shira‘ : sail [?] Per shera‘ borrowed from Ara shir‘a : law [shara‘a] shirak : lace for shoes sharika] shiras : glue from Tur ciris] Per serish, Swa sherizi borrowed from Ara shirk : idolatry, polytheism [sharika] Ful sirku, Hau shirka, Per sherk, Tur sirk borrowed from Ara shirka : partnership; company; office [sharika] Aze sirket, Hau shirka, Hin shirkat, Per sherkat, Swa shirika, Taj shirkat, Tur serkat, Uzb shirkat borrowed from Ara shirsh : root Sem s-r-s, Akk shurshu, Heb shoresh, Uga shrsh, Phoen shrsh shiryan : artery [Akk sher’anu, Syr sheryana] shish : stick; dagger [from Tur] shita : rain; winter [Mal xita, xitwa, Heb setav (autumn), Syr sathwa, JNA sithwa] shiwa : roast [shawa] shu‘a‘ : ray [sha‘a] Aze sua, Per sho‘a‘, Tur sua borrowed from Ara shu‘ba : branch, section [sha‘aba] Aze sobe, Per sho‘be, Taj shuba, Tur sube borrowed from Ara shubatt : February [Akk shabatu, Heb shevett] Per shobatt, Tur subat borrowed from Ara shubbak : lattice, window [shabaka] shubha : suspicion; doubt [?] Aze subhe, Hin subha, Ind syubahat, Per shobhe, Tat shobhe, Tur suphe, Uzb shubkha borrowed from Ara shufan : oat [?] shughl : work, business [shaghala] Ful sungulla, Hin shagl, Per shoghl, Swa shughuli borrowed from Ara shuhhrur : blackbird [Akk shuru (coal), Heb shachor (black), shachrur (blackbird), Syr shechra (be black), shuchra (coal), shachrura (blackbird), JNA shkhr (be black), shikhora (coal)] shuhla : blue color (of eyes) [?] shuhra : fame, honor [shahara] Aze sohret, Hin shohrat, Per shohrat, Tat shehret, Tur sohret, Uzb shukhrat borrowed from Ara shuja‘ : brave; hero [shaju‘a] Per shoja‘, Swa shujaa, Tur seci borrowed from Ara shuja‘a : bravery [shaju‘a] Aze sucaet, Per shuja‘at, Tur secaat borrowed from Ara shujaira : bush [shajara] shukr : gratitude, blessing [shakara] Hin shukr, Per shokr, Tat shokor borrowed from Ara shukran : thanks, gratitude [shakara] Per shokran, Swa shukrani, Tur sukran borrowed from Ara shu‘la : flame [sha‘ala] Hin shola, Per sho‘le, Tur sule borrowed from Ara shum : bad omen [tashama] shuml : content, summary; union; outreach [shamala] Per shomul, Tur sumul borrowed from Ara shumra : fennel [shamar] shura : advice, council [shauwara] Aze sura, Per shoura, Swa shauri, Tur sura borrowed from Ara shurb : drink; syrup [shariba] Per shorb, Tur surup borrowed from Ara shurba : soup [from Per shorba] shurfa : balcony [?] shurrab : sock [jaurab] shurshur : finch [Akk susshuru (a small bird)] shurtta : policeman [?] Per shortte borrowed from Ara shuru‘ : beginning [shara‘a] Hin shuru, Per shoru‘ borrowed from Ara shuruq : rising (sun); sunrise [sharaqa] Per shoruq borrowed from Ara shu‘ur : knowledge; comprehension, consciousness [sha‘ara] Aze suur, Hin shaur, Per sho‘ur, Tur suur borrowed from Ara SS ssa‘b : heavy [ssa‘uba] Per ssa‘b borrowed from Ara ssaba : be a child [?] ssaba : hit, be right [Ara tzwb (congregate)] ssabagha : dye [Sem s-b-gh, Mal zebgha (a dye), Akk ssabu (dyer), Heb tzeva‘ (dye), Syr tzeba‘ (dip, dive)] ssabahh : morning Sem ss-b-hh, Mal sebh, Uga ssb’ (go up) Aze sabah, Per ssabahh, Tur sabah, Uzb sabakh borrowed from Ara ssaban : east wind [?] Hin saba, Per ssaba borrowed from Ara ssabara : be patient, wait Sem ss-b-r, Mal sabar (patience), SAr ssbr (wait)] ssabbara : have a bit of food, snack [?] ssabi : boy; pupil [ssaba] Per ssabi borrowed from Ara ssabr : aloe, cactus [Akk ssibaru, Heb tzavar, Syr tzabra] ssabr : patience ssabara] Aze sebir, Hin sabr, Per ssabr, Swa saburi, Taj sabr, Tat sabir, Tur sabir borrowed from Ara ssabuhha : shine [?] ssabun : soap from Fre savon Aze sabun, Hau sabulu, Hin sabun, Ind sabun, Per ssabun, Swa sabuni, Tat sabin, Tur sabun borrowed from Ara ssachr : rocks [?] ssad : the letter ss [Heb tzade] ssada : hunt [Sem ss-y-d, Akk ssadu (prowl), Heb tzud (hunt), Syr tzad, JNA ssydh, Hrs ssayd (fish v.), Uga sswd (hunt), Phoen ssd] ssada : rust [ssadia] ssada‘a : split [?] ssadaf : mussel, mother-of-pearl Sem ss-d-p, Heb tzidpa] Bul sedef, Per ssadaf, Rom sidef, Ser sedef, Tur sedef borrowed from Ara ssadafa : find, meet ?] ssadama : clash [?] ssadama : shock [ssadama] Hin sadma, Per ssadame borrowed from Ara ssadaq : marriage present [ssadaqa] Hau sadaki, Per ssadaq borrowed from Ara ssadaqa : be honest Sem ss-d-q, Mal sedq (friend), Heb tzodeq (right), Syr zadeq (be fit), Aram tzdq (favor), Amh sseddeqe (be justified), Uga ssdq, Phoen ssdq] ssaddaqa : believe; confirm [ssadaqa] ssadaqa : alms, charity [ssadaqa] Ful sadaka, Hau sadaka, Hin sadka, Per ssadaqe, Swa sadaka, Tat sedaka, Tur sadaka borrowed from Ara ssadaqa : friendship; sincerity; fidelity [ssadaqa] Aze sedaqet, Hin sadakat, Per ssadaqat borrowed from Ara ssadara : come out [?] ssadara : confiscate [?] ssadia : very thirsty Sem ss-d-y ssadia : get rusty [?] ssadiq : honest; friend [ssadaqa] Aze sadiq, Ind sadik, Per ssadeq, Tur sadik borrowed from Ara ssadir : issued, exported [ssadara] Per ssader borrowed from Ara ssadm : shock [ssadama] Per ssadm borrowed from Ara ssadr : breast [Mal sider] Ind sadar, Per ssadr borrowed from Ara ssadr : chief; chairman [ssadr] Aze sedr, Hin sadr, Per ssadr borrowed from Ara ssaf : pure; genuine [ssafa] Aze saf, Hin saf, Ind saf, Per ssaf, Swa safi, Tat saf, Tur saf borrowed from Ara ssafa : make clear, refine [Sem ss-p-w, Mal safi (clear), Aram tzpy (filter), JNA sspy (be clean), Hrs ssafi] ssafa : be like summer [Mal sajf (summer)] ssafa : cleanness [ssafa] Hin safa, Per ssafa borrowed from Ara ssafa‘a : hit [onomat. root ss-f] ssafada : tie up [?] ssafahha : be thin Sem ss-p-hh, Heb tzifcha (slate), Aram tzpch (dish)] ssafahha : shake hands ssafahha] ssafaqa : hit, slap, clap [onomat. root ss-f] ssafar : a Hijra month [?] ssafara : chirp, whistle [Sem ss-p-r, Mal saffar, Heb tzippor (bird), Aram tzpr, Syr tzefra, JNA ssippurta, ssfr (whistle), Hrs sseferot (sandpiper), Phoen sspr (bird)] ssaff : row, line [ssaffa] Hau safu, Hin saf, Ind saf, Per ssaff, Swa safu borrowed from Ara ssaffa : line up [?] ssaffaqa : applaud ssafaqa] ssaffara : paint yellow ssufr] ssaffara : whistle, siren [safara] ssafhha : surface; a leaf [ssafahha] Hin safha borrowed from Ara ssafihha : tin plate ssafahha] ssafin : clear [ssafa] ssafira : be empty [?] ssafqa : business ssafaqa] ssafra : gall, bile ssufr] Per ssafra, Uzb safro borrowed from Ara ssafssaf : willow [Heb tzaftzafa, Aram ssypy (willows)] Per ssafssaf borrowed from Ara ssafssaf : wilderness [sabsab] Per ssafssaf borrowed from Ara ssafwa : cleanness [ssafa] Per ssafwat borrowed from Ara ssagha : form, forge [?] ssaghir : small, young [ssaghura] Per ssaghir borrowed from Ara ssaghura : be small, young Sem ss-gh-r, LiAr zghar (small), Mal zghir, Akk ssechru, Heb tza‘ir (young), Syr ze‘ora, JNA z’ora, Uga ssghr (be small), Phoen ss‘r, Ebl sauru (small) ssahada : singe [?] ssahala : neigh [Heb tzahal, Aram tzhl] ssahara : melt, fuse [?] ssahha : be cloudless, clear Heb tzacha (be dry), Syr tzecha (heat), tzahwa (clear sky), Aram tzhy & tzchy (be thirsty), Gez ssehhewa (be clear), Amh ssehay (sun), Tig ssehhay, ss’hy (be clear)] ssahha : shout, scream Sem ss-hh-y, Akk ssiachu (laugh), Heb tzavach (call), Amh ttshoha, Uga sswhh, ssyhh] ssahha : be healthy, whole ?] ssahha : wake up ?] ssahhafa : page [Sem ss-hh-p, Amh ssehfat (writing), ssafa (write), mess’haf (book)] ssahhib : companion; master [ssahhiba] Aze sahib, Hau sahibi, Hin sahab, Ind sahib, Per ssahheb, Tur sahip borrowed from Ara ssahhiba : be companion [Mal sieheb (mate)] ssahhiba : lady [ssahhiba] Hin sahaba, Per ssahhebe borrowed from Ara ssahhifa : page; newspaper [ssahhafa] Aze sehife, Ind sahifah, Per ssahhife, Tur sahife, Uzb sakhifa borrowed from Ara ssahhihh : healthy, whole ssahha] Hau sahihi, Hin sahi, Ind sahih, Per ssahhihh, Swa sahihi borrowed from Ara ssahhin : whole, sober [ssahha] ssahhn : plate Sem ss-hh-n, JNA sahhnaye, Amh sahen] Alb sahan, Hau sahani, Per ssahhn, Swa sahani, Tur sahan borrowed from Ara ssahhn : courtyard [ssahhn] Hin sahn, Per ssahhn borrowed from Ara ssahhna : stage [ssahhn] Aze sehne, Per ssahhne, Tat sekhne, Tur sahna borrowed from Ara ssahhra : desert [Akk sseru] Aze sehre, Hin sahra, Per ssahhra, Tur sahra, Uzb sakhro borrowed from Ara ssaid : a hunt [ssada] Hin said, Per sseyd borrowed from Ara ssa‘id : Upper Egypt [ssai‘da] Per ssai‘d borrowed from Ara ssai‘da : rise [?] ssaidali : pharmacist [?] ssaif : summer [ssafa] Per sseyf borrowed from Ara ssaigh : goldsmith [ssagha] ssaiqal : polish [ssaqala] Hin saikal, Per sseyqal borrowed from Ara ssakka : hit [onomat. root ss-k] ssala : roast [Sem ss-l-y, Heb tzala, Aram tzly] ssala : prayer [ssalla] Ful salatu, Hau salla, Ind salat, Per ssalat, Swa sala borrowed from Ara ssalaba : crucify, make cross [Sem ss-l-b, Mal salib, Heb tzalav, Syr tzaliba, JNA sslw (crucify)] ssalaba : hardness [ssaluba] Per ssalabat, Swa sulubu, Tur salabet borrowed from Ara ssalahh : virtue [ssalahha] Per ssalahh borrowed from Ara ssalahh : virtuous, honest [ssalahha] Ful salihi, Ind saleh, Per ssalehh borrowed from Ara ssalahha : be righteous [Sem ss-l-hh, Heb hatzlacha (success), Aram tzlch (prosper), JNA sslihha (successful)] ssalahhia : competence, authority [ssalahha] Aze selahiyyet, Per ssalahhiyat borrowed from Ara ssalb : crucifiction [ssalaba] Per ssalb borrowed from Ara ssalib : cross ssalaba] Hin salib, Ind salib, Per ssalib, Tur salip borrowed from Ara ssalihh : righteous [ssalahha] Per ssalehh borrowed from Ara ssalla : pray [Sem ss-l-y, Akk ssullu, Syr tzela, JNA sslotha (prayer), Amh sselot, Uga ssly] Swa sali borrowed from Ara ssalla : tingle [Heb tzalal, Aram tzll] ssallahha : repair [ssalahha] ssalu : roast ssala ssaluba : be hard [?] ssama : fast Sem ss-w-m, Mal sam (fasting), Heb tzom, Syr tzoma, JNA ssoma, Amh ssome, Uga dzm, ssm] ssamata : be still ?] ssamgh : gum, glue [Heb tzemeg, Syr tzamga] Alb zamke, Per ssamgh, Tur zamk borrowed from Ara ssamim : core, heart [?] ssamimi : sincere [ssamim] Aze semimi, Per ssamimi, Tur samimi, Uzb samimiy borrowed from Ara ssamma : be deaf [Sem ss-m-m, Syr ssamma, Gez ssamma, Amh tshemm (silent), Tig ssemme (be deaf)] ssamma : fasten, seal Uga mssmt (contract)] ssana : conserve [?] ssan‘a : art, craft; industry [ssana‘a] Alb zanat, Aze senet, Bul zanajat, Ful sanaa, Hau sanaa, Ind seni, Per ssan‘at, Ser zanat, Swa sanaa, Tat sengat, Tur sanat, sinaat, zanaat, Uzb san‘at borrowed from Ara ssana‘a : manufacture Sem ss-n-‘ (be strong), Mal sengha (art), JNA ssan’a (craftsman)] Swa sanii borrowed from Ara ssana‘i : industries [ssana‘a] Aze senaye, Per ssa‘anaye, Tur sanayi borrowed from Ara ssanam : idol [?] Hin sanam, Per ssanam, Swa sanamu borrowed from Ara ssanaya‘ : craft, industry [ssana‘a] Per ssanaye‘ borrowed from Ara ssanduq : chest, box [from Gre syndocheion] Alb senduk, Aze sandiq, Bul sandyk, Ful sunduki, Gre sentouki, Hin sanduk, Per ssanduq, Rus sunduk, Ser sanduk, Swa sanduku, Taj sanduq, Tat sandik, Tur sandik, Uzb sandiq borrowed from Ara ssanfar : emery [?] ssani‘ : craftsman [ssana‘a] Per ssane‘ borrowed from Ara ssanj : cymbal [Ara tzng] ssann : basket [Ara tzn] ssannafa : sort, categorize [?] ssanttur : zyther; gramophone [santtur] Per ssanttur, Swa santuri borrowed from Ara ssaqala : polish [?] ssaqi‘ : ice, frost [ssaqqa‘a] ssaqqa‘a : be frosty [Sem ss-q-‘ (white)] ssaqr : hawk [Mal seqer, Shuwa Ar ssugur] ssar‘ : epilepsy [Ara tzr‘ (leprous)] Per ssar‘ borrowed from Ara ssara : become, begin ?] ssara‘a : wrestle [?] ssaracha : shout, shriek Sem ss-r-ch, Heb tzarach] ssarafa : turn; change money, spend [Mal sarraf (change money), Aram tzrp (money changer)] ssarafa : manage [ssarafa] Hau sarrafa borrowed from Ara ssarama : cut off [Ara tzrm (pluck)] ssarf : conjugation; grammar [ssarafa] Ind saraf, Per ssarf, Swa sarufi borrowed from Ara ssarf : spending; coin [ssarafa] Aze serf, Hin sarf, Per ssarf, Swa sarafu, Tur sarf borrowed from Ara ssarhh : tower, palace [Sem ss-r-hh, Heb tzeriach (turret)] Per ssarhh borrowed from Ara ssarihh : be clear [ssaruhha] ssarra : chirp, squeak Sem ss-r-y ssarra : tie ? ssarraf : money changer [ssarafa] Gre sarafes, Hin sarraf, Per ssarraf, Tur sarraf borrowed from Ara ssarrahha : announce [ssaruhha] ssarssar : cricket; beetle Sem ss-r-ss-r, Heb tzeratzar] ssaruch : rocket [ssaracha] ssaruhha : be clear [?] ssata : emit sound [Ara tzwt (hear)] ssa‘tar : thyme [sa‘tar] ssaub : side, direction [ssaba] Per ssoub borrowed from Ara ssauba : province [ssaba] Hin suba, Per ssoube borrowed from Ara ssa‘uba : be heavy [?] ssaum : fasting [ssama] Ful suma, Ind saum, Per ssoum, Swa saumu borrowed from Ara ssaut : sound, voice ssata] Ful sautu, Hau sauti, Per ssout, Swa sauti borrowed from Ara ssauwara : form, draw [Akk esseru, Heb tziyer, JNA ssurta (image), Uga yssr (form), Phoen yssr (potter)] ssauwata : vote [ssata] ssawab : what is right [ssaba] Hin savab, Per ssawab borrowed from Ara ssayyad : hunter [ssada] Hin saiyad, Per ssayyad borrowed from Ara ssayyagh : goldsmith [ssagha] Per ssayyagh borrowed from Ara ssiagha : golden artifact [ssagha] ssiban : childhood [ssaba] Per sseba borrowed from Ara ssibgh : dye [ssabagha] Per ssebgh borrowed from Ara ssidan : sound, echo [?] Per sseda borrowed from Ara ssidara : chief office; premiership [ssadr] Hin sadarat, Per ssedarat borrowed from Ara ssifa : description; character, property, attribute; quality; grade; shape, face [wassafa] Aze sifet, Hau sifa, Hin sifat, Per ssefat, Tat siyfit, Tur sifat, Uzb sifat borrowed from Ara ssifr : nought, zero [ssafira] Aze sifir, Hau sifiri, Hin sifr, Per ssefr, Swa sifuri, Tur sifir borrowed from Ara ssigha : form, chape [ssagha] Per ssighe borrowed from Ara ssighar : trifle [ssaghura] Per sseghar borrowed from Ara ssihha : health; correctness [ssahha] Hin sehat, Per ssehhat borrowed from Ara ssihhafi : journalist [ssahhafa] ssihr : son-in-law [Soq sseher] Per ssehr borrowed from Ara ssila : link, connection; gift [wassala] Hin sila, Per ssele borrowed from Ara ssimam : plug [ssamma] Ssin : China [from Late Latin Sinae] ssinaubar : pine tree [?] Hin sanobar, Per ssenoubar borrowed from Ara ssinf : category, class; guild [ssannafa] Aze sinif, Per ssenf, Tur sinif borrowed from Ara ssini : Chinese [Ssin] ssinia : china tray [Ssin] Alb sini, Rom sinie, Swa sinia borrowed from Ara ssinna : stench [Akk essenu (smell)] ssir : crack (of the door) [Heb tzir (hinge), Aram tzyr] ssir : sardine [Heb tzir (fish brine), Aram tzyr] ssira‘ : battle [ssara‘a] ssiratt : road [from Late Lat strata] Hin sirat, Per sseratt borrowed from Ara ssirf : pure [sharufa] Hin sirf, Per sserf borrowed from Ara ssubhh : dawn, morning [ssabahh] Aze subh, Ful subaha, Hin subah, Ind subuh, Per ssobhh, Swa asubuhi, Taj subh ssubra : heap [Heb tzavar (heap up), Aram tzbr] ssuda‘ : headache [ssada‘a] Per ssoda‘ borrowed from Ara ssudfa : accident [ssadafa] ssudgh : temple (of the head) Syr tzeda Per ssodgh borrowed from Ara ssudur : appearance [ssadara] Per ssodur borrowed from Ara ssuf : wool Ara tzwp, Amh suf, Meh sawf, Jib sof Per ssuf, Swa sufu borrowed from Ara ssufaira : golden oriole ssufr] ssufi : wearing wool; a mystic [ssuf] Hin sufi, Per ssufi borrowed from Ara ssufr : brass Akk zabar-, from Sum zabar Per ssofr borrowed from Ara ssufra : yellow color ssufr] Per ssofrat borrowed from Ara ssuhhba : companionship; conversation; interview [ssahhiba] Aze sohbet, Hin sohbat, Per ssohhbat, Tur sohbet, Uzb sukhbat borrowed from Ara ssuhhba : friend [ssahhiba] Ful soba, Ind sobat, Swa suhubi borrowed from Ara ssuhhufi : journalist [ssahhafa] ssulb : hard; steel [ssaluba] Per ssolb borrowed from Ara ssulhh : peace [ssalahha] Aze sulh, Ful sulhu, Hau sulhu, Hin sulh, Per ssolhh, Swa suluhu, Tur sulh borrowed from Ara ssumm : deaf [ssamma] Per ssomm borrowed from Ara ssumt : quiet [ssamata] Per ssomt borrowed from Ara ssun‘ : production [ssana‘a] Per sson‘ borrowed from Ara ssunan : stench [ssinna] ssunbur : tap [?] ssun‘i : industrial, artificial [ssana‘a] Aze suni, Per sson‘i, Tur suni, Uzb sun‘iy borrowed from Ara ssur : horn [?] Per ssur borrowed from Ara ssura : form [ssauwara] Aze suret, Ful sura, Hau sura, Hin surat, Ind surat, Per ssurat, Swa sura, Tur surat borrowed from Ara ssurssur : cricket [ssarssar] ssuss : chick [?] ssu‘uba : heaviness [ssa‘uba] Per sso‘ubat borrowed from Ara SZ sza : shine [Hrs szaw (light), Hrr lau (high noon)] sza‘a : be lost [?] sza‘afa : double [Sem sz-‘-p, Heb tza‘if (veil), Syr ‘efa (wrap), e‘eyf (doubly)] szab‘ : hyena [sab‘] szabab : fog [?] szabara : gather [Heb tzavar (accumulate), Uga ssbrt (community)] szabatta : seize Sem sz-b-t, Akk ssabatu, Heb tzavatt (pinch), Amh tshebette (squeeze)] szabb : lizard [Heb tzav (turtle), Hrs szebbet (monitor lizard)] szabba : pack closely [Sem sz-b-b] szabitt : strict; officer [szabatta] Aze zabit, Hin zabit, Per szabett borrowed from Ara szabtt : control; arrest; accuracy [szabatta] Aze zebt, Hin zabt, Per szabtt borrowed from Ara szaccha : sprinkle, spurt [?] szachm : huge [szachuma] szachuma : be huge [?] szadada : be against [?] szafa : be guest [Hrs szaif (guest)] szafara : braid [Sem szz-p-r] szafda‘ : frog [Sem sz-p-d-‘, Heb tzefarde‘a, Hrs ssefde‘et] Per szafda‘ borrowed from Ara szaffa : crowd [Sem sz-p-p, Heb tzafuf (crowded)] szaffa : bank, shore [Heb safa] szaghtt : pressure szahha : sacrifice [?] szahha : shine [ssahha] szahhia : suburb [?] szahhia : morning [szahha] szahhia : sacrifice [szahha] szahhika : laugh [Sem sz-hh-q, Mal dahak, Heb tzachaq, Hrs zohhak, Amh saqe, Tig sehhaqe, Uga ss’hhq, dzhhq] szahhika : ridicule [szahhika] Swa dhihaki borrowed from Ara szaif : guest [szafa] Ind daif, Per szeif borrowed from Ara sza‘if : weak, feeble, impotent [sza‘ufa] Aze zayif, Hau laifi, Ind daif, Per sza‘if, Swa dhaifu, Tat zegiyf, Tur zayif borrowed from Ara szaiq : strait, narrows; distress [szaqa] Per szeiq, Swa dhiki borrowed from Ara szaja‘a : recline Sem sz-g-‘] szajja : make noise [?] szala‘a : limp Sem sz-l-‘, Heb tzala‘, Hrs szawla] szalala : error, deviation [szalla] Hin zalalat, Per szalalat borrowed from Ara szalla : err [?] szamada : tie, bind Sem sz-m-d, Akk ssamadu, Heb tzemed (pair), Uga ssmd, Amh ttemmede (yoke)] szaman : warranty [szamina] Hau lamuni, Ind jamin, Per szamen, Swa dhamana borrowed from Ara szamina : warrant [maybe from a common Sem root sz-m (tie)] Swa dhamini borrowed from Ara szamir : heart; attitude; conscience [szammara] Hau lamir, Per szamir, Swa dhamiri borrowed from Ara szamir : personal pronoun [szammara] Ful lameri, Hau lamir, Per szamir, Tur zamir borrowed from Ara szamma : collect, gather [maybe from a common Sem root sz-m (tie)] szammara : conceal [?] szan : flock, goats and sheep [Akk ssanu, ssenu, Heb tzon, Syr ‘ana, Phoen ss’n, Uga ssin] szaqa : be narrow Sem sz-y-q, LiAr dayyi‘ (narrow), Mal dejjaq, Akk siaqu (be tight), Heb hetziq (oppress), Syr ‘aqtha (distress), JNA ’yq (be tight), Amh taka (narrow), Uga ssyq] szaraba : hit [Sem sz-r-b] szarar : damage, harm, injury [szarra] Aze zerer, Hin zarar, Per szarar, Tat zarar, Tur zarar, Uzb zarar borrowed from Ara szaratta : fart [Sem sz-r-tt, Akk ssaratu, JNA ‘rtt, Hrs zerott] szarb : stroke, blow [szaraba] Aze zerbe, Hin zarab, Per szarb, Swa dharuba, Tur zarp, Uzb zarba borrowed from Ara szariba : tax [szaraba] szarihh : tomb [?] szarra : harm Sem sz-r-r, Akk sserru (enemy), Heb tzar, Uga ssrt] Swa dhuru borrowed from Ara szarra : force, make necessary ?] szarura : need, want, necessity, constraint [szarra] Hau larura, Hin zarurat, Ind darurat, Kyr zarurat, Per szarurat, Tur zaruret, Uzb zaruriyat borrowed from Ara szaruri : necessary [szarra] Per szaruri, szarur, Tur zaruri, Uzb zarur borrowed from Ara szau : light [sza] sza‘ufa : be weak [OS lam (be soft), Amh lef (soft)] szausza : noise szaya‘ : loss [sza‘a] Per szaya‘, Tur ziya borrowed from Ara szayaqa : disturb [szaka] szayya‘a : lose [sza‘a] szayyiq : narrow szaqa] sziafa : hospitality; feast [szafa] Aze ziyafet, Hau liyafa, Hin ziyafat, Per sziyafat, Tur ziyafet borrowed from Ara szibn : arm-pit ? szidd : contrary; obstinacy [szadada] Aze zidd, Hin zid, Per szedd, Tur zit borrowed from Ara sziffa : bank, shore [szaffa] szil‘ : rib Sem sz-l-‘, Akk sselu, Heb tzela‘, Hrs szala‘, Uga ssl‘ szimad : bandage szamada] Per szemad borrowed from Ara szimn : interior ? Per szemn borrowed from Ara szirs : tooth Sem sz-r-s, Mal darsa, Amh tters] szu‘f : weakness [sza‘ufa] szuhhan : morning [szahha] T ta : the letter t [Heb tav] ta‘ab : effort, trouble; distress [ta‘iba] Per ta‘ab, Swa taabu borrowed from Ara ta‘aban : tired [ta‘iba] ta‘abir : expression [‘abbara] taacchara : be delayed [acchara] taacchur : delay [acchara] ta‘adala : make a tie (in sports) [‘adala] ta‘addud : plurality [‘adda] ta‘ajjaba : be amazed, surprised [‘ajiba] ta‘ajjub : amazement, surprise [‘ajiba] Aze teeccub, Hin tajjub, Ind takjub, Per ta‘ajjob, Tur taaccup, Uzb taaddzhub borrowed from Ara ta‘al : come here [?] ta‘ala : raising; exaltation [‘ala] Hin taala, Per ta‘ala borrowed from Ara ta‘allum : learning [‘alama] ta‘alluq : connection, relation [‘aliqa] Hin talluk, Ind takluk, Per ta‘alloq, Tur taalluk borrowed from Ara ta‘amala : make joint efforts, cooperate [‘amila] ta‘ammul : consideration; effort, trading [‘amila] Hau taamali, Hin tammul, Per ta‘ammol borrowed from Ara ta‘aqqaba : persecute [‘aqaba] ta‘aqqul : understanding [‘aqala] Ind taakul, Per ta‘aqqol borrowed from Ara ta‘arruf : acquaintance [‘arafa] Hin taaruf, Per ta‘arrof borrowed from Ara taasuf : regret [asifa] Aze teessuf, Per taasof, Taj taassuf, Tur teessuf borrowed from Ara ta‘atta : take (medicine) [‘atta] taatthara : be influenced [atthara] taatthur : being influenced; impression [atthara] Aze teessur, Per taathor borrowed from Ara ta‘auwada : get accustomed [‘ada] ta‘awun : cooperation [‘awana] taba : repent [Syr thawa, JNA toba (penitence)] taba‘ : follower [taba‘a] taba‘a : continue [Sem tt-b-‘, Gez ttab‘a (persevere), Hrs toba (follow), Gur ttebbe (be firm)] tabaddul : exchange, transfer [badala] Hin tabadla, Per tabaddol borrowed from Ara tabahhara : examine [Sem b-hh-r, Aram bchr] tabal : spice [tabbala] tabanna : adopt [Sem b-n, Akk binu, bunu (son), Heb ben, Aram bnn (beget a child), Hrs hhebun (sons), Uga bn (son), Phoen bn] tabara : break [thabara] tabarra‘ : contribute [?] tabarraza : excrete [Sem b-r-z] tabarru‘ : contribution [tabarra‘] tabasama : smile [Sem b-s-m, Syr bessem (be glad), JNA bsm (be pleased)] Swa tabasamu borrowed from Ara tabasum : smile [tabasama] Aze tebessum, Hin tabassum, Per tabasom, Tur tebessum borrowed from Ara tabbala : season [Heb tevel (spice), JNA tbl] tabdil : change, exchange [badala] Hin tabdil, Per tabdil borrowed from Ara tabi‘ : dependent, obedient [taba‘a] Hin tabe, Per tabe‘ borrowed from Ara tabi‘a : follow [taba‘a] ta‘bia : filling up; mobilization [‘aba] tabil : spice [tabbala] ta‘bir : explanation; expression [‘abbara] Per ta‘bir, Tat tegbir, Tur tabir borrowed from Ara tabligh : communication [balagha] tabrid : cooling [barada] tabrik : congratulation [barraka] Aze tebrik, Per tabrik, Tat tebrik, Tur tebrik, Uzb tabrik borrowed from Ara tabut : coffin from OEg tebt Aze tabut, Ful tabutu, Hin tabut, Ind tabut, Per tabut, Tat tabut, Tur tabut, Uzb tobut borrowed from Ara tachallafa : remain [chalafa] tachalluss : getting free; pseudonym [chalassa] Hin takhallus, Per tachalloss borrowed from Ara tachama : delineate [Heb techom (area), Syr thchuma] tacharruj : graduate [charaja] tachassuss : specialization [chassa] tachatta : cross, exceed [chatta] tachayyul : imagination [chala] Hin takhaiyul, Ind takhyul, Per tachayyol borrowed from Ara tachdir : drugging [chadira] tachfif : relief [chaffa] tachfisz : reduction [chafasza] tachima : have belly-ache [?] tachir : delay [acchara] Aze texir, Per tachir, Tur tehir borrowed from Ara tachlia : evacuation [chala] tachm : boundary [tachama] tachmin : approximation, estimate [chammana] Aze texmin, Hin takhmina, Per tachmin, Tur tahmin borrowed from Ara tachminan : approximately [chammana] Aze texminan, Hin takhminan, Per tachminan, Tur tahminen borrowed from Ara tachrib : destruction, sabotage [charaba] Aze texrib, Per tachrib, Tur tahrip borrowed from Ara tachrij : graduation [charaja] tacht : bed; throne [from Per] Aze taxt, Hin takht, Ind takhta, Tur taht, Uzb takht borrowed from Ara tachta : board [from Per] Aze taxta, Hin takhta, Per tachta, Tat takta, Tur tahta, Uzb takhta borrowed from Ara tachzin : storage [chazana] ta‘dad : numbering [‘adda] Hin tadad, Per ta‘dad borrowed from Ara tadarraba : be educated [darraba] tadayyana : convert [dana] tadayyun : piety [dana] tadbir : planning; measure; prudence, precaution [dabbara] Aze tedbir, Hin tadbir, Ind tadbir, Per tadbir, Tur tedbir, Uzb tadbir borrowed from Ara tadchin : smoking [dachina] tadfia : heating [dafia] tadhakkara : remember dhakara] tadhakkur : remembrance dhakara] tadhammara : complain Sem dh-m-r] tad’hish : terror [dahisha] Per tad’hish, Tur tadhis borrowed from Ara tadhkira : memoirs; entry ticket dhakara] Hin tazkira, Per tadhkere borrowed from Ara tad‘im : reinforcement [da‘ama] tadlik : massage [dalaka] tadmir : destruction [damara] Per tadmir borrowed from Ara tadqiq : investigation [daqqa] Per tadqiq, Tur tetkik borrowed from Ara tadqiqa : investigation [daqqa] Aze tedqiqat, Per tadqiqat borrowed from Ara tadrib : training [darraba] tadrij : classification [daraja] tadrijan : gradually [daraja] Aze tedricen, Per tadrijan, Tur tedricen borrowed from Ara tadris : teaching [darrasa] Aze tedris, Per tadris borrowed from Ara ta‘dzim : honoring [‘adzuma] Hin tazim, Per ta‘dzem borrowed from Ara tafahama : make oneself understood [fahama] tafahhuss : investigation [fahhasa] Ind tafahus, Per tafahhoss borrowed from Ara tafakkara : meditate [fakkara] Swa tafakari borrowed from Ara tafakkur : cogitation, meditation, thinking [fakkara] Aze tefekkur, Hin tafakkur, Ind tepekur, Per tafakkor, Tur tefekkur borrowed from Ara tafala : spew [Sem t-p-l, Hrs tefol] tafaqqada : care, inspect [Sem p-q-d, Akk paqadu (entrust), Heb paqad (command), JNA pkdh (supervise), Uga pqd (command), Phoen pqd (supervise)] tafarraqa : separate [faraqa] tafarruj : sightseeing, recreation [faraja] Per tafarroj, Swa tafrija borrowed from Ara tafaszal : please [faszala] tafaul : optimism [tafauwala] Per tafaol borrowed from Ara tafauwala : see as a good omen Sem p-w-l, Heb pele (miracle), Hrs fol (omen)] tafauwaqa : be superior [faqa] tafawat : difference [tafawata] Hin tafavat borrowed from Ara tafawata : differ [?] tafawut : difference [tafawata] Per tafawot, Swa tofauti borrowed from Ara tafkir : thought [fakkara] tafrihh : amusent [farihha] Hin tafrihh, Per tafrihh borrowed from Ara tafriq : separation [faraqa] Hin tafrik, Per tafriq, Tur tefrik borrowed from Ara tafriqa : separation [faraqa] tafsir : commentary, explanation; translation [fasara] Ful tafsiru, Hin tafsir, Ind tafsir, Per tafsir, Swa tafsiri, Tur tefsir borrowed from Ara tafssil : separation; detail, specification, confection [fassala] Hin tafsil, Per tafssil borrowed from Ara tafssila : details [fassala] Aze tefsilat, Per tafssilat borrowed from Ara taftish : examination, inspection [fatasha] Aze teftis, Hin taftish, Per taftish, Tur teftis borrowed from Ara taghallaba : vanquish [ghalaba] taghashama : be ignorant Sem gh-sh-m taghayyara : alter, change [ghayyara] taghdhia : alimentation [ghadha] taghttia : cover [ghatta] taghyir : alteration, change [ghayyara] Hin tagir, Per taghyir borrowed from Ara taha : err [Sem t-w-h, t-y-h, Heb taut (error), Syr thwahtha (amazement)] tahabbala : take a steam bath [Sem h-b-l, Aram hbl (vapor)] tahajja : spell [hajja] tahdhib : improvement [hadhaba] Hin tahzib, Per tahdhib borrowed from Ara tahhadatha : speak [hhaddatha] tahhaduth : a talk [hhaddatha] tahhakkama : rule, control [hhakama] tahhammala : endure [hhamala] tahharraka : move, hurry [hharraka] Swa taharuki borrowed from Ara tahhasawa : drink soup [?] tahhasha : avoid [?] tahhauwul : change [hhala] tahhayyar : be perplexed, be ashamed [hhara] Swa tahayari borrowed from Ara tahhia : greeting [hhayya] tahhdid : limitation, definition [hhadda] tahhlia : dessert [hhaluwa] tahhlia : decoration [hhala] tahhlil : analysis [hhalla] Aze tehlil, Hin tahlil, Per tahhlil, Tur tahlil borrowed from Ara tahhmid : developing (a photo) tahhqiq : realization; inquiry [hhaqqa] Hin tahkik, Ind tahkik, Per tahhqiq, Tur tahkik borrowed from Ara tahhqir : insult [hhaqara] Aze tehkir, Per tahhqir, Tur tahkir borrowed from Ara tahhrif : inflexion; distortion [hharrafa] Aze tehrif, Per tahhrif, Tur tahrif borrowed from Ara tahhrim : prohibition [hharuma] tahhrir : liberation; writing style [hharra] Hin tahrir, Per tahhrir borrowed from Ara tahhsin : improvement; approval, praise [hhasuna] Hin tahsin, Per tahhsin borrowed from Ara tahhssil : acquisition, revenue; education, study [hhassala] Aze tehsil, Hin tahsil, Ind tahsil, Per tahhsil, Tur tahsil borrowed from Ara tahhssin : strengthening; immunization [hhassuna] tahhszir : preparation [hhaszara] tahht : under Sem t-hh-t, Mal taht, Heb tachat, Syr thecheth, JNA tkheth, Amh tatsh, Uga thht, Phoen thht] Hin taht, Per tahht borrowed from Ara tahhwil : change, handover; transfer [hhala] Aze tehvil, Per tahhwil, Tur tahvil borrowed from Ara tahhwila : deviation [hhala] tahlil : jubilation [hallala] Ind tahlil, Per tahlil borrowed from Ara tahluka : destruction; panic [halaka] Aze tehluke, Hin tahluka, Per tahleke, Tur tehlike borrowed from Ara tahnia : good wish [hania] tahrib : smuggling [haraba] taib : penitent [taba] Hin tayb borrowed from Ara ta‘iba : complain, tire, get tired [?] ta‘in : specification; individualization [‘ain] Aze teyin, Per tayin, Tur tayin borrowed from Ara ta‘ina : ration, share [‘ain] Aze teyinat, Per tayinat borrowed from Ara tais : buck [Heb taish, Hrs tayeh, Tig tes (fat ram)] taj : crown from Per taj Aze tac, Hin taj, Ind taj, Per taj, Swa taji, Tat tadzh, Tur tac, Uzb todzh borrowed from Ara tajallin : appearance [jala] Ind tajalli, Per tajalli, Tur tecelli borrowed from Ara tajammada : congeal, freeze [jamada] tajammu‘ : assembly, crowd [jama‘a] tajannaba : avoid [janb] tajara : trade [Sem m-k-r, Akk tamkaru (merchant), makaru (do business), Heb tagar (merchant), makhar (sell), Syr thagara (merchant), Uga mkr, Phoen mkr (do business)] tajasum : embodiment [jasuma] Aze tecessum, Per tajasom, Tur tecessum borrowed from Ara tajawuz : crossing; attack, violence [jaza] Aze tecavuz, Per tajawoz, Tur tecavuz borrowed from Ara tajdif : abuse Sem g-d-p, Heb giddufim, Syr gadef tajhiz : fitting [jahaza] tajhiza : supplies, equipment [jahaza] Aze techizat, Per tajhizat, Tur techizat borrowed from Ara tajir : merchant [tajara] Aze tacir, Ful attajiri, Hau attajiri, Hin tajir, Per tajer, Swa tajiri, Tur tacir borrowed from Ara tajriba : experiment; experience [jarraba] Hin tajraba, Tat tedzhribe, Uzb tadzhriba borrowed from Ara tajrid : abstraction, isolation [jarada] Aze tecrid, Per tajrid, Tur tecrit borrowed from Ara tajruba : experiment [jarraba] Aze tecrube, Per tajrobe, Tur tejrube borrowed from Ara tajwiz : deliberation; sanctions [jaza] Hin tajviz, Per tajwiz borrowed from Ara takabbur : haughtiness, arrogance [kabura] Hin takabbar, Ind tekebur, Per takabbor, Tat tekebber borrowed from Ara takallafa : take over, assume [kallafa] takallama : talk [kallama] takalluf : taking pains [kallafa] Hin takalluf, Per takallof borrowed from Ara takamul : perfection [kamala] Aze tekamul, Per takamol, Tur tekamul borrowed from Ara takbir : increase; recitation [kabura] Ind takbir, Per takbir borrowed from Ara takdhib : denial [kadhaba] Aze tekzib, Per takdhib borrowed from Ara takia : closter; inn; support, cushion [?] Per takiye, Tur tekke borrowed from Ara takid : assurance [wakkada] Hin takid, Per takid, Tur tekit borrowed from Ara takka : trample [Akk takaku (press, oppress), Heb tokh (oppression)] taklif : charge; care; offer, proposal, invitation [kallafa] Aze teklif, Hin taklif, Per taklif, Tur teklif, Uzb taklif borrowed from Ara takmil : perfection; improvement [kamala] Aze tekmil, Per takmil, Tur tekmil borrowed from Ara takrar : repetition [karra] Aze tekrar, Hin takrar, Per takrar, Taj takror, Tur tekrar borrowed from Ara takrim : homage, respect [karuma] Ind takrim, Per takrim borrowed from Ara takthir : multiplication [kathara] Ind taksir, Per takthir, Tur teksir borrowed from Ara takyif : conditioning [kayyafa] tala : recite [Akk telu (pronounce)] tala : follow [?] tal‘a : slope [] talaf : damage, loss [talifa] Aze telef, Per talaf borrowed from Ara talafa : correct [?] talafin : correction; compensation [talafawa] Hin talafi, Per talafi borrowed from Ara talaffudz : pronunciation, accent [lafadza] Aze teleffuz, Hin talaffuz, Per talaffodz, Tur telaffuz, Uzb talaffuz borrowed from Ara talahhama : fight [Sem l-hh-m, Heb lacham, milchama (war), Uga lhhm (fight), mlhhmt (struggle)] Per malhhame borrowed from Ara talam : furrow Sem t-l-m, Heb telem, Amh telm] talauwuth : pollution [latha] talbia : acceptance [labba] talchiss : summary [lacchassa] talfana : call on the phone [from Gre telephone] talfaza : television [from Gre-Lat tele-visio] talif : compilation, composition [allafa] Hau talifi, Per talif borrowed from Ara talif : damaged [talifa] talifa : be damaged [?] ta‘lim : instruction, education, training [‘alima] Aze telim, Hin talim, Per ta‘lim, Tur talim borrowed from Ara ta‘lima : learning [‘alima] Ind taklimat, Per ta‘limat borrowed from Ara talin : subsequent [tala] ta‘liqa : clothes hanger [‘aliqa] tall : mound Sem t-l-l, Akk tilu, Heb tel, Syr thela, Uga tl] tamaddada : spread [madda] tamaddun : civilization [maddana] Ind tamaddun, Per tamaddon, Tur temeddun borrowed from Ara tamahala : be slow [mahala] tamakkana : be able [makuna] tamallaka : rule, dominate [malaka] Swa tamalaki borrowed from Ara tamam : completeness; end, finish, outcome [tamma] Aze tamam, Hin tamam, Ind tamam, Per tamam, Tat temam, Tur tamam, Uzb tamom borrowed from Ara tamaman : completely, really [tamma] Per tamaman, Taj tamoman, Tur tamamen borrowed from Ara tamannin : desire [manna] Hin tamanna, Per tamanna, Swa tamani borrowed from Ara tamarkuz : concentration, centralization [rakaza] Per tamarkoz, Tur temerkuz borrowed from Ara tamarrada : rebel [marada] tamarrana : exercise [marrana] tamas : contact [masa] Aze temas, Per tamas, Tur temas borrowed from Ara tamaschur : joking, buffonery [sachira] Hin tamaskhur, Per tamaschor borrowed from Ara tamasuk : bill of exchange [masaka] Hin tamassuk, Per tamasok borrowed from Ara tamata‘a : enjoy [mata‘a] tamattaqa : taste, savour [Sem m-tt-q, Akk matqu (sweet), Heb matoq, Hrs mattq, Tig metteqe (be sweet)] tamatthala : be displayed [mathala] tamatu‘ : enjoyment [mata‘a] tamayul : inclination [mala] Aze temayul, Per tamayol, Tur temayul borrowed from Ara tamgha : stamp, mark, badge [from Old Tur] Aze damga, Per tamgha, Tat tamga, Tur damga, Uzb tamgha borrowed from Ara tamin : guarantee, insurance [amana] Aze temin, Per tamin, Swa tumaini, Tur temin borrowed from Ara ta‘mil : execution [‘amila] Hin tamil, Per ta‘mil borrowed from Ara ta‘mir : rebuilding, repair; construction [‘amara] Aze temir, Hin tamir, Per ta‘mir, Tur tamir borrowed from Ara tamm : complete [tamma] Per tamm, Tur tam borrowed from Ara tamma : be complete Sem t-m-m, Mal temm (complete), Heb tamim, JNA tamm, Uga tmm, Phoen tm (complete)] tamma : end [tamma] Ind tamat, Per tamma borrowed from Ara tammuz : July [Akk du’uzu, from Sum dumuzi] Per tammuz, Tur temmuz borrowed from Ara tamnia : ejaculation [amnawa] tamr : dates Sem t-m-r, Mal tamra, Heb tamar, Amh temr, Uga tmry (date-grower), Phoen tmr (date-seller)] tamrin : exercise, movement, maneuver [marrana] Per tamrin, Tur temrin borrowed from Ara tamthil : analogy; citation, performance; fable [mathala] Aze temsil, Ind tamsil, Per tamthil, Tur temsil borrowed from Ara tamwil : financing [mauwala] tamwin : supply [mana] tamyiz : differentiation [maza] Hin tamiz, Per tamyiz borrowed from Ara tanaffasa : breathe [Sem n-p-s, Akk napashu, napishtu (soul), Mal nifs, Heb nefesh, Syr nafsha, Hrs nefeset (soul), Amh menfes, nefas (wind), tenfash (breath), teneffese (breathe), Tig nefse (blow), nefs (soul), Uga npsh (soul), Phoen npsh, Ebl napushtu] tanaffus : breathing; pause [tanaffasa] Aze teneffus, Ind tanaffus, Per tanaffos, Tat tenefes, Tur teneffus] tanafus : rivalry [nafasa] tanahada : sigh [onomat. (nah-)] tanahud : a sigh [tanahada] tanaka : thin metal plate, object made of this [from Per tonok (thin)] Alb teneqe, Bul tenekija, Gre tenekes, Hau tanaka, Per tanake, Rum tinichi, Tur teneke borrowed from Ara tanaqada : contradict [naqada] tanawaba : dismiss [nauwaba] tanawala : take, take over [nala] tanazala : renounce of [nazala] tanazu‘ : fight, quarrel [naza‘a] Hin tanaza, Per tanazo‘ borrowed from Ara tanazzaha : go for a walk [nazuha] tanazzul : descent; decay [nazala] Aze tenezzul, Per tanazzol, Tur tenezzul] tanbih : admonition; reference; punishment [nabaha] Aze tenbih, Hin tambih, Per tanbih, Tur tembih borrowed from Ara tandzif : cleaning [nadzufa] tandzim : organization; rule [nadzama] Aze tenzim, Per tandzim, Tur tanzim borrowed from Ara tanfidz : execution [nafadza] tannur : oven [Akk tinuru, from Sum tinur] Hin tandur, Ind tanur, Per tanur, tandur, Taj tanur, Tur tandir, Uzb tandir borrowed from Ara tanqib : dig [naqqaba] tanqid : criticism [naqada] Aze tenqid, Per tanqid, Tur tenkid borrowed from Ara tanzil : sinking, discount; declaration [nazala] Ind tanzil, Per tanzil, Tur tenzil borrowed from Ara taqa‘ada : pensioning [qa‘ada] taqabbala : accept [qabila] Swa takabali borrowed from Ara taqaddama : proceed [qadama] taqaddum : proceeding; priority [qadama] Per taqaddom, Tur takaddum borrowed from Ara taqallaba : change [qalaba] taqallub : change [qalaba] taqasza : request, demand [qasza] Hin takaza, Per taqasza borrowed from Ara taqattara : drip [qattara] taqdim : presentation, gift; proposal [qadama] Aze teqdim, Per taqdim, Tat tekdim, Tur takdim borrowed from Ara taqdir : measuring, appreciation, evaluation; destiny, fate [qaddara] Aze teqdir, Hin takdir, Ind takdir, Per taqdir, Tur takdir, Uzb taqdir borrowed from Ara taqdis : sanctification [qadusa] Per taqdis, Tur takdis borrowed from Ara ta‘qib : pursuit, persecution, prosecution [‘aqaba] Aze teqib, Per ta‘qib, Tur takip, Uzb ta‘qib borrowed from Ara taqlid : imitation [qallada] Aze teqlid, Hin taklid, Per taqlid, Tur taklit borrowed from Ara taqriban : approximately [qaruba] Aze teqriben, Hin takriban, Per taqriban, Taj taqriban, Tur takriben borrowed from Ara taqrir : speech; confirmation [qarra] Hin takrir, Ind takrir, Per taqrir, Tur takrir borrowed from Ara taqsim : division [qasama] Hin taksim, Per taqsim, Tur taksim borrowed from Ara taqssir : shortcoming, failure, guilt [qassara] Aze teksir, Hin taksir, Ind taksir, Per taqssir borrowed from Ara taqwia : strenghtening [qawia] Hin takavi, Per taqwiyat borrowed from Ara taqwim : improvement; calendar [qama] Aze teqvim, Ind takwim, Per taqwim, Tur takvim borrowed from Ara taqyim : evaluation [qama] taraddada : hesitate [radda] taraddud : hesitation [radda] Aze tereddud, Hin taraddud, Per tashakkor, Tur tereddut borrowed from Ara taraf : luxury [tarifa] taraka : leave, abandon [?] tarannum : modulation (of voice) [ranama] Hin tarannum, Per tarannom borrowed from Ara taraqqi : ascending; progress [raqia] Aze tereqqi, Hin tarakki, Per taraqqi, Tur terakki borrowed from Ara tarasul : correspondence [rasala] Ind tarasul, Per tarasol borrowed from Ara taratan : once [Akk taru (return), Heb tur] tarbia : education, training, upbringing; pedagogy [Sem r-b-y, Akk tarbitu, Heb tarbut (culture)] Aze terbiye, Hau tarbiyya, Per tarbiyat, Tat terbiya, Tur terbiye, Uzb tarbiya borrowed from Ara tarchiss : concession [rachussa] tarhhib : greeting [rahhiba] t‘arib : translation into Arabic [‘arraba] tariba : be dusty [LiAr trab (dust), Mal turb, Akk tarbu‘tu] tarich : history; date; chronicles [arracha] Aze tarix, Ful tariha, Hau tarihi, Hin tarikh, Ind tarikh, Kyr tarih, Per tarich, Swa tarehe, Tat tarikhi, Tur tarih, Uzb tarikh borrowed from Ara ta‘rif : report; praise; definition [‘arafa] Aze terif, Hin tarif, Ind takrif, Per ta‘rif, Swa taarifa borrowed from Ara tarifa : live in opulence [Sem t-r-p, Amh terrefe (be in excess)] t‘arifa : tariff [‘arafa] Per ta‘refe borrowed from Ara tarjama : interpret [Sem r-g-m, Akk ragamu (call), targumannu (interpreter), Heb targem (translate), Syr thargem, Amh tereggweme, reggeme (curse), Uga rgm (word)] tarjama : translation [tarjama] Aze tercume, Hin tarjuma, Ind tarjamah, Per tarjome, Tat terdzheme, Tur tercume, Uzb tardzhima borrowed from Ara tarjihh : superiority [rajahha] Hin tarjih, Per tarjihh borrowed from Ara tarjuman : interpreter [tarjama] Hin tarjuman, Per tarjoman borrowed from Ara tark : abandonment [taraka] Aze terk, Per tark, Tur terk borrowed from Ara tarkib : form; installation [rakkaba] Hin tarkib, Per tarkib, Tur terkip borrowed from Ara tarkiz : concentration [rakaza] tarmim : repair [ramma] tarqim : document; numbering [raqama] Per tarqim, Swa tarakimu borrowed from Ara tarraja : hope [raja] Swa taraja borrowed from Ara tarsshihh : putting up a candidate; candidacy rasshahha tartib : arrangement, order; system; composition [rataba] Aze tertib, Hin tartib, Ind tertib, Kyr tartip, Per tartib, Swa taratibu, Taj tartib, Tat tertip, Tur tertip, Uzb tartib borrowed from Ara tarwij : distribution [raja] tasallala : procreate [?] tasallama : receive sy [sallama] tasallaqa : climb up [?] tasalli : consolation, comfort [sala] Aze teselli, Hin tasalli, Per tasalli, Tur teselli borrowed from Ara tasalsul : linkage [salsala] Hin tasalsul, Per tasalsol borrowed from Ara tasammum : poisoning [samma] tasannama : climb [Gez sanam (hump of camel)] tasauwuq : purchase [sauwaqa] tasbihh : rosary [sabbahha] Hin tasbi, Ind tasbih, Per tasbihh, Swa tasbihi borrowed from Ara tashabbuth : firmness; action, initiative [shabitha] Aze tesebbus, Per tashabboth, Tur tesebbus borrowed from Ara tashaffin : relief (of pain) [shafa] Hin tashaffi, Per tashaffi borrowed from Ara tashakkur : thanks [shakara] Aze tesekkur, Per tashakkor, Taj tashakkur, Tur tesekkur borrowed from Ara tashama : see a bad omen [?] tashawur : counseling [shauwara] tashchiss : identification; sorting; valuation [shachassa] Hin tashkhis, Per tashchiss borrowed from Ara tashdid : reinforcement [shadda] Ind tasydid, Per tashdid borrowed from Ara tashfia : healing [shafa] Per tashfiye borrowed from Ara tashghil : business [shaghala] tashira : visa [shakala] tashkil : formation, compilation [shakala] Aze teskil, Per tashkil, Tat teshkil, Tur teskil borrowed from Ara tashri‘ : legislation [shara‘a] tashrif : respect [sharufa] Hin tashrif, Per tashrif borrowed from Ara tashrihh : anatomy [sharahha] Ind tasyrih, Per tashrihh, Tur tesrih borrowed from Ara tashwiq : demand, incentive [shaqa] Aze tesviq, Per tashwiq, Tur tesvik borrowed from Ara tashwish : commotion, anxiety [shauwasha] Aze tesvis, Hin tashvish, Per tashwish borrowed from Ara tasi‘ : ninth [tis‘a] tasis : foundation [asasa] Aze tesis, Per tasis, Tur tesis borrowed from Ara tasjil : registration [sajjala] taskin : consolation, calming [sakana] Aze teskin, Hin taskin, Per taskin, Tur teskin borrowed from Ara taslihh : armament [sallahha] taslim : handover, delivery, surrender; payment [salima] Hin taslim, Ind taslim, Per taslim, Swa taslimu, Tur teslim borrowed from Ara tasrihha : hairdo [sarrahha] tassa‘ada : get on [ssa‘ida] tassaduf : meeting; coincidence [ssadafa] Aze teseduf, Per tassadof, Tur tesaduf borrowed from Ara tassarrafa : behave; trade [ssarafa] tassarruf : behavior [ssarafa] Aze teserruf, Per tassarrof borrowed from Ara tassawuf : mysticism [ssufi] Hin tasavvuf, Ind tasawuf, Per tassawwof, Tur tasavvuf borrowed from Ara tassawur : idea; fancy, imagination [ssauwara] Aze tesevvur, Hin tasavvur, Per tassawwor, Tur tasavvur, Uzb tasavvur borrowed from Ara tassbira : a bit of food, snack [ssabbara] tassdiq : confirmation [ssadaqa] Aze tesdiq, Hin tasdik, Ind tasdik, Per tasdiq, Tur tasdik borrowed from Ara tassdir : exports; introduction [ssadara] tassfia : clarification; solution [ssafa] Hin tasfiya, Per tassfiye borrowed from Ara tassfiq : applause [ssafaqa] tass’hhihh : improvement [ssahha] tasslihh : repair [ssalahha] tassmim : firmness, resolution; design [ssamma] tassnif : classification; oeuvre [ssannafa] Aze tesnif, Per tassnif, Tur tasnif borrowed from Ara tassrif : change; discharge; conjugation [ssarafa] Ind tasrif, Per tassrif, Tur tasrif borrowed from Ara tassrihh : permit [ssaruhha] tasswir : picture, image, portrait; map; description [ssauwara] Hau taswira, Hin tasvir, Per tasswir, Swa taswira, Tat tasvir, Tur tasvir, Uzb tasvir borrowed from Ara tasswit : polls [ssata] taswia : regulation [sawia] taswiq : marketing [sauwaqa] taszamun : solidarity [szamina] taszarub : conflict [szaraba] taszyiq : pressure, repression [szaqa] Aze tezyiq, Per taszyiq, Tur tazyik borrowed from Ara tathbit : stabilization; confirmation [thabata] Aze tesbit, Per tathbit, Tur tesbit borrowed from Ara tathir : effect; influence [atthara] Aze tesir, Hau tasiri, Hin tasir, Per tathir, Tat teesir, Tur tesir, Uzb tasir borrowed from Ara tatimma : completion [tamma] tattauwa‘a : do voluntarily [tta‘a] tattauwara : develop [?] tattbaqa : apply, use [?] tattbiq : application, use [tattbaqa] Aze tetbiq, Per tattbiq, Tur tatbik borrowed from Ara tatt’hir : cleaning [ttahara] ta‘ttil : discontinuing, suspension; break; holiday [‘attila] Aze tetil, Hin tatil, Per ta‘ttil, Tur tatil borrowed from Ara tatt‘im : vaccination [ta‘ama] tattwir : development [tattauwara] tauba : penitence, repentance [taba] Aze tovbe, Hin toba, Ind taubat, Per toube, Swa toba, Tur tovbe borrowed from Ara taudzif : employment [wadzafa] taufiq : success; convenience [wafiqa] Hin taufik, Ind taufik, Per toufiq borrowed from Ara taufir : increase; thrift [wafara] tauhhid : unification; unity; monotheism [wahhada] Ful tauhidi, Hau tauhidi, Ind tauhid, Per touhhid borrowed from Ara taukid : confirmation; insistence [wakkada] Aze tekid, Per takid, Tur tekit borrowed from Ara taulia : custodianship [walia] Ind tauliah, Per touliyat borrowed from Ara taulid : conception [walada] tauqi‘ : execution; signature [waqa‘a] tauqit : defining time [waqqata] taurid : delivery [warada] tausi‘ : distribution [wasu‘a] taussia : recommendation [wassa] Per toussiye, Tur tavsiye, Uzb tavsiya borrowed from Ara taussil : connection [wassala] tauzi‘ : distribution [wazza‘a] tawaada : be slow, cautious [?] tawaffara : abound [wafara] tawagghala : intrude [waghala] tawahum : charge, suspicion (at court) [wahama] tawajjaha : turn to [wajuha] tawajjuh : attention [wajuha] Hin tavajjah, Per tawajjoh borrowed from Ara tawallud : birth; procreation [walada] Per tawallod, Taj tavallud, Tur tevellut borrowed from Ara tawam : twin Sem t-w-’-m, Mal tewmi, Heb tom] tawaqqa‘a : expect [waqa‘a] tawaqqu‘ : expectation [waqa‘a] Hin tavakka, Per tawaqqo‘ borrowed from Ara tawarich : histories; annals [tarich] Hin tavarich, Per tawarich borrowed from Ara tawarrum : swelling [warima] tawasala : serve as means [?] tawasatta : be in the middle [wasatt] tawassala : interconnect [wassala] tawasutt : being in the middle; mediation [wasatt] Hin tavassut, Per tawasott borrowed from Ara tawasza‘a : be modest, humble [wasza‘a] tawaszu‘ : modesty, humility; courtesy [wasza‘a] Hin tavaza, Per tawaszo‘ borrowed from Ara tawatur : tension [watara] tawazun : equilibrium [wazana] ta‘widh : talisman [‘adha] Hin taviz, Per ta‘widh borrowed from Ara ta‘wisz : replacement [‘asza] Per ta‘wisz borrowed from Ara tawuq : chicken [from Tur] tayyar : current; ready [?] Per tayyar, Uzb tayyor from Ara tazauwaja : marry [zauj] ta‘zia : compassion; condolences [‘azia] Hau taaziyya, Hin taziya, Ind takziah, Per ta‘ziye borrowed from Ara ta‘zir : scolding; punishment [‘azara] Hin tazir, Per ta‘zir borrowed from Ara tibgh : tobacco [from Ger Tabak] tibn : straw [Mal tiben, Akk tibnu, Heb teven, JNA tuna, Uga tbn] tih : wilderness [taha] tijara : commerce [tajara] Hau tijara, Hin tijarat, Per tejarat, Tur ticaret borrowed from Ara tiknulujia : technology [from Gre tekhnologia] tilifun : telephone [talfana] tilighrafi : telegraph [from Gre telegraphos] tilmidh : pupil [Sem l-m-d, Akk lamadu (learn), Heb lamad, Syr thalmida (young man), Amh lemmede (be accustomed), Uga lmd (learn), tlmd (pupil)] tilqa : opposite to [?] timsahh : crocodile from OEg meseh Per temsahh, Tur timsah borrowed from Ara timthal : monument tin : fig [Mal tina, Akk tittu, tinatu (fig-tree), Heb teena (fig), Syr thetha, Uga tnt (fig-tree), Phoen tyn (fig)] Per tin, Swa tini borrowed from Ara tinnin : crocodile Sem t-n-n, Heb tannin (sea monster), Syr thaneyna, Uga tnn] tis‘a : nine [Sem t-s-‘, Mal disgha, Akk tishe, Heb tish‘a, Syr thesha‘, Uga tsh‘, Phoen tsh‘] Swa tisa borrowed from Ara tis‘in : ninety [tis‘a] Swa tisini borrowed from Ara tishrin : October/November [Sem sh-r-r, Akk shurru (begin), tashritu (beginning), Heb tishri (October/November)] tuchama : belly-ache [tachima] tuchm : boundary [tachm] tuffahh : apple Sem t-p-hh, Mal tuffieha, Heb tapuach, Amh tufah] Ind tufah, Per toffahh borrowed from Ara tufl : spit [tafala] tuhhfa : precious gift [at’hhafa] Hin tohfa, Per tohhfe borrowed from Ara tuhma : charge, suspicion (at court), slander [wahama] Aze tohmet, Hin tohmat, Ind tuhma, Per tohmat, Swa tuhuma, Uzb tuhmat borrowed from Ara tumbak : tobacco [from Per] tura‘ : ditch [?] turab : dust [tariba] turba : earth, ground; tomb [tariba] Hin turbat, Per torbat, Tur turbe borrowed from Ara turjuman : interpreter [tarjama] turunj : citron from Per toranj Hin turanj borrowed from Ara tut : mulberry Sem t-w-t, Mal tuta, Akk tuttu, Heb tut, JNA tutha] Aze tut, Rom dud, Per tut, Ser dud, Tur dut borrowed from Ara tutia : zinc, zinc oxide [?] Hau tutiya, Per tutiya, Tur tutya borrowed from Ara TH thaa : scar [?] thaara : take blood revenge [Sem th-’-r, Akk shiru (flesh), Heb sheer (kin), Uga shir (flesh), Phoen sh’r] thaba : return [Heb shav, Syr thab, thub (again), Uga thwb (return)] thabara : break [Sem th-b-r, Akk sheberu, Heb shavar, Syr thbar, Amh sebbere] thabata : be firm, be certain [?] Hau tabbata borrowed from Ara thabba : recompense [thaba] thabbata : confirm [thabata] thabit : firm, steady [thabata] Aze sabit, Hin sabit, Ind sabit, Per thabet, Swa thabiti, Tur sabit borrowed from Ara thachin : thick [thachuna] thachuna : be thick [?] thadi : breast [Heb shad, Syr thada, Hrs thodi, Amh ttut, Uga thd] thaghim : white [?] thaghr : mouth [Heb sha‘ar (gate), Syr thar‘a, thera‘ (break through), JNA tar’a (gate), Uga thghr, Phoen sh‘r] thaib : widow [?] thaiba : yawn [?] thair : excited, rebellious [thara] thaital : wild goat [?] thajja : flow abundantly [?] thakila : bereave [Sem th-k-l, Heb shikkel, Uga thkl (childless)] thalaba : scold [?] thalaja : fall (snow) [LiAr talij (ice), Mal silg (snow), Akk shalgu, Heb sheleg] thalath : three [Sem th-l-th, EgAr talata, LiAr tlete, Mal tlieta, Akk shalash, Heb shelosha, Syr thlath, JNA ttla, ttillath, Tig salas, Amh sost, Uga thlth, Phoen shlsh] thalathin : thirty [thalath] Hau talatin, Swa thelathini borrowed from Ara thalith : third [thalath] Hin salis, Per thaleth borrowed from Ara thallaja : refrigerator [thalaja] thalj : snow [thalaja] Ind salju, Per thalj, Swa theluji borrowed from Ara thalm : rift [?] thaman : price [thammana] thamania : eight [Sem th-m-n-y, EgAr tamanya, LiAr tmene, Mal tmienja, Akk samane, Heb shemona, Tig saman, Amh semment, Uga thmn, Phoen shmn] thamar : fruit, crop [thamara] thamara : bring fruit [Sem th-m-r, JNA tamar (fruit)] thamila : be drunk [?] thamin : eighth [thamaniya] thamin : valuable [thammana] thamma : there [MoAr temma, Heb sham, Syr thaman, Uga thm, Phoen shm] thammana : evaluate [Akk shummannu (valuable gift), Uga thmn] thamn : value [thammana] Ful saman, Hau tamani, Per thaman, Swa thamani borrowed from Ara thamnin : eighty [thamania] Swa themanini borrowed from Ara thamra : fruit, profit, result [thamara] Aze semere, Ind samrat, Per thamar, Tur semere borrowed from Ara thana : make double, fold, repeat Sem th-n-y, EgAr itnen (two), LiAr tnen, Mal tnejn, Akk shina, Heb shenaim, Syr thna (do twice), Hrs thenye (second), Uga thn (two), Phoen shnm] thanawi : secondary [thana] thania : a second [thana] Aze saniye, Per thaniye, Taj soniya, Tur saniye borrowed from Ara thanin : second [thana] Hin sani, Ind sani, Per thani borrowed from Ara thaqaba : bore a hole [Syr thekeb] thaqafa : culture [thaqifa] thaqifa : find; be clever [?] thaqil : heavy [thaqula] thaqula : be heavy [Sem th-q-l, Mal tqil (heavy), Akk shaqalu, Heb shaqal, Syr theqal, JNA mithqal (weight), Amh seqqele (hang), Uga thql (shekel), Phoen shql] thar : vengeance [thaara] thara : rise up, rebel; be excited [?] tharaba : scold [?] tharan : moist soil [Akk sheru (furrow)] thari : rich [tharia] tharia : be well off [?] tharr : soaked [?] tharthara : chat [onomat.] tharwa : riches [tharia] Aze servet, Per tharwat, Tur servet borrowed from Ara thaub : dress [?] thaur : bull Sem th-w-r, LiAr tor, Akk shuru, Heb shor (ox), Syr thaura, JNA tora, Hrs thawer, Tig sor, Uga thr, Ebl thuru] Per thour, Tur sevir borrowed from Ara thaura : revolution [thara] thawa : dwell [Uga thwy (invite)] thawab : reward [thaba] Hin savab, Per thawab, Swa thawabu, Tur sevap borrowed from Ara thiqa : trust [wathiqa] thiqla : burden [thaqula] Per theqlat, Tur siklet borrowed from Ara thu‘ala : fox [Sem th-‘-l, Heb shu‘al, JNA te’la, Meh yethayl, Hrs yethayl] thu‘ban : snake [?] thubut : confirmation; proof; testimony [thabata] Aze subut, Hin subut, Per thobut borrowed from Ara thukna : barracks [sakana] thulatha : Tuesday [thalath] Ful salasa, Ind selasa borrowed from Ara thulla : troop [?] thulth : third part [thalath] Ful sulusu, Hau sulusi, Ind sulus, Per tholth, Swa thuluthu borrowed from Ara thulul : wart [?] thum : garlic Sem th-w-m, LiAr tom, Mal tewm, Akk shumu, Heb shum thumma : then thumn : eighth part [thamania] Hau sumuni, Per thomn borrowed from Ara thundua : breast [thadan] thuqb : hole [thaqaba] thurayya : Pleiades [?] TT tta : the letter tt [Heb ttet] tta‘a : obey [?] tta‘a : obedience, discipline [tta‘a] Ind taat, Per tta‘at, Tur itaat borrowed from Ara tta‘am : taste [tta‘ima] Kaz dam, Kyr daam, Uzb tam borrowed from Ara tta‘ama : vaccinate [?] tta‘ana : push; pierce, penetrate; taunt, attack, insult [Meh tton (thrust at), Hrs tton, Uga tt‘n (stab)] ttab‘ : a print [ttaba‘a] Hau dabi, Per ttab‘, Tur tabi borrowed from Ara ttaba : be good [Sem tt-y-b, Akk ttabu, Mal tajjeb (good), Heb ttov, Syr ttaba, Uga ttb] ttab‘a : printing [ttaba‘a] ttaba‘a : seal, print [Sem tt-b-‘, Mal tebgha, Akk ttebu (sink), Heb ttaba‘, Phoen ttb‘ (a coin)] ttababa : medicine [ttabba] Aze tebabet, Per ttababat borrowed from Ara ttabacha : cook [Sem tt-b-ch, Akk ttabachu (slaughter), Heb ttavach (cook), Tig ttebhhe (flay), Uga ttbch (slaughter), Phoen ttbhh (butcher)] ttabanja : pistol, revolver [from Per tapanche] Kyr tapancha, Tur tabanca borrowed from Ara ttabaq : tray, plate; portion [ttabaqa] Hin tabak, Per ttabaq borrowed from Ara ttabaqa : cover [Sem tt-b-q, Aram ttabaqa (pan), Amh ttebbeqe (guard), Uga ttbq (close)] ttabaqa : correspond, agree [Akk natbaku (layer)] ttabaqa : layer [ttabaqa] Per ttabaqe, Swa tabaka, Tur tabaka borrowed from Ara ttabashir : chalk [from Per] Aze tebasir, Bul tebeshir, Tur tebesir borrowed from Ara ttabba : treat; be wise [Sem tt-b-b] ttabbach : cook [ttabacha] ttabi‘ : character [ttaba‘a] ttabi‘a : nature; temperament [ttaba‘a] Aze tebiet, Ful dabia, Hin tabiyat, Ind tabiat, Kyr tabiyat, Per ttabi‘at, Tat tabigat, Tur tabiat, Uzb tabiat borrowed from Ara ttabi‘i : natural [ttaba‘a] Aze tebii, Per ttabi‘i, Tat tabigiy, Tur tabii, Uzb tabiy borrowed from Ara ttabib : physician [ttabba] Aze tebib, Hin tabib, Ind tabib, Kyr tabip, Per ttabib, Taj tabib, Tur tabip, Uzb tabib borrowed from Ara ttabiq : floor [ttabaqa] ttabl : drum [ttabla] Alb daulle, Aze tebil, Gre ntaouli, Ind tabal, Per ttabl, Tur davul borrowed from Ara ttabla : drum Akk tabalu, Hrs ttabl Hin tabla borrowed from Ara ttabqa : floor [ttabaqa] Ind tabka borrowed from Ara ttabur : battalion from Tur ttafa : go round [?] ttaffala : invade, penetrate [?] ttaffaya : extinguisher ttafia] ttafia : extinguish Sem tt-p-y, Mal tefa, Heb mattpe (fire extinguisher), Amh tteffa (be extinguished)] ttafl : clay [Mal tafal] ttahara : be clean Sem tt-h-r, Heb ttahor (clean), Uga tthr, Phoen tthrt (purity)] ttahara : circumcise [ttahara] Swa tahiri borrowed from Ara ttahara : purity [ttahara] Per ttaharat, Swa tohara borrowed from Ara ttahhana : grind Sem tt-hh-n, Mal tahan (mill), Akk ttenu (grind), Heb ttachan, JNA tkhn, Hrs ttehhan, Uga tthhn ttahhun : mill [ttahhana] ttahir : clean ttahara] Ind tahir, Per ttaher borrowed from Ara ttahur : (means of) purifying ttahara] Ind tahur, Per ttohur borrowed from Ara ttai : fold ttawa] Hin tay, Per tteyy borrowed from Ara ttaifa : swarm; group, crew; troop; tribe; nation [ttafa] Aze tayfa, Bul tajfa, Per ttayefe, Swa taifa, Tur tayfe borrowed from Ara tta‘ima : eat [Sem tt-‘-m, Akk temu (understand), Mal tieghem (taste), Heb tta‘am, Syr tt‘em, JNA ttum’a, Hrs ttam (eat), Amh ttam (taste)] ttair : flying; bird [ttara] ttaira : airplane [ttara] ttaish : undecidedness [ttasha] Per tteish borrowed from Ara ttajin : frying pan from Gre teganon] ttala : be long Sem tt-w-l, Mal twil (long), Hrs ttowil, Tig ttawwala (extend)] ttala : smear, paint [?] ttala‘a : ascend, appear [OS tla (move up)] ttala‘a : read [?] ttalab : claim, request, demand, application, desire [ttalaba] Aze teleb, Hin talab, Per ttalab, Taj talab, Tat talop, Tur talep borrowed from Ara ttalaba : seek, beg [Mal talab] ttalaq : setting off, getting free, divorce [ttallaqa] Hin talak, Per ttalaq, Swa talaka, Tur talak borrowed from Ara ttali‘ : ascending; lucky constellation, fate [ttala‘a] Aze tale, Per ttale‘, Tur talih borrowed from Ara ttalib : student [ttalaba] Aze telebe, Hau dalibi, Hin talib, Per ttaleb, Tur talebe, Uzb talaba borrowed from Ara ttall : dew Sem tt-l, Heb ttal, Syr ttala, JNA tll (be wet), Hrs ttel (dew), Uga ttl] ttalla : smear, paint [ttala] ttallaqa : set free Mal telaq] tta‘m : taste [tta‘ima] Per tta‘m, Tat tem borrowed from Ara ttama‘ : lust [ttami‘a] Hin tamai borrowed from Ara ttamahha : strive [?] ttamana : calm down, satisfy ?] ttamara : bury Sem tt-m-r, Syr ttmar (conceal), JNA ttmr] ttamatta : tomatoes [from Eng] ttamattim : tomato [ttamatta] ttami‘a : lust for [?] ttamuhh : avid; avidity [ttamahha] Aze tamah, Tur tamah borrowed from Ara tta‘na : taunt, irony [tta‘ana] Hin tana, Per tta‘ne borrowed from Ara ttanab : tent-rope [ttunub] Hin tanab, Per ttanab borrowed from Ara ttanjara : pan [from Per] Alb tenxhere, Bul tendzhera, Gre tentzeres, Tur tencere borrowed from Ara ttanttana : emit noise [onomat.] ttanttana : noise; revel; celebration; pomp [ttanttana] Aze tentene, Hin tantana, Per ttanttane, Tur tantana borrowed from Ara ttaq : arch [from Per] Hin tak, Per ttaq borrowed from Ara ttaqa : have power [?] ttaqa : window [ttaq] Hau taga, Per ttaqe borrowed from Ara ttaqa : strength, power [ttaqa] Alb takat, Hin takat, Ind takat, Per ttaqat, Tur takat borrowed from Ara ttaqim : crew [ttaqm] ttaqm : row; a set [?] ttaqs : weather; custom [from Gre taxis] ttara : fly [Sem tt-y-r, Mal tar, Syr ttayra (predator birds)] ttarada : chase away [?] ttaraf : tip, end; side, direction; back side; shore, coast [Mal tarf, Amh tteref] Aze teref, Hin taraf, Per ttaraf, Taj taraf, Tur taraf, Uzb taraf borrowed from Ara ttarahha : throw [?] ttaraqa : knock, hammer [?] ttarawa : freshness ttaruwa] Hin taravat, Per ttarawat borrowed from Ara ttarbush : fez [from Per sar-push] ttard : chase ttarada] ttarfa : tamarisk [?] ttarhh : project; elimination; subtraction ttarahha] Per ttarhh borrowed from Ara ttari : fresh ttaruwa] ttariq : way, method; road [LiAr ttari‘, Mal triq, Jib ttarruq (line)] Per ttariq, Tur tarik borrowed from Ara ttariqa : way, method; order [ttariq] Hin tarika, Ind tarikat, Per ttariqe, Tur tarikat borrowed from Ara ttarisha : be deaf [Mal trux (deaf)] ttarra : sharpen [?] ttarraza : embroider [?] Swa tarizi borrowed from Ara ttaruwa : be fresh Sem tt-r-y, Mal tari (fresh), Heb ttari] ttarz : type, form, manner, fashion [from Per tarazu] Hin tarz, Tur tarz borrowed from Ara ttas : cup, pan [from Per] Aze tas, Tur tas borrowed from Ara ttasha : be undecided [?] tta‘un : plague [tta‘ana] Hin taun, Ind taun, Per tta‘un, Swa tauni, Tur taun borrowed from Ara ttauq : neck-ring, necklace [?] Hin tauk, Per ttouq borrowed from Ara ttauq : strength, power [ttaqa] ttaur : occasion; status; manner, way Akk taru (return), Heb tur, Amh tara (order), Uga twr (come round) Hin taut, Per ttour borrowed from Ara ttaus : peacock from Gre taos Hin taus, Per ttaus, Swa tausi, Tur tavus, Uzb tovus borrowed from Ara ttauwasha : castrate [?] ttawa : fold Sem tt-w-y, Mal tewa, Heb ttava (spin), Tig ttewa (turn, plait)] ttawashi : eunuch [ttauwasha] Per ttawashi, Swa towashi borrowed from Ara ttawil : long ttala] ttawula : table [from Ita tavola] ttayaran : flying [ttara] ttayyar : flyer, pilot [ttara] ttayyara : airplane [ttara] Aze tayyare, Per tayyare, Tur tayyare borrowed from Ara ttayyib : good [ttaba] ttaza : fresh [from Per taze] ttazaj : fresh [ttaza] ttibb : medicine [ttabba] Hin tibb, Per ttebb borrowed from Ara ttifl : child [Mal tifel, Heb tefel] Hin tifl, Per ttefl borrowed from Ara ttihhal : spleen [Sem tt-hh-l, Akk ttulimu, Heb techol, JNA tihhala, Meh ttelhhaym, Hrs ttelhhaym, Soq ttalhhem, Uga tthhl] ttilasm : talisman [from Gre telesma] Hin tilasm, Per ttelesm, Swa talasimu borrowed from Ara ttilata : during ttin : mud [Sem tt-y-n, Mal tajn, Heb ttin (clay), JNA ttina, Hrs ttayn] ttiraz : fashion [ttarz] ttub : brick [from Coptic] ttufaili : parasite [ttaffala] Aze tufeyli, Hin tufaili, Per ttofeili, Tur tufeyli borrowed from Ara ttufal : clay [ttafl] Swa tofali borrowed from Ara ttufan : flood; storm [from Chinese tai-fu] Alb tufan, Aze tufan, Hin tufan, Ind taufan, Per ttufan, Swa tufani, Tur tufan borrowed from Ara ttufula : childhood ttifl] ttul : length ttala] Hin tul, Per ttul borrowed from Ara ttumar : scroll [?] Hin tumar, Per ttumar borrowed from Ara ttunn : ton [from Eng] ttunub : tent-rope [?] ttur : mountain [Sem tt-w-r, Heb tzur (rock), Syr ttura (mountain), JNA ttura] tturra : lock, curl [?] Hin turra, Per ttorre borrowed from Ara tturshi : pickles [from Per] Alb turshi, Bul turshija, Gre toursi, Ser tursija, Tur tursu borrowed from Ara ttuwala : stable [?] Aze tovle, Per ttawile, Tur tavla borrowed from Ara U ucht : sister [ach] udhn : ear [adhina] ufq : horizon [Heb ofeq] Aze ufuq, Per ofoq, Tat ofiq, Tur ufuk, Uzb ufq borrowed from Ara ughnia : song [ghanna] ujra : fee, rent; remuneration [ajara] Hin ujrat, Per ojrat, Swa ujira, Tur ucret borrowed from Ara uktubar : October [from Lat october] ulfa : love, friendship [alifa] Aze ulfet, Hin ulfat, Per olfat, Tur ulfet borrowed from Ara ul‘uba : toy [la‘iba] umm : mother [Sem ’-m, Mal omm, Akk ummu, Heb em, Syr ema, JNA yimma, Meh ham, Tig em, Uga um, Phoen ’m, Ebl ummu] Hau umma, Ind um borrowed from Ara umma : religious community [Heb om, umma (nation), JNA ummita, Tig ammet (people), Uga umt (family)] Ful ummato, Per ommat, Tur ummet borrowed from Ara umnia : wish [amana] unbub : pipe [Akk ebebu, Syr abuba] unsia : sociability; confidentiality [ins] Aze unsiyyet, Tur unsiyet borrowed from Ara untha : woman [anutha] uqia : ounce [from Latin uncia] Swa wakia borrowed from Ara uqyanus : ocean [from Gre okeanos] urjuwan : purple [arjawan] Swa urujuani borrowed from Ara usbu‘ : week [sab‘a] uskuffa : threshold [Akk askuppu, Heb mashqof (lintel), JNA squptha (doorpost)] uslub : method, style [?] usquf : bishop [from Gre episkopos] Per osqof, Swa askofu borrowed from Ara usra : family, dynasty [?] ussul : roots; method, system [assula] Aze usul, Hin usul, Ind usul, Per ossul, Tur usul borrowed from Ara ustadh : master; teacher [from Per ostad] Aze usta, Hin ustad, Swa stadi, Tat osta, Tur ustat, Uzb usta borrowed from Ara usttuwana : cylinder [from Gre stoa (pillars)] uszhhia : sacrifice animal [szahha] utrunj : citron [turunj] ‘U ‘ubab : flood Sem ‘-b-b, Akk abubu] ‘ud : tree [Mal ghuda, Akk issu, Heb ‘etz, Uga ‘ss, Phoen ‘ss] ‘udda : readiness; equipment [‘adda] ‘udhr : excuse, apology [‘adhara] Hau uzuri, Hin uzr, Per ‘odhr, Swa udhuru borrowed from Ara ‘udzma : big, powerful [‘adzuma] Per ‘odhma borrowed from Ara ‘ufuna : rot, putrefaction; infection [‘afina] Aze ufunet, Per ‘ofunat borrowed from Ara ‘uhda : promise [‘ahada] Per ‘ohde borrowed from Ara ‘ujja : omelet [‘ajjaja] ‘ulama : the learned ones; scholars, scientists [‘alama] Hin ulama, Ind ulama, Per ‘olama borrowed from Ara ‘ulba : can (of conserve) [‘allaba] ‘ullaiq : shrub [‘aliqa] ‘ulwi : upper [‘ala] Per ‘olwi borrowed from Ara ‘umda : support; chief, village elder; chiefly [‘amada] Per ‘omde borrowed from Ara ‘umla : wage; currency [‘amila] ‘umq : depth [‘amuqa] Per ‘omq borrowed from Ara ‘umr : age, life, lifetime [‘amara] Aze omur, Hin umr, Ind umur, Kyr omur, Per ‘omr, Swa umri, Tat gomer, Tur omur, Uzb umr borrowed from Ara ‘umum : generality; public, audience [‘amma] Aze umum, Ind umum, Per ‘omum borrowed from Ara ‘umumi : general, public [‘amma] Aze umumi, Per ‘omumi, Tat gomumi, Tur umumi, Uzb umumiy borrowed from Ara ‘unf : severeness, violence ‘annafa Per ‘onf borrowed from Ara ‘unnab : jujube [Mal ghenba (grape), JNA inutha] ‘unqud : bunch of grapes [Mal ghanqud] Per ‘onqud borrowed from Ara ‘unssur : element Sem ‘-n-s-r Ind unsur, Per ‘onssor, Tur unsur borrowed from Ara ‘unssuri : elementary; of a race ‘unssur ‘unuq : neck [Sem ‘-n-q, Mal ghonq, Akk unqu, Heb ‘anaq (necklace), Syr ‘eqa (necklace), Amh anget (neck), Tig anget, Uga ‘nq (necklace), Ebl inqu (neck)] Per ‘onq borrowed from Ara ‘unwan : address [Sem ‘-n-y, Heb ‘ana (answer), ma‘an (address), Syr ‘ena (answer), Uga ‘ny] Aze unvan, Per ‘onwan, Swa anwani, Tur unvan borrowed from Ara ‘uqab : eagle [Sem ‘-q-b, Hrs ‘aqab] Hin uqab, Per ‘oqab borrowed from Ara ‘uqda : knot [‘aqada] Per ‘oqde borrowed from Ara ‘uqm : sterility [‘aqama] Per ‘oqm borrowed from Ara ‘uqr : barrenness, sterility [‘aqara] Per ‘oqr borrowed from Ara ‘uquba : punishment [‘aqaba] Hau uqab, Per ‘oqubat borrowed from Ara ‘ur : naked [‘aria] Per ‘ur borrowed from Ara ‘urf : custom; common parlance; common law [‘arafa] Hin urf, Per ‘orf borrowed from Ara ‘urfa : mane [Heb ‘oref (nape)] ‘urqub : Achilles tendon [Sem ‘r-q-b, Heb arkubba (knee joint), Hrs ‘arqayb (Achilles tendon)] ‘urs : wedding [‘arrasa] ‘uruba : Arabness [‘arraba] ‘ushb : grass [Heb ‘esev] Per ‘oshb borrowed from Ara ‘ushr : tenth part, tithe [‘ashara] Ful usura, Hau ushiri, Per ‘oshr borrowed from Ara ‘usluj : sprig [Mal ghaslug] ‘ussfur : little bird [Mal ghasfur, Akk issuru, Uga ‘ssr] Per ‘ossfur borrowed from Ara ‘uszw : member [?] Aze uzv, Per ‘oszw, Tur uzuv borrowed from Ara ‘uth : moth Sem ‘-th-th, Akk ashashu, Heb ‘ash, JNA asha] ‘uttarid : Mercury [?] Ful udaridu, Per ‘ottared, Tur utarit borrowed from Ara ‘uttla : vacation [‘attila] ‘uttufa : inclination; tenderness [‘attafa] Per ‘ottufat borrowed from Ara W wa : and [Sem w, Mal u, Akk u, Heb ve, Syr w, Uga w, Sab w] Aze ve, Hin va, Ind wa, Per wa, Tur ve borrowed from Ara wa‘a : be aware ?] wa‘ada : promise Sem w-‘-d, Heb ya‘ad (assign), Syr wa‘ada (assembly)] wa‘adza : warn [Heb ya‘atz (advise), Phoen y’ss] waba : cholera, epidemy [wabia] Hin vaba, Ind wabah, Per waba borrowed from Ara wabal : malaria; distress; sin [wabula] Per wabal borrowed from Ara wabala : be flooded [Sem b-l, Akk bibbulu (flood), Heb mabbul] wabbacha : scold [?] wabia : be diseased [Amh weba (malaria)] wabil : flood [wabala] wabula : be unhealthy [?] wachaza : sting [?] wa‘d : promise [wa‘ada] Aze ved, Per wa‘d, Tat vogde, Tur vait borrowed from Ara wada : pay blood money [Sem w-d-y, Mal wied (valley), Uga ydy (lay down)] wada‘ : farewell [wadda‘a] Hin bida, Per weda‘ borrowed from Ara wa‘da : promise; term, deadline [wa‘ada] Hau waadi, Hin vada, Per wa‘de, Tur vade borrowed from Ara wada‘a : settle, deposit [Heb yatza‘] wadaj : corollary [?] wadda : like, love [Sem y-d-d, Akk dadu (darling), Heb yedid (friend), Amh weddede, wed (dear), wedadj (friend), Uga dd, yd (love)] wadda‘a : say good-bye [?] wadha‘a : flow, run [Sem w-dh-‘, Heb hizzi‘a (sweat), Syr dewatha (perspiration), JNA d’th (sweat), Uga yd‘] wadin : desert stream [wada] Aze vadi, Ful wadi, Hin vadi, Ind wadi, Per wadi, Swa wadi, Tur vadi borrowed from Ara wadzafa : define [?] wadzifa : function, office; duty; obligation, mission; scholarship [wadzafa] Aze vezife, Hin vazifa, Per wadzife, Tat vazifa, Tur vazife, Uzb vazifa borrowed from Ara wafa : be complete [Sem y-p-y, Akk yapu (beautiful), Heb yafe, Uga npy (satisfaction), Phoen yp’ (nice)] wafa : compliance; faithfulness, fidelity [wafa] Aze vefa, Hin vafa, Per wafa, Tur vefa borrowed from Ara wafa : fulfillment; death [wafa] Aze vefat, Hin vafat, Per wafat, Tur vefat borrowed from Ara wafada : come [?] wafaqa : agree [wafiqa] wafara : be abundant [?] wafd : decree [waffada] waffada : send, decree [wafada] waffara : hoard, save [wafara] wafiqa : be matching, right, agree [?] wafir : rich, numerous [wafara] waghala : intrude [?] waghan : clamor [Sem w-gh-y] waghl : thicket [Uga yghl] waha : be weak [?] wahab : donor [wahaba] Ind wahab borrowed from Ara wahaba : give [Sem y-h-b, Heb hava (let us), Syr yehab (give), JNA yhwl, Soq hab-, Gur abe, Tig heba] wahaba : giver [wahaba] Ind wahab borrowed from Ara wahama : believe, imagine [?] wahha : oasis [from OEg uahht] Aze vahe, Per wahhe, Tur vaha borrowed from Ara wahhada : be one [Sem y-hh-d (one), Mal wiehed, Akk wedu, Heb echad, Syr chad, JNA khdha, BAram chd, Amh and, Uga yhhd (alone)] wahhada : unity [wahhada] Aze vehdat, Ind wahadat, Per wahhdat borrowed from Ara wahhda : alone [wahhada] wahhid : one [wahhada] Aze vahid, Per wahhed borrowed from Ara wahhil : muddy [wahhila] wahhila : sink in mud [?] wahhl : mud [wahhila] wahhsha : wilderness [auhhasha] Hin vahshat, Per wahhshat, Tur vahset borrowed from Ara wahhshi : wild [auhhasha] Aze vehsi, Hin vahshi, Per wahhshi, Tur vahsi borrowed from Ara wahin : weak; weak-minded; illusory [waha] Hin vahi, Per wahi borrowed from Ara wahm : imagination [wahama] Hin vahm, Per wahm borrowed from Ara wa‘i : awareness [wa‘a] waid : slow, cautious [tawaada] wa‘in : aware [wa‘a] waja‘ : pain [waji‘a] wajaba : be necessary [Sem w-g-b (binding)] wajada : find; feel [?] wajafa : be agitated Sem w-g-p wajahha : face, be against [wajuha] wajama : be still [?] wajaza : be short [?] wajba : meal [?] wajh : countenance, face [wajuha] Hin vajah, Ind wajah, Per wajh, Swa wajihi, Tur vecih borrowed from Ara waji‘a : feel pain, suffer [Sem y-g-‘, Akk egu (be lazy), Heb yaga‘ (tired)] wajib : necessary [wajaba] Aze vacib, Ful wajiba, Hau wajibi, Hin vajib, Ind wajib, Per wajeb, Swa wajibu, Tur vajip borrowed from Ara wajiha : face, facade [wajuha] wajiz : short [wajaza] wajjaha : guide [wajuha] wajna : cheek [Hrs wegnet] wajr : heap (of stones); cave Sem w-g-r] wajuha : have face, be acknowledged [Mal wicc (cheek)] wakaba : proceed Sem w-k-b, Heb takhaf (succeed), Syr tekheb (be urgent)] wakala : representation [Sem w-k-l (trust), Akk waklu (overseer), Syr thekel (trust), JNA tkl, Amh wakkil (agent)] Hin vakalat, Per wekalat, Tur vekalet borrowed from Ara wakaza : hit [?] wakil : agent, representative, spokesman; minister [wakala] Aze vekil, Ful wakili, Hau wakili, Hin vakil, Ind wakil, Per wakil, Swa wakili, Tat vokil, Tur vekil, Uzb vakil borrowed from Ara wakkada : fasten; make sure [?] wa‘l : mountain goat [Sem y-‘-l, Heb ya‘el, Hrs wal (male mountain goat), Amh wala (chamois), walya (ibex), Uga y‘l, Ebl wailu] walad : child, son [walada] Hin vald, Ind walad, Per walad, Tur velet borrowed from Ara walad : parent [walada] Per walad borrowed from Ara walada : be born [Sem y-l-d, Mal welled, Akk waladu, Heb yalad, Syr yiled, JNA yaludha (baby), Amh wellede (engender), ledet (birth), leddj (child), Tig welde (bear), Uga yld (beget), Phoen yld] waldia : parentage [walada] Hin valdiyat borrowed from Ara wali : helper; leader [walia] Aze vali, Ful wali, Hau wali, Hin vali, Ind wali, Per wali, Tur vali borrowed from Ara wali : near [walia] walia : be near; rule [Ugy yly (relative)] wali‘a : catch fire [?] walid : parent, father [walada] Hin valid, Taj volid borrowed from Ara walida : mother [walada] Hin valida, Per walede, Tur valide borrowed from Ara walima : feast, banquet [aulama] Ful walima, Hau walima, Per walime borrowed from Ara walla‘a : lighter [wali‘a] wallada : beget [walada] walwala : noise Sem y-l-l, Heb yillel (lament), Syr ayelel, Phoen yll Per walwale, Tur velvele borrowed from Ara wamid : sultry [?] waqa : protect [?] waq‘a : case [waqa‘a] Aze vaqe, Per waq‘e, Tur vaka borrowed from Ara waqa‘a : fall [Sem y-q-‘] waqada : burn Sem y-q-d, Akk qadu (ignite), Heb yaqad, Syr yaqed, JNA yqdh waqafa : stop [Mal waqqaf] waqahha : be insolent [?] waqahha : insolence [waqahha] waqar : dignity [waqura] Aze vuqar, Per waqar, Tur vakar borrowed from Ara waqf : foundation, fund; comma, pause [waqafa] Ful wakaf, Hau wakafi, Hin vakf, Ind wakaf, Per waqf, Swa wakf, Tur vakif borrowed from Ara waqfa : pause [waqafa] Hin vakfa, Per waqfe borrowed from Ara waqi‘a : event, reality [waqa‘a] Hin vakaya, Per waqi‘e, Uzb voqea borrowed from Ara waqif : informed [waqafa] Hin vakif, Per waqif borrowed from Ara waqihh : insolent [waqahha] waqin : protective [waqa] waqqa‘a : sign [waqa‘a] waqqata : define time [Mal waqt (time), Amh weqt] waqt : time; while [waqqata] Aze vaqt, Hin vakt, Ind waktu, Per waqt, Swa wakati, Taj vaqt, Tat vakyt, Tur vakit, Uzb vaqt borrowed from Ara waqura : be dignified [?] wa‘r : rugged [Sem y-‘-r, Heb ya‘ar (forest), Uga y‘r, Phoen yr] wara : kindle [?] wara : behind [?] warada : arrive [Sem y-r-d, Akk waradu (descend), Heb yarad, Amh werrede, Uga yrd, Phoen yrd] waral : monitor lizard [Syr yarla, Hrs rewol] waram : swelling, tuberculosis [warima] Aze verem, Hin varam, Per waram, Tur verem borrowed from Ara waran : monitor lizard [waral] waraq : leaf [LiAr war‘a (paper), Akk araqu, waraqu (be yellow, green), Heb yaroq (green), JNA yaruqa, Amh waraqat (paper), warq (gold), Uga yrq (be yellow, green)] Hin varak, Per waraq, Tur varak borrowed from Ara waraqa : letter, note [waraq] Hau warka, Hin varka, Ind warkat, Per waraqe, Swa waraka, Tur varaka borrowed from Ara ward : rose [from Aramenian vard] Per ward, Swa waridi borrowed from Ara wari‘a : be pious [Heb yara‘ (quiver)] wari : early rain [Heb yore, Uga yr] warid : vein [Sem w-r-d, Heb varid, JNA waridha] Per warid borrowed from Ara warid : incoming [warada] warida : events; arrivals; income [warada] Hin vardat, Per waredat, Tur varide borrowed from Ara warima : swell up [?] warith : heir [waritha] Hin varis, Ind waris, Per wareth, Tat varis, Tur varis borrowed from Ara waritha : inherit [Sem y-r-th, Mal werriet (heir), wirt (heritage), Akk yaritu (heir), Heb yarash (inherit), Syr yareth, JNA yrth, Amh werrese, Uga yrth (acquire)] wark : hip [Akk warkatu (back), Heb yarekh (thigh), Hrs worket (hip), Tig werket] warq : leaf, page, sheet [waraq] Aze vereq, Per waraq, Tur varak, Uzb varaq borrowed from Ara warqa : letter [waraq] Ind warkat borrowed from Ara warrada : deliver [warada] warsha : workshop [from Eng] warwar : bee-eater bird Syr warwara] wasa‘a : widen [wasu‘a] wasach : dirt [wasicha] wasad : pillow [wasada] wasada : prop up [Sem w-s-d, y-s-d, Akk ishdu (foundation), Heb yessod, Ara ’sd, Uga msdt, Ebl ishdu] wasama : brand, mark [?] wasatt : middle [Sem w-s-t, Heb veshett (gullet), Amh westt (core)] Hin vast, Per wasatt, Tur vasat borrowed from Ara washara : saw [Sem w-s-r, Akk nasaru, Heb nisser, Syr nssar, Meh wusor] wasi‘ : wide [wasu‘a] wasi‘a : be possible [?] wasi‘a : be wide [wasu‘a] wasicha : be dirty [?] wasila : means [tawasala] Ful wasila, Hin vasila, Per wasile, wasilat borrowed from Ara wasina : slumber [Akk shittu (sleep), Heb yashan (to sleep), Hrs shenet, Uga yshn, Ebl situ] wasitta : mediation [wasatt] Aze vasite, Hin vasta, Per wasette, Tur vasita borrowed from Ara wassa : recommend [Heb tzav (command)] wassafa : describe [?] wassala : arrive [SAr w-ss-l, Soq sele (make arrive)] wassala : connect [Sem w-ss-l, Akk esselu, Heb etzel (with, at), Uga ’ssl (be herded together)] wassf : description; quality [wassafa] Hin wasf, Per wassf borrowed from Ara wassfa : prescription, recipe [wassafa] wassi : agent; custodian [wassa] Per wassi borrowed from Ara wassia : proposal [wassa] Aze vesiyyet, Hau wasiyya, Per wassiyat, Tat vasiyat, Tur vasiyet borrowed from Ara wassif : description [wassafa] Per wasif, Swa wasifu, Tur vasif borrowed from Ara wassil : joining; arrival [wassala] Hin vasil, Per wasil, Swa wasili, Tur vasil borrowed from Ara wassl : receipt; union [wassala] Hin vasl, Per wassl borrowed from Ara wassla : patch; sign of vowel [wassala] Hau wasali, Per wassle borrowed from Ara wasswassa : look stealthily [?] wastta : in between [wasatt] wasu‘a : be wide [Mal wasa‘ (wide)] wasz‘ : laying, putting down; state, nature [wasza‘a] Hin vaza, Per wasz‘ borrowed from Ara wasz‘ia : position, situation [wasza‘a] Aze veziyyet, Per wasz‘iyat, Tur vaziyet, Uzb vaziyat borrowed from Ara wasza‘a : lay, put down [wada‘a] waszahha : be clear [Uga yss’hh] waszihh : clear [waszahha] waszua : be neat Sem w-sz-y, Akk wassu (go out), Heb yatza, Amh watta, wettsh (outside), Uga yss’, ydz’ (go out), Phoen yss’] watad : peg [Heb yated] watar : string [watara] watara : extend, stretch [Sem y-t-r, Akk wataru, Heb yatar, yeter (rest), JNA watra (string), Amh wettere, Uga ytr (rest)] wathaba : leap Sem y-th-b, Akk washabu (sit), Heb yashav, Syr eytheb, JNA ytw, Uga ythb, Phoen yshb] wathan : idol [?] Per wathan borrowed from Ara wathiqa : trust [Heb vatiq (veteran)] wathiqa : trust; document [wathiqa] Aze vesiqe, Hau wasika, Hin vasika, Per wathiqe, Tur vesika borrowed from Ara wathir : soft [wathura] wathura : be soft [?] wattan : home country, fatherland [wattana] Aze veten, Hin vatan, Ind watan, Kaz otan, Per wattan, Tat vatan, Tur vatan, Uzb vatan borrowed from Ara wattana : dwell [?] wattb : skin container for milk [Sem w-tt-b, Hrs hhatteb (teat), Tig ttub] watti : low, even [wattia] wattia : trample, make even [?] wattwatt : bat [?] Per wattwatt borrowed from Ara waw : the letter w [Heb vav] wawi : jackal [awa] waza‘a : withhold, keep in reins [?] wazana : weigh [Sem w-z-n, Mal wizen, Heb moznaim (balance), BAram m’znym, Amh wezzene (weigh), mizen (balance), Uga mznm] wazara : carry a burden [?] wazi‘ : obstacle [waza‘a] wazir : minister [from Middle Per wazir] Aze vezir, Ful wajiri, Hau waziri, Hin vazir, Ind wazir, Per wazir, Swa waziri, Tur vezir, Uzb vazir borrowed from Ara wazira : ministry [wazir] Uzb vazirat borrowed from Ara wazn : weight [wazana] Aze vezn, Hin vazn, Per wazn, Swa uzani, Taj vazn, Tur vezin borrowed from Ara wazz : goose [Akk usu, from Sum uz] wazza‘a : distribute [?] wi‘a : vessel [?] widd : love [wadd] wijdan : conscience [wajada] Aze vicdan, Per wejdan, Tat vodzhdan, Tur vicdan, Uzb vidzhdon borrowed from Ara wijha : direction [wajuha] wikala : agency, representation, proxy; ministry [wakala] Per wekalat, Swa wakala, Tat vokalet, Tur vekalet borrowed from Ara wilada : birth [walada] wilaya : province, district [wali] Hin vilayat, Ind wilayah, wilayat, Per welayat, Swa wilaya, Tur vilayet, Uzb viloyat borrowed from Ara wiqaya : protection; prevention [waqa] wiqr : heavy load [Sem w-q-r, Akk waqaru (be dear, precious), Heb yaqar (dear), Syr yeqar (honor), JNA yqr (be heavy)] wiratha : inheritance [waritha] Hin virasat, Per warathat, Tur veraset borrowed from Ara wird : recitation, magic formula [warada] Hau wuridi, Per werd borrowed from Ara wisad : pillow [wasad] wisada : cushion [wasad] wishb : mob [?] wizara : ministry [wazir] Hin vazarat, Per wezarat, Swa wizara, Taj vazorat borrowed from Ara wizr : burden [wazara] Per wezr borrowed from Ara wudd : love [wadd] wujida : exist [wajada] wujud : existence; substance [wajada] Aze vucud, Hin vajud, Ind wujud, Per wojud, Tur vujut, Uzb vudzhud borrowed from Ara wujum : silence [wajama] wuqu‘ : occurrence [waqa‘a] Per woqu‘, Tur vuku borrowed from Ara wuquf : stop; intelligence [waqafa] Hin vakuf, Per woquf borrowed from Ara wurud : arrival [warada] Per worud, Tur vurut borrowed from Ara wus‘a : capacity [wasi‘a] Aze vuset, Per wos‘at borrowed from Ara wussla : connector [wassala] wussul : acquired; arrival [wassala] Hin vasul, Per wossul borrowed from Ara wuszu : ritual washing [waszua] Hin vazu, Per woszu borrowed from Ara Y ya : the letter y [Sem y-d, Heb yod] yabab : deserted [?] Per yabab borrowed from Ara yabis : dry [yabisa] Per yabes, Swa yabisi borrowed from Ara yabisa : be dry [Sem y-b-s, Mal iebes (hard), Heb yavash (dry), Syr yabish, JNA ywisha, BAram yabeshta (land), Amh yebs] yabruhh : mandrake [Syr yabruhha] yad : hand [Sem y-d, Mal id, Akk idu (arm, side), Heb yad, Syr aida, JNA idha, Hrs hhayd, Meh hhayd, Amh eddz, Tig ede, Uga yd, Phoen yd, Ebl ida] yaf‘ : adolescence [Akk wapu (be visible, shine), Heb yafa‘ (shine)] yafta : shield, sign [?] yahhmur : roebuck [Uga yhhmr] yahudi : Jew [hada] Aze yehudi, Hin yahudi, Ind yahudi, Per yahudi, Swa yahudi, Tur yahudi borrowed from Ara yaisa : be desperate [from Tur yas (mourning)] yalidu : be born [walada] yamana : go to the right [Sem y-m-n, Mal lemini (right), Akk imittu, imnu, Heb yamin, Syr yamina, JNA yamme, Tig man, Uga ymn] yamin : right side [yamana] Per yamin, Swa yamini borrowed from Ara yamm : sea [Sem y-m, Heb yam, Syr yama, JNA yama, Phoen ym] yana‘a : ripen [?] yanayir : January [from Lat ianuarius] yansun : anise [from Gre anison] yani‘ : ripe [yana‘a] yaqa : collar [from Tur yaka] yaqidz : awake [yaqidza] yaqidza : wake [Heb yaqatz] yaqin : certainly [yaqina] Aze yeqin, Hin yakin, Ind yakin, Per yaqin, Swa yakini borrowed from Ara yaqina : be certain [?] yaqttin : gourd [?] yaqut : ruby [from Gre hyakinthos] Aze yaqut, Ful yakutu, Hin yakut, Ind yakut, Per yaqut, Tur yakut borrowed from Ara yarbu‘ : a rodent, jerboa [Akk arrabu, Syr yarbu‘a, Ebl arrabu] yaridu : arrive [warada] yarithu : inherit [waritha] yarqan : jaundice [waraq] Hin yarkan, Ind yarkan, Per yarqan borrowed from Ara yas : despair [yaisa] yasamin : jasmin [from Middle Per yasaman] Aze yasemen, Gre giasemi, Per yasaman, Rom iasomie, Tur yasemin borrowed from Ara yasar : left side [Sem y-s-r, Akk esheru (be straight), Heb yashar (straight), Phoen yshr] yasar : ease [yasira] yasint : hyacinth [yaqut] yasir : easy [yasira] yasira : be easy [Heb osher (happiness), Phoen ’shr (joy)] yatama : be orphaned [Mal iltim, Heb yatom, Syr yathma, JNA yatuma, Uga ytm, Phoen ytm] yatim : orphan [yatama] Alb jetim, Aze yetim, Ful yatime, Hin yatim, Ind yatim, Kyr zhetim, Per yatim, Swa yatima, Tur yetim, Uzb yetim borrowed from Ara yaum : day [Sem y-w-m, Mal jum, Akk umu, Heb yom, Syr imama, yauma, Hrs hheyom (sun), Uga ym (day), Phoen ym] Hin yaum, Ind yaum, Per youm borrowed from Ara yaumia : day wage [yaum] Per youmiye, Tur yevmiye borrowed from Ara yawir : assistant [from Per yawar] yazarja : astrology [?] yazinu : weigh [wazana] yuliyu : July [from Lat iulius] yunan : Greeks [from Gre ion (Ionian)] Aze yunan, Ind yunan, Per yunan, Tur yunan, Uzb yunon borrowed from Ara yunani : Greek [yunan] Hin yunani, Per yunani, Swa yunani borrowed from Ara yuniyu : June [from Lat iunius] yusr : ease [yasar] Z za : the letter z [Heb zayin] za‘aja : disturb, make anxious [?] za‘al : anger [za‘ila] za‘ama : assert; declare [?] za‘ama : leadership [za‘ama] zabbala : fertilize [Mal zibel (rubbish), Heb zevel (dung), Syr zebla, JNA zibla (garbage)] zabib : raisins Sem z-b-b, Mal zbiba, Amh zebib] Ind zabib, Per zabib, Swa zabibu borrowed from Ara zabun : customer, guest [Heb zabban (salesman), Syr zeban (buy), JNA zwn] zabur : psalm ?] Ful jabura, Ind zabur, Per zabur, Swa zaburi borrowed from Ara zachara : be over-filled [?] zachira : an over-filled store-house [zachara] Hin zakhira borrowed from Ara zachrafa : decorate [?] zad : supplies, provisions [zauwada] zada : increase, make grow [Sem z-y-d, Hrs zod] zafana : dance Sem z-p-n, Mal zifen] zafara : sigh ?] za‘faran : saffron ssafara] Eng saffron, Hin zafran, Ita zafferano, Per za‘faran, Spa azafaran borrowed from Ara zaffa : lead (bride) [?] zafir : a sigh zafara] zagh : crow [from Per zaghi] zahada : refrain from [?] zahara : shine [Sem z-h-r, LiAr dohir (noon), Heb tzohoraim, Syr ttahera, JNA ttahra, Hrs dzahr (noon), Uga dhrt (vision)] zahhafa : creep [Sem z-hh-p, Hrs zehhaf] zahhala : be distant; retire [Sem z-hh-l, Heb zachal (creep), Syr zachla (locusts)] zahhama : oppress [?] zahhma : unease; trouble [zahhama] Aze zehmet, Hin zahmat, Per zahhmat borrowed from Ara zahid : a recluse [zahada] Hin zahid, Per zahed borrowed from Ara zahir : clear, evident [zahara] Hin zahir, Per zaher, Tur zahir borrowed from Ara zahr : flower [zahara] Per zahr borrowed from Ara zaibaq : mercury ?] Hau zaiba, Per zeibaq, Swa zebaki borrowed from Ara zaid : supplemented zada] Per zayed, Swa zaidi borrowed from Ara zaida : supplement; exaggeration zada] Hau zaida, Per zayede borrowed from Ara zaif : false [zayyafa] za‘ila : be angry [?] za‘im : leader [za‘ama] zair : visitor [zara] zait : oil [zayyata] Hau zaiti, Per zeit borrowed from Ara zaitun : olive tree [zayyata] Aze zeytun, Bul zehtin, Ful jaituni, Hin zaitun, Ind zaitun, Per zeitun, Ser zejtin, Swa zeituni, Tur zeytin, Uzb zaytun borrowed from Ara zaituni : olive green [zayyata] Per zeituni, Tur zeytuni borrowed from Ara zajara : scold [?] zajjaj : glazier [zujaj] zaka : increase, win [Heb zakha (deserve), Syr zaka, JNA zky] zaka : tithes [zaka] Hau zaka, Hin zakat, Ind zakat, Per zakat, Swa zaka borrowed from Ara zala : disappear, decline [?] zalabia : doughnut [?] Hin zalabiya, Per zolubiya borrowed from Ara za‘lan : angry [za‘ila] zaliq : slippery [zaliqa] zaliqa : slip [Mal zelaq] zal‘um : throat; gums [?] zalzala : quake, tremble [onomat.] zalzala : earthquake [zalzala] Aze zelzele, Hin zalzala, Per zelzele, Tur zelzele borrowed from Ara zamala : accompany [?] zaman : time, period [Mal zmien, Akk simanu (right time), Heb zeman, Syr zabna, Amh zemen, Tig zeben] Aze zaman, Hau zamani, Ind zaman, Per zaman, Swa zamani, Tur zaman, Uzb zamon borrowed from Ara zamana : age [zaman] Aze zemane, Per zamane borrowed from Ara zamara : play on a reed, sing Sem z-m-r, Heb zimmer, Syr zemar, JNA zamara (singer), Amh zemmere, mezmur (hymn), Uga dhmr] zamil : colleague [zamala] zamma : hold [Sem z-m-m, Mal zamm, Heb zemam (muzzle)] zana : break marriage, fornicate [Sem z-n-y, Mal zienja (lust), Heb zona (whore), Syr zanitha, JNA zny (fornicate), Hrs zeno, Tig zena] zanbaq : lily [from Middle Per zambag] Alb zambak, Per zambaq, Tur zambak borrowed from Ara zanbarak : spring [from Per] Tur zemberek borrowed from Ara zanbil : basket [Akk zabbilu, JNA zambila, Amh zembil] Per zanbil borrowed from Ara zand : forearm, ell [sanada] Per zand borrowed from Ara zani : adulterer [zana] Per zani, Tur zani borrowed from Ara zanjabil : ginger [zanjafil] Per zanjabil, Uzb zandzhabil borrowed from Ara zanjafil : ginger [from Skt srnga-vera] Tur zencefil borrowed from Ara zanji : Negro [from Middle Per zangig] Per zanji, Tur zenci, Uzb zandzhi borrowed from Ara zanjir : chain [?] Alb zinxhir, Aze zencir, Bul sindzhir, Per zanjir, Tur zincir, Uzb zandzhir borrowed from Ara zanzalacht : acacia [from Per aza-deracht] zar‘ : seed [zara‘a] Per zar‘ borrowed from Ara zara : visit [?] zara : scold [?] zara‘a : sow Sem z-r-‘, Mal zara‘, Akk zeru (seed), Heb zara‘, Syr zera‘, JNA zra’, Amh zerra, Tig zer‘a, Uga dr‘, dhr‘ (seed), Phoen zr‘] zaraqa : throw Sem z-r-q, Akk zaraqu (sprinkle), Heb zaraq (scatter), Hrs zeroq (dart v.)] zarbun : shoes [Mal zarbun] zariqa : be blue Sem z-r-q, LiAr azra‘ (blue)] zarrafa : giraffe [?] Aze zurafe, Ind zirafah, Per zarrafe, Tur zurafa borrowed from Ara za‘tar : thyme [sa‘tar] zauba‘a : storm [?] Per zouba‘e borrowed from Ara zauj : husband; couple [from Gre zeugon] Per zouj, Tur zevc borrowed from Ara zauja : wife [zauj] Per zouje borrowed from Ara zauraq : boat [?] Per zouraq borrowed from Ara zauwada : supply [Uga zwd, zyd (give provisions)] zauwaja : marry [zauj] zauwara : twist, falsify Sem z-w-r] zawaj : marriage [zauj] zawal : decline [zala] Hin zaval, Per zawal borrowed from Ara zawia : corner [Heb zavit] Per zawiye, Tur zaviye borrowed from Ara zayya : clothe [?] zayyafa : forge, falsify [Sem z-y-p, Heb ziyyef, Syr zu’fa (falsity)] zayyata : smear [Sem z-y-t, Mal zejt (oil), Akk zaitu, Heb zait, Syr zaytha, JNA zetha, Amh zeyt, Uga zt] za‘za‘a : quake [Sem z-‘-z-‘, Mal thezzez, Heb zi‘aze‘a (shock), Syr za‘] zi : apparel [zayya] ziada : increase; surplus zada] Swa ziada borrowed from Ara ziara : visit; pilgrimage [zara] Aze ziyaret, Hau ziyara, Hin ziyarat, Ind ziarah, Kyr zyiarat, Per ziyarat, Swa ziara, Tur ziyaret borrowed from Ara zibl : garbage [zabbala] Aze zibil, Per zebl borrowed from Ara zifaf : wedding [zaffa] zift : tar Mal zift, Heb zefet, Syr zeftha, Amh zeft] Alb zift, Bul zift, Per zeft, Tur zift borrowed from Ara zilzal : earthquake [zalzala] zina : jewels, ornament [Mal zina, Akk zaanu (be adorned)] Aze zinet, Hin zinat, Per zinat, Swa zana, Tat zinnet, Tur ziynet borrowed from Ara zina : adultery [zana] Hau zina, Hin zina, Ind zinah, Per zena, Swa zinaa, Tur zina borrowed from Ara zindiq : heretic [from Middle Per zandik] Ind zindik, Per zendiq borrowed from Ara zinj : Negro [zanj] zinjafr : cinnabar [from Gre kinnabari] zinjir : chain [from Per zanjir] Tur zincir borrowed from Ara ziqq : hose [Akk zikku, Gez zeq] zir : pot [from OEg sari] zira‘a : agriculture [zara‘a] Per zera‘at, Tur ziraat, Uzb ziroat borrowed from Ara zirr : button [?] zubda : butter [Sem z-b-d] zufa : hyssop [Heb ezov (moss)] zuha : a number; approximately [?] Zuhara : Venus [from Skt Sukra] Aze Zohre, Hin Zohra, Ind Zuhara, Per Zohre, Tur Zuhre, Uzb Zuhra borrowed from Ara Zuhhal : Saturn [zahhala] Ful Juhal, Ind Zuhal, Per Zohhal, Tur Zuhal borrowed from Ara zuhria : vase [zahara] zuhur : appearance [zahara] Tur zuhur borrowed from Ara zujaj : glass [Akk zabzabgu, Mal zgieg, Heb zekhukhit, Ara ’zg, Uga sbsg, spsg] zujajia : glassware [zujaj] Tur zucaciye borrowed from Ara zukam : a cold [zukima] Aze zokem, Hin zukam, Per zokam borrowed from Ara zukima : catch a cold [?] zukra : water bag [Uga dkr] zu‘m : assertion [za‘ama] Hin zum, Per za‘m borrowed from Ara zumra : team; class, category [?] Per zomre, Tur zumre borrowed from Ara zumurrud : emerald [from Gre smaragdos] Aze zumrud, Ind zamrud, Per zomorrod, Tur zumrut, Uzb zumrad borrowed from Ara zunbur : wasp [Sem z-n-b-r, Heb dabbur, Syr debura] zunjufr : cinnabar [zinjafr] zuqaq : street [Sem z-q-q, Syr shqaqa, Gez sakwat] Per zoqaq, Tur sokak borrowed from Ara zur : a lie [zauwara] zurzur : starling [Akk zanziru, Heb zarzir, Syr zarzira, JNA zarzura] Note: The etymologies and the question of borrowings. Etymologies are listed in rectangular brackets. If there are cognates of the Arabic word in the other Sem languages, the etymology will look like this: [Sem ...] If the Arabic word is clearly a borrowing from a non-Sem language, the etymology will look like this: [from ...] If there are no known cognates of the Arabic word in the other Sem languages, the etymology will look like this: [...] Most of the words in brackets are assumed to be intra-Sem borrowings. If there are no known cognates of the Arabic word in either the other Sem languages or elsewhere, the etymology will look like this: [?] Borrowings from Ara into non-Sem languages are listed after the etymology in rectangular brackets. Sources: Wehr, Hans: Arabisches WB (Ara) Bugeja, P.: Kelmet il-Malti (Mal) Black et al.: A Concise Dict. of Akkadian (Akk) Ben-Abba, Dov (ed.): Hebrew Dict. (Heb) Brockelmann, Carl: Syrische Grammatik (Syr) Sabar, Yona: Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dict. (JNA) Leslau, Wolf: Comp. Dict. of Geez, 1987 (Gez) Leslau, Wolf: Concise Amharic Dict. (Amh) Tropper, Josef: Ugaritisch (Uga) Estanyol i Fuentes: Diccionari Fenici (Phoen) Orel-Stolbova: Hamito-Semitic Etym. Dict. (OS) Languages: Biblical Aramaic (BAram) Aramaic (other dialects) (Aram) Ebla (Ebl) Egyptian Arabic (Cairene dialect) (EgAr) Ethiopian Semitic (EthSem) Gurage (several dialects) (Gur) Harari (Hrr) Harsusi (Hrs) Jibbali (Jib) Lebanese Arabic (LiAr) Mehri (Meh) Moroccan Arabic (MoAr) Old Egyptian (OEg) Old South Arabic (OSAr) Oromo (Orm) Sabaean (Sab) Soqotri (Soq) South Arabic (SAr) Tigre (Tig) Sem = Semitic, Ham = Hamitic, C = consonant Alb = Albanian, Bul = Bulgarian, Eng = English, Fre = French, Gre = Greek, Hun = Hungarian, Ita = Italian, Lat = Latin, Rom = Romanian, Rus = Russian, Ser = Serbian, Spa = Spanish Aze = Azerbaijani, Ful = Fulani, Hau = Hausa, Hin = Hindi and/or Urdu, Ind = Indonesian and/or Malay, Kar = Karachay-Balkar, Kaz = Kazakh, Kyr = Kyrgyz, Mal = Maltese, Per = Persian, Som = Somali, Swa = Swahili, Taj = Tajik, Tat = Tatar, Tur = Turkish, Tuv = Tuvan, Uzb = Uzbek Sum = Sumerian, Skt = Sanskrit