ISTANBUL3WCONGRESS 2013 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Congress 2013 ABSTRACTS May 22-24, 2013 Istanbul-Turkey ISTAC Inc. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Congress 2013 ISBN: 978-605-6326-912 Publishing Certificate No: 24380 Design and Typesetting KODLAB Co. P: +90-212 514 55 66 Web: www.kodlab.com Print İnkilap Kitabevi Print Inc.    P: +90-212 496 11 81 Çobançeşme Mah. Sanayi Cad. Altay Sk. No:8 Yenibosna/İSTANBUL Certificate No: 10614 ISTAC Inc. Paşa Mah. Piyalepaşa Bulvarı No:74 Şişli/İstanbul P: +90-212 230 60 41 F: +90-212 230 60 41 Web: www.istac.com.tr E-Mail: istac@istac.com.tr ©2013 by ISTAC Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of ISTAC Inc. II ORGANIZED BY MAIN SPONSOR GOLD SPONSORS III IV LEADER COMMITTEE Erdoğan BAYRAKTAR Minister of Environment and Urbanism of Turkey Prof. Dr. Veysel EROĞLU Minister of Forestry and Water Affairs of Turkey Dr. Kadir TOPBAŞ Mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality V HONORARY COMMITTEE Erol KAYA Chairman of the Environment Committee and Parliamentarian, Grand National Assembly of TURKEY, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Lütfi AKÇA Undersecretary, Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, TURKEY Ercan TIRAŞ Undersecretary,Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, TURKEY Sedat KADIOĞLU Deputy Undersecretary, Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Adem BAŞTÜRK Secretary General, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARACA Rector, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. M.Zafer GÜL Rector, Marmara University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. İsmail YÜKSEK Rector, Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Candeğer YILMAZ Rector, Ege University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Mehmet FÜZÜN Rector, Dokuz Eylul University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. İsrafil KURTCEPHE Rector, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Özer ÇINAR Rector, International University of Sarajevo, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Akif ÖZKALDI Director General, State Hydraulic Works (DSI), TURKEY Prof.Dr. Ahmet DEMİR Director General, Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI), TURKEY Prof.Dr. Cumali KINACI Director General of Water Management, Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, TURKEY Osman AKGÜL Director General, Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Inc.(ISTAC), TURKEY Prof.Dr. Ahmet M. SAATÇİ President, Turkish Water Institute (SUEN), TURKEY Prof.Dr. Hasan Z. SARIKAYA Chairman of the Board of Trustees, International University of Sarajevo, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA VI EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Oktay TABASARAN University of Stuttgart Şenol YILDIZ Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Inc. (ISTAC) Cevat YAMAN Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Vahit BALAHORLİ Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Inc. (ISTAC) Esra ÖLMEZ Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Inc. (ISTAC) İsmail ÖZKAYA Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Inc. (ISTAC) Yelda AYDOĞAN Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Inc. (ISTAC) Esra TÜRKMENOĞLU Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Emel ÇAKIR Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Muhammet ECEL Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanism Ahmet VARIR Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanism Murat Ersin ŞAHİN Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanism Mehmet PATAN Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI) Eyüp DEBİK Yildiz Technical University Sinan BİLGİLİ Yildiz Technical University Osman ARIKAN Istanbul Technical University Barış ÇALLI Marmara University Bülent TOPKAYA Akdeniz University Görkem AKINCI Dokuz Eylul University Aslıhan KERÇ Turkish Water Institute (SUEN) Nuri AZBAR Ege University VII SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Listed alphabetically by last name VIII Prof.Dr. Fabrizio ADANI The University of Milan, ITALY Assoc. Prof. Mehmet ÇAKMAKÇI Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Hayrullah AĞAÇÇIOĞLU Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet DEMİR Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Necati AĞIRALİOĞLU Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Assoc. Prof. Göksel DEMİR Bahçeşehir University, TURKEY Dr. Meshgan AL-AWAR UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Assoc. Prof. İbrahim DEMİR Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Mahmoud ALAWI University of Jordan, JORDAN Prof. Dr. Luis F. DIAZ CalRecovery,Inc., USA Prof.Dr. İbrahim ALYANAK Pamukkale University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Filiz DİLEK Middle East Technical University, TURKEY Assoc. Prof. Yaşar AVŞAR Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY Assoc. Prof. Ahmet DOĞAN Yıldız Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Mehmet Emin AYDIN Selcuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Güleda ENGİN Gebze Institute of Technology, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Mahmoud A. AZEEM Ain Shams University, EGYPT Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul ERDİN Dokuz Eylul University,TURKEY Prof.Dr. Yaşar BAĞDATLI Istanbul University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Martin FAULSTICH German Federal Environmental Advisory Board, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Müfit BAHADIR Braunschweig Technical University, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Ayşe FİLİBELİ Dokuz Eylul University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Mufeed BATARSEH Mutah University Prince Faisal Center for Dead Sea, JORDAN Prof.Dr. Evangelos GIDARAKOS Technical University of Crete Greece, GREECE Prof.Dr. Frank BAUR Saarland University, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Hüseyin GÖKÇEKUŞ Near East University, TURKISH REPUBLIC of NORTHERN CYPRUS Prof.Dr. Werner BIDLINGMAIER Bauhaus University, GERMANY Assist. Prof. Sami GÖREN Fatih University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Erwin BINNER University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, AUSTRIA Assoc. Prof. Ahmet GÜNAY Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, TURKEY Dr. Murad Jabay BINO INWRDAM, JORDAN Assoc. Prof. Farzali HASANOV Architecture and Construction University, AZERBAIJAN Prof.Dr. Mehmet BORAT Fatih University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Jaehyuk HYUN Chungnam National University Korea, SOUTH KOREA Prof.Dr. Paul BRUNNER University of Vienna, GERMANY Assoc. Prof. Bülent İNANÇ Botas International, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Alessandra CARUCCI The University of Cagliari, ITALY Prof.Dr. Ubeyde İPEK Firat University,TURKEY Prof.Dr. Thomas Højlund CHRISTENSEN Technical University of Denmark, DENMARK Prof.Dr. Ercan KAHYA Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Tanju KARANFİL Clemson University, USA Luciano PELLONI TBF - Partner AG, SWITZERLAND Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARPUZCU University of Gaziantep, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Raffaella POMI Sapienza University of Rome, ITALY Prof.Dr. Bülent KESKİNLER Gebze Institute of Technology, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Gerhard RETTENBERGER University of Trier, GERMANY Assoc. Prof. Rana KIDAK Cyprus International University, TURKISH REPUBLIC of NORTHERN CYPRUS Prof.Dr. Marco RITZKOWSKI Technical University of Hamburg, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Mehmet KİTİŞ Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. İsmail KOYUNCU Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Karl-J. Thomé KOZMIENSKI TK-Verlag, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Martin KRANERT University of Stuttgart, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Peter LECHNER Boku University, AUSTRIA Prof.Dr.Piet N.L.LENS UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, the NETHERLANDS Prof.Dr. Karl E. LORBER Leoben Montan, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Habib MUHAMMETOĞLU Akdeniz University, TURKEY Assoc. Prof. Abdelmajid R. NASSAR Islamic University, GAZA Prof.Dr. Michael NELLES Universität Rostock, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Yaşar NUHOĞLU Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY Thomas OBERMEIER German Solid Waste Management Association (DGAW), GERMANY Assoc. Prof. Bestamin ÖZKAYA Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Ahmet M. SAATÇİ Turkish Water Institute, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Ahmet SAMSUNLU Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Dilek SANİN Middle East Technical University, TURKEY Dr. Orhan SEVİMOĞLU Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, TURKEY Dr. Vadim SOKOLOV Global Water Partnership Central Asia and Caucasus, UZBEKISTAN Prof.Dr. Rainer STEGMANN Nanyang Technical University, SINGAPORE Prof.Dr. Heidrun STEINMETZ University of Stuttgart, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Zekai ŞEN Turkish Water Foundation, TURKEY Prof.Dr. İsmail TORÖZ Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Kahraman ÜNLÜ Middle East Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Gerhard VOGEL Vienna University of Economics, GERMANY Prof.Dr. Renatus WIDMANN University of Essen, GERMANY Dr. Cevat YAMAN Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, TURKEY Prof.Dr. Ülkü YETİŞ Middle East Technical University, TURKEY Prof.Dr. İzzet ÖZTÜRK Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Lucjan PAWLOWSKI Lublin University of Technology, POLONYA IX KEYNOTE SPEAKERS Listed alphabetically by last name Prof. Dr. Ömer AKGİRAY Marmara University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Dilek SANİN Middle East Technical University, TURKEY Dr. Meshgan AL-AWAR UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Prof. Dr. Heidrun STEINMETZ University of Stuttgart, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin AYDIN Selcuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Zekai ŞEN Turkish Water Foundation, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Azize AYOL Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Erwin THOMANETZ University of Stuttgart, GERMANY Mehmet BAŞ Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Bülent TOPKAYA Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Mufeed BATARSEH Mutah University, JORDAN Dr. Helge WENDENBURG Ministry of Environment, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Barış ÇALLI Marmara University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet DEMİR Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Norbert DICHTL Technische Universität Braunschweig, GERMANY Assoc. Prof. Bülent İNANÇ Botaş International Limited, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cumali KINACI Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, TURKEY Prof. Dr. İsmail KOYUNCU Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Karl-J. Thomé KOZMIENSKI TK-Verlag Berlin, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Martin KRANERT University of Stuttgart, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Joseph Paul MARTIN Drexel University, UNITED STATES of AMERICA Bruno MATTHEEUWS Organic Waste Systems, BELGIUM Prof. Dr. Habib MUHAMMETOĞLU Akdeniz University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. İzzet ÖZTÜRK Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY Luciano PELLONI TBF-Partner AG, SWITZERLAND Prof. Dr. Gerhard RETTENBERGER TRIER University, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Ahmet M. SAATÇİ Turkish Water Institute, TURKEY X PREFACE Catal Hoyuk was described historically as the largest city of Anatolia during ancient times, hosting a population of six thousand people. These people, who were able to produce objects by shaping and moulding different materials, lived in this first known metropol of our geography, showing respect to the environment. Water supply systems including water channels and tunnels, siphons, aquaducts, reservoirs, cisterns and hamams (Turkish bath), which still remain today and date back to ancient times of kingdoms, principalities and empires in Anatolia, the cradle of civilizations, are thousand-year old witnesses of the importance attached to transfer, usage and disposal of water. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Congress 2013, which we name as 3W, is held in Istanbul, the only and the largest metropol of the world in terms of population and settlement area, which lies on two continents, and it addresses the vital issues of the 21st century, namely sustainable management of water, wastewater and solid waste. The Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Congress (Istanbul3WCongress 2013), hosted by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and ISTAC, is organized with the cooperation of Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs as well as various universities and institutions from Turkey and abroad. The Congress aims to bring related national/international academics, law makers, auditors, and those who develop, apply and produce technology together with public - the target audience of all these efforts. It also provide a platform which covers scientific sessions where targets of the 21st century will be discussed apart from the World Mayors’ Meeting which will be held with participations from 34 countries. There will also be training courses, private sessions and exhibition at the Congress. There are 289 oral and poster presentations in the abstracts of the Istanbul3WCongress2013 under the main topics; solid waste, water and wastewater. Furthermore, during the registration, you will receive a memorystick which includes the full papers of the presentations. We would like to thank those who contributed to and participated in the event and wish the Congress a successful outcome. Executive Committee of the Istanbul3WCongress 2013 XI XII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 CONTENTS ORAL PRESENTATIONS 1 SOLID WASTE 3 Establishment, Operation and Cost Analysis of Packaging Waste Collection and Separation Plants 5 Waste Characterization Studies in Waste Management Municipality Unions in Turkey - Methodology and Results 7 Enhancing Waste Reduction and Materials Recovery in Gaza Strip Palestine “Rafah City - Case Study” 10 Evaluation of Environmental Impacts of Grocery Shopping Bags Manufactured from Recycled and Virgin High-Density Polyethylene in Lagos Using LCA Approach 12 Lessons Learned on the Way to Realize Anaerobic Digestion Plants 15 The Effect of Disintegration Process on Anaerobic Degradation of Treatment Plant Sludges: A Comperative Study 17 Asst. Prof. Dr. Ertan ARSLANKAYA, Serhan MADEN Dr.-Ing. Bertram ZWISELE, Dipl.-Ing. Anja SCHWETJE Samir Afifi, Ali Barhoum Temitayo A. Ewemoje, Olufemi P. Abimbola Dipl. Ing. Theo Schneider, Dipl.-Ing. Herbert Beywinkler Gulbin Erden, Ayse Filibeli Compost Production From Domestic Wastes and Benefits of Compost 19 Alpaslan KİRİŞ, Baki AYHAN, Turgay AYGÜN, Kadriye YILDIZ 25 Full-Scale DRANCO Anaerobic Digestion Plants, Experiences and Opportunities 21 Waste Management and Corresponding Legislation in Macedonia 22 Solid Waste Management - Legal Regulations and Example of Istanbul 24 Food Waste - A Challenge for Waste Prevention and Resource Management 26 Investigation of Different Waste Management Scenarios on Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 Waste Incineration in the 21st Century Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Plant with the Martinsystem 30 L. De Baere, B. Mattheeuws Biserka Dimiskovska Cevat Yaman, Türker Eroğlu, İbrahim Öktem, Burcu Taşkınoğlu, Esma Fakihoğlu, Yeşim Işık M. Kranert, G. Hafner, J. Barabosz Hüseyin Güven, İzzet Öztürk Dipl.Ing. Norbert Eickhoff Waste Combustion Technology Developments for Large Scale Plants32 Dr.-Ing. J. Sohnemann, Dipl.-Ing. T. Maghon, Dr.-Ing. W. Schäfers Selection of Project Site and ConCept Design for Istanbul Waste to Energy Plant 34 Key Aspects for Successful PPP/PFI Waste to Energy Projects in Turkey  36 Dr. Şenol Yıldız, Vahit Balahorli, Fatih Hoşoğlu, Kadir Sezer Dr. Tobias Faber, Dr. Alexander Stefan Rieger XIII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Anaerobic Digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste in Europe: Status, Experience and Prospects 38 A Reference Process for Bioenergy Recovery for the Evaluation of Beer Industry Wastes 39 Biogas Production from Waste of Biodiesel Process Mixed with Treated Pome in Hybrid Bioreactor 41 Introduction of Food Wastes Into Municipal Wastewater as A Sustainable Waste Management Option  43 Upgrading Anaerobic Digestion: Renewable Fertilizers Production 46 A Simple Approach for Modeling Waste Collection Activities by Using Local Population and Map Info  48 Determination of the Actual Potential of Disposed Food Waste From Private Households for A GIS-Based Bioresource Inventory 50 Forecasting Urban Solid Waste Generation - The Case of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 52 Spatial Integration of Waste Management Data in Urban Areas, Case Study of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 54 Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Solid Waste Processing and Its Techno-Economic Impact 56 Methods to Categorize and Compare the Hazardousness of Waste and Contaminated Matter 58 Solidification/Stabilization of Incineration Plants’ Residues 59 Medical Waste Management - Medical Waste Disposal in Istanbul 61 Evaluation of Waste Tires in the Context of Hazardous Waste Management 63 Hydrogen Production from Pyrolysis-Catalytic Gasification of Waste Tyres 65 L. De Baere, B. Mattheeuws Gülizar ÇALIŞKAN, Tuğba KESKİN GÜNDOĞDU, Gökhan GİRAY, Nuri AZBAR C. Ruangchainikom, C. Wangnai and P. Kullavanijaya Çiğdem Yangın-Gömeç, Özgür Özdemir, İzzet Öztürk Fabrizio Adani, Laura Terruzzi, Giuliana D’Imporzano, Gabriele Boccasiel, Andrea Schievano İsmail ÖZKAYA Helmut Adwiraah, Rainer Stegmann David Montero Dias, Carlos Barreira Martinez, Raphael Tobias de Vasconcelos Barros Agata Rymkiewicz, Martin Kranert Stefan Platzk, Frank Abel, Halit Ziya Kuyumcu Erwin Thomanetz Fatih Saltabas, Alpaslan Kiris, Bekir Tombul, Mustafa Hatipoglu, Mario Baldassarre Cevat Yaman, Türker Eroğlu, İbrahim Öktem, Burcu Taşkınoğlu Hatice Eser Ökten, Gulsah Akarsu, Hacer Handan Demir Ibrahim F. Elbaba, Paul T. Williams Selective Carbonation of Recycled Aggregates from Concrete First Results on Uptake Rate and Changes of the Material Properties 67 M. Seidemann, A. Müller, H.-M. Ludwig Microbial Production of Pectin Lyase Using Various Agricultural Wastes Özlem Tepe, Arzu Y. Dursun XIV 69 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Challenges and Limitations of the Collection and Recycling of Permanent Magnets from Small Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) 71 Decontamination of Cr(VI) Polluted Sites 73 Extraction of Biomass from Municipal Solid Waste for Biogasgeneration 76 Assessment of Different Aeration Concepts for Landfill In-Situ Stabilization 78 Luise Westphal, Kerstin Kuchta Karl E. Lorber, Peter Müller Gerhard Rettenberger Marco Ritzkowski Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of New Sanitary Landfill of Tehran  80 M.A. Abdoli, H. Hasanian, L. Amiri Pilot Project on in Situ Aerobisation of Old Landfills - Results from Kostanz Dorfweiher Landfill 82 Design and Evaluation of Landfill Concepts by Means of a Carbon Load Balance and the Energy Demand 84 MBR Leachate Treatment: Wehrle Expertise  86 Systematic Approach for Management of High Strength Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills 88 Application of Membrane Processes for Organic Carbon Removal from Landfill Leachate  90 Progress of Sustainable Landfill Stabilization After 3 Years of Leachate Recirculation at the Vlagheide Landfill (NL) 92 Necessity of Waste Incineration and Power Plants in Istanbul Solid Waste Management 95 Simultaneous Leaching of Heavy Metals and Bioaccumulation of Phosphorus from Sludge Combustion - a New Way of Resource Reclaiming 97 Using of Landfill Gas Energy Generation Plant’s Waste Heat in Greenhouses 98 Daniel Laux, Martin Reiser, Martin Kranert Bidlingmaier Werner, Hädrich Gunnar Kenan Güney and Bernd Fitzke Edwin Safari Güçlü INSEL, Serdar DOGRUEL, Nadir DİZGE, Emine COKGOR, Bülent KESKINLER Willem van Vossen, Harm Peperkamp, Theo Folmer Cevat Yaman, Orhan Sevimoğlu, Şenol Yıldız, Kubilay Kaya Wolfgang Dott, Maxime Dossin, Petra Schacht Volkan ENÇ, Musa KASIRGA The New Waste to Energy Plant Forsthaus in Berne (Ch) 100 Recycling of Rare Earth Metals in Pre - Treatment Plants 103 Respirometric Method Applied to Biodegradation of Diesel and Biodiesel in Soil 105 Luciano Pelloni, Markus Wieduwilt, Trimurti Irzan, David da Silva Julia Hobohm, Katharina Szczepaniak, Kerstin Kuchta Ederio Dino Bidoia, Ivo Shodji Tamada, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Jaqueline Matos Cruz, Renato Nallin Montagnolli XV Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 A Feasibility Study for the Sultanbeyli Waste Seperation Plant 107 Public Awareness Campaigns in Solid Waste Management Through Islamic Approaches: Review in Kelantan, Malaysia 109 Redevelopment of Landfill Sites (Rols) 111 WATER 115 Water Resources Planning for the Large Basins of Iran  117 Intercontinental Water Balancing 119 Dry Period Length Analysis of Rain in Istanbul 121 Sensitivity of the Hydrodynamics Model to Different Land Uses, Case Study: Bartin Spring Watershed (Turkey) 124 Use of Swat Modeling for the Ecosystem Goods and Services Assessment in the Azov Sea Basin 126 Ummugulsum Alyuz, Goksel Demir, Kadir Yavuz Yildirim, Hatice Eser Okten Affendi Ismail, Dr. Nur Azuki Yusuff Willem van Vossen Ali Heidari, Eisa Bozorgzadeh Necati ÇALIK - Aydın TURAN Prof. Dr. Bihrat ÖNÖZ, Mehmet DİKİCİ, Cemile ÖZTÜRK Melih Öztürk, Nadim Copty, Ali Kerem Saysel Irina Gilfanova, Viktor Lagutov Discharge in Irrigation Open Channels with Ultrasound Technique: Influence of the Filling Level and Geometry 129 Solliec Laurent, Vazquez José, Dufresne Matthieu The Impact of European Law on Water Sector. An Analysis of Two Jurisdictions in Development: A Comparison of Italy and England 131 Searching Solutions to Water Issues: Water Governance 133 Indexing Water Security in Abbotabad (KP-Pakistan) in Perspective of Climate Change and Institutional Capacity 135 Sustainable Urban Water Management in the Context of Climate Change 137 Present and Future Challenges of Sustainable Water Supply to Dhaka City 139 Studies in Turkey under Water Efficiency Practices for Water Footprint and Virtual Water 141 Action Plans for 81 Cities and Settlements over 50.000 Population 143 The Treatment of Büyükçekmece Lake Water with UF Membrane Processes 145 DSI Approach for Drinking Water Treatment Plant Projects 148 Marta Cerroni Duygu Tuna, Aysegul Tanik Dr. Musarrat Jabeen, Muhammad Umar, Bibi Saima Zaib, Adil Rasheed Debarati Chakraborty, Kumarjit Goswami, Santosh K Ghosh S. M. Mahbubur Rahman, Prof. Dr. M. Monowar Hossain Fulya KALEMCİ, Selçuk COŞKUN, Nermin ÇİÇEK Kamil CEYHAN İbrahim Karali, Mehmet Çakmakçı, İsmail Koyuncu, Ahmet Demir, Cengiz ÖZCAN XVI Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Sediment Load Prediction by Fuzzy Logic-Wavelet Combination Method Mehmet Özger, Mehmet Burak Kabataş 150 Occurrence of Organic Pollutants in Treated Wastewater Effluent and Surface Waters under the Influence of Urban Catchment Areas 152 Marie Launay, Bertram Kuch, Ulrich Dittmer, Heidrun Steinmetz Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Lime Softening 154 Study on Availability of Chlorıne Dioxide as a Disinfectant at Büyükçekmece Water Treatment Plant 156 NDMA Formation Potentials in Sources and Control at Drinking Water Treatment Plants 158 Optimization of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) in Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP), Methods and Case Studies Based on Water Treatment Applications in Germany 159 Water Economics Project: Multi-Year Water Allocation System: Developing A Country-Specific Model for Palestine 162 Towards Energy Saving and Green Energy Production in Mexican WWTPs 164 Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Reserves in Pumping Stations over Selected Pilot Stations 166 Hydrological and Hydrogeochemical Properties of Nemrut (Aliaga- Izmir) Port 169 Mesopotamia Groundwater Quality Index Using Advanced GIS Techniques 172 Researching of Pollution Level of Golden Horn-Istanbul, 2012 174 Surface Water Quality Management in Turkey 176 Management of Water Losses from Drinking Water Distribution Network Using SCADA and Modelling 178 Water Management and Studies on Decreasing Water Loss/Illegal Use Rate 180 Water Status in Gaza Strip 182 Breakdown Monitoring via Pressure Maps in Water Network Operations 184 Safe Infrastructure against Natural Disasters  186 Meltem Bilici Baskan, Ayşegül Pala İbrahim Karali, Mehmet Çakmakcı, S.Cengiz İleten, Ahmet Demir Habibullah Uzun, Daekyun Kim, Tanju Karanfil Dr.-Ing. Eckhard Roos Karen Assaf , Anan Jayyousi, Beesan Shonnar, Kamal Issa, Hala Barhumi, Annette Huber-Lee, Frank Fisher K. Peña Muñoz, H. Zúñiga Castillo İhsan Mustafa Doğan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semiha Öztuna Ertan KAZANASMAZ Ali Muhammed Jawad Al_Khafaji Dr. Cevat Yaman, Dr. Şenol Yıldız, Dr. Orhan Sevimoğlu, Hamdi Çinal, Vahit Balahorli, Fatih Hoşoğlu, Erol Tezcan Ahmet Rıfat İLHAN, Sibel Mine GÜÇVER, Yakup KARAASLAN, Cumali KINACI, Lütfi AKCA Habib Muhammetoglu, I.Ethem. Karadirek, Selami Kara, Goksenin Yilmaz, Ayşe Muhammetoglu, Kamil Cengiz Gökhan CİNGÖZ, Fatih YILDIZ Maher El Najjar Kubilay KÖKER, Nadir MAZLUM Cemalettin KALELİ XVII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Objectives and Distances Done in the Groundwater Management of Turkey 189 A New Approach for Long Lead Prediciton of Reservoir Inflows 191 Determination and Management of Sensitive Areas on the Basis of Watershed in Turkey 193 Water Saving Potential in Tourist Resorts 195 Framing the Chemistry of Himalayan Water Conflict in South Asia in Perspective of Climate Change 197 Adaptation to the Climate Change within the Water Sector Development of a Guideline for Regional and Local Authorities 199 Utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Water Breakdowns and Web-Based Notification System 201 Elemental Sulfur-Based Autotrophic Denitrification Processes for Drinking Water Treatment 204 Degradation of Isoproturon by Advanced Oxidation Processes and Analysis of Toxicity of Byproducts 206 Impact of Effluent on Wetland Ecosystem and Waste Management for Productivity and Sustainability in Indian Sub-Continent 208 Özgür GÜNHAN, Özgür ÇAKMAK, Yakup KARAASLAN Mehmet Özger, Halil İbrahim Türkoğlu Necla ADALI, Zakir TURAN, Yakup KARAASLAN Demet Antakyalı, Doğan Çuha, Fatih Pullu, Heidrun Steinmetz Dr. Musarrat Jabeen, Dr. Aamara Mumtaz, Mariam Arif, Heilmann, Andrea, Pundt, Hardy Kubilay KÖKER, Nadir MAZLUM Erkan Sahinkaya, Nesrin Dursun, Adem Kilic, Ozer Cinar, Rana Kıdak, Şifa Doğan Anandamoy Puste, Tanuj Kumar Mandal, Dilip Kumar Das Identification of a Feasible Treatment Process to Valorize Dredged Sediments from Small Italian Harbours 210 Sara Dastoli, Giorgia De Gioannis, Maurizio Morelli, Aldo Muntoni, Roberto Peretti, Alessandra Polettini, Raffaella Pomi, Elena Romano, Antonello Serci, Alessio Stramazzo, Barbara Villani, Antonello Zucca Use of Post-Epimerized Alginate in Turbidity Removal 212 WASTEWATER 215 Environmental Technology Lab of Europe - Experience, Status and Future Opportunities in the German Southwest 217 The Former German Waste Oil Levy’s Ideas and System as a Possible Tool for an Effective Resource Protection 218 Çiğdem Kıvılcımdan Moral, Helga Ertesvåg, F. Dilek Sanin Dr.-Ing. Hannes Spieth, Dr. Ferdinand Poh, Heike Rathgeb Ralf Ramin Economical Wastewater Technologies for Small Settlement Areas 221 İlhan BAYRAM, GulcanTURAN, Faruk NAZİK The Current Trenchless Experiences and Rehabilitation Needs of Sewer System in Istanbul 223 Resource Oriented Sanitation 224 Ahmet GULEC, Ismet CONTAR Heidrun Steinmetz XVIII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Effect of Treated Wastewater on Fusarium Wil of Tomato and Sweet Corn and Host Resistance 226 Shaher Arabiat, Ahmad AL-Momany, Abdelnabi Fardous Influence of Operational Parameters on the Sonolysis of Oxytetracycline (OTC) Degradation 228 The Pollutant Loads Discharged to the Aegean Sea by the Rivers Flowing Through the City of Izmir 230 The Investigation of Dominated Anaerobic Bacteria Throughout Degradation of a Raw Antibiotic Industry Wastewater 232 Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions by Micro-Scale Zero Valent Iron 234 Duygu Karaalp, Nuri Azbar Gorkem Akinci, Elif Duyusen Guven, Gulden Gok, Sanem Keles Uğurlu Delia T. SPONZA, Nefise ERDINCMER Özge Hanay, Burçin Yıldız, Sibel Aslan, Halil Hasar Anaerobic Digestion of Black Water in Eudiometer Scale at Various Loading Rates  236 K. Mouarkech, H. Steinmetz Kinetics of Cyanide (Cn-) Degradation by Microalgae in Aqueous Solution 238 Long-Term, Full-Scale Experiences with Wastewater Reuse in Braunschweig/Germany - the Example of a Successful Implementation 240 Domestic Wastewater Recycle Applications in Istanbul 242 Treatment and Reuse of Industrial Wastewater Occurred Due to Bus Maintenance Operations; A Case Study of Ikitelli Bus Garage 244 X-Flow Ultrafiltration for Municipal and Industrial Effluent Re-Use 246 Zehra Gök, Esra Yel Norbert Dichtl, Daniel Klein, Bernhard Teiser Ahmet DEMİR, Osman YILDIZ, Ali İNCİ Hayri BARACLI,, Fatmanur YILMAZ, Atilla AKKOYUNLU, Hurrem BAYHAN Frans Knops, Gulsah Yildirim Optimization of the Energy Output of Wastewater Treatment Plants 248 Christian Locher, Heidrun Steinmetz ISKI Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant: Response Surface Optimization of Disinfection by CLO2 250 Remote Real-Time Wastewater Monitoring System 252 Effect of the Anaerobic Digester Filtrate to WWTP Performance in the Controlling the Biomass and Thickening 254 Determination of the Factors Effecting the Turbine Energy Conversion Efficiency and the Benefits of its Use 256 Phosphor Recovery from Sludge Ashes: Preliminary Tests in an Induction Oven 258 M.Mevra Yalvaç, Osman Yıldız Gülay BOZDAĞ Dilek Erdirençelebi, Murat Küçükhemek Ugur Orun, Ali Inci Carla Cimatoribus, Fatah Naji, Martin Kranert, Harald Raupenstrauch XIX Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Identification of Winter Bulking and Foaming Filaments in the Konya Wastewater Treatment Plant 259 Evaluation of Sludge Production Potential of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant - Operators Perspective 262 Evaluation of Drying and Incineration Alternatives in Sludge Treatment by Focusing on the Energy Recovery Factor 264 Tertiary Membrane Bioreactor (TMBR) - New Concept for Large-Scale Wastewater Reuse 266 Genotoxicity Evolution During the Applcation of Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Case Study with the Nonionic Surfactant Nonylphenol Decaethoxylate 268 Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactors for the Treatment of Chlorinated Aromatic and Aliphatic Compounds 270 Aluminium Electrode Dissolution in Electrocoagulation Process 273 Production and Characterization of Two Polyethersulfone Flat-Sheet Membranes at Different Temperatures Using Various Concentrations of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 275 Treatment of a Corrugated Box Manufacturing Plant Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology 277 Wastewater Treatment of Synthetic Textile Effluent Using Anodic Oxidation Process: Influence of Dye Structural 279 Comparison of P-Free and P-Based Antiscalants for Nanofiltration of Dye-Wash Wastewater 281 Proactive Approach in Sewer Rehabilitation  283 The Actual Status of the Organized Industrial Zones in Terms of Industrial Wastewater, Encountered Problems and Solution Proposals 284 Urban Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 286 Enhancement of Biohydrogen Production via Thermophilic Cell Culture Immobilized on Glass Beads and Raschig Rings with Different Sizes 288 Production of Electricity and Wastewater Treatment with Microbial Fuel Cell 290 Esra Yel, Sezen Kucukcongar, Zehra Gok, Merve Sogancioglu, Ahmet Aygun, Murat Kucukhemek Ayşe Okşan Yavuz, Dr.Burcu Didem Özdemir, Osman Yıldız Ugur Orun Jan Hadler, Jack Noble Akin Karci, Idil Arslan-Alaton, Gul Ozhan, Buket Alpertunga, Miray Bekbolet Stefano Milia, Alessandra Carucci, Giovanna Cappai, Marianna Perra Saidat Olanipekun Giwa, Canan Pekel, Sule Camcioglu, Suna Ertunc, Mustafa Alpbaz, Hale Hapoglu Mehmet Emin Pasaoglu, Serkan Guclu, Ismail Koyuncu Belgin Karabacakoğlu, Filiz Tezakıl H. Akrout, N. Abdessamed, L. Bousselmi Kenan Güney, Eren Kurt, Ralf Minke, Ismail Koyuncu, Heidrun Steinmetz Ahmet GULEC, Berkay OTUMLU, Ismet CONTAR Yüksel ACAR, Ali ÇOBAN İlhan BAYRAM, GulcanTURAN, Faruk NAZİK Elif Aköyek, Tuğba Keskin Gündoğdu, Nuri Azbar Emre Oğuz KÖROĞLU, Arda KARLUVALI, Büşra AKOĞLU, Afşin ÇETİNKAYA, Bestamin ÖZKAYA XX Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Energy Management and Application Activities in Wastewater Management 292 Enhancement of Biological Process with Immobilized Cell Bioreactor for Valorization of Crude Glycerol Came from Biodiesel Production 294 Evaluation of Sludge Management Alternatives for Kayseri Wastewater Treatment Plant in Turkey 296 Osman Yıldız, Kaan Dumankaya, Kevser Karakaya, Bedia Kurtuluş Çağdaş GÖNEN, Mine ,GÜNGÖRMÜŞLER, Nuri AZBAR Osman Arıkan, Mahmut Altınbaş, Özgür Özdemir, İzzet Öztürk Pretreatment, Reclamation and Disposal Processes for Wastewater Treatment Sludge - Sample Applications 298 Prof. Dr. Ibrahim ALYANAK, Studies towards Increasing the Performance of Biogas Units in Wastewater Treatment Plants Osman Yıldız, Bedia Kurtuluş 301 Use of Omerli Drinking Water Treatment Plant Sludge at Industrial Scale Brick Production 303 Şenol YILDIZ, Volkan ENÇ, Aynur KEMİRTLEK, Mustafa KARA, Yasemin TABAK Treatment of Textile Wastewater with TiO2 Magnetic Nanoparticle  305 Karim Movassaghi, Laleh Enayati Ahangar, Masoomeh Emadi, Angelo Chianese, Fahimeh Bahrami Jet-Loop Anaerobic Reactor Performance for the Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater Sonia Khoufi, Assawer Louhichi, Sami Sayadi 307 Proposal for Color and Heavy Metal Removal from Textile Wastewater by Cross-Linked Polyelectrolyte Composite Membranes 309 Bestenur Kurtulus, Dogan Akcan, Lütfi Arda, Hatice Eser Ökten, Perihan Kurt Karakuş, Göksel Demir, Aslı Çoban, İbrahim Ertuğrul Yalçın, Ömer Lütfi Uyanık Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Chemical Processes: Effect of Acid Cracking Pretreatment 311 Electrocoagulation Treatment of Textile Wastewater 313 POSTER PRESENTATIONS 315 GENERAL TOPICS 317 Calculation and Evaluation of Individual Carbon Footprint 319 Assessment of Water Security Perception in Perspective of Climate Change in Balochistan 321 Evaluation of the Landfill Gas Management Options for the Reduction of Environmental Impacts of Landfills 323 The Safety of Water and Wastewater Lines against Earthquake 325 Productivity and Efficiency in Water Management and Performance Indicators - Into the 21st Century 326 B. Hande Gürsoy-Haksevenler, Idil Arslan-Alaton Lütfiye Canan Pekel, Sule Camcioglu, Kamran Polat, Hale Hapoglu, Mustafa Alpbaz Sevde ÜSTÜN, Hanife BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR Dr. Musarrat Jabeen, Ehsan Inamullah, Rubeena Batool Rabia Azhar İpek Yılmaz, MustafaYıldırım, Mehmet Yurdakul, Bülent Topkaya Ahmet GULEC, Fatih YILDIZ Ahmet GULEC, Tevfik GÖKSU XXI Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Idealizing the Global and National Water Management Legislation by Comparison 327 Faruk Dikmen, Adem ESEN Energy Life Cycle Costing of Cypriot Family Houses with Double Glazed Windows 329 Public Awareness Campaigns in Solid Waste Management through Islamic Approaches in Malaysia 331 Analyses of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Pharmaceutical Product Inventories 332 Key Aspects for Successful PPP/PFI Waste-to-Energy Projects in Turkey  333 SOLID WASTE 335 Solid Waste Conversion and Future Promise of Environmental Management 337 Sources of Organic Wastes to Improve the Fertility of Degraded Soils in the Republic of Moldova 339 Solid Waste Management in India 341 Bioidentification of Xenobiotics as a Part of Wastewater Control 343 Automatic Sorting of Mixed C&DW Recycled Aggregates by NearInfrared Technology  345 Feasibility Study Sustainable Material and Energy Recovery from Landfills in Europe 347 Valuing of Olive Pomace as an Adsorbent 350 Yashar Mohamadi Affendi Ismail K. Louhab, S. Boughrara Dr. Tobias Faber, Dr. Alexander Stefan Rieger Innocent Kahigana Leah Tamara Suresh Gholse Valerii D. Tonkopii Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Schnellert, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Horst-Michael Ludwig, Dr.-Ing. Elske Linß Willem van Vossen Sibel Aslan, E. Işıl Arslan Topal, Murat Topal Rheological Properties of Bituminous Binder Modified with Textile Wastes Liquefied by Pyrolysis Method 352 Osman Nuri ÇELİK, Neslihan ATASAĞUN, Mehmet Ali LORASOKKAY Improvement of Agricultural Soil by Microbial Carbonated Organic Waste Wonschik, Claus-Robert, Heilmann, Andrea 353 Assessment of Mixed Municipal Solid Waste Composting in Different Countries in the Arab Region 355 Ayman Elnaas, Dr. Abdallah Nassour, Prof. Michael Nelles Econometric Model of Estimating Economic Costs of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Tirunelveli City 357 Recovery of Tellurium from Waste Thermoelectric Materials with Hydrometallurgical Processes 358 James Inbanathan Sacratees Hwa-Young Lee, Joon-Chul Choı XXII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Factors Affecting Quality of Compost Produced from Agricultural Waste: Assessment of Risk 361 Kostas Komnitsas, Dimitra Zaharaki, Despina Vamvuka Use of Agricultural Wastes in Production of Endo Pectinase Enzyme 363 Özlem Tepe, Arzu Y. Dursun A GIS Approach for Olive Mill Wastewater Evaporation Pond Selection Using Multi Criteria Analysis 365 Research of the Usage of Construction Rubbles in Asphalt Mixes as Aggregates 367 Resource Management and Municipal Solid Waste Management Economical and Ecological Potential 368 Solid Waste Management in the Palestinian Territories 2010-2014 369 Investigations of Effects of Seed on Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fragtion of Municipal Solid Waste in Bioreactors 370 Recovering of Construction Waste Root Development of Cucumıs Sativus in Contaminated Soil 372 373 Moncef Zairi, Abdelwaheb Aydi and Rakia S’habou İ.Sönmez, S.A.Yıldırım, A.Topcu Hafner, Gerold Taghreed Hithnawi Salah Derya Aktaş, Osman Nuri Ağdağ Ederio Dino Bidoia, Jaqueline Matos Cruz, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Ivo Shodji Tamada, Renato Nallin Montagnolli Rhamnolipids Production by Pseudomonas from Soybean Soapstock 375 Ederio Dino Bidoia, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Renato Nallin Montagnolli, Jonas Contiero Seagull Population Control in Landfill 377 Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil and Pyrolysis of Used Hyperaccumulator Plants 379 Adaptation of Plant Tolerance Test for Compost in Addis Ababa 381 Impacts of Biowaste Management on Environment 383 Waste Management in Petrochemical Complexes, Case Study: Petrochemical Especial Economic Zone, Iran 385 Ecology of Land and Climate Change: The Role of Non-Descript Lands in India 387 Solid Waste Management at the Samsun Carsamba Airport 389 Upgrading MBT Plant to Produce Biodried Waste 391 The Facilities of Using Recycled Wood Composite Materials in Urban Landscape Design 393 Solid Waste Recycling Potential of Aksaray Province 395 Ahmet Emin Yıldırım, Volkan ENÇ Aysun Ozkan, Mufide Banar, Zerrin Cokaygil, Alev Kulac, Gulser Yalcın, Kadriye Taspinar, Abdullah Altay Lena Wetzel, Agata Rymkiewicz, Nicolas Escalante Bülent Topkaya, Martin Kranert Sajjad Karimi, Mohammad Ali Abduli, Maryam Abbasi, Alireza Noorpoor M. M. Adhikary, S. K. Acharya, K. Brahmachari Asist. Prof. Dr. E. Burcu Özkaraova Güngör Fabrizio Adani, Giuliana D’Imporzano, Alessandro Forte, Alessandro Giardilello E. Figen İlke, Veli İlke, Zeki Candan, Erkan Avcı, Oktay Gönültaş Melayib Bilgin, Şevket Tulun XXIII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Adsorption of Naproxen Sodium by Clay 397 Characterization of Gas Emissions Resulted from Tire Derived Fuel Pyrolysis 398 Evaluation of Some Local Material Resource Sutability in Concrete Formulation for Construction Industry in Nigeria 400 Situation and Needs Analysis for Disposal of Biodegradable Wastes without Landfill 402 Rehabilitation of Aggregate Source Area by Inert Waste Mono Landfilling 404 Rehabilitation of Glycol Based Drilling Mud Wastes 405 Evaluation of the Mercury Pollution, Caused by the Dental Amalgam. Cases of Dentists Rooms of El Khroub City  407 Integrated Management of Solid Waste in Algeria. What Prospects for the Sanitary Landfills? 408 Research for Preparation of Waste Management Plans and Applicability of Waste Risk Analyses in Antalya Airport According to Green Airport Management System 410 Electronic Waste Management Examination and Results of Daily Activities: The World and Turkey Examples 411 Biosorption of Precious Metals from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash 413 Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost from the Town of Chlef (Algeria) on the Soil 415 The Effect of Soil Treatment Sludge Amendment Doses to the Corn Cultivation Yield and Crop Iron Content 416 WATER 417 Integrated Water and Waste Management for the Fishing Community at Kasensero Landing Site 419 Economic Technologic Water Supply to Istanbul 421 Jale Gülen, Özlem Demir Müfide Banar, Zerrin Çokaygil, Aysun Özkan, Vildan Akyıldız Adebola A. Adekunle, Ibuku S. Salako Murat Cem Ertürk Cem Avcı, Emre Eren, Arzu Firidin, Ayşe Berkay Pavel Spirov, Svetlana Rudyk, Gulraiz Khan Mohamed Salah MEDJRAM, Amina BENAISSA Kehila Youcef Hande KARTAL Asst.Prof.Dr. Süleyman ŞAKAR Ebubekir EKİNCİ Mehmet Ali Küçüker, Kerstin Kuchta Kheira Dahmani, Naima Tahraoui Douma, Djamel Saidi Bülent Yağmur, Gorkem Akinci, Ertuğrul Erdin Micheal Kuteesa Necat Özgür Application of the Simple and Crossed Wavelets Analysis of Trends in the Rainfall-Runoff Relation by Using the GR2M Model: Case of the K’sob Watershed (East Algeria) 423 BENKADJA Rachid,OUADAN Mustapha Lamine XXIV Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Supply Water Using Patterns and Health Impacts on Urban Dwellers: A Case Study of Residents Perceptions in Chittagong City, Bangladesh 425 Morshed Hossan Molla, Mohammad Abu Taiyeb Chowdhury, Kazi Md. Barkat Ali Views from the Frontline (VFL) Nigeria 428 Adsorption of Arsenic from Aqueous Solutions by Fe(III) Loaded Activated Carbon 429 Towards Sustainable Water Quality: Management of Rainwater Harvesting Cisterns in Southern Palestine 431 Development of Irrigation Management to Conserve Fresh Water Resource 432 Evaluation of Gordes (Turkey) Zeolite in Magnetic form as a Potential Adsorbent 434 Development of a Toolbox Model for Integrated Urban Water Management Case Study Area Darkhan, Kharaa Catchment, Mongolia 436 Treatment of PCP from Aqueous Solutions by Medium Frequency Ultrasound and TiO2 Combined Ultrasonic Irradiation  438 Brass Materials Using in Drinking Water Supply and the Effect of Water Quality (Iski’s Example) 440 Assessing Surface Water Quality Indicator Based on Physico Chemical Parameters 441 The Toxic Effetcs of 2-Chlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenol on Fresh Water Fish Development 443 Rain Water Harvesting Models for Urban and Periurban Areas in Various Ecological Zones in Nigeria 444 Temporal Analysis of Water Quality Data from the Cazones River, Mexico; Throught Statistical Methods  446 Water Resources Management in the Republic of Azerbaijan: Overview and Outlook 448 Otu, Uwem Robert Aslı Özge Avcı Tuna, Ülker Beker Adel Alsalaymeh, Issam Al-Khatib, Hassan Arafat Nemeer M. Al-sarraf, Mahnd A. Nayf Younis Esra Bilgin Simsek, Ülker Beker Londong Jörg, Rost Grit Rana Kıdak, Şifa Doğan Ahmet GULEC, Berkay OTUMLU, Ismet CONTAR Kazem Nosrati Zeynep CEYLAN, Aysun ALTIKAT, Zehra YAZICI, Turgay ŞİŞMAN Sridhar Mynepalli, Akinwale Coker, Popoola Musiliu Eduardo Santillán-Gutiérrez, Jacobo Rodriguez-Campos, Gustavo Dávila-Vazquez, Jose de Anda-Sanchez Gıyasettin Güneş, Elsad Javadzade A 2D Oil Spill Model Using Radial Basis Function Collocation Method449 Tunay ÇARPAR Dependable Discharges for Lower Diayla River Basin 451 Analyzing on Remote Access of Drinking Water Plants 453 Dr. Alaa H. Al - Shami Orhan TOPAL, Nurettin UMURKAN XXV Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Marine Pollution:Plastic Debris 455 The New Vision in Sustainable Urban Water Management 457 Usage of Cuo for Degradation of Humic Substances 459 Access to Adequate, Safe Drinking Water for Vulnerable Communities in Opt  461 Extraction of Mercury(II) from Aqueous Samples by Anion Exchange on Silica Phase 463 Ship Waste Management in the Port of Igoumenitsa, Greecetext 465 Quantitative Determination of Nine N-Nitrosamines at Nanogram Per Liter Levels in Water by SPE-UPLC/MS/MS 467 Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in the Region of Marrakech Morocco 469 A Rapid UPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Chlorophenols in Water Samples 470 Pricing of Water in Terms of Protection of Water Resources and its Significance 472 Merve KOPUZ Canan KARAKAŞ ULUSOY Ozge TURKAY, Hatice INAN Majeda A. Alawneh Mirna Daye, Baghdad Ouddane, Jalal Halwani, Mariam Hamze Paraskevi E. Beza Yassine Kadmi, Lidia Favier, Dominique Wolbert S. El fadeli, R. Bouhouch, M. Chaik, Y. Barkouch, A. Aboussad, N.Lekouch, R. F. Hurrell, M.B. Zimmermann, A.Sedki Yassine Kadmi, Lidia Favier, Isabelle Soutrel, Dominique Wolbert Mehmet GÖKSU, Adem ESEN Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management Breakdown Follow up of CRM Customer Relations Management Records Over GIS Geographical Information System 474 Çetin Çibuk Technology of Management in WasteWater Mineralization 476 The Optimum Alum Dose Based on the Zeta Potential 477 Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management Data Warehouse Decision Support System 479 Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management Use of Mobile Signature 482 Use of Information Technologıes for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management GSM and 3G Communication on Rental Lines (Over L2TP) 484 Monitoring of Seasonal Variations of Trihalomethane and Haloasetic Acid Formation in Istanbul Drinking Water 486 Dr. Shuhrat Muradov Moharram Fouad, Saad Amer, Kassim El-Alfi Zekai Hayrioğlu Asuman Akyıldız Elmalı, Taner Mutlu Mehmet ÜNAL Şenay Soylu, Tufan Topal, Vedat Uyak, Kadir Özdemir, Şahin Özaydın XXVI Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management ISKI Water Management Online Information Sharing (WS Technology) 487 The Impact of Pollution on the the Bouregreg Estuary (Morocco, Atlantic Ocean): the Molluscs as an Indicator of Metal Contamination 490 Lead Contamination in Soil, Drinking Water and Plants from Marrakech Area, Morocco 493 Turgut ÖZCAN Essediya CHERKAOUI, Abderrahman NOUNAH, Mohamed KHAMAR S. El fadeli, R. Bouhouch, A. El abbassi, M. Chaik, A. Aboussad, N.Lekouch, R. F. Hurrell, M.B. Zimmermann, A.Sedki Types of Pipelines Used in Water Supply Transmission Lines and Field Applications of State Hydraulic Works 495 Burak Yusuf Özel WASTEWATER 497 Usability of Trout Restaurant Wastes to Adsorp Cu Ions from Aqueous Solutions 499 Removal of Heavy Metals from Metal Plating Wastewater by Fish Bone Adsorption 501 Integrated Automation Applied to Wastewater Treatment Plant SCADA System 503 2+ Murat TOPAL, E.Işıl ARSLAN TOPAL, Sibel ASLAN Sibel ASLAN, Murat TOPAL, Erdal ŞİMŞEK, E.Işıl ARSLAN TOPAL Armin Müller, Eduardo Poupard Recovery of Copper in Wastewater from Electroless Plating Process504 Hwa Young Lee, Hyun Baek Ko Development of a Flow Rate Sensor for Open Channels with Smaller Dimensions Solliec Laurent, Vazquez José, Dufresne Matthieu 507 Grey Water Recycling System to Aid Sustainable Water Management 509 Nuray ORUÇTUT Fungal Bioremediation of Contaminated Water by Phenol Using Aspergillus Niger: Application of Full Factorial Design 511 Evaluation of the Firms Operating in the Field of Electrolytic Metal Plating in Istanbul in Terms of Industrial Wastewater and Environmental Impacts 513 Determination of the Occurrence and Elimination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCS) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) 515 Green Infrastructure Practices for Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management 517 The Water Quality of the Izmit Gulf and Marmara Sea is Increasing with Wastewater Scada System 518 Amina Hellal, Latifa Tebbouche, Dalila Hank Yüksel ACAR, Ali ÇOBAN Claudia Lange, Bertram Kuch, Jörg W. Metzger Aydın Özdemir İlhan Bayram, Osman Dalkılıç, Murat Sönmez XXVII Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Dye Removal from Wastewater by Adsorption on Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Developed from Nanoporous Silica: Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics 521 Afsaneh Shahbazi, Alireza Badiei, Arghavan Mirahsani Methodology to Develop Reference Substances for Measurement of Organic Micropollutants in Wastewater Systems and Surface Waters 523 Elimination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Treatment Effluent Using UV/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation Treatment 525 Management of Waste Sludge at Pasakoy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant  527 Characterization of Inlet Water of Ataköy, Tuzla and Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants 529 Colour Remove System Based on Ozone Technology 531 Treated Textile Effluent Effect on Periphytic Biofilm 533 Biodiesel and Petroleum Derived Diesel Biodegradation Kinetics in Wastewater Compared by Respirometric Assays 535 Investigation of Fate of Tetracycline in Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant 537 Nutrient Removal from Domestic Secondary Efflunts by Lipid Containing Microalgae, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Chlorella Emersonii 539 High Purity Recovery of Water and Organic Compounds from Industrial Wastewater 541 Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Membrane Process 543 Pretreatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Electrocoagulation 545 Heidrun Steinmetz, Asya Drenkova-Tuhtan, Bertram Kuch, Claudia Lange Eduard Rott, Claudia Lange, Bertram Kuch, Ralf Minke, Heidrun Steinmetz Mehmet SERT, Celil ASLAN, Harun TÜRKMENLER, Mustafa AYDIN Osman Yıldız, Bedia Kurtuluş, Esra Hallaç Tolga Bozdağ Ederio Dino Bidoia, Mariana Lopes de Sousa Ederio Dino Bidoia, Renato Nallin Montagnolli, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes Murat TOPAL, Gülşad USLU, E.Işıl ARSLAN TOPAL, Erdal ÖBEK Yusuf Saatçi, Sibel Aslan, Demet Kılınç, Esra İlhan Filiz Ugur Nigiz, Derya Unlu, Nilufer Durmaz Hilmioglu Derya Ünlü, Filiz Uğur Nigiz, Nilüfer Durmaz Hilmioğlu Tugba DINCER, Hatice INAN, Anatoli DIMOGLO, Ozge TURKAY TiO2 Degussa P25 Photocatalytic Activity Azo Dye, Water Purification 547 Gülhan Köneçoğlu, Şafak Toygun, Yasemen Kalpaklı, Mesut Akgün Nutrient Removal from Human Urine  549 The Payback Period of an Anaerobic Treatment Plant in a Pharmaceutical Industry 551 Elif Alaydin, Hatice Inan, Anatholy Dimoglo T. Coskun, H.A. Kabuk, K. Varınca, E. Debik Sludge Accumulation in Oxidation Ditch Plants: Large Scale Study  553 Moharram Fouad, Ahmed El-Morsy Flow Quality Management of Wastewater Lines İsa YILMAZ, Bahattin ALİŞAN, Ramazan SARITEMUR XXVIII 556 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Flood Risk Management İsa YILMAZ, Bahattin ALİŞAN, Ramazan SARITEMUR 559 Treatment of Textile Dyehouse Wastewater by Immobilized Enzymes 561 Mithat Celebi, Mehmet Arif Kaya, Melda Altikatoglu, Huseyin Yildirim An Investigetion on Submarine Tailings Disposal of a Copper Mine Into the Black Sea Anoxic Zone 563 Protecting and Managing Urban Water Sources 565 Grown up Applications with ‘Dry Mounted’ Membranes 567 Mixed Micelles Cloud Point Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Table Olive Wastewaters 569 Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Table Olive Processing Wastewaters by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation 571 Removal of Phosphorus and Potassium from Synthetic Aqueous Solutions through the Precipitation of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Hexahydrate 573 Septic Tank Internal Layers Characterization: Implications for Septic Sludge Management  575 Polyphenols Recovery from Pretreated Olive Mill Wastewaters Using Cloud Point Extraction Method 577 Simultaneous COD Reduction and Mannitol Removal by Nanofiltration Membrane 579 The Photolytic Degradation of Olive Mill Wastewater by O3/UV/NaBO3 and Lime Treatment  581 Naim Sezgin, Semih Nemlioglu Azadeh Rezafar Ronald van ‘t Oever, Rob Borgerink, Gulsah Yildirim Jihane Raiti, El Abbassi Abdelilah, Hajar Kiai, Abdellatif Hafidi Hajar Kiai, El Abbassi Abdelilah, Abdellatif Hafidi, Maria Carmen García-Payo, Mohamed Khayet Benltifa Mahmoud, Ben Hammouda Mohamed, Hamzaoui Ahmed Hichem, Jellali Salah Renata Cristina Chagas, Sérvio Túlio Alves Cassini, João Batista Gomes de Melo, Cristiane de Oliveira Veronesi, Jessica Carla da Silva, Ricardo Franci Gonçalves Abdelilah El-Abbassi, Hajar Kiai, Jihane Raiti, Abdellatif Hafidi Toufik Chaabane, André Darchen, Rachida Maachi Mehmet Uğurlu, M. Hamdi Karaoğlu, A.İmran Vaizoğullar and Selma Baştan XXIX XXX ISTANBUL3WCONGRESS 2013 ORAL PRESENTATIONS 1 2 SOLID WASTE 3 4 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Establishment, Operation and Cost Analysis of Packaging Waste Collection and Separation Plants Asst. Prof. Dr. Ertan ARSLANKAYA, Serhan MADEN Yildiz Technical University / Faculty of Civil Engineering / Environmental Engineering ertanarslankaya@gmail.com Yildiz Technical University / Faculty of Civil Engineering / Environmental Engineering serhan_maden@hotmail.com Abstract During the packaging waste collection and separation plant installation, appropriate machinery and equipment should be selected considering packaging waste potential of the plant location, as well as proper vehicles should be selected in accordance with the collection process considering waste potential and features of the field. With the feasibility studies required during the period for the installation of packaging waste collection and separation plants, the necessary equipment types and numbers were determined for the two plants with 35,000 tons / year and 60,000 tons / year capacities. Finally, information on the operation of collection and separation plant was reported and required necessary actions were concluded to increase the recycling of packaging wastes. For the investigated three Districts (Besiktas, Kartal, Zeytinburnu), waste compositions of packaging wastes were compared with the collected amount of wastes in the collection and separation plant. As different waste compositions were detected during the collection and separation processes at the counties and considering that the private firms operate the proposed present facility, suggestions on the cost of installation and operation were made to the plant operators. Keywords: Waste Management, Process Control and Logistics, Plant Design and Maintenance, Process Optimization, Packaging Waste Recycling Facilities. 1. INTRODUCTION As the amount of waste increases, waste collection and disposal costs for municipals also increases. In the Istanbul metropolis example, information on waste collection systems and their efficiencies have been presented by interpreting the waste data on the seasonal change of the collected waste and collection of packaging waste separately in the two facilities with different capacities (packaging waste sorting facilities in the Districts of Zeytinburnu and Kartal) of the three municipalities that we have identified (Besiktas, Kartal and Zeytinburnu). Finally, the cost analysis are given on the packaging waste collection and sorting operations. Current literature regarding the work subject should be examined and the differences of the said work from the past, similar works should be presented clearly in the introduction section. 2. INSTALLATION STEPS OF PACKAGING WASTE COLLECTION AND SEPARATION PLANT Instead of mechanical separation, there are hand-sorting facilities due to the low wages of labor in Turkey. In this study, in accordance with the conditions of the country, installation of hand-sorting plant was investigated. Selection of the location for the plant installation was prepared in accordance with the conditions and operating experience in the regulations on permits and licenses in Packaging Waste Control Regulation and Environmental Law. 3. OPERATION OF COLLECTION AND SEPARATION PLANTS For a middle-scale packaging waste collection and separation plant, 12 workers, 4 drivers, 2 technical staff, and two engineers are needed. In order to make these employees work effectively, the duties and powers should be determined properly. At first, the two main processes should be determined. • Separation process • Collection process 5 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Figure 1. Separation process work flow diagram REFERENCES 1. Karamangil, N.P, Characterization recycling and disposition of packaging wastes in Turkey (Türkiye’de Ambalaj Atıklarının Karakterizasyonu Geri Kazanımı ve Bertarafı ), M.S. Thesis, GYTE, 2008. 2. General principles of the Regulation on Waste Management (Atık Yönetimi Genel esaslarına İlişkin Yönetmelik), July 5, 2008 (26927 RG) 3. Packaging Waste Management Plan of Besiktas Municipality 4. Packaging Waste Management Plan of Kartal Municipality 5. Packaging Waste Management Plan of Zeytinburnu Municipality 6. Population data, TSI, 2011 7. Regulations for Packaging Waste Control, Official Gazette Number: 28035, August 24, 2011. 8. Regulations on Required Permits and Licenses in Accordance with the Environmental Law, Official Gazette Number: 27214. 9. Asim, Muhammad Batool, Syeda Adila, Chaudhry, Muhammad Nawaz, Scavengers and Their Role in the Recycling of Waste in Southwestern Lahore Resources, Conservation and Recycling v.58, p.152-162, January 2012) 10. Matthew J. Franchetti, Case Study: Determination of the economic and operational feasibility of a material recovery facility for municipal recycling in Lucas Country Ohio, USA Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53,2009.535-543 6 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Waste Characterization Studies in Waste Management Municipality Unions in Turkey - Methodology and Results Dr.-Ing. Bertram ZWISELE1, Dipl.-Ing. Anja SCHWETJE2 1 ARGUS GmbH, Berlin (Germany) bertram.zwisele@argus-statistik.de 2 formerly: Project Management Ltd (PM Group) ARGUS GmbH, Berlin (Germany) anjaschwetje@gmx.net Abstract Solid Waste Characterization Studies (SWCS) were implemented by the IPA “Technical Assistance to Prepare Integrated Solid Waste Management Projects in Turkey-Lot 1” (EuropeAid/128133/D/SER/TR) to provide data for planning and facility design. The Municipal Service Unions surveyed for this paper are located in the Aegean, Marmara and Thracian Region and comprise of Municipalities between 2,000 and 200,000 inhabitants and selected villages. An advanced methodology for SWCS based on international experience was introduced to investigate municipal solid waste composition [1,2,3,4]. The samples for analysis are collected at source before being compacted by collection vehicles, the waste categories are aligned with European practice and fractions are introduced into sorting analysis, so that the components can be clearly separated and moisture transmission from organic to other components is minimised. An additional rural and tourist stratum was identified in the investigation areas. Results show that organic is the predominant category followed by the fine fraction of waste smaller than 10 mm, which was introduced by this methodology. About 60% of the wastes are biodegradable and 28% potentially recyclable. The additional two strata (rural, tourist) differ significantly from other strata. The advanced methodology yields precise and reliable results for the waste composition in Turkey. Keywords: Turkey, Municipal Waste Composition, Waste Characterization, Sampling and Sorting Methodology. 1. INTRODUCTION In the framework of the IPA project “Technical Assistance to Prepare Integrated Solid Waste Management Projects in Turkey - Lot 1” (EuropeAid/128133/D/SER/TR) Solid Waste Characterization Studies (SWCS) were implemented, amongst others, in five Municipal Service Unions in the Aegean, Marmara and Thracian Region. A SWCS provides Municipal Unions with waste data required for waste management strategies and planning and for designs of waste treatment plants. The main purposes of Solid Waste Characterization Studies are: • Determination of the waste composition (material categories); • Calculation of indicators (e.g. total amounts per strata or specific amounts of waste per capita); • Identification of recyclables, inert, burnable or bio-degradable material etc. Waste analyses describe the amount and composition of each type of waste by categories at source and/or disposal site and the particle size distribution by fractions. 2. ADVANCED METHODOLOGY FOR WASTE CHARACTERIZATION One basic element of the introduced methodology is that samples (defined units of waste) are taken before they are compacted by the refuse collection vehicle. Sampling at source has a number of advantages: • As much information as possible can be assigned to the sample; • The waste components can be identified more clearly and sorted more easily; • Moisture transmission from organic fractions to other components is minimized; • The variance between samples collected at households is lower as it is between samples of refuse vehicles. This will reduce the amount of waste to be analysed and the costs of the analysis. 7 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The solid waste characterization has to be implemented in two seasons minimum (e.g. one analysis campaign in summer and one in winter). Each analysis campaign consisted of a sampling and a sorting step and covered one week. Each investigation area (Municipality Union) was subdivided into strata (high, middle, low income and commerical, tourist, rural) in order to collect representative samples. A strata is an area, where similar waste composition is expected. Containers or street section were selected randomly from each stratum accordingly to the sampling at source methodology. The content of each selected waste container was emptied into sacks and loaded to a truck to be transported to the sorting station. The collection of the waste samples is always aligned with the regular waste collection, so that samples are taken shortly before the arrival of the collection vehicles. Each single sample unit (sample unit is the content of e. g. 0.8 or 0.4 m3 container) was analyzed according to a standardized sorting procedure. The samples were classified into fractions of waste larger 60mm and 60-10mm, which were each sorted manually into defined categories. European and Turkish practice were considered for the definition of the sorting categories. The fine fraction of waste smaller than 10mm is a category of its own. Figure 1 illustrates the sorting procedure. paper glass metals plastics organic wood sample unit textile fines inert hazardous complex other components products categories Figure 1: Sorting schemata 3. RESULTS Organic waste, which includes kitchen and garden/park waste, is the largest category with 49%. However, the newly introduced fine fraction is second largest category and therefore should be considered in future waste composition analysis in Turkey. It contains inorganic components like ashes from coal-firing and barbeque, stones, soil and rubble from yard and street cleaning, but also organic components typical for Turkey, like tealeaves, seeds etc. In total about 60% of the wastes are considered as biodegradable and maximum 28% of the wastes represent potential recyclables. With regard to the investigation an additional rural and tourist strata had been surveyed. The results show that the waste composition and amounts differ so significantly from other strata that their introduction into the scope of the survey is an improvement. The water content and the transmission of water between waste categories also show that the methodology of waste characterization has an impact in the results and their error margin. The advanced methodology yields more precise and reliable results for the waste composition in Turkey. 8 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste REFERENCES 1. The full version of Methodology for the Analysis of Solid Waste (SWA-Tool) by the European Commission 2004 can be downloaded: http://www.wastesolutions.org/fileadmin/user_upload/wastesolutions/SWA_Tool_User_Version_May_2004.pdf 2. Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste by American Society for Testing and Materials (2008) 3. Zwisele, B., (2008). “Implementation of a multiple stage sampling method for mixed municipal waste” NEWA Conference “Reliable Data for Waste Management”, Vienna – Austria. 4. Landesumweltamt Brandenburg: Richtlinie für die Durchführung von Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Menge und Zusammensetzung fester Siedlungsabfälle im Land Brandenburg; Fachbeiträge des Landesum-weltamtes; Potsdam; 1998. 9 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Enhancing Waste Reduction and Materials Recovery in Gaza Strip Palestine “Rafah City - Case Study” Samir Afifi1, Ali Barhoum2 Environmental & Erath Sciences Department- IUG P.O Box 108, Gaza, Gaza Strip, PNA E-mail: safifi@iugaza.edu.ps 2 Rafah Municipality - Gaza Strip - PNA E-Mail: barhoumali@yahoo.com 1 Abstract The paper will present the general solid waste management aspects in Gaza strip and will highlighted the invented economic and environmental sound approach of the material recover system of Rafah City case study in Gaza Strip - Palestine. Keywords: Solid waste, Waste Reduction, Material Recovery, Municipal Waste recovery, Gaza Palestine, Municipal Wate Composting. 1. INTRODUCTION As most other public services, solid waste management services in Gaza Strip is currently under great stress. The situation has been gravest imposed due to the currently closure and economic restrictions. With support from UNRWA and other international donors, most of the municipal waste in Gaza is still being collected. With this support solid waste collectors are assigned on a temporary basis, using mainly donkey carts and push carts to collect about 90% of all generated waste [1 and 2]. The currently applied central dump sites in three locations with more than 5.5 million tons of waste so far, are currently exceeding their maximum capacity. Johr El Deek (Gaza City) and Deir El Balah dumpsites are difficult to access since they are located in the buffer zone purposes. The waste remains for many days, attracting flies and posing direct environmental and public health threats. A new study by the UNDP estimated the budget needed for extenuations and/or closure of existing dump site is around 10.4 Million $US [3]. The Current economic situation in Gaza leads to high unemployment rates, low average income levels, and consequently, low solid waste fee collection rates by the municipalities from households[4]. This puts substantial pressure on the waste service providers (mostly local governments) to cover their running costs. Furthermore, the bad economic circumstances provide strong incentives for the poorer part of the population to get engaged in separation of waste valuables, in particular plastic, metal waste and building debris. The quantity of SW generated in Rafah city is about 120 tons per day, of which 60% is an organic waste. About 30 - 40 % of this quantity is disposed temporarily in Tal Al-Sultan area (west of Rafah City) and finally it is transferred to Rafah landfill. The new structure of a modern unit of recycling and compost production has been started on 1.1.2012 at Tal Al-Sultan area. 2. OBJECTIVES • Encouragement of the solid waste (organic matter) reuse in Rafah City and recycling of other components • Reduce the amount of solid waste reaching the landfill, which will lead to the extension of the life span of the landfill. • Starting ecologically sound treatment method based on recovery of materials and energy 3. METHOD The new structure of a modern unit of recycling and compost production has been started on 1.1.2012 at Tal Al-Sultan and started in operation on March, 2012. The sorting machine partially separate organic matter while workers are to catch other materials carried by a rotating strap. 10 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Aluminum, plastic and steel separated and collected in special containers and the organic matter, which represents about 65% of total MSW used in compost production[5]. The project consist of four main steps: • Waste receiving and pre-sorting. • Sorting of recyclables and baling. • Treatment of the organic material by biological aerobic process. • Preparation of the final product. 4. FINDINGS • Volume of waste arriving at Municipality landfill will be reduced by 65% to 70% • Lifespan of Rafah landfill will be increased 3 times • Solid waste transfer expenses will be reduced from 108.000 $US to 35,000 annually, as a result of reduced transferred quantity to the municipality landfill • Produced compost will be utilized in agriculture and therefore reducing the amounts of chemical fertilizers. Positive public Health effects • About 250.000 $US as Revenues from around 6000 tons of final compost product • The annual running cost will be covered 5. CONCLUSION The most important component of this project is to ensure its sustainability and replication and expansion of the project idea, 1. One major item which positively ensure the sustainability of the project is the estimated income of the project per year which is estimated to be about 250,000 $/year which fairly cover the whole running cost with some saving to the association to be used in developing some other future activities. 2. The other component which will positively be reflected to enhance the project idea and sustainability is convincing and showing the positive results and environmental impacts to the key Ministries like. The Environmental Quality Authority and Ministry of agriculture where they will use the project achievements in their policies and strategies. 3. Resource mobilization activities which include different field visits to donated institutions and farms having similar experience in this field in regional Arab and EU countries will help in new fund and experience resources mobilization. 4. Educational materials for compost production which will be distributed among farmers and workers will help in spreading the production of compost among the private sector and farmers on other areas other than the target ones. REFERENCES 1. Afifi S. (2001). Palestinian Municipal Management Project phase I, Rafah Municipality, Palestinian National Authority. 2. Afifi, S., (2006). Assessment of Technical and Environmental Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Rafah City - Palestine, Egypt. J. Soil Sci. 46, No. 1, pp. 1 - 13 3. Afifi, S. and A. Barhuom (2009). Evaluation of Economical and Social Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Rafah City – Palestine, 2nd International Conference on the Palestinian Environment from 13 to 15 October,2009, Al-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine. 4. PEF, (2012). Rubble Removal and Concrete Crushing for Improvement of Solid Waste Service Management in the Gaza Strip, Report no.3, September, Gaza - Palestine. 5. UNDP - PAPP, (2011). Feasibility Study and Detailed Design for Solid Waste Management in the Gaza Strip, DHVENFRA-TECC. Draft Report, September, Gaza - Palestine. 11 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Evaluation of Environmental Impacts of Grocery Shopping Bags Manufactured from Recycled and Virgin High-Density Polyethylene in Lagos Using LCA Approach Temitayo A. Ewemoje, Olufemi P. Abimbola Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria ta.ewemoje@mail.ui.edu.ng , tayo_ewemoje@yahoo.co.uk,, femi_abim@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of this study was to assess environmental impacts associated with High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) shopping bag production in Lagos, Nigeria. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology was used in the analysis with four scenarios. The inventory analysis involved collection of data associated with the production of one US ton of HDPE shopping bags without considering their usage and disposal phases (cradle-to-gate approach). It was found that approximately 1878.0, 2061.0, 427.7 and 1699.0 kg CO2equivalents of greenhouse gases were emitted per functional unit (FU) in scenarios 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. CO2 accounted for above 99% of total emissions in all scenarios. Acidification emissions were found to be 19.2, 29.8, 23.3 and 25.5 kg SO2- equivalents for scenarios 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively; while 3.3, 5.1, 3.9 and 4.4 kg PO4- equivalents were contributed to eutrophication by the scenarios respectively. With regards to options to reduce environmental impact of HDPE bag production in Lagos, increased recycling could provide carbon credits for manufacturing companies while efficient power consumption and renewable or cleaner power generation could reduce process and transport emissions. Keywords: High-Density Polyethylene, LCA, Environmental impacts, Recycling, Shopping bags production. 1. INTRODUCTION Plastics are widely used in packaging in Nigeria today. A number of studies have been conducted to examine the LCA of various plastic shopping bags (Muthu et al., 2009, 2011; Ellis et al., 2005). However, no work has been reported on the ecological footprint of virgin HDPE compared to recycled and mixed HDPE shopping bags in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa. Influence of bag producers’ attitude towards equipment selection on the protection of environment in West Africa is also lacking. Thus the study aimed at comparing the potential environmental impacts of shopping bags made from virgin HDPE against those made - fully or in part - from recycled post-consumer HDPE using four scenarios to assess the ‘cradle-to-gate’ effects of these scenarios using data from two major bag production companies; and identify opportunities for improving the environmental performance of the bag production systems. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD Environmental impacts associated with shopping bags made from recycled and virgin HDPE were evaluated using LCA, a standardized method quantifying and evaluating the resources consumed and emissions to the environment at all stages of its life cycle (Guinée, 2002). LCA typically includes four phases: (1) goal and scope definition; (2) inventory analysis; (3) impact assessment; (4) interpretation (ISO 14044, 2006). 3. RESULTS 3.1. Global WarmIng Potentıal Atmospheric emissions that contributed the majority of the global warming impacts were fossil fuelderived. Regardless of the scenario, figure 1 shows that fully recycled resin scenario 3 produced lowest GHG emissions (427.7 kg CO2-eq) than other scenarios. This may be attributed to relatively shorter collection and transportation distance. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between scenarios 3 and 4 although both used same single-die extruder (SD2). This may be due to GHG emissions associated with 40% virgin HDPE resin which were considerably more than those associated with 100% recycled HDPE resin (Figure 2). 12 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3.2. Acıdıfıcatıon Potentıal Lowest acidification emissions of 19.2 kg SO2-eq were produced in scenario 1. Total acidification emissions for scenario 3 were higher than scenario 1 due to higher emissions from 100% diesel usage. Purchased electricity (hydro and thermal power) and natural gas, were the major process energy sources. This also explains the slightly lower resin production emissions in scenario 4 when compared with 3. Moreover, transportation emissions were associated with the higher total acidification emissions in scenario 4 when compared to 3 (Figure 1). 3.3. Eutrophıcatıon Potentıal Eutrophication impact was lowest for scenario 1 (3.29 kg PO4-eq/FU), followed by 3, 4 and 2. In scenario 2, film blowing extrusion accounted for most of the eutrophication potential. However, the use of a double die extruder led to a significant increase in total eutrophication potential (scenarios 1 vs. 2). Substitution of recycled resin (scenario 3) by mixed resin (scenario 4) increased eutrophication effect, thus reflecting the increased emissions even with little further improvements at the resin production stage. The contributions of cutting-and-sealing and punching to the total eutrophication potential are similar for all scenarios. Figure 1: Comparison of GWP, AP and EP of the four scenarios per FU (left) and in percent (right)   The  four  Scenarios   V100SD1:  100%  virgin  HDPE  using  single  die  extruder  1,   V100DD:  100%  virgin  HDPE  using  double  die  extruder,   R100SD2:  100%  recycled  HDPE  using  single  die  extruder   2,     V40-­‐R60SD2:   mixed   (40%   virgin-­‐60%   recycled)   HDPE   using  single  die  extruder  2.     Figure 2: Comparison of emissions from production of 40% virgin HDPE resin with 60% recycled HDPE resin 13 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Scenario 2 showed the worst performance for all categories. Scenario 1 showed the lowest potential impact for acidification and eutrophication, while scenario 3 had the lowest impact in the global warming category. Reduction in virgin resin use or switching to lower energy input materials (e.g. fully recycled HDPE resin) would improve HDPE bag production performance. Significant emission reductions can be achieved through cleaner electricity generation and also through the reduction of diesel emissions in transport. REFERENCES 14 1. Ellis S., Kantner S., Saab A., and Watson M., 2005. Plastic grocery bags: The ecological footprint. Geography 214. 2. Guinée J. B., (2002). Handbook on life cycle assessment. Operational guide to the ISO Standards. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 708 pp. 3. International Standards Organization (ISO) 14044, 2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines. International Standards Organization, Brussels. 4. Muthu, S.S., Li, Y., Hu, J.Y., Mok, P.Y., 2009. An exploratory comparative study on ecoimpact of paper and plastic bags. Journal of Fibre Bioengineering and Informatics 1.4, 307-320. 5. Muthu, S.S., Li, Y., Hu, J.Y., Mok, P.Y., 2011. Carbon footprint of shopping (grocery) bags in China, Hong Kong and India. Atmospheric Environment 45, 469-475 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Lessons Learned on the Way to Realize Anaerobic Digestion Plants Dipl. Ing. Theo Schneider, Dipl.-Ing. Herbert Beywinkler mail@ressource-abfall.de, Herbert.Beywinkler@uvp.at Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) of municicpal solid waste or separately collected organic fraction is a treatment, which offers its share to reduce climate threats from landfill emissions as well as valuable energy production from wet waste fractions. AD requires integration into local waste management concepts as first baseline. A clear view and realistic concept of later plant operations is second baseline. AD of waste fractions requires proper project-preparation, project-construction and operation. Mainly mistakes done during conceptual phase could lead into inefficiency, technical problems and towering costs. The presence of experience and know-how during all phases of preparation and realisation of an AD-plant is third baseline to reach the goals. Usually there are several different technologies and numbers of possible suppliers available on the market and offering their solutions. But it can be seen that best performing facilities are based on smart and tailormade solutions. As not everything can be foreseen during execution of a contract, high flexibility and compromises are requested. The more a contract is shifting all risks to suppliers’ side the higher costs within the proposals must be expected. Smart plant performance and value-keeping of an installation require professional and well educated staff, willing to learn permanently and able to optimise the facility. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Climate protection, Plant operation, Realistic concepts. 1. INTRODUCTION - POSSIBLE ROLE OF AD-PLANTS - DRıVERS Anaerobic digestion (AD) of either municicpal solid waste or separately collected organic fraction from municipal has attracted some attention during the recent years. Three main drivers can be recognized: 1. Climate Protection, 2. Fulfilling EU aims and directives related to waste management and 3. Waste streams with higher contents of humidity. Under aspects of climate protection fermentation process in AD-plants should be favored for the separated organic (wet) fraction. Best performing plants are not only producing electricity but are also utilizing the heat produced in water cooling circuits and exhaust gas heat. AD-plants are regarded as a suitable solution to reduce methane-emissions from landfills, if such plants are constructed and operated well and using state-of-the-art emission reduction equipment. 2. REQUıREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL REALıSATıON OF AD-PLANTS Some projects on AD-plants in different countries have shown that it is not sufficient just to have a promising technology by itself. To implement and operate an AD-plant with a capacity of more than tenthousand tons per year requests much more knowledge, financial and human ressources than just to operate a landfill or dumpsite. 2.1. Fırst Baselıne - Structural Integratıon An integration into regional structures and waste management concepts is obligatory. This requires identification of relevant waste quantities as well as a good process for the choice of site for the ADplant. Waste Management is (part of) climate protection and requires - as well - a suitably organized waste management concept. 2.2. Second Baselıne - Operatıon and Fınancıal Concept For a sustainable investment, it is necessary to clarify the operator model and the anticipated refinancing. • Who will operate the AD-plant? • Who shall build the AD-plant? 15 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Models from purely private operation to purely public funded operation with lots of differently designed models of Public Private Partnership (PPP) are part of a large number of publications (e.g.[1]). Usually AD-plants are producing more energy as they are consuming. Sales of energy are one of the key factors for ecological and economical profitability - but regularly don’t cover all treatment costs. It must be clarified at an early stage whether the facility will be refinanced through fees (or other similar systems) or the refinancing will be done through “market” prices. 2.3. Thırd Baselıne - Know-how durıng Preparatıon and Realısatıon The overall objective of the concept and the technical planning process of construction and operation of any waste treatment facility is: To build and run the plant as cost-efficient as possible and safe to operate. Risk Management is the integral part of all considerations and action. Operation concept, technical design process, construction and commissioning of any waste treatment plant will always deal with the risks of each asset. The allocation of risks between client and contractor of an AD-plant depend on several factors, including ability and capacity of the client. New difficulties turn up around the technical planning process themes: about the best adapted technological system or best fitting tendering procedure, around the durability of the AD-plant itself (e.g. for corrosion protection, the quality of machines and units, ...). Of course requirements must be defined as part of the tendering documents. But “You cannot fix everything and you do not know everything in advance”. Finally: “You cannot pay for everything.” Equilibrated compromises are thus necessary before publishing the tendering documents and awarding the contract. Coordinated action is also required during construction and commissioning of the AD-plant. 2.4. Maın topıcs after constructıon of an AD-plant: Staff and Waste Two main topics for future differences between contractor and client exist in most cases 1. debates on the supplied waste, 2. debates about the client-supplied personnel. As the main topic for future differences between the contractor and the client in the case of EPC Contract remains the waste provided by client. 2.5. Tımeframe The previous chapters set it out: An AD-plant will take time. Between 3 to 5 years are “normal”. However: plant projects are rarely faster than planned, often they pass loops that cause extensions. 3. CONCLUSıON Respecting the general baselines an AD-plant could be an interesting option for many countries with some development in the waste management sector during the last decade or years. With a clear and realistic concept of later plant operation the basis for success is given. An AD-plant requires much more than “just a landfill with some added little technology”! The contributions of many actors are required to achieve a sustainable and well operating plant. There is a lot to do with a AD-PLANT: Let’s start! REFERENCES 1. 16 BMWi 2004: Bundesministerium f. Wirtschaft; Public Private Partnership International, Ein Unternehmer-leitfaden für PPPEngagements im Ausland, BMWi, Berlin 2004 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste The Effect of Disintegration Process on Anaerobic Degradation of Treatment Plant Sludges: A Comperative Study Gulbin Erden1, Ayse Filibeli2 Pamukkale University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kinikli Campus, 20700, Denizli, Turkey gerden@pau.edu.tr 2 Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca-Izmir, Turkey ayse.filibeli@deu.edu.tr 1 Abstract The effects of Fenton Process, ultrasonic pre-treatment and ozone oxidation on anaerobic sludge bio-processing were investigated as comparatively. A ratio of 0.067 gram Fe(II) per gram H2O2, and 60 g H2O2 / kg Total Solid (TS) for Fenton Process, 9690 kJ/kg TS of specific energy for ultrasonic pre-treatment and 0.1 g O3/kg TS for ozone oxidation were applied to sludge samples preceding anaerobic sludge digestion for disintegration purpose. For each treatment, 5 days of sludge retention time were applied on mesophilic conditions for 30 days operation period. The highest volatile solids reduction was obtained with ozone oxidation. Disintegrated sludge with ultrasonic pre-treatment provided the highest methane production (55%) comparing to the raw sludge. In terms of dewatering characteristics of digested sludge, ultrasonic treatment led to increase the sludge’s resistance to dewatering. This negative effect was not observed in ozone oxidation and Fenton Process. Moreover, it can be said that there was a positive effect of Fenton process before anaerobic digestion on sludge dewatering. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Fenton Process, ozone oxidation, sludge disintegration, ultrasonic pretreatment. 1. INTRODUCTION Disintegration was developed as the pretreatment process of sludge to accelerate the digestion processes. Many disintegration techniques for sludge minimization have been developed recently. Ultrasonic treatment [1, 2], ozone oxidation [3], alkaline treatment [4], thermal treatment [5], Fenton Process [6] , and biological hydrolysis with enzymes [7] were investigated for sludge disintegration purpose by several researchers in half-scale and lab-scale plants. This paper deals with the comparison of Fenton Process, ozone oxidation and ultrasonic treatment in terms of the effect of anaerobic digestibility of biological sludge. The feature of this work was to carry out the comparison of the three pretreatments in the same conditions and on the same sludge sample. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Biological sludge was sampled from the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Izmir. Fenton pre-treatment was carried out by firstly adjusting the pH of the sludge to 3 using H2SO4. Second step was the addition of Fe(II) at certain concentrations. After this period, different H2O2 concentrations were added to the sample. The mixed sample was stirred at 100 rpm for 60 min. After reaction, the sample was neutralized with Ca(OH)2. The ultrasonic apparatus was a Sonopuls ultrasonic homogenizer (Bandelin- Sonopuls HD 2200). This apparatus was equipped with a VS 70 T probe with an operating frequency of 20 kHz and a supplied power of 200 W. In the experiments with ozone oxidation, ozone was produced by a corona discharge of OZO 1VTT model ozone generator with a maximum ozone production capacity of 5 g/h. The ozone produced from pure oxygen with a purity of 99.5% was bubbled through the reactor using a diffuser with the diameter of 15 mm and with the height of 25 mm. Anaerobic digestion studies were carried out using three 8.5 L lab-scale anaerobic digesters. The digesters were operated at 37 ± 2 °C for 30 days of operation period. For system evaluations, pH and temperature were monitored daily while alkalinity and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured three times a week. For performance evaluations, TS, VS, VSS/SS, methane productions and protein contents were measured during the operation period. TS, VS, SS and VSS analyses were regularly done according to the Standard Methods (APHA, 2005). Methane productions were determined by liquid displacement method (Kuscu and Sponza, 2005). Specific methane productions (SMP) were determined as mLCH4/gVS based on volatile solids and daily methane productions. Gas components (CO, CO2, andH2S) were analyzed by a Dräger model 17 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations X-am 7000 multi gas analyzer. CST was analyzed with a Triton A-304 M CST-meter. The belt-press simulator of crown press supplied from Phipps and Bird, Richmond, VA was also used for evaluation of dewatering properties of sludge. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Anaerobic degradability of sludge can be enhanced using ozone oxidation and ultrasonic treatment and Fenton Process. With reference to the raw sludge, the highest reduction in volatile solids was 38.2% in the digester fed with ozonated sludge at the end of the operation. The ratios were 21.3%, 20%, and 14% for the digester fed with sonicated sludge, Fenton processed sludge, and control digester, respectively. On the other hand, disintegration processes preceding anaerobic digestion increased methane production, and ozone oxidation led to highest methane production during anaerobic digestion. While ultrasonic treatment led to increase the sludge’s resistance to dewatering, this effect was not observed in ozone oxidation, and Fenton Process. In addition, Ozone oxidation and ultrasonic treatment processes reduced the dewatering performance of sludge in mechanical dewatering units. While ozon oxidation and ultrasonic treatment processes preceding anaerobic digestion did not improve sludge’s cake formation, small improvement in cake solids of digester with Fenton processed sludge. REFERENCES 18 1. Erden, G., A. Filibeli, (2010a). Ultrasonic pre-treatment of biological sludge: consequences on disintegration, anaerobic biodegradability, and filterability, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 85, 1, 145-150 2. Pham, T.T.H., S.K. Brara, R.D. Tyagia, R.Y. Surampalli, (2009). Ultrasonication of wastewater sludge - consequences on biodegradability and flowability, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 891-898 3. Bougrier, C., C. Albasi, J.P. Delgenés, H. Carrére, (2006). Effect of ultrasonic, thermal and ozone pre-treatments on waste activated sludge solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability, Chem. Eng. Process., 45,711–718 4. Lin, J.G., C.N. Chang, S.C. Chang, (2007). Enhancement of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge by alkaline solubilization, Bioresour. Technol., 62, 85-90 5. Barjenbruch, M., O. Kopplow, (2003). Enzymatic, mechanical and thermal pre-treatment of surplus sludge, Adv. Environ. Res., 7, 715–720 6. Erden, G., A. Filibeli, (2010b). Improving anaerobic biodegradability of biological sludges by Fenton pre-treatment: Effects on single stage and two-stage anaerobic digestion, Desalination, 251, 58-63 7. Ayol, A., A. Filibeli, D. Sir, E. Kuzyaka, (2008). Aerobic and anaerobic bioprocessing of activated sludge: floc disintegration by enzymes, J. Environ. Sci. Health - Part A, 43, 13, 1528–1535 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Compost Production From Domestic Wastes and Benefits of Compost Alpaslan KİRİŞ, Baki AYHAN, Turgay AYGÜN, Kadriye YILDIZ İSTAÇ INC. akiris@istac.com.tr; bayhan@istac.com.tr; taygun@istac.com.tr; kyildiz@istac.com.tr Abstract Big increases were observed in the amount of waste generated over the years due to the increasing population, developing industrialization and rising living standards and this led waste producers to search for alternative waste disposal methods. One of the biological waste disposal methods is composting. Composting is the separation of organic substances in the waste with biochemical ways by using oxygen of the environment and micro-organisms of which most of them cannot be seen by the naked eye. Composting method gained more importance in the recent years because it has rich content both in terms of cost and organic substances. Compost obtained as the result of composting method increases the water holding capacity of the soil as a soil improver and organic substances in the soil as well as allowing better utilization of nutrients in the soil.[4] The population of Istanbul is 13 million and 624 thousands and 240 people on the basis of the data of the year of 2012.[1,15 kgs of waste per person per day is being formed in Istanbul.[2] The waste amount per day is 15.668 tones. 700 tones of this waste is subject to the composting process in the Kemerburgaz Recycling and Composting facility. Keywords: Domestic Wastes, composting. 1.COMPOSTING METHOD İSTAÇ INC. Recycling and Composting Facility was established in 2001 in order to recover wastes with organic content in the mixed municipal wastes, bring the recyclable wastes in the economy and reduce the amount of waste sent to sanitary landfills. Wastes are composted with aerobic fermentation based on the technique of tunnel composting. The wastes brought to the facility are separated before being fed to the system. (high volume wastes such as beds, sofas, textile wastes, construction and renovation wastes, car tires etc. are separated with handling machines) The separated wastes are sent to Odayeri Sanitary Landfill. The separated wastes are fed to rotary sieves with the hole diameter of 80 mm on the two parallel lines. The bag opener blades in these sieves pull the bags to pieces and provide the organic content material to come off. Metal and metal-derived materials such as metal, tin...etc. in the wastes under 80 mm. of which the organic content is very intense are separated on the magnetic line automatically and they are parsed to the 1st Area of fermentation where the composting take place until the material constitutes a height of 2 meter. The fermentation portion where composting takes place consists of two parallel holes in dimensions of 30m x 190 m x 2,5 m. Each hole has eight areas. Material is parsed on the 1st Area of the hole. After the waste remains 1 week in each area, it is transferred to the next area by using transfer machines. The wastes in the areas are subjected to proper humidity, temperature and ventilation processes and fermentation (fragmentation and decomposition) process is provided by means of micro-organisms. At the end of the 8th week, the matured material is eliminated in the rotary sleeve with the hole diameter of 15 mm. of the last conditioning section by means of conveyor belts.[3] Undersize material is used in the plant and flower cultivation by AĞAÇ INC. and in the green areas by the Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Parks and Gardens. Material over 15 mm. is used as overburden (surface soil) in the sanitary landfills. 19 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The organic content of waste produced in our country is very high that disposal of this waste generated has important role to local governments. Composting is one of the most appropriate techniques for the disposal of consisting waste. The municipalities can produce high quality compost in their composting facilities by separating organic content wastes in the source of these wastes by raising the public awareness on this subject. The other wastes which have no organic content can be brought in the economy by using recovery. In this way, the need for waste storage sites will also be reduced. Produced compost will be used in green areas, parks and gardens and also in landscaping works and will reduce the use of inorganic fertilizer. By this way, the environmental pollution will be prevented. In addition, the usage areas of compost can be increased by using compost in the reclaiming of burned areas and spaces as a result of fires occurring in our country. SOURCES 20 1. TUİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) 2. TMMOB Cevre Mühendisleri Odası, (TMMOB Chamber of Environmental Engineers) (2011).İstanbul Çevre Durum Raporu (Istanbul Environmental Status Report ) (27) 3. İstanbul Katı Atık Yönetimi (Geri kazanım ve Kompost Tesisi ) İşletme El Kitabı (Istanbul Solid Waste Management (Recycling and Composting facility) Operating Manual ) (2001) 4. ORAK 2010 Organik Atıklardan Kompost ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimi & Kompostun Kullanım Alanları Çalıştayı Bildiriler Kitabı (ORAK 2010 Compost and Renewable Energy Production from Organic Wastes and Compost Usage Areas Workshop Proceedings) (2010) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 25 Full-Scale DRANCO Anaerobic Digestion Plants, Experiences and Opportunities L. De Baere, B. Mattheeuws Organic Waste Systems NV, Gent, Belgium Corresponding author. Tel: +32 9 233 02 04, Fax: +32 9 233 28 25 E-mail: luc.de.baere@ows.be The DRANCO technology was developed in the eighties as one of the first digestion systems for biowaste and municipal solid waste, and OWS has participated in the recent rapid market development. More than 20 years later, DRANCO systems are now used in about 15% of the total installed treatment capacity. The Brecht facility in Belgium is a very good case study in anaerobic digestion because the plant has now been running for ten years on biowaste. The plant processes about 55,000 tons per year with a very high loading rate and biogas production rate. An average biogas production of 6.8 m³ (240 ft3) biogas per m³ reactor per day (or 6.9 ft3 biogas/ft3 reactor volume) was obtained during the last 8 years. Another good example of a municipal solid waste plant is the Hille facility in Germany. This plant started up in 2005 treats about 410 metric tons of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and 80 metric tons of sludge per week. The average biogas production for the organic fraction of MSW is about 120-125Nm³ per ton. Since 2006 the company has also been involved in anaerobic digestion of energy crops, manure and crop residues using DRANCO Farm technology. During the intial three years, the facility’s permit allowed only 500 kW production. In the beginning of 2009, a new permit was issued to produce 1MW and since then OWS took steps to increase the biogas production in the DRANCO-FARM reactor. Biogas productivity has increased dramatically and electrical output has risen from 500 kW up to 1,000 kW per hour. Currently, OWS is achieving loading rates of 16 to 17 kg VS/m³/d (1 lb VS/ft3/day), about five times the rate of a typical wet digestion system operating at 10% TS and 90% VS. Keywords: dry digestion, DRANCO, biogas. 21 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Waste Management and Corresponding Legislation in Macedonia Biserka Dimiskovska University “Ss.Cyril and Methodius”, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Skopje, Republic of Macedonia E-mail biserka@pluto.iziis.ukim.edu.mk Abstract OBJECTIVE The objective of the investigations presented in this paper is to develop a methodology for waste management that will improve the current practices of waste management in Macedonia and beyond. METHOD The methodology will be developed by analysis of present practices of collection of waste, treatment and disposal on landfills, transport, recycling and monitoring of effects upon the environment. RESULTS The new methodology will give an impetus to inter-municipal/regional cooperation in waste management as well as independent working of the enterprises in this field. CONCLUSIONS The state should pass corresponding regulations to financially support recycling and introduce ecological taxes to firms that create more waste than necessary. All local inadequate landfills should be closed and new landfills that will satisfy higher ecological standards should be created. Keywords: communal solid waste, recycling, landfills, regulations 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Munıcıpal Solıd Waste Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the main type of waste created in Macedonia. MSW consists of waste collected from households along with waste from maintenance of public hygiene and collected waste from parks, commercial-institutional waste and waste created in industry. A minor part of the waste originating from the households is dangerous. The contents of mixed municipal waste in Macedonia is mainly within the frames established by other investigations in the countries of Eastern Europe. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Munıcıpal Servıces The refuse collection services are primarily provided by public works companies that perform other activities as well: cleaning of the streets, public parks and green areas and maintenance of graveyards. Most of the municipal waste and other types of collected waste are disposed on municipal landfills or unlicensed landfills without any pre-treatment 2.2. Return of Waste ın Productıon Cycles/Recyclıng It can be noticed that, in Macedonia, there are two parallel systems for paper/cardboard collection. One of them is organized by the factory for production of paper “Komuna” that collects about 20% of this waste, while the other is organized by those collecting secondary raw material (mainly paper and cardboard). 2.3. Compostıng The existing several composting capacities represent capacities for composting or anaerobic digestion (of a smaller scope) intended for degradation of agricultural waste, particularly fertilizers. Only a small enterprise, pilot project in Zrnovtsi, uses organic fraction of MSW as the basic material for production of compost. The main barrier in the development of the market for organic compost “obtained from waste” in Macedonia is mainly the lack of information about the use of compost and its benefits. 22 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 2.4. Industrıal Solıd Waste The industrial solid waste consists of all types of solid waste created in the industries and the very industrial process and any other source within the frames/circles of the industrial capacities. 2.5. Medıcal Waste Medical waste (MeO) is considered solid waste created in medical and health care institutions in Table 3 (hospitals, outpatient departments, polyclinics, dental clinics, etc.) originating from used objects and materials for diagnosis, medical treatment and prevention of diseases in people and animals. 3. CONCLUSIONS For the last two years, Macedonia has been in a period of intensive development of legal regulations for solid waste management. The preparation of the draft Law on Waste Management (“Official Gazette of RM” no. 68/04, 71/04) has contributed to the current process of approximation enabling the country a modern and comprehensive Law based on the EU Directives on Waste and Dangerous Waste. The Law on Waste Management provides the general rules referring to the following issues: strategy, formulation of plans and programme, waste management procedures, dangerous waste management, landfills, incineration and co-incineration of waste, import, export and transit of waste through the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, monitoring and management of data, information system, financing, supervision and competent authorities, penal provisions, transitional and final provisions. The law on Waste Management is also associated with the remaining laws. This particularly refers to the Law on Environment that involves main issues like issuance of permits and EIA procedures. The Law on Waste Management is also based on the definitions and the principles included in the Draft Law on Environment. Certain issues related to waste management are also encompassed with different provisions in the remaining laws. What is important to point out is that not all of the above stated laws have achieved complete harmonization with the legal regulations of EU and they will be the subject of further consideration and modifications by the regulating body. REFERENCES 1. Burke, P., Dennis A., (2001) Dairy Waste Anaerobic Digestion Handbook. Environmental Energy Company, Olympia, WA. 2. Ohmura, T., Sakai, Y., Shindo, K., Nakamura, T., Katayama Y., (2003), Start-up of full-scale anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste. Water Science and Technology Vol 48,No 4 249–252. 3. Townsend, T., (2005) Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Class Notes. University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences. 23 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Solid Waste Management - Legal Regulations and Example of Istanbul Cevat Yaman1, Türker Eroğlu2, İbrahim Öktem3, Burcu Taşkınoğlu4, Esma Fakihoğlu5, Yeşim Işık6 İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Department of Environmental Protection and Development yaman.cevat@ibb.gov.tr 2,3,4,5,6 İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Waste Management turker.eroglu@ibb.gov.tr, ibrahim.oktem@ibb.gov.tr, burcu.taskinoglu@ibb.gov.tr, esma.fakihoglu@ibb.gov.tr, yesim.isik@ibb.gov.tr 1 Summary Total solid waste amount has increased in Istanbul because of the increasing population of it. The increasing amounts of waste have brought subjects like the reduction of waste in generation processes, recycling of waste, and the use effective use of the economy, environment, and resources and the disposal of waste in optimal conditions from the perspective of sustainability, to the agenda. Solid waste management; represents an integration of collection, transportation and disposal activities within the framework of recycling by using of energy, raw materials and all types of raw materials with maximum efficiency, the reduction of waste in generation and the disposal of waste without polluting the air, soil, water and living beings. These activities are carried out in an multidisciplinary environment involving technical, economic, and social disciplines. This study investigates the national legislation relating to solid waste management and their relation to parties that are responsible for solid waste management and the solid waste management that is being carried out in Istanbul in accordance with this legislation. Keywords: solid waste, solid waste management. 1. INTRODUCTION Municipality waste is an important environmental problem not only in many EU candidate countries but also in Turkey as well. Population explosion coupled with urbanization and industrialization has resulted in a significant increase of not only in the amount of waste but also in the different types of waste produced. In parallel with this increase, one of the most important problems encountered in large settlement areas such as Istanbul, is the disposal of the solid waste produced. In waste disposal; in addition to recycling, sanitary landfill, and biological processes such as composting, bio-methanization the other alternative thermal waste disposal methods such as incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis are the most accepted. The order of preference of these methods is dependent on the area required for disposal, economic and cultural levels, national and international targets and their compatibility with the state policies. 2. LEGAL REGULATIONS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT In our country, the handing over of waste to the receiving environment, the structure and composition of the waste, and its disposal in accordance with the amount and the requirements associated and the allied planning and implementation processes that cover the interval form the generation of waste to its appropriate disposal are governed by the relevant acts and the regulations. In this context; the responsibilities of the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry, Provincial Environment and Forestry Directorates, Metropolitan Municipalities, District Municipalities, authorized institution, producers, marketers and sales points, have all been separately specified in detail in accordance with the Solid Waste Control Regulations, Medical Waste Control Regulations and Packaging Waste Control Regulations. 3. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN ISTANBUL Under the title of “The Current Situation of Istanbul”, detailed information about waste management activities carried in Istanbul in accordance with regulations were given and the general structure of current waste management system was evaluated by presenting process flow diagrams of each activity. 24 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 4. CONCLUSION There are solid waste transfer stations, landfills, medical waste incineration facilities, electrical energy generation facilities, composting and recycling facilities in operation that are in accordance with the legislation on solid waste management, throughout Istanbul. Also, the search for new solutions that would allow the minimization of damage to the environment and impart an economical meaning to waste disposal, instead storing solid waste prior to disposal, is in progress. The increase in the amount of waste in Istanbul has also resulted in the increase in the need for new sanitary landfill areas. Work along these lines is underway in Istanbul. REFERENCES 1. T.R. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry “Solid Waste Control Regulations”, Official Gazette, Dated 14.03.1991 Number: 20814. 2. T.R. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry “Medical Waste Control Regulations”, Official Gazette, Dated 22.07.2005 Number: 25883. 3. T.R. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry “Packaging Waste Control Regulations”, Official Gazette, Dated 24.06.2007 Number: 26562. 4. T.R. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry Waste, Management Action Plan, May 2008. 5. T.R. Court of Accounts Directorate Report on Waste Management Performance Control in Turkey, January 2007. 6. Yeniçerioğlu M., 2006. Solid Waste Management Legislation and Sinop Example, (http://www.scribd.com/doc/32970514/ Kat%C4%B1-at%C4%B1k-sinop). 7. Erdem A.M., Çubukçu E.E., Ateş E., Erdoğan D., 2008 Integrated Domestic Solid Waste Management During the EU Compliance Process, urban Management Problems of Man and Environment 8 Symposium, Istanbul. 8. http://www.cygm.gov.tr/CYGM/AnaSayfa/AtikYonetimi.aspx?sflang=tr 9. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Waste Management Directorate Archives. 25 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Food Waste - A Challenge for Waste Prevention and Resource Management M. Kranert, G. Hafner, J. Barabosz Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart martin.kranert@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, gerold.hafner@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, jakob.barabosz@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract For the first time in Germany, the emergence of food waste alonge the value chain was estimated. A total amount of around 11 million tonnes food waste is discarded annually by the food industry, the retail, the restaurants and by households. A majority of these could be avoided. Keywords: food waste, food chain, waste, food manufacturing industry, retail, consumers. 1. INTRODUCTION The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) assumes that about one third of the worldwide produced food for the human consumption gets lost. Considering social, ethic, ecological and financial aspects this is of major importance. The Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Waste Management (ISWA) at the University of Stuttgart investigated the quantities of food waste in Germany in the context of a study, elaborated for the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (Kranert, et al, 2012). One important aim of the study was to estimate the quantities of food waste generated in Germany on the basis of statistics, research, literature, surveys, expert consultations and specific studies on a random basis. 2. DETERMINIG THE QUANTITIES OF DISCARDED FOOD IN GERMANY The quantities of food waste generated within the food chain have been elaborated, such as food waste from retail, transport and logistics, large scale consumers (e.g. restaurants etc.), consumption in households and other. The work was based on using the following methods: literature research, analysis of federal statistics, interviews of relevant stakeholders, own investigations, identification of gaps, etc. As a result the relevant massflows of food, food waste and by-products could be identified. The data quality was examined and further investigations and studies, necessary regarding an amelioration of data (amount and quality) could be elaborated. Figure 1 shows the fluctuation margins of estimated food waste in Germany broken down by the areas of the food value-added chain that were analysed. If one simplistically adds the mean values of these fluctuation margins, the total amount is 10,970,000 tonnes of food per year. 26 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. Range of food waste in Germany by areas of the food value-added chain Regarding measures for a minimization of food wastage, the most relevant - and avoidable mass flows of food waste have been identified. Applicable measures have been researched in an international frame (Europe + Northern America). The researched measures against food wastage have been evaluated within a benefit analysis including aspects of transferability to Germany. Apart from food waste quantities and measures for an optimization of the current situation a very important outcome of the study was the definition of “food waste”. This definition was discussed amongst experts and Stakeholders throughout Europe and could become an international standard, which would enable experts and interested citizens to compare studies and published data in the international context. 3. CLOSING REMARKS It is necessary to avoid food waste throughout the value chain. The cultivation and production of food is associated with a high use of fertilizers, water and energy. If foods are disposed of, this has significant ecological and economic impacts. These effects can be expressed with environmental parameters, for example greenhouse gas emissions and land use. Within the oral presentation, the massflows of food and food waste for Germany are shown. Data quality and integrity as well as further necessary investigation steps are shown. Also methodology and results of the benefit analysis regarding measures against food wastage are explained - some resulting recommendations for politics are shown. Finally, an overview on different environmental parameters is given. REFERENCES 1. Kranert, M., Hafner, G., Barabosz, J., et al. 2012: Ermittlung der weggeworfenen Lebensmittelmengen und Vorschläge zur Verminderung der Wegwerfrate bei Lebensmitteln in Deutschland. Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft. 27 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Investigation of Different Waste Management Scenarios on Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Hüseyin Güven, İzzet Öztürk İstanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazağa Campus, Maslak, İstanbul guvenhu@itu.edu.tr, ozturkiz@itu.edu.tr Summary The negative effects of global warming, especially in recent years began to be seen clearly. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the main responsible for global warming. Although there was not a significant change in the concentration of GHGs in the Earth until the 19th century, since the 1800s with the industrial revolution, the concentrations of GHGs, especially CO2, have increased substantially. Greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere are increased due to the need of energy, industrial and agricultural processes in conjunction with waste disposal procedures. Waste sector greenhouse gas emissions are the third contributor in the global greenhouse gas emissions after energy sector and industrial processes. Therefore, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from waste sector plays an important role in reducing global GHG emissions. According to Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), ~402x106 CO equivalent GHG were released to the atmosphere in 2010 and waste sector was responsible 9% of the total emissions, approximately. While emission caused by waste sector was ~9.7x106 CO2 equivalent in 1990, it raised ~35.8x106 CO2 equivalent in 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, emission rate was incresed by 270% which indicates the importance of the issue. In this study, for 2003-2032 periods, three separate waste management scenarios for Turkey were studied and in case of the implementation of an each management scenario how much greenhouse gases were released to the atmosphere was calculated. Implemented waste management scenarios were included different waste disposal methods. At the end of the study, it was evaluated that which waste management plan causes less GHG emission. Before studying scenarios, population and waste projections were applied. Urban and rural population estimations were evaluated separately. Population projections of United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) and TUIK were evaluated to determine population projection method. It was understood that both two projections gave similar results. The year of 2009 population estimations of UNDP was used for population projection since it has population predictions for both urban and rural population. Urban and rural population of each city was calculated until 2032 by using estimations of UNDP. On the other hand, Solid Waste Master Plan was used for municipal solid waste generation (MSW) projection. Unit waste generation rates for each waste basin were used to calculate waste amount. To calculate MSW components, MSW characterization tables for each waste basin were used. However, unit waste generation rates and MSW characterization tables do not exist for some years in Solid Waste Master Plan, appropriate values were given for missing years. Before studying of the scenarios, existing solid waste management and waste disposal components in Turkey were evaluated. For this purpose, sanitary landfills, composting facilities, packing waste policy and activities of garbage men in Turkey were reviewed. In the study, it was assumed that sanitary landfills, compost, biomethanization and incineration facilities will accept waste until end of the 2032. Emissions caused by dumping sites were also calculated in the study. Until 2020, it was accepted that all open dumping sites will be rehabilitated and after closed. After closure of sanitary landfills, remarkable amount of landfill gas (LFG) is still produced for a long time. That is why, GHG emissions were calculated for 2003-2052 periods. In the first scenario, it was assumed that most of the generated MSW will be sent to the sanitary landfills. It was accepted that compost facilities that are operated at present (Istanbul, Izmir, Denizli and Kemer) will be served until end of 2032. Mixed collection system will be used in this scenario. Second and third scenarios indicate different waste managements for metropolitan municipalities and other municipalities. In these scenarios, generated MSW will be sent to incineration facilities in metropolitan municipalities. Incineration facilities will begin to serve by the start of 2015. In 2015, incineration facilities, which will be constructed in metropolitan municipalities, will able to process 25% of the total generated waste. In 2025, incineration facilities will reach maximum capacity and will able to process 75% of the total generated MSW. The fraction of MSW, which will not be operated in incineration facilities, will be sent to either material recovery facilities (MRFs) or sanitary landfills. In other municipalities, it was accepted that an effective dual collection system will be established so recovery of biodegradable waste and recycling of package waste will able to be accomplished by a high efficiency. In the study, it was assumed that there is not a dual collection system in these municipalities at present. Dual collection system will be established in 2013 and 67% of the generated MSW will able to be collected separately in 2015 and in the following years. Separated part of the biodegradable waste will be sent to biomethanization facilities in second scenario while the same fraction will be sent to composting facilities in 28 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste third scenario. Packing waste will be sent to MRFs in both two scenarios. 33% of the generated waste will be sent to sanitary landfills since this fraction will not able to be collected separately. Mentioned dual collection system efficiency will also be valid for metropolitan municipalities. However, dual collection system will not be as comprehensive as in other municipalities since most of the generated MSW will be incinerated. Dual collection system will be mostly applied in high income residential areas. Thus, after 2025, 67% of the packing waste (67% of 25% of MSW), which will not be sent to incineration facilities, will be operated in MRFs while the remaing part will be sent to sanitary landfills directly. In metropolitan municipalities, it was accepted that there will be neither biomethanization nor composting facilities so if the biodegradable fraction of the generated MSW will not be sent to incineration facilities this fraction will be sent to sanitary landfills directly. Emissions caused by sanitary landfills and waste dumping sites are computed by model of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The model was developed in 2006 in order to guide governments to constitute their national greenhouse gas inventories caused by landfills. IPCC model uses first order decay in methane emission calculations. The model allows user to enter population, unit waste generation rate and MSW composition. It also allows changing default degradable organic carbon (DOC) fractions and methane generation rate constants of the different MSW types and other some variables if neccesary. In the study, landfills were categorized as sanitary landfills and dumping sites. In addition, dumping sites were divided into shallow and deep dumping sites. Percentage of sanitary landfills and dumping sites were determined by data obtained from TUIK. According to TUIK, 28% of landfills were sanitary landfills in 2002. In the study, it was accepted that 100% of landfills will be operated as sanitary landfills in 2020. It was assumed that generated biogas will be collected by 70% efficiency. Thus, in sanitary landfills, 70% of generated methane will be converted to CO2 and after will be released to the atmosphere. While 40% of dumping sites will have flare to convert from methane to CO2, 60% of dumping sites will not have flare. It was assumed that generated landfill gas will be collected by 50% efficiency in dumping sites, which have flare, and therefore, 50% of generated methane will be converted to CO2 then will be released to the atmosphere. To calculate emissions derived from biomethanization, composting and incineration facilities, emission factors reviewed from literature were used. CO2 emissions caused by composting, biomethanization and incineration facilities were accepted as 169.5 kg/ton waste, 353 m3/ton waste and 1,000 kg/ton waste, respectively. Similarly, CH4 emissions caused by composting and biomethanization facilities were accepted as 2.3 kg/ton waste and 454 m3/ton waste, respectively. It was assumed that CH4 emission can be neglected by a well-operated incineration facility, so CH4 emission of incineration facilities was taken as zero. In the study, GHG emissions were calculated only from the MSW itself. Indirect GHG emissions were not calculated. After calculation of all emissions derived from all disposal facilities they were expressed in terms of CO2 equivalent. It was accepted that CO2 equivalent of 1 unit methane is 25 units of CO2. That is why, all calculated methane emissions were multiplied by 25 and total emissions were obtained in terms of CO2 equivalent. According to calculations, GHG emission caused by first and third scenarios were so close to each other in 2003-2052 periods. ~783 and ~782 million CO2 equivalent emission will be released to the atmosphere in first and third scenarios, respectively. Maximum emission will be caused by second scenario with ~870 million CO2 equivalent emission. Consequently, among the studied scenarios, it was understood that first and third waste management scenarios lead to minimum GHG emission. Keywords: Greenhouse gas, Municipal solid waste (MSW), Integrated solid waste management. 29 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Waste Incineration in the 21st Century Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Plant with the Martinsystem Dipl.Ing. Norbert Eickhoff Martin GmbH für Umwelt- und Energietechnik, München Norbert.Eickhoff@martingmbh.de 1. INTRODUCTION - HISTORY The first waste incineration plants in Europe were built in the middle of the 19th century. Hygiene played an important role, because plagues had again and again hit many countries, cost numerous lives. England and Germany were the first countries to install incineration plants for municipal solid waste (MSW). These were quite simple plants, with batch type feeding of the waste and also removal of the bottom ash. No heat was utilised, the flue gases were released into the atmosphere via tall chimneys, with no flue gas cleaning system. Figure 1. Incineration plant for MSW in Hamburg, Germany - 1896 Mainly due to financial constraints and the two world wars, it took another century for waste incineration to really start playing an important role in treatment of municipal solid waste. Beginning in about the middle of the 20th century, landfill space became scarce in some industrialised countries; at the same time the standard of living and thus the awareness for the protection of our environment rose. Legislation was put in place in many countries, paving the ground for thermal treatment of MSW. 2. MODERN GRATE-BASED WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS Incineration technology had already improved substantially. Continuous waste feeding and residue removal was state-of-the art. Steam boilers recovered the energy contained in the MSW. Flue gas treatment had started with the removal of particulate matter. Removal of acid gas components and heavy metals was made mandatory, followed by requirements to reduce emissions of NOx and organic compounds, most notably PCDD/F. With the adoption of EU Directive 2000/76, all EU member states have been required to meet stringent emission limits (which are the most stringent for any industrial process) by the end of 2005. 30 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3. WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT ASM BRESCIA Today, the ASM Brescia plant consists of three streams, each equipped with a MARTIN Reverse Acting Grate. Two streams for the combustion of domestic waste were put into operation in 1998. The third stream for the combustion of biomass was handed over to the customer in August 2004. The grates for all 3 lines are almost identical and consist of 6 runs each. Line 1 and 2 have a thermal capacity of 90 MW with a waste capacity of 23 Mg/h. Line 3 with a thermal capacity of 100 MW is the world’s largest combustion line for biomass. In the design of all streams, Martin focused on achieving maximum power supply to the electricity grid. Consequently, the streams are operated with low excess air and the steam parameter settings are just within acceptable limits with regard to corrosion. The flue gas cleaning system consists of an SNCR system to reduce nitrogen oxides and a dry flue gas cleaning system   This plant design yields an electrical net efficiency of more than 27 % and is in successful operation since more than 8 years. Figure 6. Waste-to-Energy Plant ASM Brescia, Italy 31 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Waste Combustion Technology Developments for Large Scale Plants Dr.-Ing. J. Sohnemann, Dipl.-Ing. T. Maghon, Dr.-Ing. W. Schäfers Fisia Babcock Environment GmbH jens.sohnemann@fisia-babcock.com, Thomas.Maghon@fisia-babcock.com, Walter.Schaefers@fisia-babcock.com Abstract For the waste disposal of urban areas and major cities rather large scale energy from waste (EfW) plants are needed. This implies a mechanical input of approx. 40 t/h and thermal input by waste per unit of 110 MW and more. The paper reports on layout features and design details of such plants regarding grate, combustion, boiler technology, maintenance aspects and flue gas cleaning technology. There is also a focus on combustion rate control strategies and respective results from recent operating experiences. Keywords: grate, boiler, combustion control, maintenance. 1. INTRODUCTION Inerting and disinfection of domestic refuse and similar waste materials by means of thermal treatment has a long history. The first plant of this kind on the European continent, for example, became operative in Hamburg in 1896. Ever since the technology has progressed considerably, based on advances in manufacturing and materials. Compared with these first experiences in municipal waste disposal by combustion there are far bigger plants currently in operation. This might be of special interest for the waste disposal of urban areas and major cities where rather large scale energy from waste (EfW) plants are needed. This implies a mechanical input of approx. 40 Mg/h and thermal input by waste per unit of 110 MW and more. There are basic design criteria that feature the EfW plant: • Layout of boiler with horizontal or vertical orientation of convective part. • Top or bottom suspension of boiler. • Flexible design of grate regarding large throughput figures and heating values of waste with wateror air-cooled grate bars. • Design and geometry of combustion furnace in order to optimize the flow pattern. • Optimization of boiler steel structure: integrated steel structure for boiler and boiler house enclosure. • Optimization of corrosion protection and maintainability of large scale boilers: cladding versus refractory lining • Maintenance aspects of the boiler. The presentation gives information on the pros and cons regarding the design features with respect to the optimized solution for large scale EfW plants. 2. GRATE AND COMBUSTION For the core component of the firing system - the grate - Fisia Babcock Environment (FBE) is using forward moving grates as well as roller grates. The forwart moving grate, which is used in the great majority of all our plants, has specific characteristics for providing uniform combustion and optimal burnout. These include, amongst others: • Uniform air supply by means of specific grate bar geometry • Two grate steps in direction of waste transport for optimum burnout • Flexible adaptation of the combustion process to the respective conditions and requirements by zone-specific air distribution and transport velocity of waste on grate • Optimized combustion control adapted to the specific plant for ensuring a consistent combustion process and production of energy 32 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste The automatic combustion rate control system is the key component in the combustion process in order to receive good burn out quality in slag and flue gas as well as constant steam production and oxygen content of flue gas. This paper includes a detailed report on a modern control system with focus on a simple and efficient control structure. 3. BOILER TECHNOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE ASPECTS Previous papers reported on the possibilities to optimize the plant efficiency by e.g. higher steam temperature, lower flue gas temperature, external superheating with clean hot gas or other measures. On the mechanical side there are design issues such as: • Layout of boiler with horizontal or vertical orientation of convective part. • Top or bottom suspension of boiler and grate. • Optimization of boiler steel structure: integrated steel structure for boiler and boiler house enclosure. The paper reports about an evaluation of these design features regarding invest cost, plant layout and operation. Maintenance aspects: In case of a horizontal super heater pass there are different possibilities to realize a super heater replacement. The super heater bundles can be replaced vertically by lifting or lowering. Depending on the actual lay out situation in the boiler house it might also be possible to exchange bundles through the side wall of the boiler. However, the sequence of replacement depends on the chosen live steam parameters of the individual boiler. FBE has considered this in boiler configurations containing horizontal convection passes, especially for boilers operated with higher live steam parameters (e.g. temperature 430 °C to 480 °C, pressure 50 bar to 90 bar). 33 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Selection of Project Site and Concept Design for Istanbul Waste to Energy Plant Dr. Şenol Yıldız, Vahit Balahorli, Fatih Hoşoğlu, Kadir Sezer Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Company syildiz@istac.com.tr, vbalahorli@istac.com.tr, fhosoglu@istac.com.tr Abstract Today Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is continuing to address their municipal solid waste issues (MSW), which began early 1990s when Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Company (ISTAC) was established. Since then ISTAC have grown to handle over 15.000 tons of MSW per day. Given this growth, several challenges present themselves including meeting Directive on the Landfill of Waste and decreasing landfill space. As alternative treatment methods required overcoming these challenges and taking the first step for this, 3.000 tons per day (TPD) waste to energy facility is going to be established in Istanbul. Project site was chosen as near the existing composting and recycling facility in Eyüp after evaluating the alternative sites. Site evaluation criteria, waste supply availability and analysis, and selection of technology for the project were explained in this study. Keywords: municipal solid waste, waste to energy. 1. INTRODUCTION The Municipality uses Composting and Landfill methods for disposal of solid wastes within Istanbul city boundaries. Among these methods, Landfill has the major portion with 95%. Sustainability is the most significant issue to consider in Integrated Waste Management. Disposal of wastes through landfill method is more economical compared to other disposal methods; however, decrease in capacity of available sanitary landfill sites, failure in finding suitable land for establishing new landfill sites and land shortage are factors obstructing implementation of this method. Ministry of Environment and Forestry conducted a study on “Environmental Heavy Cost Investments Planning Project, Solid Waste Industry National Master Plan Harmonized with EC Directives (EHCIP)” in 2005; in the study report, implementation of compost (~20-30%) and thermal (~7080%) systems by Municipalities is foreseen to achieve Turkish Directive on Landfill of Waste objectives for year 2020 in Turkey. MSW landfills in Istanbul operated by ISTAC are the Kömürcüoda Landfill and the Odayeri Landfill. The Odayeri Landfill is on the European side of the city, while the Kömürcüoda Landfill is located on the Asian site. There are 13 million residents within Istanbul that feed the facilities. Collectively, the landfills process 15.000 tons of MSW per day. The Odayeri Landfill processes 10.000 TPD of MSW daily. With increasing disposal rates and decreasing landfill space, the Municipality started the project to build a Waste to Energy (WTE) facility that is capable of processing 3.000 TPD and it is on tender process. It will be the first WTE from MSW facility in Turkey. 2. PROJECT SITE The most significant factor to be considered for waste disposal facilities is the project location alternative. Considering environmental issues and sensitivities during evaluation of alternatives for Project location shall ensure selection of most sustainable location which shall be accepted by all parties, not only in economic and technical terms but also regarding environment. Location choice model prepared by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization [1] is used with the purposes of making the selection process for incineration plant more objective, ensuring reasons determinant for location choice to be more comprehendible, and controlling the reason for choice for the selected location. 34 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3. MSW SUPPLY and ANALYSIS 3.1. MSW Supply Avaılabılıty On a daily basis, ISTAC handles and processes approximately 15.000 tons of MSW generated by Istanbul’s 13 million residents. The total expected waste production from the European side of Istanbul is 10.000 TPD. The WTE facility will be sized for operating with a 3.000 TPD throughput, which represents only 33 percent of the total waste production. It is expected trailers loading with higher heating value MSW, normally from more affluent areas, be sent to the facility for incineration. 3.2. MSW Heatıng Value Analysıs When sizing the boiler for a WTE facility, there are important factors that must be taken into account. These factors include, but are not limited to, the amount of ash the facility will handle, the higher/ lower heating value (HHV/LHV) of the MSW, and the fuel moisture content. The amount of ash resulting from the combustion process is a key design consideration in sizing the ash handling system for continuous and reliable operation. The heating value is also a vital factor as this represents the overall amount of heat input to the plant for steam production which in turn would be used for electrical power generation. It is important that the correct heating values of the waste fuel(s) be accurately determined to ensure proper design and continuous operation of the Facility. Waste fuel analyses need to be conducted on an as-received (A.R) basis. In this section, MSW data evaluation, heating value analysis, selection of design heating value, moisture content and density are determined. 4. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS 4.1. Technology Selectıon After comparison of different incineration technologies, mass burn incinerators with a moving grate system will be used for the project. Other technologies, such as gasification, fluidized bed were not chosen due to the lack of industry experience in applying this technology to a scale similar to the project. 4.2. Pre-Desıgn of WTE The size of each process line of the WTE is selected by taking account the low heating value and high moisture content compared to common WTE facilities. Three lines with each 1.000 TPD configuration and a single steam turbine would be applied for the project. REFERENCES 1. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Guide Booklet, Selection of Technology and Site for Solid Waste Incineration Facilities, 2010 35 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Key Aspects for Successful PPP/PFI Waste to Energy Projects in Turkey Dr. Tobias Faber, Dr. Alexander Stefan Rieger Hogan Lovells International LLP, Untermainanlage 1, 60329 Frankfurt/Germany tobias.faber@hoganlovells.com, alexander.rieger@hoganlovells.com Abstract Rapid population and industrial growth have led to increased consumption rates and as a result greater waste generation. Landfill sites are moving closer to human settlements as cities expand and lead to a shift in the public opinion and the national waste strategy. Driven by the waste pyramid as general recognized guideline for a forward-looking waste strategy, avoidance of waste is now being set as top priority before recycling of waste, followed by incineration of waste to generate energy and using landfills only in the last instance. Further, emerging countries have an increasing appetite for energy. Significant investments in state-of-the-art waste disposal facilities combined with latest waste-to-energy solutions can make a valuable contribution to solve these problems but requiring enormous amounts of money to be successful. In most counties, it is necessary to involve private sector capital and know-how to implement such change in the national waste strategy successfully. A major issue for public bodies, international funders, investors and contractors working on the successful realization of waste-to-energy projects is the affordability and bankability of the relevant project. Particularly for procurements comprising the construction and operation of such facilities, it has become internationally popular to structure such projects by way of PPP schemes. The purpose of this article is to introduce some of the key aspects and risks of PPPs generally, being a potential model for future waste projects in Turkey1. Further, it is also intended to provide a brief overview of various associated issues and risks particularly relevant to the waste sector, based on experiences gained on projects in other international markets and in PPP generally. Keywords: PPP, Waste-to-Energy, Project Finance, Project Agreement, Contract. 1. WHAT IS PPP? 1.1. Public Private Partnership (“PPP”) is the name given to an extensive and disparate collection of constructive relationships between the public and private sectors. There is no comprehensive set of the categories of PPP. The role of the public sector is variable; it includes acting as promoter or facilitator, joint venture (possibly as shareholder or active operational participant) and purchaser. 1.2. The factors which have driven governments to promote PPP include (i) state withdrawal from commercial activities, either for political or economic reasons, (ii) a desire to improve the quality of public services and (iii) a desire to obtain better value for money (which includes managing the public sector spend over the long term). 1.3. Although PPP models have already been implemented occasionally in Turkey, particularly in the transportation sector, the Turkish government has not implemented a national PPP programme or respective legislation so far - neither in general nor specifically for the waste sector. However, a PPP law has already been drafted several years ago but has not been approved by the Turkish government yet. It is likely that the Turkish government will continue to monitor established PPP markets such as the UK, Germany and Italy closely, particularly as PPP as a procurement process usually gathers pace in emerging markets such as Turkey. 2. STRUCTURING A WASTE PPP PROJECT Historically, public sector bodies that wished to acquire or upgrade infrastructure assets had to apply for government funding. PPP fundamentally changes this approach. In an ideal world, waste PPP projects would rest on a solid financial and organizational basis, the income and expenditures would be in line with given forecasts and the quality of the services rendered would meet the expectations of all parties concerned. However, unforeseen circumstances such as insolvency, poor performance or non-performance, environmental and site related issues as well as changes in law and force majeure events (wars, earthquakes, floods or fires) may, depending on circumstances, have major adverse effects on the execution of waste PPP projects. Therefore, a detailed risk analysis is of vital 36 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste importance for structuring the project and drafting and negotiating the project related agreements. A major strength of a PPP structure is its suitability for transfer of risks, whereby the risks should be transferred to such contractual party suited best to manage or minimize them. Each party concerned considers the project from a different perspective and thus may have a different approach to risk assessment. In essence, the effect of a typical PPP structure is to convert the traditional procurement of a capital asset into the creation of a single, stand-alone business. This business usually has only one customer (the public sector client) and its only purpose is to provide a “service” to that client in return for payment. The service it provides amounts, in practice, to the design, construction and maintenance of new or upgraded infrastructure assets, such as a waste-to-energy plant or a mechanical-biological treatment (“MBT”) facility, and then making these assets available for use by the public sector client. In this way the public sector can dissociate itself from many of the risks inherent in the ownership of such plants. However, in addition to the public sector client, waste projects often (at least in most developed waste markets in Europe) comprise third parties which deliver their waste to the respective waste treatment facilities. This is mainly driven by the possibility to generate an additional income stream for the plant operator and particularly to ensure the profitability and thus the realisation of the project. 3. THE KEY ISSUES Turkey will be facing various challenges by implementing waste-to-energy and PPP structures as it also requires a change in mindset by the Turkish customers which are not used to pay for the disposal of waste. It also provides, however, a lot of opportunities to present Turkey as a well developed market comprising the latest technology for a cleaner future. This requires a lot of efforts including the development of a transparent and fair procurement procedure, reliable PPP-laws, a standard PPP documentation which reduces the bidding costs for investors and bidders (such as the WIDP contract documentation in the UK), originating a credible and permanent waste flow and a certain ‘project flow’ which allows developing a market practice. In particular the legal structures have proven in the past that Turkey is a good place for investments. This is a great fundament for a successful future in waste-to-energy. REFERENCES 1. Various contents of this article are based on a Hogan Lovells International LLP client note 37 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Anaerobic Digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste in Europe: Status, Experience and Prospects L. De Baere, B. Mattheeuws Organic Waste Systems NV, Gent, Belgium Corresponding author. Tel: +32 9 233 02 04, Fax: +32 9 233 28 25 E-mail: Bruno.mattheeuws@ows.be To consider anaerobic digestion as a hype or a passing trend would dishonor the technology and its entry in the household waste treatment industry and moreover, it would be wrong. Since the introduction of anaerobic digestion of MSW and biowaste in the beginning of the nineties, the adoption of the technology has consistently grown. Considering that twenty years ago only a handful of digesters were running on biowaste or municipal solid waste and that more than 200 plants will be up and running in Europe by the end of 2012, one can not dispute that AD is a mature technology. And the number of countries in Europe that tend to stimulate the treatment or pre-treatment of their household waste via anaerobic digestion continues to grow. An inventory of the existing, contracted plants and plants under construction was made in order to get a good overview of the state of the art of the technology in 2012. Due to the extended analysis-period (19902012), some clear trends can be observed. Europe was clearly a pioneer in the development of anaerobic digestion of household waste and a lot of knowledge and experiences was gathered in the past 22 years. The European experiences and the trends in the development of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste are of special interest for countries or regions willing to adopt anaerobic digestion. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, municipal solid waste, biogas. 38 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste A Reference Process for Bioenergy Recovery for the Evaluation of Beer Industry Wastes Gülizar ÇALIŞKAN1, Tuğba KESKİN GÜNDOĞDU1, Gökhan GİRAY2, Nuri AZBAR1 Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Bioengineering Department, Bornova, Izmir E-mail: nuri.azbar@ege.edu.tr 2 Turk Tuborg Bira ve Malt Sanayi A.Ş., Pınarbaşı, Izmir 1 Abstract As a result of ever increasing environmental concerns on global warming issues due to the fossil based energy consumption, industries have been increasingly interested in alternative energy sources, especially biological ones such as biogas from their process wastes. In this study, solid wastes, which have high organic content sold as animal feed, are investigated for anaerobic digestion in a brewery factory (Türk Tuborg Bira ve Malt Sanayi A.Ş) as a reference process in Izmir, Turkey.Tuborg has been already valorizing its wastewater into bioenergy which corresponds to 25% of the whole energy consumption at the factory (3500m3 biogas/day), which reduce the factory’s carbon foot print. In this study, other wastes in the form of solid material was aimed to produce extra bioenergy via biogas technology. BMP tests indicated that 45m3 biogas production per ton of malt wastes was possible with a daily gas production potential of 4400m3 biogas. The valorization of these malt wastes mean that the current biogas production could be doubled. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that the waste problem in any industry could be turned into environmentally friendly solution and Tuborg is a reference process for similar facilities. Keywords: Anaerobic biotechnology, beer industry waste, biogas, BMP (Biogas methane potential), malt. 1. INTRODUCTION Millions of tons of solid waste are generated each year from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. Valorization of organic wastes into bioenergy via anaerobic biotechnology has both economic and ecological advantages [1]. Anaerobic digestion processes are suitable for many sort of industrial wastes. Significant numbers of studies and research activities on the biogas potential of solid organic substrates have been carried out; on the other hand, there is very limited data in regard to the valorization of brewery solid wastes in this manner. Brewery is one of the traditional industry with an important economic value in the agro-food sector. For every 1,000 tonnes of beer produced, 137 to 173 tonnes of solid waste may be created in the form of spent grain, trub from wort production, diatomaceous earth slurry and waste yeast [2]. In this study, the valorization potential of the organic wastes in one of the largest brewery factory in Turkey, namely Türk Tuborg Bira ve Malt Sanayi A.Ş., was evaluated. For this purpose, mainly grid and malt wastes were tested in terms of bioenergy content. The results were reported to demonstrate the potential of organic wastes in the whole energy budget of the factory as a model solution for other industries. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Solıd Waste Characterızatıon and Analytıc Methods The beer industry wastes (industrial malt and grid waste) was taken from Türk Tuborg Bira ve Malt Sanayi A.Ş.; İzmir, Turkey. These wastes were first characterized (dry matter, organic matter content) and biogas potential yield was determined. For this purpose, wastes were analyzed for biogas yield via BMP tests [3]. 2.2. Bıochemıcal Methane Potentıal (BMP) BMP was used to monitor the anaerobic biodegradability [4]. 100 mL serum bottles were seeded with 10 mL of flock type anaerobic inoculum obtained from a fully operational anaerobic digester (İzmir-Pakmaya A.Ş.). Solid substrate in each test bottle was adjusted to a dry matter content of 10% and 17.5% for malt and grid wastes, respectively. All bottles were purged with a gas mixture (75% of N2, 25% of CO2). The serum bottles were then incubated at 35◦C in an incubator. The methane content of biogas was determined by gas chromatography (GC). All experiments were run in triplicate and the mean values of net biogas production are reported [5]. 39 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In total, solid waste generation from beer production is estimated to be around 35000 tons/year in Türk Tuborg. In order to estimate the bioenergy content of these wastes, BMP tests were carried out for approximately 77 days using various solid waste materials (Fig.1.). In terms of total biogas production, the grid wastes produced much more biogas (1000 mL) than malt wastes (450 mL). It was also observed that increasing dry matter content in the reactors negatively affected the total biogas production (Fig. 1.). Cumulative Methane Gas Production, ml 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 %10 DM Malt %17,5 DM Malt %10 DM Grid %17,5 DM Grid 40 60 80 100 Time, day Figure 1. Flocculent anaerobic consortium BMP result REFERENCES 40 1. McCarty, Perry L. ve Smith, Daniel I., (1986). Anaerobic wastewater treatment, Environment Science Technology, 20, 12, Stanford Univesity. 2. Jurado, J., (2011). Reducing waste in beer production. [http://www.alfalaval.com/about-us/press/product-press/Pages/ reduced-waste.aspx] 3. APHA, (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington DC, USA. 4. Owen, W.F., Stuckey, D.C., Healy, J.B. Young, L.Y., and McCarty, P.L. (1979).Bioassay for Monitoring. Biochemical Methane Potential and Anaerobic Toxicity. Water Res., Vol.13, p. 485. 5. Azbar, N., Pekin, G., Haskök, S., Sargın, S., Gezgin, Y., Eltem, R., Ikizoglu, E., Vardar Sukan, F., Anaerobic digestion of Aegean olive mill effluents with and without pretreatment, Journal of Chemical Tech. And Biotech. 85:7, 976-982. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Biogas Production from Waste of Biodiesel Process Mixed with Treated Pome in Hybrid Bioreactor C. Ruangchainikom1, C. Wangnai2 and P. Kullavanijaya2 Environmental Research and Management Department, PTT Research and Technology Institute, 71 Moo 2 Phahonyothin Rd., Sanubtub, Wangnoi, Ayuthaya, 13170 THAILAND E-mail: chalermchai.r@pttplc.com 2 Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 49 Thein Talay 25 Thakham Bangkhuntein Bangkok 10150 THAILAND E-mail: Chinnapong@kmutt.ac.th, Pratin@kmutt.ac.th 1 Abstract Continuous production of biogas from waste of biodiesel process mixed with treated POME in the hybrid reactor by anaerobic bacteria was demonstrated. The experiment was conducted in a 10L hybrid bioreactor to investigate the potential of organic loading rate on the biogas production from the wastewater. The biogas production rate was obtained 0.5-0.6 m3/kg COD removed. In general, the biogas methane content was between 50-60%. The percentage of COD removal at maximum OLR was approximately 80% for continuous runs. Keywords: biogas; bottom glycerol waste; hybrid bioreactor. 1. INTRODUCTION Bottom glycerol waste is perceived as one of major waste producing from glycerol refinery of biodiesel plant. The bottom glycerol waste is characterized as one of the caramelized waste containing extremely high COD, inorganic solids and color. Regarding waste management, the various treatment technologies have been implemented such as incineration, physic-chemical treatment and secure landfill. However, there is no general waste utilization to recycle bottom glycerol waste for biogas as renewable source. Treated POME (Palm oil mill effluent) is sufficient nutrient source for anaerobic bacteria (1,2). Therefore, the combination of bottom glycerol and treated POME was determined and carried out as substrate called value added product in biogas production. The propose of this study aim to investigate the effect of increasing COD loading rates on COD removal efficiency, total gas, methane gas productions in hybrid reactor. Furthermore, the variations of pH, VFA and alkalinity productions were monitored during the operation. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Experımental set up for contınuous studıes Treated POME mixed with bottom glycerol waste was selected as substrate to conduct the experiment. Total COD concentration was prepared with 25 g/L by the dilution method of bottom glycerol waste with treated POME . Nutrient was controlled by urea and phosphate with the COD:N:P ratio as 350/7.0/1.0. Seed inoculum was taken from a stable anaerobic digester of a palm oil factory. pH value was 7.3 and contained 35.8 gL-1 of volatile suspended solid (VSS). The Specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was 0.155 g COD g VSS-1.day. A 10 L active volume AHR (anaerobic hybrid reactor) fed with synthetic wastewater was started up using 10 g/L seed inoculum. The experiment was performed at 10 day HRT and 500 cm/h liquid upward velocities (Vup). pH was not controlled during the experiments. The monitoring of the reactor performance was done as described for the AHR. Characterization of each steady state consisted of biogas production and composition in CH4, CO2, H2S, pH, VSS, VFA, Alkalinity and COD concentration. Measurements of COD, pH, VSS, Alkalinity, VFA were performed according to the standard method (3). 41 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To determine the performance of AHR reactor for producing biogas from the substrate of treated POME mixed with bottom glycerol waste, the experimental results of biogas production efficiency are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that the substrate used in this study was very effective for producing biogas. The biogas production rate was obtained 0.5-0.6 m3/kg COD removed. In general, the biogas methane content was between 50-60%. The percentage of COD removal at maximum OLR was approximately 80%. The COD removal efficiency was decreased after OLR 2.5 kg COD/ m3-day. It might be due to the effect of VFA as shown in figure 4 (c). These observations imply that methanogenesis started to get limited in this OLR. This indicated that further increasing of OLR would lead to higher VFA accumulation and deterioration in the COD removal efficiency. (a) (b) (c) Figure 4. Experimental profile at various OLR (a) COD removal (b) Biogas Production (c) VFA/ALKALINITY 4. CONCLUSION Continuous production of biogas from bottom glycerol waste mixed with treated POME in the hybrid reactor by anaerobic bacteria was demonstrated. The percentage of COD removal at maximum OLR was approximately 80%. The biogas production rate was obtained 0.5-0.6 m3/kg COD removed with CH4 50-60%. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank PTT Public Company, Thailand for providing financial assistance. REFERENCES 42 1. Poh, P.E. and Chong, M.F. (2009) Development of anaerobic digestion methods for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. Bioresource Technology, 100, 1-9. 2. Borja, R., Banks, C.J. (1994a). Anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Biomass and Bioenergy, 6, 381-389. 3. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 19th edition. Washington, D.C. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Introduction of Food Wastes Into Municipal Wastewater as A Sustainable Waste Management Option Çiğdem Yangın-Gömeç1*, Özgür Özdemir2, İzzet Öztürk1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey yanginci@itu.edu.tr (Corresponding Author) ozturkiz@itu.edu.tr 2 Kayseri Water and Sewerage Administration, Mustafa Kemal Pasa Bulvari, 38090, Kocasinan, Kayseri, Turkey ozguro@kaski.gov.tr 1 * Abstract An upgraded municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is proposed by the integration of grinded kitchen wastes into municipal wastewater. The anaerobic sludge digester of the upgraded WWTP can be also operated as a membrane assisted co-digester. Calculation based results of the anaerobic digestion process for primary sludge (PS) together with the lysate-centrifuged waste activated sludge (WAS) were evaluated for the mesophilic anaerobic digester of a full-scale municipal WWTP located in one of the metropolitan provinces in Turkey. The anaerobic digester is presently digesting only the thickened PS at the investigated WWTP. Waste minimization, biogas production and its total (electricity+heat) energy equivalence of the proposed modified co-digestion system were investigated when grinded kitchen waste is also integrated with the lysate-centrifuged WAS. Calculation-based results indicated that when kitchen waste is integrated with a ratio of 50% and when all of the lysate-centrifuged WAS is fed with the thickened PS, 100% of the energy need of the WWTP could be provided. Moreover, there would be substantial excess energy that can be utilised elsewhere in the premises of the WWTP. Hence, the investigated municipal WWTP can come to energy self-sufficiency by the proposed upgrading. Keywords: Co-digestion, grinded kitchen wastes, lysate-centrifuged WAS, membrane filtration, primary sludge. 1. INTRODUCTION A substantial part of the wastewater pollution is converted into sludge by advanced biological methods commonly applied in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) where large amounts of energy are also consumed [1]. Although the sludge is widely considered an unfavourable byproduct of wastewater treatment, it can be used as a raw material for energy production. Wastewater treatment plants have the capability to produce a fuel, biogas (a combination of methane and carbon dioxide), through anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Biogas produced from sludge can cover a very substantial portion of the energy consumption of WWTP. Anaerobic co-digestion of the organic wastes and sewage sludge is reported as a sustainable and an appropriate treatment alternative due to bioenergy and nutrient recovery while combining the treatment of two largest municipal waste streams. Recent experiences indicate that industrial WWTP or WWTP where sludge is co-digested with other organic wastes have been proven the feasibility of energy self-sufficiency WWTP [2]. Other most practical alternative for waste minimization at the source is the use of food disposers due to the fact that the separation of a considerable fraction of food-waste ingredients out of the entire MSW stream is enabled by grinding the waste using mechanical means with the addition of tap water, and allowing the mixture into the sewage system [3]. This study evaluates the change in the calculation based results (i.e. biogas production and its total energy equivalence) if the thickened PS is digested together with the lysate-centrifuged WAS in the anaerobic digester of a municipal WWTP located in one of the metropolitan provinces in Turkey. The investigated WWTP contains activated sludge system with a biological nutrient removal process and the mesophilic anaerobic digester is presently digesting only the thickened PS. Waste minimization, biogas production and its total (electricity+heat) energy equivalence of the proposed modified co-digestion method were also investigated in the case of kitchen waste integration. By this way, the energetic potential of sewage sludge as well as the potential of WWTP energy self-sufficiency would be evaluated with the introduction of the grinded kitchen wastes in the influent flow. 43 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 2. WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND THE PROPOSED TREATMENT SYSTEM Influent characteristics of wastewater were taken from the investigated municipal WWTP and the change in the characterization due to grinded food waste introduction was evaluated using literature data. Hence, calculations were done according to a daily wastewater flow-rate of 130,000 m3. Food waste integration ratio is taken as 50% and increase in the influent flow-rate is considered as 3% after integrating disposers. In the investigated WWTP, the primary sludge after subjected to gravity thickening (QPS-thickened ≅ 370 m3/day; TS% ≅ 7; VS/TS=57%) is fed into a mesophilic (35±2◦C) anaerobic digester having an effective volume of 6,750 m3 with VS removal of ca. 59%. The modified municipal WWTP, including grinded kitchen wastes and integrated WAS by lysate centrifuge is indicated in Figure 1. Here, the combined sludge (thickened PS and disintegrated WAS) may be co-digested together with the organic solid waste having high biomethane potential. Within the modified system, it is optional that the concentrate of the UF membrane might be fed back into co-digester; so-called membrane-assisted co-digester, whereas treatment of nitrogen-rich water (permeate) arising from membrane system might be carried out beneficially by MAP precipitation for valuable fertilizer and struvite recovery.     Grinded   S creening     Kitchen   &  Grit     Biol ogical  Nutrient   Removal   Primary     Sedimentation   Bio-­‐P   Sedimentation   Removal   Wastes   M unicipal   Se condary   Nitrification&Denitrification   (E TSS=60%)   Supernatant   W astewater   to  h ead  of  W WTP   M echanical   Thi ck eni ng   Returned  A ctivated  S ludge   WAS   Discharge   Sl udge   after   Lysate  Centrifuge   Biogas   Mixing  Tank     Liquid  Fertilizer     Disi nfection   to  Irrigation   Anaerobic     Organic  Solid   Waste     MgCl2   Biomass   Co-­‐Digester   Permeate   (opt ional)   M AP     Precip.   with  H igh     Biomethane   Potential   MAP   UF     to  h ead  of     W WTP   Membrane   Recovery   Optional   Upgrading   Figure 1. The Proposed Municipal Wastewater Treatment System 3. CONCLUSIONS Calculation-based results indicated that when WAS is thickened by lysate centrifuge instead of by mechanical thickener, all energy requirement could be provided with ca. 15% surplus energy. However, in the cases of grinded kitchen waste integration into influent municipal wastewater and combined digestion of municipal sludge (thickened primary + lysate-centrifuged waste activated), all the energy requirement could be supplied as well as there would be substantial increase in excess energy that can be utilised elsewhere in the premises of the WWTP. However with the case of kitchen waste integration, the hydraulic flow conditions (e.g. sedimentation risk) of the sewerage system should be evaluated as well. Furthermore, the feasibility of the system would improve if subsidy (for electricity production from renewable sources in Turkey) is applied besides heat and electricity recovery. 44 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste REFERENCES 1. Pakenas, L. J., (1995). Energy Efficiency in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants: Technology Assessment, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, 17 sayfa. 2. Jenicek, P., Bartacek, J., Kutil, J., Zabranska, J. ve Dohanyos, M., (2012). Potentials and limits of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: Energy self-sufficient municipal wastewater treatment plant? Water Science and Technology, 66, 6, 1277– 1281. 3. Marashlian, N., El-Fadel, M., (2005). The effect of food waste disposers on municipal waste and wastewater management, Waste Manage. Res., 23, 20–31. 45 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Upgrading Anaerobic Digestion: Renewable Fertilizers Production Fabrizio Adani1, Laura Terruzzi1, Giuliana D’Imporzano1, Gabriele Boccasiel 2, Andrea Schievano1 Gruppo Ricicla DiSAA University of Milan fabrizio.adani@unimi.it, giuliana.dimporzano@unimi.it, andrea.schievano@unimi.it 2 Regione Lombardia - DG Agricoltura, Palazzo Lombardia, Milano, Italy 1 Abstract Ammonia emission from livestock represents a big problem for many EU area. Anaerobic digestion because mineralized N under controlled condition could be proposed as useful biotechnology to reduce emissions. In this way anaerobic digestion (AD) can be proposed producing renewable fertilizers that substituting mineral fertilizers allows total ammonia emission. In this paper this topic will be extensively discussed reporting Lombardy region approach. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, ammonia emission, renewable fertilizers. 1. INTRODUCTION About 90% of ammonia in atmosphere in Padania (North Italy) area comes form livestock. Ammonia contributes to particulate production and so its reduction needs. Anaerobic digestion allows ammonia emission reduction as N mineralization occurs under controlled condition and N fertilizers can be produced to substitute mineral fertilizers Tambone et al., 2010). The Gruppo Ricicla in collaboration wit Lombardy Region started a full scale approach by which AD is used in joint with novel technologies to control ammonia emission by using digestate and derived fertilizers in agriculture. In this paper this approach will be discussed giving details about the philosophy of this novel approach and technologies used. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Renewable fertilizers from digestate were produced by using different novel technologies diffused in Lombardy Region. Full field trials and processes were monitored by our research group testing both technologies performances and agronomic efficiency. In addition pathogens reduction, odors reduction and ammonia emission were monitored in full filed applications. 3. RESULT Result obtained are related to the possibility to use digestate from AD directly in agriculture substituting mineral fertilizers and reducing total N dosed to the land. In this way Lombardy Region approach overcome Nitrate Directive, allowing ammonia emission and nitrate leacheing reduction. In addition sanitized and odorless products can be used reducing impact on the population (Figure 1). On the other hand when N overcome land requirement, useful technology has been performed to remove N surplus producing ammonia sulfate (Figure 2). In this case novel technology allow cost reduction resulting 3 €/m3 slurry the total cost to treat livestock slurry. 46 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. Liquid fraction of digestate use in agriculture on crop Figure 1. Ammonia sulfate production form digestate. REFERENCES Tambone F., Scaglia B., D’Imporzano G., Schievano A., Orzi V., Salati S., Adani F. (2010). Assessing amendment and fertilizing properties of digestates from anaerobic digestion through a comparative study with digested sludge and compost, Chemosphere 81, 577 - 583. 47 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations A Simple Approach for Modeling Waste Collection Activities by Using Local Population and Map Info İsmail ÖZKAYA İSTAÇ A.Ş., Project Survey Department, İstanbul ismailozkaya@gmail.com Abstract Collection of solid wastes is mostly the biggest expense regarding the waste management. There is a need to understand and estimate the necessities of waste collection activities such as trucks (depreciation), consumptions, labor, equipments, etc. for executive purposes like preparing bid documents. The purpose of this study is maintaining a practical model for calculating waste collection activities with no data but only local population and map info. As a part of technical assistance activities in Lahore, this purpose was followed and a model for calculating different kinds of waste collection scenarios was provided. The scope of this study was only limited to household and municipal wastes. Keywords: Waste collection, modeling, local population, map info, data. 1. INTRODUCTION It is a fact that collection is the first stage of waste management activities. In developing countries, it is mostly hard to get reliable data regarding waste collection activities like waste characteristics, waste amount, waste density, weighbridge measurements, timings, etc. It was the main purpose to maintain an Integrated Waste Management System in the City District Government Lahore (CDGL), Pakistan. CDGL consists of 7 towns and 150 Union Councils (UC’s). At the beginning, only the local population data and a Google Earth drawing of all UC’s describing the responsibility areas of CDGL. 2. WASTE COLLECTION MODEL For presenting a reliable waste collection system, a model of the city should be established for collection activities. By using the model, some necessary information related to waste collection activities such as numbers of containers, collection trucks and workers additionally obtaining the daily travel length of trucks is a must. The model used in that experience was based on simulating and recalculating the real collection routes. Thus, one sample UC was determined to describe the city characteristics. For selecting a sample UC, some site observations also were done in Lahore. Firstly, the population info and the area info were gathered together. Secondly, distance and day travel time of each UC’s to the planned landfill site (Lakh Oder) has been researched by using an online map services. After the determination of the waste amount and the total waste volume of each UC’s, all UC’s (totally 150) was screened by using eyes on online map services for estimating the percentage of the collection area due to the total UC area. After that point it is necessary to use two ways of calculations as the container collection and doorto-door (in-bag) collection. First, -for door-to-door collection purposes- the mean area for each people in each UC was settled. Then square root of that value was used and assumed as all people in each UC is connected for using as a collection length. But this collection length was not the real collection length. The sample UC (UC 139 - The Green Town) was chosen by negotiating with some site foremen for describing the city conditions. Therefore, the collection length of UC 139 which had determined on an online map service by measuring of all roads in that UC was 23,6 km instead of 258,3km the very first raw calculated value. Ration of 9.14% was determined as the ratio after proportions of the numbers as Real Value / Calculated Value (23,6 / 258,3 = 0.0913666). The ratio (after some optimization) was used for determining of all UCs’ door-to-door collection route length. 48 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. The essential flow of the model as door-to-door collection For the container collection purposes, the specifications of the containers were described at first. In different volume levels each container can handle different number of people’s waste such as 422 people for 0.8m3 containers; 1581 people for 3m3 containers by using Lahore waste conditions (90% occupancy rate, as 2012 0,683kg/capita waste generation, 400kg/m3 waste density in containers). Because of each UC had a different population density, containers had different service area values and different mean distances between containers calculated by the computer in different UC’s. Figure 2. The essential flow of the model as container collection This is a new approach to use in the lack of reliable route data for simulating different waste collection scenarios as a waste collection model. The model can be used as an alternative estimation method and it shall be needed to adjust parameters of it in different applications. RESOURCES 1. Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H., Vigil S.A. (1993) Integrated Solid Wastes Management, 210, McGraw-Hill International Editions 2. Öztürk İ (2010) Katı Atık Yönetimi ve AB Uyumlu Uygulamaları, İSTAÇ A.Ş. Teknik Kitaplar Serisi 2 İSTANBUL 3. UN-HABITAT (2010) Collection of Municipal Solid Waste in Developing Countries, Final Report 49 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Determination of the Actual Potential of Disposed Food Waste From Private Households for A GIS-Based Bioresource Inventory Helmut Adwiraah, Rainer Stegmann Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics Hamburg University of Technology adwiraah@tuhh.de Keywords: bioresources, geographic information systems, inventory. 1. INTRODUCTION In Germany a lot of biomass potential studies were carried out. Those are determining high potentials of residual biomass for the energy production. By evaluating several biomass potential studies for Germany from 2003 to 2005 Aretz and Hirschl (2007) determined an energetic potential of biomass residuals of 500 - 700 PJ/a, which equals up to 5% of the entire German energy consumption (cf. BMWi, 2010). Still these studies rarely include all parameters, necessary for the development of a concept for collection, transportation and utilisation and planning of a utilisation plant. Hence more detailed and precise information, such as the amount, the precise location, the seasonal occurrence, quality and composition as well as physical, biological and chemical parameter are necessary. This usually requires a comprehensive and extensive data acquisition and processing. One main source for renewable energy and material utilisation could be the organic waste generated from private households. In the City of Hamburg this waste is partly seperately collected with a separate bio bin collection, which accumulates to approx 28,000 Mg of biodegradable waste each year (Statistik-Nord 2012). Within the residual waste, which was 516,200 Mg in 2010 (ibid.) approx. 36 % consist of organic material (SRH 2008). These 186,000 Mg organic material are incínereted. The energy recovery is therefore relatively low and no material for fertilisers and soil enhancering is recovered. In the joined 5-year research project BERBION five research centres, the local waste and waste water treatment companies, three SME companies and the district administration are therefore developing collection and utilisation concepts to divert this materials from disposal to an energy and material recovery for the second largest Hamburg City district “Bergedorf”. 2. FOOD WASTE AND GARDEN WASTE FROM PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS Lebensorger (2004) conducted a very detailed investigation of the food waste amounts and composition in multi storey buildings in Vienna, Austria. Kranert et al. (2012)transfereed these results to the German situation and reported similar results by evaluating existing data (71 to 92 kg per capita and year), naming several uncertaincies, such as the amount of food waste in the fine and middlefraction in waste sorting analyses in Germany are unknown, the amounts of food waste in the bio bins have not been investigated espeacially not in the middle and fine fraction. In an own approach existing waste sorting analyses were conducted also including the residual and bio bins and partly the sorting of the middle fraction of those waste streams to determine similarities between the coarse and the middle fraction and the amounts of food waste from both residual and bio bin waste.With these investigations a correlation with r² of 0,80 was found in the residual waste (Figure 1). No correlation could be found in the bio bin. 50 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. Relation between food waste in the coarse fraction > 40 mm and the middle fraction < 40 mm of residual waste These information were used to invetigate former waste sorting analyses in respect of food waste amounts. In combination with the analysis of waste sortings of packaging waste, questionnaires and literature data the amounts of food waste determined per capita and year varies between 73 and 89 kg (Adwiraah et al. 2012). Newer investigations even found higher amounts in multistorey buildings. Theses data are currently evaluated, to determine wether it is necessary to distinguish between buildings structures. A second approach is the determination of lawn cuttings from private gardens. Where the amounts of lawn produced by the households was determined in the bio bin and correlated with the area of lawn in the gardens determinded by the evaluation of aerial pictures and in combination with accompanying sampling and evaluation at private householdes. Resulting in a seasonal production curve and amounts of lawn cuttings between 880 g/m²*a to 1170 g/m²*a. These parameters are used to develop a GIS database correlating area data with waste streams for a bioresource inventory. REFERENCES 1. Adwiraah, H., Oldenburg, S., Stegmann, R. (2012). GIS-based biresources inventory. Proceedings of the Venice Symposium, Venice, Italy 2. Aretz, A., Hirschl, B. (2007). Biomassepotenziale in Deutschland – Übersicht maßgeblicher Studienergebnisse und Gegenüberstellung der Methoden. Publication of the DENDROM project, www.dendrom.de 3. BMWi -Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie in 2010. Pressemitteilung 20.12.2010, online (28.10.2011): pressemitteilungen,did=374818.html 4. Statistik-Nord - Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein (2012). Abfallentsorgung in Hamburg 2010 5. Teil 3: Einsammlung von Abfällen, Q II 9 - j/09 H., statistic report 6. SRH - Stadtreinigung Hamnburg (2008). Hausmüllanalyse in der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg, unpublished internal report (2010). Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Presse/ 51 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Forecasting Urban Solid Waste Generation - The Case of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil David Montero Dias1, Carlos Barreira Martinez2, Raphael Tobias de Vasconcelos Barros3 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics david.dias@ibge.gov.br 2 Federal University of Minas Gerais martinez@cce.ufmg.br 3 Federal University of Minas Gerais raphael@desa.ufmg.br 1 Abstract Among the eight Millennium Development Goals defined by the United Nations Program for Development (UNDP) to be achieved by the year 2015, perhaps the goal for ensuring environmental sustainability presents itself as one of the most multidisciplinary tasks, due to its multiple aspects . In this sense, a peculiarity in urban environments constitutes the concern with the generation, collection and disposal of solid waste. It is known that by its nature solid waste, if improperly managed, offer great health risks, in addition to damaging environmental contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. In order to contribute to the mitigation of these hazards, this paper presents a model projection for domestic solid waste generation. The model was developed and validated for the city of Belo Horizonte and is based on the size, yield and distribution of populations between social classes in a specific geographic area of study, making it possible to estimate future volumes of generation per capita and total solid waste, according to socioeconomic scenarios designed. Thus, managers and public utilities companies now have a tool that will subsidize projection of the operational infrastructure and equipment to be deployed in the collection and treatment of waste generated aiming to reach the millennium goal. The study also offers a hypothetical scenario that assumes the continued inclusion of populations in consumption classes, showing the impact to be observed in the generation of solid waste in 2015, if the cycle of Brazilian economic development remains in the current proportions. Keywords: Environmental sustainability, solid wate generation, socioeconomics scenarios. 1. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, the social and economic development of metropolitan regions is occurring within increasing consumption patterns, leading to a consequent increase in the amount and complexity of urban solid waste generation. Coupled with growing urbanization, which reached 85% of the country’s population[1], the solid waste generation in major Brazilian cities manifests itself in averages that exceed 1.2 kg / inhab.day. This amount is equivalent to that found in developed countries and reveals habits of consumption and disposal that does not reflect policies or campaigns aimed at rational consumption or reducing the volume of waste generated[2]. This study aims the understanding of the mechanisms governing the production of solid waste in urban centers, which makes it crucial to planning and health management in metropolitan areas so that the MDGs can be achieved in its fullness. 1.1. Caracterıstıcs of Belo Horızonte Cıty The city of Belo Horizonte is the capital of Minas Gerais state and is located at latitude 19° 55’ 8” south and 43º 56’ 19” longitude, being at 956 meters of altitude above sea level, with reference to the downtown, having nine municipality administrative regions. Basically, the population’s classes are commonly identified as: Upper Class - those with great wealth, influence and prestige, high middle class - those with high qualifications, freedom and autonomy; Middle Class - those professionals qualified intermediary, not always higher with moderate incomes , Working Class - those workers with modest salaries, and Lower Class - poor, uneducated members or socially marginalized. Nowadays the population is 2.385.640 habitantes. 2.METHOD The data were obtained from the SLU[3] in annual reports of activities that specify quantitative monthly municipal waste collected and subsequently were confronted with the average income of the 52 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste population calculated according to the Monthly Employment Survey published monthly by IBGE[1]. Thus, from statistical regressions carried out on a dispersion of pairs of data per capita income (R$/ hab.mês) versus mass of solid residue collected per capita (kg/inhab.day) gave the mathematical model as shown by Figure 1, which lists the quantity of garbage produced with income levels of each inhabitant [4].   1,30 kg/hab.dia 1,20 1,10 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 y  =  -­‐5E-­‐08x2  +  0,0006x  +  0,2848 R²  =  0,8525 0,60 0,50 0,40 R$/hab.mês 0,30 100 3. RESULTS   400 700 1.000 1.300 1.600 1.900 2.200 Figure 1. Solid waste generation model Regarding the economy, government programs and policies have been applied in order to achieve a better distribution of income and poverty reduction. If maintained the current level of socioeconomic mobility between social classes in Brazil, it is natural to expect changes in behavior patterns and consumption of people. So, from a projection of future population and economic growth becomes possible to estimate the generation of municipal solid waste from the perspective of hypothetical scenarios. Thus, if the volume of investments in infrastructure is not appropriated, economic growth can be affected by an insufficient waste collection service. Finally, considering the coefficients of determination found, it can be inferred that the methodology can be used to serve in other states and cities, reminding that the main motivation of this work is based in significant changes in the structure of socioeconomic distribution of the population due to programs income distribution by government initiatives. Given this reality, the concern is ensuring the necessary infrastructure to meet sustainable future demands, which from the point of view of engineering, it is essential to estimate the future generation of urban solid waste, according to projected economic scenarios. REFERENCES 1. IBGE- Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Monthly Employment Survey. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 2012. 2. ABRELPE - Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning and Special Waste. Solid Waste Report. São Paulo, SP, 2010. 3. SLU - Supervision of Urban Sanitation of Belo Horizonte city. Annual Reports. Belo Horizonte, MG, 2012. 4. DIAS, D. M. The impact of household income on solid waste generation in urban centers. Belo Horizonte, MG, 2012. 53 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Spatial Integration of Waste Management Data in Urban Areas, Case Study of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Agata Rymkiewicz, Martin Kranert Universität Stuttgart, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, Chair of Waste Management and Emissions agata.rymkiewicz@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, martin.kranert@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract A GIS (geographic information systems) based model for waste management data is being developed for urban regions. There is a need of geospatial waste management concepts in large urban areas for better understanding of the complex structure of different stakeholders and the spatial waste genration. On the basis of available geographic and socioeconomic data, a methodology for spatially distributed household waste generation is developed with the aim of waste amount extrapolation for the whole city. For this purpose, different land use and land cover classification methods have been adapted and implemented for the administrative area of the case study Addis Ababa. Different population estimation methods have been applied to project the urban population. Waste sorting analysis data providing the residual waste amount and composition per capita in different housing classes has been included in the spatial model. Additionally, the recyclables amount per capita was determined in field surveys carried out in the informal waste management sector. The mentioned data is integrated in the GIS model for later exploitation as a decision support tool. Based on that spatial model, the impacts of decentralized waste treatment plants can be estimated and considered in future waste management planning. Keywords: GIS, spatial waste management, urban planning, land use and land cover classification, population estimation and projection. 1.INTRODUCTION The classification of land use and land cover for spatial analysis of waste management data in urban areas is a special purpose classification. Garofalo and Wobber 1974 stated as one of the first authors about the possibility and importance of connecting spatial data with waste management. Different waste amounts and compositions can be assigned to different land use and land cover classes, which can contribute to regional and local waste management and planning. 2. GOAL DEFINITION Here, the entire approach of the spatial waste management data distribution and their potential use is presented. To do so, firstly the land use and land cover classification methodology had to be developed and applied for the case study of Addis Ababa, which is defined by the administrative borders of the city. Since the residential areas are often heterogeneous, characterized by a number of conditions that are in large part interpretable and may be acquired from aerial photographs, as exemplary different buildings densities, house and lot sizes, age and nature of houses, tenure and the socioeconomic status of their residents, street widths and conditions, yard and open space maintenance, vegetation quantity and quality etc., it is important to differentiate between different residential classes also referred as areas with different housing qualities (Lillesand et al. 2007). The main objective of the classification is to distinguish between different residential classes, as representatives of different socio-economic classes and accordingly of various waste generation sources. In the waste management research and planning differentiation between residential structures characterized by building types is practiced. Residential building types are proxies for the income of their residents and consequently indicators for their socioeconomic status, which again influences the behaviors and goods consumption (Kranert & Cord-Landwehr 2010). A comprehensive classification of the residential areas of the city is the foundation for the determination of the population composition and estimation in each of the residential classes in Addis Ababa. This is the basis for the implementation of spatial scenario analysis of decentralized waste management systems. 54 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3. ADAPTATION AND MODIFICATION OF EXISTING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS After two aerial datasets were selected, the review of already existing systems was finalized and experience from the field observation and fieldwork was available, a classification system was built up according to the survey goals (Table 1). It is a multilevel classification system adapted and modified according to the research question and available classification systems. The multilevel classification system for Addis Ababa contains up to four levels, depending on the land use and land cover classes. Level I Level II Level III Level IV 100 Urban or built-up land 110 Residential 111 Planned residential units 1112 Large single family units 1113 Medium single family units 1116 Condominiums 112 Unplanned residential units 1124 Indigenous family units, low density 1125 Indigenous family units, high density 120 Commercial and services (Merkato) 130 Industrial 140 Transportation (airport, big crossings) 200 Vegetation 150 Religious (churches) 160 Other urban or built-up 300 Open land 400 Not identified Table 1. Multilevel classification system of land use and land cover in Addis Ababa REFERENCES 1. Garofalo, D. and Wobber, F. J., (1974). Solid Waste and Remote Sensing. Preliminary and study suggest that small-scale aerial remote sensing records and, in particular, aerial photographs can contribute to regional solid-waste management planning, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 43, 727-738. 2. Kranert, M., Cord-Landwehr, K. (ed.), (2010). Einführung in die Abfallwirtschaft. 4. Auflage. Berlin. 3. Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R. W., Chipman, J. W., (2007). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Sixth Edition. USA. 55 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Solid Waste Processing and Its Techno-Economic Impact Stefan Platzk, Frank Abel, Halit Ziya Kuyumcu Department of Process Engineering and Solids Processing Berlin Technical University 10623 Berlin, Germany stefan.platzk@tu-berlin.de Abstract At the Department of Process Engineering and Solids Processing of the Berlin Technical University, on-going investigations are aiming at modelling and simulation of the waste treatment processes to achieve further optimisation and simplification of waste processing technologies. By using analytical data from both laboratory experiments and material samples taken from operating plants, dynamic process models are developed and used to simulate the time-dependent plant behaviour, for example during start-up and shutdown operations, and the response to abrupt changes in feed rate and composition. The overall plant model allows for parameter optimisation with regard to overall energy efficiency and product requirements, such as composition, moisture content and calorific value. The paper at hand presents the working hypothesis of the research and first simulation results. Keywords: waste, treatment, dynamic, modelling, simulation. 1. INTRODUCTION In the interest of sustained economic development, to establish a controlled and efficient waste management system of and to close material cycles are becoming more important throughout the world. In order to optimise the primary goals of waste treatment, such as maximising the calorific value of substitute fuel products, the recovery of recyclable or otherwise useable materials or minimising total energy consumption, a profound knowledge of the individual treatment processes and the overall process behaviour is essential. Therefore, a joint research program of mechanical engineers, environmental statisticians and waste disposal contractors is aiming at the development of a dynamic waste treatment simulation. Main research objectives are the modelling of the heterogeneous material stream, the modelling of the relevant waste treatment processes, the development of sampling methods and the creation of a flow sheet simulation framework. 2. MODELLING APPROACH The principal difficulty in modelling waste treatment processes lies in the exceptionally high heterogeneity of the material, augmented by great seasonal fluctuations. This particularly applies to municipal household waste and similar commercial waste; both groups representing the biggest part of non-separately collected wastes [1] and consisting of a multitude of different materials with varying mass fractions [2]. Each material features its own distributed properties, such as particle size and shape, moisture content or water holding capacity. Additional non-distributed material parameters greatly affect the process behaviour of the respective components, like solid density or magnetic susceptibility. Finally, the amount and conditions of non-solid phases like free water must also be taken into account. While the non-distributed material properties are often known or easily obtained, analytical expenditure increases exponentially with each distributed property to be examined; hence the number of interdependent distributed parameters is limited. In order to minimise the effort of the waste sorting analysis, a practicable sampling method is being developed in coordination with plant operators and environmental statisticians, adapted to capabilities of sampling and analysis. All collected properties are stored in a database and accessed via a data interface. For the use within the simulation the data is transferred into a multidimensional distribution matrix. The modelling is based on the concept of dynamic population balancing which is applied to fractional mass flows by using the structure of the distribution matrix. The development of the process models is carried out on a phenomenological basis. Occurring physical phenomena are modelled in a way 56 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste that reflects the physical realities inherent in the process [3]. The necessary modelling scope is assembled in accordance to typical waste treatment processes. The basic operations for modelling are separating, mixing, material conversion, transport and storage. It is usually insufficient to use only one basic operation to fully describe the behaviour of a treatment process. To take into account the occurrence of sub-processes such as internal transport, storage, classification and back-mixing processes, a combination of several basic operation modules is necessary. 3. RESULTS Due to its abilities in matrix calculations and solving differential equations, MATLAB Simulink is used as simulation framework. First basic operation modules are implemented and combined to process models. Material streams are routed as matrix signals between these blocks, which also allow modelling circulation streams within the overall plant model. Under these preconditions the validity was shown by first simulation runs. The dynamic behaviour of the overall plant model can be simulated for different time frames from minutes to days or weeks, with statistically fluctuating mass flow and composition of the input material. The simulation framework gives access to relevant evaluation parameters within this period of time, for example the calorific value of the output product, the composition of streams, and the energy consumption of a single process or for the overall plant model. Optimisation calculations for overall performance can be carried out with respect to both material and process parameters. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK The paper at hand demonstrates the applicability of dynamic process modelling in the field of waste treatment processes. A complex material stream model is being developed allowing the collection, aggregation and data handling of several distributed properties. First sorting analysis results are used to test the material stream model and the material database. Single process models are implemented in a software system capable of dynamic simulations. Using scale-up relations, single process models allow the prediction of process behaviour and the optimisation of process parameters with respect to a desired output composition. The overall plant model can be used to perform parameter optimisations regarding overall performance on plant level. Further research is being carried out regarding model refinement and development of further process models. For validation purposes a large-scale sampling campaign is currently on-going at an operating plant. The overall plant model will be evaluated based on the realisation of simulated scenarios. REFERENCES 1. Abfallbilanz 2008 (2010). Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden, Germany 2. Abfallbilanz des Landes Berlin 2008, Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Berlin, Germany, 2009 3. King, R.P., (2001). Modeling and Simulation of mineral processing systems. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, G.B. 57 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Methods to Categorize and Compare the Hazardousness of Waste and Contaminated Matter Erwin Thomanetz GCTU Stuttgart, Germany, gctu-stuttgart@t-online.de Abstract About 100 000 chemical substances are traded worldwide but the knowledge on their effects on humans and on the ecosphere is relatively small. Since decades, toxicology endeavours to assess the risks and health effects of hazardous substances of all kinds of matter. The European REACH ordinance from 2006 is one of the latest efforts, but this ordinance is valid for products only. Sooner or later, most products become waste - be they components of municipal waste, or of industrial waste, or of contaminated matter, like soils or sediments of water bodies. Until now, there is no feasible method to assess the hazardousness of waste comparably. On the one hand a reliable parameter for waste hazardousness would help to allocate wastes to adequate disposal ways - on the other hand this parameter would be interesting for municipalities to raise a comprehensible waste levy. In order to solve the problem a couple of attempts were made in the past. But most of the methods require too much sophisticated preliminary information and therefore these methods are not suitable in the practice of waste management. That is why the author suggests a simple but significant method to categorize the hazardousness of a waste with only one single indicator which is derived from the well known toxicological parameters TDI (tolerable daily intake) and ADI (acceptable daily intake). Here, the parameters TDI/ADI serve as a dimensionless numbers which characterize the hazardousness of a waste ingredient. TDI/ADI values are listed for numerous single hazardous substances. The dimensionless TDI/ADI numbers are then merged with the waste amount and the concentrations of hazardous waste components in order to create a new dimensionless Hazardousness Number, called HTDI. It is clear that the method is merely applicable if the waste amount, the main hazardous components and their concentrations are known. It is also clear that the Hazardousness Number cannot characterize fire risks or explosive hazards of a waste. It merely characterizes toxicological risks for humans. The method is rapid and gets comparable Hazardousness Numbers for any waste or contaminated material in the range between zero and several thousands. (A case studie will be presented and an exerpt of listed TDI values). Keywords: Hazardous Waste, Contaminated Matter, Tolerable Daily Intake, Acceptable Daily Intake Hazardousness Number. 58 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Solidification/Stabilization of Incineration Plants’ Residues Fatih Saltabas1, Alpaslan Kiris1, Bekir Tombul1, Mustafa Hatipoglu1, Mario Baldassarre2 ISTAC Co., Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Company, Sisli, Turkey University of L’Aquila, Faculty of Engineering, L’Aquila, Italy 1 2 Abstract Combustion and air pollution control residues are produced from Hazardous waste incineration plants. Generally the ashes produced by incineration plants consist of high amount of heavy metals. Reducing the mobility of heavy metals in the residues has become one of the major issues especially for the incineration plants. Since solidification and/or stabilization is easy, cheap and feasible, it became one of the optimal treatment technologies to reduce the environmental impact of residues. In this study effectiveness of solidification and/or stabilization process have been studied. Keywords: Solidification/Stabilization, hazardous waste, heavy metals, landfilling, fly ash, bottom ash. 1. INTRODUCTION Today, the gradual increase in urbanization and industrialization brings serious environmental problems. The lack of facilities, to use conventional methods of disposal, and imperfect competition are the main reasons for the high disposal costs. The solidification/stabilization (S/S) in the cement matrix is a simple and cheap method used for the treatment of hazardous waste and reducing environmental impact. The binders such as cement are cheap and readily available and the process produces no emissions (Balkan, 2004). S/S does not cause NIMBY syndrome, so it seems appropriate for a rapidly developing country such as Turkey. The aim of this study is to develop a process for the Solidification/ Stabilization treatment of incineration plant residues and verify its efficiency at the laboratory level. Samples are provided by a Medical Waste Incineration Plant and a Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant of Petrochemical Complex. Leaching (Eluate) tests of the wastes and mixes are done in the accredited laboratory of Istac A.S. Monolith samples have been done by mixing the wastes with different rate of Cement and Zeolite. After 7 days curing period the monolith samples have been analysed and a significant decrease of heavy metals content has been obtained in the eluate test results compared with the initial values. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The main aim of this study is to decrease of heavy metal contents of the residues coming from several incinerators. In this respect analysis results are compared for to determine which parameters are above the limits of landfilling. Considering the waste amount of residues and the type of the binders, a cement matrix is prepared. The proportions of the mixes are chosen according to the experimental data in literature while forming the cement matrix (Lombardi, 1998). 2.1. Apparatus A balance with a sensibility of 0,01 gr, 2 glass pipettes, 1 ceramic bowl, 12 sample cups, a mixer apparatus, a pounder, a spoon and a moisture analyzer have been used in preparation of samples. 2.2. Procedure 6 samples, of 70 gr (dry weight) each, are prepared by modifying the ratios and kinds of waste/ binder/water. The mixtures were prepared approximately at water to solid ratio of 0.25. Four kinds of wastes which are FAM (fly ash of medical incineration plant), APCM (air pollution control residue of medical incineration plant), FAP (fly ash of hazardous waste incineration plant for petrochemical complex), and BAP (bottom ash of hazardous waste incineration plant for petrochemical complex) are mixed with Portland Cement and Zeolite. The waste have been weighed and mixed in the ceramic bowl according to the selected rate in the matrix. 59 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Waste, water and cement have been added in order to maintain a homogeneous mixture. After 7 days curing period the leaching test analysis have been carried out for each sample. The effect of zeolite on S/S process is determined by comparing the samples with and without zeolite. SS relative efficiency [%] CEMENT [%] ZEOLITE [%] Cr [%] Mo [%] Pb [%] Zn [%] Cl [%] SO4 [%] S-01 35 5 94,00 77,96 82,70 92,20 63,09 99,67 S-02 17 3 97,21 42,85 80,97 94,39 49,59 95,31 S-03 8 2 97,32 15,58 98,79 93,45 44,10 87,98 S-04 40 0 76,58 64,89 98,44 94,39 59,19 94,53 S-05 20 0 92,36 33,88 98,10 93,76 43,99 88,30 S-06 10 0 97,68 21,93 98,10 93,56 43,66 87,28 Table 1. Relative Efficiency of S/S process REFERENCES 60 1. Balkan, Mustafa & Kocasoy, Günay (2004) Industrial Sludge Solidification by Using Clinoptilolite, Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, 39: 4, 951 - 960 2. EPA, U. (1999). Solidification/Stabilization Resource Guide 3. Guangren Qian, Xia Xu, Weimin Sun, Yunfeng Xu, Qiang Liu,. (2005). Utilization of MSWI fly ash for stabilization/ solidification of Industrial waste sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 129 (1-3): 274-281 FEB 28 2006 4. Lombardi F, Mangialardi T, Piga L and Sirini P (1998). Mechanical and leaching properties of cement solidified hospital solid waste incinerator fly ash. Waste Management 18 99-106. 5. R. Arce, B. G.(2009).Stabilization/solidification of an alkyd paint waste by carbonation of waste-lime based formulations. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010 May 15;177(1-3):428-36 6. Savvides, C.; Haralambous, K.J.; Loizidou, M.; Cheeseman, C. In Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Industrial Waste Prior to Landfilling. Proceedings of the Sixth International Landfill Symposium,Sardinia, Italy, October 13-17, 1997 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Medical Waste Management - Medical Waste Disposal in Istanbul Cevat Yaman1, Türker Eroğlu2, İbrahim Öktem3, Burcu Taşkınoğlu4 İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Development Department yaman.cevat@ibb.gov.tr 2,3,4 İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Waste Management Directorate turker.eroglu@ibb.gov.tr, ibrahim.oktem@ibb.gov.tr, burcu.taskinoglu@ibb.gov.tr 1 Summary Medical waste amount has increased in Istanbul because of the increasing population of it and so the disposal capacity of the current plants has become insufficient. In this study, the legal legislation relating to medical waste management and medical waste disposal technologies were studied and these technologies were compared to each other. Also, medical waste management system carried out according to legislations was exemplified. In this context, current medical waste amount in Istanbul was given and medical waste amount projection was made. Then the best appropriate disposal method for Istanbul was discussed. Keywords: medical waste, medical waste disposal, medical waste management, incineration, sterilization. 1. INTRODUCTION Medical wastes are the wastes occurring pathological and non-pathological, infected, pharmaceutics and sharp wastes and they are originated from health institutions and threaten the human and environment health. Hospitals, community health centers, clinics, blood centers, tooth treatment centers, dispensaries, dialysis centers, medical laboratories, medical research centers, biotechnology laboratories, institutions, pharmacies and polyclinics are the principal sources of medical wastes. 75-90% of wastes originated from medical plants, compared to household wastes, are riskless. In other words, they are “general” medical wastes. This kind of wastes generally takes its source from administrative functions of medical institutions and includes the wastes coming out during maintenance of premises of medical institutions. Rest of these wastes (10-25%) are qualified as “hazardous waste” and they pose a risk in terms of health. 2. LEGAL REGULATIONS IN MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Medical waste management is basically carried out according to 56th Article of “Turkish Republic Basic Law” dated as 7th November, 1982 and having a number of 2709, 8th Article of “Environmental Law” having a number of 2872, 7th Article of “Metropolitan Municipality Law”, 97th Article of “Law on Municipal Revenues” having a number of 2464 and “Regulations on Medical Waste Control” dated as 22nd July, 2005 and having a number of 25883 in our country. 3. MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES In this title, information about medical waste disposal technologies was presented and comparison of disposal methods with each other was made. 4. CURRENT SITUATION FOR MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ISTANBUL Medical waste management activities carried out according to legislations in Istanbul was illuminated. Also, medical waste amounts produced according to years and predicted projection of medical waste amount concerning to the years ahead were presented. Accordingly, alternative medical waste disposal method for Istanbul was discussed. 5. CONCLUSION Medical waste amount of Istanbul has increased day by day due to the population and so increase of health institutions and the disposal capacity of the current plants have become insufficient. Therefore it is a necessity to implement alternative medical waste disposal methods. Recently, sterilization method is especially preferred because of its being economical and having ease of operation in our country. Autoclave method that is a kind of thermal operation is supposed to be appropriate 61 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations for Istanbul. Because it is remarked as another alternative medical waste disposal method except incineration in the 6th part of “Regulations on Medical Waste Control”. Also it can be designed for handling large amounts of waste and its initial investment and operation costs are relatively low. So the studies are being carried out in this direction. REFERENCES 62 1. T.R. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry, “Medical Waste Control Regulations”, Official Gazette, Dated 22.07.2005 Number: 25883. 2. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Waste Management Directorate Archives. 3. T.R. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry, Guide for Safe Medical Waste Management, May 2008, Ankara. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Evaluation of Waste Tires in the Context of Hazardous Waste Management Hatice Eser Ökten1, Gulsah Akarsu1, Hacer Handan Demir2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey eser.okten@bahcesehir.edu.tr 2 Department of Business Administration, Vocational School, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey hacerhandan.demir@bahcesehir.edu.tr 1 Abstract Waste tires pose a great risk to the environmental health due to their bulky size, constituents and production rate. Keywords: waste tires, cement industry, tire derived fuel (TDF). 1. INTRODUCTION Tires are essential elements of every economy that relies upon vehicular transportation. Tires are made of rubber, fabric, wire and chemicals Once the traction on tires are worn out, tires complete their service period, upon which they should be disposed of. Disposal of waste tires has become an issue due to their bulky size and chemical composition. Landfilling is not an option for waste tires since the need for space is huge. Other disposal options are considered such as recycling and energy recovery. Waste tires has been successfully reused as tire derived fuel (TDF), in civil engineering field, and for ground rubber applications. More innovative uses for waste tires include highway sound barriers, athletic and recreational applications, and railroad ties [1]. Using waste tires in the cement factories for fueling the kilns is an energy recovery practice. Cement production, being a high pollution risk industry, is already within the scope of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive [2]. It is estimated that 5% of global CO2 emissions originate from cement production [3]. Since the heating value of waste tires are comparable with good quality coal (Fig. 1), waste tires can be used for fueling kilns. In this study the evaluation of tire derived fuel to be used in cement production is investigated. Figure 1. Comparison of compositions heating values for TDF and coal. 2. TITLE (MATERIAL AND METHOD) In cement factories the cost of using lignite and waste tires has a considerable difference in terms of raw material cost and transportation costs. In Turkey 1 ton of lignite costs 150 USD and 1 ton of waste tire costs 50 TL. If any given cement factory burns about 5000 tons of fuel a day, the fuel cost adds up to approximately 1,385,000 USD in the case of lignite burning and to 250,000 TL in the case of waste tire burning. The cost for fuels is a significant part of the costs for producing cement. The use of waste tire reduces the amount of coal used, and lowers the cost associated with it. Furthermore while not as cost effective as whole tires, shredded waste tires can be obtained for less than the cost of most coal types. 63 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Since the chemical composition of coal and waste tires are similar to each other, emissions as a result of combustion are also similar. Main emissions from cement kilns include nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. Reduction of channeled dust emissions are achieved through fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators. The costs of dust emission control through these techniques vary between 0.04 EUR/t clinker and 0.2 EUR/t clinker. Nitrogen oxides can be controlled through techniques such as flame cooling, low NOx burner, midkiln firing, staged combustion, etc. The costs for these techniques vary between 0.3 EUR/t clinker and 3 EUR/t clinker. Apart from successful use of waste tires as cement industry fuel, recycling is also a viable option. The advantage in using waste tires as fuel is that no further processing being necessary prior to use. Approximately 41% of the waste tires that are used as fuel are used in cement factories. On the other hand 20% of those waste tires are used at pulp and paper industry. One thing that should be considered from the perspective of paper industry is to use de-wired tires. De-wiring process increases the cost of the tire eventually. The cost may go up by 50%. REFERENCES 64 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/tdf.htm Last accessed on 20/09/2012. 2. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, (2008), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do?uri=OJ:L:2008:024:0008:0029:EN:PDF Last accessed on 20/09/2012. 3. Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., Ozawa Meida, L., (2001). Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 26, 303-329. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Hydrogen Production from Pyrolysis-Catalytic Gasification of Waste Tyres Ibrahim F. Elbaba, Paul T. Williams Energy Research Institute, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ml08ie@leeds.ac.uk, p.t.williams@leeds.ac.uk Abstract Hydrogen is projected to play a major role in future energy systems since it is regarded as a clean energy source. The use of alternative feedstocks as a source of hydrogen is particularly of interest since more than 95% of current production is from fossil fuels. The use of waste materials as a source of hydrogen is particularly of interest in that it would also solve a waste treatment problem. The use of waste tyres offers a potential source of hydrogen. The generation rate of waste tyres is increasing, especially with the continued increase in production of cars and trucks. In this paper, an experimental investigation into the production of hydrogen and other gases from the bench scale pyrolysis-gasification of tyres has been investigated. Experiments were carried using a two stage system consisting of pyrolysis of the waste tyres followed by catalytic steam gasification of the evolved gases and vapours in a second reactor. Experiments were conducted at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 oC using Ni based catalyst as a catalyst. The results showed that there was a dramatic increase in gas yield and the potential H2 production when the gasification temperature was increased from 600 to 900 oC. Overall, the process showed that high yields of hydrogen can be produced from waste tyres. Keywords: Hydrogen, Pyrolysis, Gasification, Tyre, Waste. 1. INTRODUCTION Waste tyre disposal continues to be an economic and environmental problem. It is estimated that 3.4 million tonnes per year of waste tyres are generated in Europe [1]. On the other hand, hydrogen can play a major role in future energy systems, since it is regarded as a clean energy source. About 5×1011Nm3 of hydrogen is produced each year and about 96% of this amount is produced from fossil fuel [2]. In this paper, the potential to produce high yields of hydrogen from waste tyres has been investigated during steam catalytic pyrolysis-gasification process. This process was carried out in a two-stage fixed bed reaction system, with a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst when the gasification temperature was increased from 600 to 900 °C. 2. EXPERIMENTAL Waste tyre catalytic pyrolysis-gasification was conducted using a two stage fixed bed reactor. Experiments were conducted at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 oC and gasification temperature was varied from 600 to 900 oC. Approximately 1.0 g of waste tyre was held in the first pyrolysis reactor and 0.5 g catalyst, supported on quartz wool, was held in the second gasification reactor. Water was introduced by a syringe pump into the second gasification reactor and before the catalyst. The products from the second stage passed through an air-cooled condenser and two dry ice cooled condensers where the liquid products were collected. The non-condensable gases were collected with a 25 L Tedlar gas sample bag and were analysed off-line using packed column gas chromatography (GC). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the product yield from the catalytic steam pyrolysis-gasification of waste tyres at different gasification temperatures. It is shown that the gas yield largely increased from 14.3 wt.% to 56.8 wt.% and the oil yield significantly decreased from 38.6 wt.% to 19.5 wt.% when the gasification temperature was increased from 600 to 900 °C. 65 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Gasification Temperature (°C) 600 700 800 900 Gas/tyre (wt.%) 14.3 30.6 39.8 56.8 Solid/tyre (wt.%) 43.3 44.5 41.7 39.6 Oil/tyre (wt.%) 38.6 33.1 31.9 19.5 Mass balance (wt.%) 96.2 108.2 113.5 116.0 Table 1. Product yield at the different gasification temperature Table 2 shows the gas composition from the catalytic steam pyrolysis-gasification of waste tyres at different gasification temperatures. The H2 concentration decreased when the gasification temperature was increased from 600 to 800 °C, and then increased with an increase in gasification temperature to 900 °C. The CO concentration increased and the hydrocarbon gases decreased, when the gasification temperature increased. In this work the potential hydrogen production is defined as the percentage of the hydrogen produced from the pyrolysis-gasification process in relation to the maximum theoretical amount of H2 available in the tyre rubber. Table 2 shows also that the potential H2 production was largely increased from 3.2 to 13.1 wt.% when the gasification temperature was increased from 600 to 900 °C. Gasification Temperature (°C) 600 700 800 900 H2 (vol%) 62.10 52.97 51.53 56.80 CO (vol%) 5.03 8.56 9.83 15.30 CO2 (vol%) 7.48 11.84 9.58 8.37 CH4 (vol%) 8.43 13.49 16.59 14.82 C2-C4 (vol%) 16.96 13.13 12.47 4.70 Potential H2 Production (wt.%) 3.20 5.28 7.19 13.09 Table 2. Gas composition and potential hydrogen production at the different gasification temperature 4. CONCLUSIONS This study aims to provide information on the feasibility to produce hydrogen by catalytic steam gasification of waste tyres in a two-stage reactor. In order to achieve the desired result, a hydrogen production from waste tyre was investigated using a two-stage pyrolysis-gasification reactor and Ni/Al2O3 as a catalyst. The results show that gas yield and potential hydrogen production largely increased when the gasification temperature was increased from 600 to 900 °C. REFERENCES 66 1. European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers’ Association, (2008). ELTs treatment data in 2007, ETRMA, October 2008. 2. Tanksale, A., Beltramini, J.N., Lu, G.M., (2010). A review of catalytic hydrogen production processes from biomass, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 1, 14, 166-182. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Selective Carbonation of Recycled Aggregates from Concrete - First Results on Uptake Rate and Changes of the Material Properties M. Seidemann, A. Müller, H.-M. Ludwig Bauhaus-Universität Weimar - F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde marko.seidemann@uni-weimar.de, anette-m.mueller@uni-weimar.de, horst-michael.ludwig@uni-weimar.de Abstract The global heating up of our near earth mantle of air is the result of the constantly growing carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. Since beginning of the industrialization the CO2-Concentration rose from 280 ppm to 380 ppm. This concentration increase represents a danger to humans and natural environment. The content of carbon dioxide in the mantle of air is one of the most important indicators of the climate change. In order to be able to counterbalance the climate change, it is necessary to reduce the CO2-Emissions and to eliminate parts of the CO2 which was already set free permanently from the atmosphere. The goal of this work is it to bind a selective carbonation a maximum to carbon dioxide in the concrete permanently and to change the qualities of the concrete break so that it comes to a decrease of the porosity and to an increase of the firmness. The process of the carbonating in the old concrete is a process, with which CO2 penetrates by diffusion into the capillary pore system of the concrete. CO2 and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 separate in the pore water and react to calcium carbonate CaCO3 . This settles in the capillary pores of the concrete. By the formation of CaCO3 it comes to a decrease at calcium ions in the pore water, which leads to the fact that Ca(OH)2 can go into solution and the reaction up to the complete consumption of the Ca(OH)2 runs off. The CaCO3 of crystals in the pores grows permanently and causes a structure compression. The overall porosity of the concrete is reduced and it comes to a strength increase of the concrete break. Both factores lead to a quality improvement of the old concrete. The old concrete can find a new concrete application after a successful carbonating as rock granulation The carbonating is a well-known procedure. As diffusion-steered process it runs, however, very slowly and drags on for years. The technical challenge of this work consists of accelerating and thus making the carbonating reaction in a reactor technically usable. Further, as detailed a statements about the chemical operational sequence and the conditions for the CO2 - treatment as possible are to be met. For the selective carbonation a test equipment was developed. The test range consists of a tubular reactor and several units of measurement. In the tubular reactor the sample test specimens are continuously subjected to a preset gas mixture. The tubular reactor is flowed through evenly by the gas. The flow rate can be changed. The CO2 concentration of the reaction gas can vary between 0 VOL. - % CO2 and 100 VOL. - % CO2. The examination of the gas concentration is made by the CO2 measure in the inlet. A salt solution, which is in the tubular reactor, ensures a continuous relative humidity of 70%. The monitoring of the air humidity and the temperature is made in the reactor inside. After the gas mixture flowed through the reactor, it is led over a second measure after leaving the tubular reactor and the concentration at CO2 determines. By the CO2 change of concentration between the inlet and the expiration of the tubular reactor first statements can be made about the carbonating of the sample. In the first attempts hardened cement paste was subjected to different CO2 concentrations over different time intervals. The attempts took place with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 VOL. - % CO2, over a time of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The results show the correlation of the mass increase and the pure density of the samples after the stay in the reactor. A strict rise of the density as a function of the mass increase is to be recognized. That means, it must have taken place a CO2 admission. After the carbonation the thermal analysis of the samples took place. The decrease of the calcium hydroxide and the increase of the calcium carbonate were proven. The first measurements show that the CO2 admission can be accelerated. The period of the carbonation shifts into the hourly range. In concrete buildings the carbonation at the natural atmosphere runs over several years. For a technical application there must be further accelerated the carbonation. The investigations for the carbonating of hardened cement paste and concrete are resumed and deepened in different directions. First, the test method and the test equipment are to be supplemented and further developed, that routine measurements of a large number of samples can be accomplished. In the next step, measurements of model concrete and of practice concrete are accomplished. The attempts are to point the correlations out between the CO2 admission and the changes of the physical characteristics. How the process 67 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations can to be further accelerated and how a technical reactor can look, that is the next exciting questions, which are to be solved. Keywords: selective carbonation, recycled aggregates, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate. Thank sayıng The authors thank the German Federal Foundation for Environment (DBU) for the support in the context of the research project. Author Dipl.-Ing. Marko Seidemann Bauhaus-University Weimar Department of Civil Engineering F.A. Finger-Institute for Building Materials Science Coudraystr. 7 D-99423 Weimar E-Mail: marko.seidemann@uni-weimar.de Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Anette Müller Bauhaus-University Weimar Department of Civil Engineering Coudraystr. 7 D-99423 Weimar E-Mail: anette-m.mueller@uni-weimar.de Prof. Dr.-Ing. Horst-Michael Ludwig Bauhaus-University Weimar Department of Civil Engineering F.A. Finger-Institute for Building Materials Science Coudraystr. 11 D-99421 Weimar E-Mail: horst-michael.ludwig@uni-weimar.de 68 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Microbial Production of Pectin Lyase Using Various Agricultural Wastes Özlem Tepe, Arzu Y. Dursun Fırat University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23100 Elazig, Turkey E-mail: otepe@firat edu.tr, aydursun@firat.edu.tr Abstract Pectinases which break down pectic substances and can be obtained from cheap agrowastes are important industrial enzymes. The agricultural sector in Turkey is of great importance and consists of a large amount of waste during agricultural production. The total annual amount of agricultural waste in our country is about 50-65 Mton. The purpose of this study was to produce pectin lyase by using agricultural wastes. Production of pectin lyase enzyme by Bacillus pumilus was carried out with solid-state fermentation. It was used agricultural wastes such as wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, sunflower plate, orange peel, banana peel, apple pomace and grape pomace as a substrate in solid-state fermentation experiments. Sugar beet pulp was found to be the best substrate. Fermentation medium to increase the enzyme production was supplemented with nitrogen sources such as ammonium sulfate, yeast extract and peptone and the increase of enzyme production with ammonium sulfate and yeast extract was determined. Maximum pectin lyase activities in mediums containing sugar beet pulp + ammonium sulfate and sugar beet pulp + yeast extract were as 60.67 and 51.83, U / mL, respectively. Keywords: Agricultural waste, Sugar beet pulp, Enzyme production, Pectin lyase, Bacillus pumilus. 1. INTRODUCTION Enzymes occur in every living cell, each single strain of organism produces a large number of enzymes. Commercial enzymes are produced from strains of molds, bacteria, and yeasts [1]. Enzyme production is a growing field of biotechnology [2]. In 2009, the World enzyme market was $5.1 billion [3] . Commercial production of enzymes, often use, microbial cells as their sources and within a few years more than 1000 enzymes will be regularly used for industrial processes ranging widely from food industry to biotechnology, immunology, pharmacy etc. [4]. Pectinases or petinolytic enzymes hydrolyze pectic substances. They have a share of 25% in the global sales of food enzymes. Pectinases are one of the most widely distributed enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants. Protopectinases, polygalacturonases, lyases and pectin esterases are among the extensively studied pectinolytic enzymes. Pectinases were used in fruit juice extraction and its clarification, scouring of cotton, degumming of plant fibers, waste water treatment, vegetable oil extraction, tea and coffee fermentations, bleaching of paper, in poultry feed additives and in the alcoholic beverages and food industries[5]. Enzymes are traditionally produced in the submerged fermentation system, though in recent years the production is carried out by solid-state fermentation[6]. Commercial pectinase preparations are produced from mainly by Aspergillus niger strains cultured using two fermentation techniques. In particular, when pectinase yields are compared using both techniques, it is found that solid-state fermentation is more productive than submerged fermentation[7]. Several agro-industrial wastes and by-products such as orange bagasse, sugar cane bagasse, wheat bran and other food processing waste are effective substrates for enzyme production by solid-state fermentation[8]. The agricultural sector in Turkey is of great importance and consists of a large amount of waste during agricultural production. The total annual amount of agricultural waste in our country is about 50-65 Mton. In our country, the vast majority of agricultural wastes, especially in rural areas, are used directly as a fuel. But it is also possible to obtain different products. In some cases, to obtain other products may be more economical[9]. The purpose of this study, cheap high efficiency pectin lyase using various agricultural wastes with solid-state fermentation by the bacterium Bacillus pumilus is produced. In this study, high production costs are reduced by use of agricultural wastes as substrate and environmental pollution caused by waste and residues can be avoided. In this respect, working, versatile, has the characteristics of providing benefits. 69 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Agricultural waste materials used in the experiments were washed, dried for 24 h in oven at 60oC, grounded, screened (20-100 mesh) and stored. Bacterium Bacillus pumilus for production of pectin lyase enzyme is selected. In experiments, bacteria produced an enriched medium, was added in enzyme production medium and fermentation studies were carried at pH 8, 30 ° C temperature and 150 rpm stirring rate. Pectin lyase activity with reaction between the unsaturated latest products occurring the pectin degradation and thiobarbituric acid were determined [10]. One unit activity, under the terms of the measuring unit volume per unit time is the amount of enzyme which caused a 0.01 change in absorbance. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Wheat bran (BK), sugar beet pulp (SBP), sunflower plate (SP), orange peel (OP), banana peel (BP), apple pomace (AP) and grape pomace (GP) as a substrate were used in solid-state fermentation experiments. The highest activity of pectin lyase in medium containing sugar beet pulp was determined as 11.60 U/mL. Our data shows that agricultural wastes can be used for the synthesis of pectin lyase and to use waste because of very little of the waste cost is advantageous. Fermentation medium to increase the enzyme production was supplemented with nitrogen sources (0.3 %) such as ammonium sulfate, yeast extract and peptone and the increase of enzyme production with ammonium sulphate and yeast extract was determined. Maximum pectin lyase activities in mediums containing sugar beet pulp + ammonium sulphate and sugar beet pulp + yeast extract were as 60.67 and 51.83, U / mL, respectively. REFERENCES 1. Underkofler, L.A., Barton, R.R. ve Rennert, S.S., (1958). Production of Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications, Microbiological Process Report, Vol. 6, 212-221. 2. Viniegra-González, G., Favela-Torres, E., Aguilar, C.N., Rómero-Gomez, S.J., Dıaz-Godınez, G. ve Augur C., (2003). Advantages of fungal enzyme production in solid state over liquid fermentation systems, Biochemical Engineering Journal 13, 157–167. 3. Sanchez, S. ve Demain, A.L., (2011). Enzymes and Bioconversions of industrial, Pharmaceutical, and Biotechnological Significance, Organic Process Research&Development 15, 224-230. 4. Kulkarni, N.S. ve Deshpande, M.S., (2007). General Enzymology. Global Media, Mumbai, p 266. 5. Jayani, R.S., Saxena, S. ve Gupta, R., (2005). Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: A review, Process Biochemistry 40, 2931– 2944. 6. Kashyap, D.R., Soni, S.K. ve Tewari R., (2003). Enhanced production of pectinase by Bacillus sp. DT7 using solid state fermentation, Bioresource Technology 88, 251–254. 7. Blandino, A., Iqbalsyah, T., Pandiella, S.S., Cantero, D. ve Webb C., (2002). Polygalacturonase production by Aspergillus awamori on wheat in solid-state fermentation, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 58, 164–169. 8. Martin, N., Regina de Souza, S., Silva, R. ve Gomes, E., (2004). Pectinase Production by Fungal Strains in SolidStateFermentation Using Agro-Industrial Bioproduct, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology an International Journal, Vol. 47, n. 5, 813-819. 9. İleri Teknoloji Projeleri (İTEP) Destekleme Programı Raporu, (2010). Türkiye Teknoloji Geliştirme Vakfı. 10. Nedjma, M., Hoffmann, N. ve Belarbi, A., (2001). Selective and Sensitive Detection of Pectin Lyase Activity Using a Colorimetric Test: Application to the Screening of Microorganisms Possessing Pectin Lyase Activity, Analytical Biochemistry 291, 290-296. 70 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Challenges and Limitations of the Collection and Recycling of Permanent Magnets from Small Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Luise Westphal, Kerstin Kuchta Hamburg University of Technology Luise.westphal@tuhh.de, kuchta@tuhh.de Abstract During recent years technological innovations resulted in manifold applications using rare earth metals (REM), which led to a significant increase in their demand, particularly in the field of highperformance permanent magnets. At the present, there is no recycling process to recover REM from permanent magnets. On the example of earphones, an investigation has been carried out to determine the resource potential of small WEEE. An online survey has been performed to gain knowledge about collection rates and the average lifetime of earphones. Therefore numerous earphones have been collected, the loudspeaker magnets have been removed and the quantitative composition of REM has been identified using the analytic method of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, a mono-fraction earphone was crushed using a cutting mill, in order to simulate a simplified treatment in a recycling plant. The subsequent separation according to particle size should provide knowledge about the deposition and concentration of REM. Based on these results an optimized recycling process will be designed, in order to produces metal concentrates for further recovery processes. Keywords: rare earth metals, permanent magnets, waste electrical and electronic equipment, recycling. 1. INTRODUCTION According to the recent report of the Congressional Research Service the world demand for rare earth metals (REM), which is estimated with 136.000 Mg per year, will rise to at least 185.000 Mg annually by 2015 (Humphries, 2012). Particularly in the field of high-performance permanent magnets, REM as neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr) and dysprosium (Dy) are essential. They enable the miniaturization of various electrical and electronic applications, like mobile phones or earphones. At the present, there is no industrial recycling process to recover REM from permanent magnets (Schüler, 2011). The consumption of REM is strongly driven by the production of electrical and electronic appliances and presents a significant share of the total consumption of REM. Because this market segment is growing rapidly, it is mandatory to develop a proper recycling process, to recover the valuable resources. Especially small WEEE offers a relevant resource potential. Over all, an insufficient collection and inadequate treatment of small WEEE leads to a significant loss of resources at present. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD On the example of earphones, an investigation has been carried out to determine the resource potential of small WEEE. An online survey has been performed to gain knowledge about collection rates and the average lifetime of earphones. To determine the resource potential a chemical analysis was performed. Numerous earphones were collected and disassembled. The loudspeaker magnets have been removed in order to determine the quantitative composition of REM in the earphones magnets using the analytic method of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). 3. RESULTS Due to a lack of information and data related to the purchasing and usage behavior concerning earphones an online survey was conducted. The survey provided data about the most popular brands and models. This knowledge was further on used to choose representative models for the chemical analysis. It also gave information about the disposing habits of end-of-life earphones. Around 66% old earphones are stored at home, 26.6% have been disposed via household waste, the fate of 5.5% remained unclear and just 2% have disposed via formal collection points. Subsequently, the quantification by labor scale analysis was carried out. The quantitative composition of the REM was identified by using the method AAS. Table 1 shows the average values. On the base of these 71 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations results the recycling potential of earphones inclusive their cables was calculated for Germany. At the moment only copper is recycled and represents the actual economic value of old earphones. However, the resource potential anticipating a possible recycling process of REM is listed in table 1. Based on the annual sales in 2011, 8.79 Million earphones were sold in Germany and according to the actual prices for Nd (115 USD/kg), Pr (99 USD/kg), Dy (975 USD/kg) (ISE, 2013) and cooper (8.00 USD/kg) the following potentials have been calculated. Average Amount of Overall amount/ per Potential in Germany REM/ earphone [mg] year in Germany [kg] per year [USD $] Neodymium 84 738 84 870 Praseodymium 28 246 24 350 8 70 68 250 16750 134 000 Dysprosium Copper 1.906 Today Value 134 000 Potential Value 311 470 Table 3. Potential and total econimical value of earphones in Germany The manual disassembly of earphones is time-consuming and barely feasible due to low mass and size. Therefore, a mono-fraction of earphones was crushed, in order to simulate a simplified treatment in a recycling plant. The subsequent separation according to particle size should provide knowledge about deposition and concentration of REM. The sample was separated according to the particle size with the help of a sieve tower into the following three: fine fraction (particle size <0.2mm, 9.86 %); middle fraction (particle size 0.2mm to 2.0 mm, 49.53 %); coarse fraction (particle size >2.0 mm, 40.63 %). As a result the largest portion of REM has been determined in the fine fraction with 2.6 weight percent REM in the total mass. In the middle and coarse fraction less than one weight percent REM were found. 4. CONCLUSION The results illustrates that the insufficient collection is one of the main problems due to high recycling rates. The recycling of REM is ecologically meaningful, because the concentration in WEEE is usually higher than in mineral deposits. In addition, mining of REMs leads to a higher rate of environmental degradation and further human health hazards. The Chinese Society of Rare Earth estimated that the refinement of one tone of REM results in 75 cubic meters of acidic wastewater and one ton of radioactive residue. REFERENCES 72 1. Schüler, D., (2011). Study on Rare Earth an their Recycling: Final Report, Oeko-Institute e.V., Darmstadt. 2. Humphries, M., (2012); Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain, CRS Report for Congress: Congress Research Service 3. ISE, 2013. Preise für die gebräuchlichsten Seltenen Erden im Januar 2012: http://institut-seltene-erden.org/preise-fur-diegebrauchlichsten-seltenen-erden-im-januar-2013 4. Gesellschaft für Unterhaltungs- und Kommunikationselektronik (GfU) 2012, Consumer Electronics Marktindex Deutschland (CEMIX) Januar 2011 - Dezember 2011. Frankfurt a. M. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Decontamination of Cr(VI) Polluted Sites Karl E. Lorber1, Peter Müller2 1 University of Leoben, Institute for Sustainable Waste Management & Technology, Leoben, Austria iae@unileoben.ac.at 2 ferroDECONT, Leoben, Austria ferrodecont@gmx.at Abstract Soil samples contaminated with chromate from a former leather tannery have been investigated in the laboratory, concerning redox-reactions by adding reduction agents (RA) to the soil. The main treatment goal was to reduce chromium from its hexavalent [Cr(VI)] to the trivalent state [Cr(III)], which results in detoxification and immobilisation of chromium. Beside ferrous iron solutions (e.g. FeSO4 and FeCl2), sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) has been successfully tested in soil column experiments. However, in the first phase of irrigation, in spite of reduction and immobilisation, a significant peak concentration of Cr(VI) was observed in the leachate. Anionic ions from RA (esp. SO42-) apparently exchanged with and displaced Cr(VI)ions, which accumulated in the percolated solution and were treated in laboratory-scale fluidized zero valent iron (ZVI) bed reactors. Due to its efficiency of chromate removal a field-scale pilot plant was designed and constructed at the testing site, which confirmed the promising laboratory results. Reduction rates of chromate found in soil have been up to 88% compared with initial values after a soil water exchange of 8 pore volumes in the highest contaminated area. Chromate concentrations in the pumped effluent have been reduced under the detection limit of 0.005 mg/L by treatment with ZVI in the pilot plant. Keywords: in-situ remediation, chromate, zero valent iron, fluidized bed. 1. IN-SITU REMEDIATION Many brownfields contaminated with chromate are built-up areas, where in-situ-remediation is the method of choice. Basically, there are two possibilities to apply in-situ-technology at a contaminated site: passive methods like Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) and active methods like Pump-andTreat (P&T) procedures. Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) is already successfully proven in PRBs to treat several hazardous pollutants by providing additional electrons to the redox process. This treatment is already state of the art, but problems arise from precipitation, surface passivation and cloggingeffects at the wall. These problems make it difficult to predict the exact life time of the material and duration of treatment. Exchanging the ZVI material is resulting in higher maintenance costs, a reason why these systems are usually oversized. Active in-situ-methods have no limitations in lifetime, however, besides energy consumption chemicals are needed as well for conditioning and treatment of the waste water. As a result, this process induces increased salinity and causes additional costs. Based on a R&D-project on chromium contaminated soil, a new approach on source (‘hotspot’) decontamination in connection with P&T-technique has been developed at the Institute of Sustainable Waste Management and Technology (IAE) at the Montanuniversitaet Leoben. This process combines two advantages in one step: the reductive force of iron (Fe0) with the fast procedure of P&T. 2. LABORATORY AND FIELD DATA First estimations for the efficiency of different reducing agents were conducted in laboratory soil column experiments (unsaturated), containing chromium contaminated soil samples from the remedition site. As a result, sodium dithionite was selected among 10 different reducing agents tested, including ferrous compounds like Fe(II)-sulfate, Fe(II)-chloride and Fe(II)-ammonium sulphate. Reduction kinetics of theses chemicals were even faster compared with sodium dithionite, however, an application to soil lead to increasing precipitation effects and strongly decreasing pH. The precipitates may seriously clog small pores and a decrease in pH-values may mobilize additionally fixed heavy metals. For decontamination of the vadose zone of soil, observed peak concentrations of chromate in the effluent solutions have to be treated. Additional tests measuring soluble Cr(VI) removal by elemental iron granulates were performed in laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors and scaled up to field conditions later on. 73 20 Cr(VI) outflow [mg/L] . Cr(VI) outflow [mg/L] . Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 15 10 5 0 0 25 50 75 100 Oral Presentations 200 150 100 125 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PV PV Figure 1. Cr(VI)-concentrations of leachate in soil column experiments 2,500 1,977 performance [%] 2,000 1,500 776 1,000 1,040 408 500 fluidized bed; pH=4.4 fluidized bed; pH=7.8 0 fixed bed; pH=1.3 mg(CrVI)/(kg∙min) mg(CrVI)/(m2∙min) Figure 2. Comparison of fluidized bed and fixed bed process (lab-scale) Figure 3. Cr(VI)-concentrations and redoxpotentials in the groundwater treatment (pilot plant) Figure 1 shows the Cr(VI)-outflow concentration of leachate from a soil sample (c = 190 mg/ kg) irrigated (left) with tapped water (q = 0.56 mL/min) compared with (right) an irrigation using Na2S2O4-solution (c = 38 mM/L, q = 0.56 mL/min) for the same batch of sample. Figure 2 reveals the efficiency of the fluidized bed process compared with an experiment in fixed bed mode [1] used for chromate reduction. Figure 3 demonstrates the major decrease in redoxpotential of the treatment plant outflow after 74 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste passing the fluidized bed of ZVI-granules. Cr(VI)-concentrations in the outflow are below detection limit (0,005 mg/L) as well. The treatment plant consists of twenty fluidized bed reactors connected to each other in series, several pumps, measurement and control systems. The contaminated water is pumped with a flow rate of 3.5 L/s into the reactors, where the reduction without any further addition of chemicals takes place. REFERENCES 1. Chen, S.S, Hsu, B.C., Hung, L.W., (2008). Chromate reduction by waste iron from electroplating wastewater using plug flow reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 3, 1092-1097. 75 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Extraction of Biomass from Municipal Solid Waste for Biogasgeneration Gerhard Rettenberger Ingenieurgruppe RUK, Stuttgart, Germany info@ruk-online.de Abstract Presented is the state of the art of mechanical-biological treatment systems to separate common municipal solid waste (MSW) for further anaerobic treatment. In the most cases these are also technologies to produce RDF (refuse derived fuels) from MSW using biological drying systems. For two different process variants, the optimization of the finally used technologies are shown. Aim of the optimization was to reach a nearly zero waste process. Keywords: RDF (refuse derived fuels); optimization; MBT-plants; anaerobic biological treatment: balance. 1. INTRODUCTION For two different process variants, the used technologies are shown. • Variant 1: In an optimized mechanical treatment RDF with low quality, metals, foreign and hazardous materials will be separated. In the following anaerobic biological treatment biogas is produced and sand has to be separated. The next step is the biological drying. The dried solids can be treated with common conditioning techniques to generate high-calorific fractions and mineral fractions. • Variant 2: In an extrusion-process solid waste is separated in a “dry fraction” with high calorific value and a microbiological degradable organic rich “wet fraction”. The plant can be integrated in existing waste treatment plants and/or biogas plants. Common municipal waste needs no pretreatment. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The following material and methods was adopted: • compilation of the state of the art of the technologies to produce RDF (refuse derived fuels) from common municipal waste using biological drying systems on the basis of a literature research • ascertainment of the influence of the necessary respectively possible steps before and after the biological drying on the result of the drying respectively on the quality of the generated fractions on the basis of own results and a literature research. • ascertainment of the influence of different available technologies (for all steps different technologies are available) on the basis of actual experiences from large-scale facilities. The Technologies are shown in detail. 3. State of the art of Mechanıcal Bıologıcal Treatmentsystems Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) used in Germany can be divided in 6 variants: A: Aerobic MBT for landfilling B: Aerobic MBT for stabilization C: Full flow anaerobic MBT for landfilling D: Partial flow anaerobic MBT for landfilling E: Full flow anaerobic MBT for stabilization F: Partial flow anaerobic MBT for stabilization Aerobic processes are the primarily used in Germany, since these technologies are well established and cost efficient. Generally these processes are not energy self- sufficient. This also applies to variant B because the use of RDF for energy production is more complex than the use of fermentation gas. 76 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste In variant C-F wet fermentation (Water content>90%) and dry fermentation (Water content<70%) are used in the market. Because of problems with sand, mixture and staying time both variants are complex to operate. An additional problem is the conversion of the digestate from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. Through NH3 odor emissions can occur. This problem can be solved through new variants. 4. MYT-process The mechanical treatment is optimized by using a multifunctional sieving drum and no shredding. So a effective separation of the undamaged foreign and hazardous material is possible. Highperformance neodymium magnets are used for the removal of electronic waste, spray cans or batteries. For the anaerobic biological treatment in percolators with horizontal mixing gear water is added to the waste by irrigation. The waste is homogenized and shredded selectively in such a way that optimum characteristics for the subsequent processing stages are generated. At the end of the percolator the solid material is drained. The water is collected, mechanical treated and fed into anaerobic reactors. The energy supply from biogas is higher than the needs for the whole treatment process. By fermenting the organic-rich water, the disadvantages known from fermentation plants for solid material are avoided. Effect of the biological drying in the next step is a water loss, a biodegradation and a solid with good quality characteristics for the following separation step. Product of the mechanical separation is up to 75% RDF. The remaining material is minerals for landfilling and a fraction, which has to be thermally treated. 5. Extrusıon process Under compaction with high pressure (up to 1,000 bar = 108 Pa) solid waste or organic waste / biowaste is separated quite easy and therefore with low costs in a “dry fraction” and a “wet fraction”. The facility works fully automated. The dry fraction can be treated with a thermal or after further treatment an energetic process. The dry fraction contains mechanically stable materials (plastics, wood, paperboard and metal) and about 25% of the degradable organic material. This percentage is sufficient to produce stabilized material of very high quality by biological drying. The wet fraction can be used to produce biogas with high efficiency. The wet fraction leaves the press with a raised temperature. Decomposition processes start spontaneously. Important for the following dry anaerobic treatment is, that the wet fraction can be mixed very well with circulated material from the digestion. REFERENCES 1. Rettenberger, G., Schneider, R. (2006). A new MBT technology optimizes the output of high-caloric fuels, waste management world, Edition May / June 2006, PennWell Corporation, London 2. Rettenberger, G (2007). Experiences with mechanical-biological pretreatment of waste using the press-extrusionprocess. Proceedings Sardinia 2007, Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium 2007 by CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Center, Italy 77 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Assessment of Different Aeration Concepts for Landfill In-Situ Stabilization Marco Ritzkowski Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Harburger Schloßstraße 36, D-21079 Hamburg, Germany m.ritzkowski@tuhh.de Abstract Landfill aeration has become one of the most important methods for an accelerated in-situ biostabilisation of waste disposal sites. By minimizing current and future emissions the method contributes towards the achievement of a fundamental goal in waste management worldwide, namely the creation of sustainable landfills. In-situ aeration technology has been successfully applied to several landfills in Europe, North America and Asia, following different methodologies in accordance with the geographical region, the specific legislation and the available financial resources. Furthermore, methodologies for the incorporation of landfill aeration into the carbon trade mechanisms have been developed in recent years. This manuscript provides an overview on existing concepts for landfill aeration; their application ranges and specifications. For all of the described concepts examples from different countries worldwide are presented, including information regarding potentials and limitations. Some of the most important findings from aeration projects are summarized and future research needs have been identified. From this work it becomes apparent that there is a demand for systematisation of the available results and implications in order to further develop and optimise the technology. Furthermore, proposals have been made with regard to potential combinations of different concepts or certain specific aspects of the methodologies. Keywords: landfill aeration, emission reduction, landfill gas, leachate, landfill aftercare. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Landfill aeration as a methodology for the fast, controlled and sustainable conversion of landfills into a biological stabilised state attracts attention worldwide. In many cases, landfill aeration can be considered the only technically and economically feasible method to significantly reduce the perpetual post closure care, both by time and complexity. In other cases aeration contributes towards the long term reduction of greenhouse gas and leachate emissions (semi-aerobic concept) or is applied for the fast recovery of landfill volume (aerated bioreactor concept). Numerous studies in laboratory scale have been conducted over the past decades and full scale examples are increasing by number in particular since 15 years ago. However, although comprehensive data has been published until today, there is a demand for systematisation of the results in order to gain generally admitted indications. Despite the fact that landfill aeration is a more recent concept it has already been successfully applied to several landfills in Europe, North America and Asia. Some of the most comprehensive investigations have been made in Germany and, due to the high interest in this technology; more investigations are underway in different European countries (e.g. The Netherlands) nowadays. This is certainly essential as in-situ aeration stands for more than just injecting air into a landfill. Aspects as e.g. well design and spacing, selection of appropriate air volume and pressure, control of air distribution, temperature and moisture control as well as potential pollutants mobilisation into both, gas and liquid phase have to be considered. Finally, the question of a particular point in time to terminate the aeration process has to be answered. The latter includes indications about the biological landfill stability achieved during aeration and leads back to the initial consideration on sustainability. Thus, not only technical and ecological aspects have to be considered but also economic issues. 2. METHOD: LANDFILL AERATION CONCEPTS The term “landfill aeration” comprises a variety of different concepts and methodologies. Over the past decades many of these concepts have proven to be applicable at full scale, even though in the majority of cases a clear proof of success has not been provided. The reasons for this are manifold and include, beside others, a lack of general parameters and target values for the successful completion of 78 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste aeration as well as the application of insufficient monitoring programs during aeration. Furthermore, the aeration of landfills has to follow a number of very specific objectives in accordance with the local situation, framework requirements and the specific problems. Table 1 provides an overview of different landfill aeration concepts and their specific areas of application. Aeration concept Sub-concept Main area of application Off-gas treatment method high pressure - in preparation for landfill mining biofilter low pressure active aeration & off-gas extraction accelerated bio-stabilisation and GHG emissions minimisation thermal oxidation (subsequently biofilter) active aeration w/o offgas extraction accelerated bio-stabilisation biocover (landfill surface) passive aeration (air venting) increasing gas extraction rates / subsequent aerobic bio-stabilisation biofilter energy self-sufficient long term aeration avoidance of long term gas generation none / landfill surface connection between leachate collection pipes and gas vents included in the design layout long term reduction of GHG emissions & improvement of leachate quality none subsequent installation of passive gas vents (w/o connection to leachate pipes) landfill remediation none semi-aerobic Table 1. Overview of different landfill aeration concepts, application areas and related off-gas treatment methods. 3. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Landfill aeration as a methodology for the fast, controlled and sustainable conversion of landfills into a biological stabilised state attracts attention worldwide. However, although comprehensive data has been published until today there is a great demand for a systematisation of the results in order to gain overall indications. Against this background the International Waste Working Group (IWWG) has set up a task group on the topic of landfill aeration. The group aims at compiling international perspectives and expertise in the field in order to enhance the technology and to disseminate experiences to the public. Currently the group is focussing on the compilation of an overview on the status of landfill aeration worldwide, definitions of landfill aeration methods, stabilization and quality criteria for landfill aeration as well as the set-up of a database. The latter is of special interest in connection with the intended systematisation approach. Furthermore it becomes apparent that there is still a lack of understanding regarding specific processes to occur during aeration (e.g. the nitrogen and temperature dynamic under full scale conditions) and a deficit in transparency regarding costs. Obviously the great variety of landfill aeration concepts and the increasing number of realised aeration projects should be used as a chance and basis for a broad discussion and exchange among experts in this field. Based on the existing experiences potential combinations of concepts might be further developed, such as e.g. the inclusion of wind driven aspirators in the semi-aerobic landfill concept, the application of deep-filtered gas wells for active aeration, intermittent operation in low pressure concepts as well as the adjustment of temperatures by a controlled addition of water or leachate. 79 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of New Sanitary Landfill of Tehran M.A. Abdoli, H. Hasanian, L. Amiri Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran mabdoli@ut.ac.ir, hasanian@ut.ac.ir, leila_amiri_3224@yahoo.com Abstract A comprehensive master plan study for solid waste management in Tehran carried out in 1997 and resulted in a number of important recommendations for solid waste management in Tehran. The single most urgent priority that has been identified is the establishment of a new modern controlled environmentally sound landfill. The current solid waste landfilling is carrying at the central semi-controlled landfill in the south of Tehran in Kahrizak, which has reached full capacity. The proposed site for the new landfill is Houshang Abad-Aziz Abad site, which was selected from a study of thirteen candidate sites. Construction of an environmentally and socially safe municipal solid waste sanitary landfill facility requires environmental assessment which is the main topic of this paper. This study covers documenting the current legal and institutional framework in Iran, recognizing environmental and social impacts and appropriate measures to minimize any adverse impacts and presenting management and monitoring plans. This study provides guidance to project decision makers on the environmental acceptability of the project activities and permits planning and investment decisions to be made on a comprehensive understanding of the anticipated project impacts. Keywords: Tehran, Sanitary Landfill, Environmental Assessment. 1. INTRODUCTION Solid waste management is a significant source of concern for the urban environment in Iran. Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has an estimated daytime population of 11.5 million and a resident night time population of 9.5 million. The total amount of waste generated is approximately 2.7 million tons/year. The majority (92%) of this total amount is municipal waste[1]. Implementing environmental waste management techniques such as 4R techniques helps to reduce damage on environment. However, solid waste landfilling remains the common method of disposal to complete the integrated waste management[2]. Although open dumping is not economically because of the huge transportation cost without bioenergy achievement. Open dumping is recommended for nonbiodegradables, inerts and other wastes which cannot be recycled or processed [3]. The current solid waste landfilling is carring out at the central semi-controlled landfill in the south of Tehran in Kahrizak, which has reached full capacity and expansion into adjacent lands is limited and only provides a short-term solution. The current site does not satisfactorily manage the incoming wastes and the liquid and gaseous emissions. Generated leachate stores in a surface pond and has been leaking in to the underground. A comprehensive master plan study for solid waste management in Tehran carried out in 1997 resulted in a number of important recommendations for solid waste management in Tehran. The single most urgent priority that has been identified for the solid waste management sector in Tehran is the establishment of a new modern controlled environmentally sound landfill. Organization for Waste Recycling and Composting (OWRC) is currently seeking assistance from the World Bank to improve solid waste management in Tehran mainly through construction of an environmentally and socially safe municipal solid waste sanitary landfill facility. This study covers the construction of a new landfill at the Houshang Abad - Aziz Abad site documenting the current legal and institutional framework for solid waste management in Iran, appropriate measures and plan to minimize and mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts, public concerns throughout the lifetime of the project and a comprehensive monitoring program to evaluate the implementation of the project. This study provides guidance to project decision makers on the environmental acceptability of the project activities and permits planning and investment decisions to be made on a comprehensive understanding of the anticipated project impacts. 80 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development prior to implementing projects [3]. One key objective of the EIA is to ensure that the proposed project and the development of an engineered landfill will not impact adversely upon the environment. A second key objective is to maximize the potential environmental benefits from the proposed project and the associated investments. EIA was carried out in close coordination with the project team and key stakeholders, including the landfill design team, the Social Assessment Team and Client representatives. Public consultations were undertaken at significant project stages. This allowed alternatives to the proposed project and mitigation measures that may be included in the design to be identified. The proposed site for the new landfill is Houshang Abad-Aziz Abad site, which was selected from a study of thirteen candidate sites. The site is located about 58 km from the south of Tehran on the old Tehran - Ghom road in an arid area without any residential, agricultural or industrial development. The area of influence of the project considered for the environmental assessment study includes towns and villages near the Houshang Abad-Aziz Abad site and the main highways and roads used for transport of solid wastes from the transfer stations to the landfill site. Results of EIA for thr new sanitary landfill illustrate that by considering the mitigation plan and also monitoring scheme it will be predicted to implement an environmentally sound disposal for daily generated waste in Tehran, the 27th most populated city in the world. REFERENCES 1. OWRC, (2006). Project on source separation of municipal solid waste: programs and mechanisms, Organization for Waste Recycling and Composting, Tehran Municipality - Iran. 2. Zamorano M. [et al.] Environmental diagnosis methodology for municipal waste landfill as a tool for planning and decision making process [Journal] // Sustainable Development and Planning. - [s.l.] : WIT, 2005. - Vol. 1. - pp. 545-554. 3. Mondal, M. K., Rashmi, Dasgupta, B.V., (2010). EIA of municipal solid waste disposal site in Varanasi using RIAM analysis, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 54, 541–546. 81 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Pilot Project on in Situ Aerobisation of Old Landfills - Results from Kostanz Dorfweiher Landfill Daniel Laux1, Martin Reiser2, Martin Kranert2 1 Ministry of the Environment, Climate Protection and the Energy Sector Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany; daniel.laux@um.bwl.de 2 Institute of Sanitary Engineering Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Germany; martin.reiser@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract To reduce the aftercare period a new in situ treatment technique is being utilized on a part of the Dorfweiher landfill in Konstanz. This landfill is aerated intermittently with low pressure. Outgoing air is treated passively in an open biofilter which covers the landfill surface. The landfill is aerated by means of 80 air injection wells arranged area-wide in a 10 m grid. Over a period of three years, from 2010 to 2012, the landfill is aerated. Afterwards, the effects of the aerobic stabilization on the landfill will be evaluated in a two-year monitoring phase. An elaborate measuring process and technological controls are being utilized in the pilot scheme. Since the beginning of the intermittent aeration in January 2010, things have changed inside the landfill section in many ways. It increased from 27°C at the beginning up to a median value of about 50°C. In many zones of the landfill body, the aeration caused aerobic conditions with a decline of methane production. The data collected offer interesting insights about the processes during aeration, allowing optimization of the aeration strategy depending on changes of the conditions in the landfill. Keywords: landfill, aftercare period, in situ aerobisation, stabilization, methane. 1. INTRODUCTION Since July 2005, it is no longer permitted to landfill untreated municipal solid waste in Germany. The amount of waste deposited in landfills has shrunk enormously since then. As result, many landfills are being closed and converted into the aftercare period. Scientific evaluation and prediction of pollutant emissions from the deposited waste show that landfills need to be managed long after they have been closed. Some landfills must be monitored for up to 100 years after closing. Due to biological processes in the waste, emissions from the landfill via leachate and gas phase can be presumed in the long term. Conventional anaerobic conditions in the landfill and also a surface sealing will normally prolong the aftercare period. The goal of the project on a part of the Dorfweiher landfill in Konstanz is to test a new in situ stabilization technique for accelerating the biological degradation process and therefore to reduce the aftercare period. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Technıcal Realızatıon The project is being carried out in a section of the Dorfweiher landfill, which has an area of 12,000m² and a fill volume of 72,000m³. This section possesses a mineral base sealing, but no surface sealing and gas collection have been installed yet. Landfilling of waste ended in 2003. Over a period of three years, from 2010 to 2012, the landfill is aerated intermittently by means of 80 air injection wells arranged area-wide in a 10 m grid with low pressure. Because of low methane concentration and the resulting low calorific value of gas emissions, it is possible to treat the arising gas emissions in biofilter by the microbial methane oxidation. Outgoing air is treated passively in an open biofilter which covers the landfill surface. 2.2. Investıgatıon Concept An elaborate measuring process and technological controls are being utilized in the pilot scheme. Data are recorded for controlling and optimizing the aeration system and for documenting the progress of stabilization in detail. Therefore 64 measuring sensors have been installed to continuously record the temperature in the landfill and in the biofilter. Landfill gases are periodically measured inside the landfill by 18 measuring points, inside and on top of the biofilter by 8 measuring points. It is important to control the aeration and to assess the effectiveness of the biofilter. Inspections of 82 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste landfill methane concentrations by flame ionization detector (FID) are carry out monthly. At the same time a new method with a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) is utilized and developed further in this project (Reiser et al., 2008). To identify the effect of aeration onto the landfill, settlings are measured semi-annually by a hydrostatic measurement system. It is also possible to examine the impact of the aeration onto the quality and quantity of leachate, thus the pilot section is largely separated from the rest of the landfill. The results of the project will provide a key input in choosing the construction of the final surface sealing. 3. RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES The data collected offer interesting insights about the processes during aeration, allowing optimization of the aeration strategy depending on changes of the conditions in the landfill. Since the beginning of the intermittent aeration in January 2010, things have changed inside the landfill section in many ways. Temperature is one of the most important parameters. It increased from 27°C at the beginning up to a median value of about 50°C (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Temperature distribution shown in the longitudinal section through the landfill in June 2012 In many zones of the landfill body, the aeration caused aerobic conditions with a decline of methane production. After a longer aeration stop, this process was reversed in a few zones. Gas measurements inside the biofilter revealed a very low methane emission up to this point. The settlements of the landfill have increased to 110 cm in some regions. REFERENCES 1. Laux, D., Reiser, M., Kranert, M., (2010). Pilot scheme to reduce the aftercare period on the Dorfweiher landfill by in-situ stabilization. ORBIT 2010, 29.06.-03.07.2010, Heraklion Crete, Greece (2010), Proceedings, 68. 2. Stegmann, R.; Heyer, K.-U.; Hupe, K.; Siederer, H.; Wieland, A. (2006). Deponienachsorge- Handlungsoptionen, Dauer, Kosten und quantitative Kriterien für die Entlassung aus der Nachsorge. Umweltforschungsplan des BMU. Förderkennzeichen (UFOPLAN) 204 34 327, im Auftrag des UBA 83 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Design and Evaluation of Landfill Concepts by Means of a Carbon Load Balance and the Energy Demand Bidlingmaier Werner, Hädrich Gunnar KNOTEN WEIMAR International Transfer Centre Environmental Technology GmbH, Institute at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar knoten.weimar@bionet.net AND/OR gunnar.haedrich@bionet.net Abstract The deposit of municipal solid waste in low and middle income countries is still affected by arbitrary dumping within and outside of the cities and municipalities as well as missing waste disposal facilities. Due to the economic situation the waste management cannot be transferred to German standard at present. Nevertheless, humans demand is high for a clean and intact environment. Therefore, a rating system has been developed, which it makes possible to design, compare and evaluate different landfill concept scenarios in regard of the ecological efficiency and the economic effort. It is based on the multi-barrier concept and offers the possibility to generate as well as compare even simple solutions. The existing knowledge of the effectiveness - the protective potential - and of the technical implementation for the establishment of the individual barriers serves as data basis. The customised landfill concepts are compared to the reference scenario of open dumping which depends on the respective local situation. Thus, an objective assessment is possible. The results form the background for continuative decisions. Keywords: landfill concept rating system, carbon load balance, energy demand, low and middle income countries. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Illegal or uncontrolled dumping at outskirts and in the city indicates the waste management situation in many low and middle countries. In contrast, technical concepts are developed and implemented for an environmentally sound waste disposal in Germany. However, these concepts require a high technical and economical effort as well as level of knowledge. Germany spends less than one per cent of the gross domestic product for the present waste management. In developing countries, this would be roughly equal to 10 per cent or more if German standards would be adapted one-by-one. Thus, limited financial resources but also the lack of knowledge obstructs a rapid improvement of present situation. A one-by-one implementation of German or European standards would be absurd under the present frame conditions. This applies for landfill concepts as well. Thus, an appropriate standardised rating system to design and evaluate adapted landfill concepts is developed. It is oriented on the exiting guides and programmes acting as a decision support tool. Thus, it has to be seen as supplement to these guides, especially to the technical design of landfill concepts. 2. METHODS The rating system is based on the multibarrier system and combines existing knowledge and experiences to determine the effectiveness of individual landfill barriers and related construction types. The technical complexity is considered on economical side, which is necessary for the implementation of the individual barriers. The underlying rating system supports the generation of different individual landfill concepts and enables its comparison to the reference scenario “open dumping” and among each other. The cost-effectiveness-analysis forms the methodological foundation. The effectiveness is described by means of value benefits and mass flow analyses. The technical effort, expressed as non-monetary value, represents the economic aspect. In this sense, it is a modification compared to the general approach of the cost-effectiveness- analysis, but ensures the generality beyond country borders. A system of objectives including operationalised objectives has been developed on basis of the local and global emissions in the compartments air and water. It forms the main work base to evaluate objectively the effectiveness of each barrier and/or construction type. The barriers are allocated to 84 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste the mentioned emissions according to their individual influence. The local waste composition, the climatic conditions in form of precipitation and evapotranspiration as well as the resulting emissions represent the system boundaries. The evaluation of the effectiveness varies. Local impacts like fire or drift are qualitatively rated, whereas the landfill gas and leachate load emissions are quantitatively assessed by means of a carbon load balance. The individual waste composition forms the foundation for the emissionrelevant carbon potential. Thus, a load balancing is possible for the compartments air and water and a quantitative basis of comparison is generated. The specific direct primary energy and space demand illustrate the technical effort for implementation. The estimation of the energy input is related to the method of the cumulative energy demand. The carbon emissions and the technical effort refers to a representative element, which is a column of the landfill body with a ground area of one square metre and a landfill height, which has to be specified separately. Thus, a comparison is possible independent from the landfill size. The considered time horizon is set to 100 years. This is the period where most of the biodegradable carbon emissions are released and most technical barriers are evaluated for. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT The effectiveness of the individual barriers is successfully standardised within this rating system. Now, it can be directly compared to each other next to the technical effort. Furthermore, with the rating system, it is now possible to assess landfill concepts regarding ecological and economical aspects and not only individual barriers. The carbon load balance clarifies that the emission-relevant carbon in the compartments air and water are present at a ratio of circa 8:1 instead of 19:1 as often published. Thus, the water path is more important than initially thought. The gained knowledge provides the foundation to illustrate and compare the emission behaviour of different localised landfill concepts. Thus, the results depend on the individual local situations. The rating system is emphasized by an illustration of the efficiency and the interdependencies between the effectiveness of the individual barriers and the local conditions. Thus, it is possible to evaluate specific barrier variants according to the necessary technical effort against the ecological benefits. The rating system clarifies also the interdependencies between the individual barriers. For instance, it becomes obvious that the optimal reduction of methane emissions by a surface sealing results in a temporal shift of local leachate emissions into the future. 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION By means of the rating system, the foundation is given to design stepped, appropriate and professionally assessed landfill concepts. A statement can be made to the question: How much protective potential does one gets for how much economical effort. Hence, one can deduce where available economical resources are used most effectively under ecological aspects. Thus, the results of this efficiency analysis form the foundation for further measures to improve the waste management in low and middle-income countries. 85 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations MBR Leachate Treatment: Wehrle Expertise Kenan Güney and Bernd Fitzke WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH; Bismarkstr. 1-11, 79312 Emmendingen, Germany guney@wehrle-umwelt.com, fitzke@wehrle-umwelt.com Abstract Sanitary landfilling is the most widely applied method in developing and developed countries for disposal of municipal solid waste. Leachate produced in landfill is highly polluted and mostly toxic to environment. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment of leachate is a proven technology having hundreds of applications in the world. WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH has wide expertise on leachate treatment. WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH engineered, constructed and operated more than 150 full scale hybrid MBR leachate treatment plants in the world. One of the leachate treatment plants is Sousse leachate treatment plant which has 70.000 mg/l COD and 4.000 mg/l NH4-N in influent and produces effluent with 90 mg/l COD and <30 mg/l NH4-N. Keywords: Leachate, Membrane BioReactor-MBR, Discharge Limitations, Expertise, BioMembrat® 1. INTRODUCTION Sanitary landfilling is still the most popular ultimate disposal for municipal solid waste [1]. However, it leads the production of highly polluted landfill leachate. Leachate is mostly toxic to aquatic life since it has high organic load and high ammonia load which depletes soluble oxygen in the water body. Besides leachate characteristics alter with time. Therefore leachate is classified as young, intermediate and stabilized leachate. Young leachate has the highest COD and BOD5/COD ratio and high ammonia concentration while stabilized leachate has the lowest COD and BOD5/COD ratio and usually much higher ammonia concentration. Therefore treatment of leachate is a real challenge in all cases. Design of a leachate treatment plant is mainly depending on the amount and the characteristics of leachate produced, requested effluent quality (discharge into sewer or watercourse) and regulations. The latter parameters vary according to region and sometimes even within the country. However, membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment of leachate is a proven technology having hundreds of applications in the world. A MBR consists of high performance biological system and UF filtration to separate microorganisms and to produce high quality effluent which is beneficiary for the following treatment steps, especially for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, if needed. MBR achieves more complete biodegradation compared to conventional activated sludge systems since it has higher MLSS concentration and enhanced growth of specialist microorganisms in the system leading higher performance in biological treatment. MBR has smaller footprint, less surplus sludge production, much higher sludge age, reduced air consumption and it generates much higher effluent quality. Therefore MBR treatment systems are very effective in the treatment of highly polluted wastewaters including landfill leachate. WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH is the world’s market leader of membrane bioreactor plants with external membranes (sidestream MBR). WEHRLE has the patented MBR treatment technology series called BIOMEMBRAT® for the biological treatment of wastewaters including highly polluted landfill leachate and industrial wastewaters. WEHRLE designs case specific, tailor made MBR hybrid applications which consist of MBR and various appropriate pre-treatment and advanced post treatment technologies with regard to the really strict discharge standards for highly polluted industrial wastewaters and leachate. Figure 1 expresses appropriate MBR hybrid treatment methods according to the inlet leachate quality (Pollution Load) and discharge requirements [2]. 86 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. Decision Support Diagram for Leachate Treatment 2. WEHRLEʼs EXPERTISE As the world market leader of MBRs with external membranes, WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH has engineered and constructed 186 leachate treatment plants worldwide and 155 of these leachate treatment plants are composed of various BIOMEMBRAT® treatment systems. The WEHRLE leachate treatment plants (LTP) were engineered according to the customer demands: discharge into sewer or into watercourse. The flow/capacity of the treatment plants varies between 30 m3/d and 5200 m3/d (LTP Shangai, the largest LTP in the world). Highest inlet COD is 70.000 mg/l and after hybrid MBR treatment <90 mg/l COD is reached in the effluent. Highest inlet NH4-N is 4.000 mg/l and after hybrid MBR treatment down to <5 mg/l NH4-N is reached in the effluent (Table 1). * Largest landfill leachate treatment plant in the world Table 1. Inlet and outlet concentrations of full scale LTPs engineered by WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH REFERENCES 1. Ahmed, F.N. and Lan, C.Q., (2012). Treatment of landfill leachate using membrane bioreactors: A review, Desalination, 287, 41-54 2. Fitzke, B., Blume, T., Wienands, H., Cambiella, A., (2013). Hybrid processes for the treatment of leachate from landfills, in Coca-Prados, J. and Gutierrez-Cervello, G., Economic Sustainability and Environmental Protection in Mediterranean Countries Through Clean Manufacturing Methods (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security), Springer, 2013, 107-126 87 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Systematic Approach for Management of High Strength Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Edwin Safari Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran ensafari@ut.ac.ir Abstract In contrast to end of pipe approach for leachate treatment that might be efficient in treatment of low strength leachate, a systematic approach is required for management of high strength leachate. Biochemical and chemical oxygen demands in excess of 30,000 ppm and 60,000 ppm in fresh leachate generated as a result of high food waste fraction in municipal solid waste was shown to be require a costly combination of biological, physical and chemical processes. A systematic approach was therefore suggested where all possible options for high strength leachate management can be analyzed in various combinations. The key components of the systematic approach were considered to be possible leachate reduction through long term waste management practices aimed at reducing the food waste fraction of municipal solid waste, the possibility of transferring leachate to a local sewage treatment plant with or without pretreatment, recirculation of leachate into landfill to increase biogas generation rate and using the produced energy for onsite treatment purposes, anaerobic partial treatment of leachate and generate biogas and energy, evaporation where possible and irrigation of vegetation on final cap of the completed sections of landfills using partially treated leachate. Various scenarios were introduced and analyzed in terms of viability. Keywords: Landfill, high strength leachate, anaerobic, biogas. 1. INTRODUCTION Leachate is generated both through percolation of atmospheric precipitation into landfills and moisture released from the waste [1]. Depending on climatic conditions where landfill is located the dominant source of leahate could be atmospheric precipitation, initial moisture content of the waste or both. Even in arid and semiarid regions where the contribution of atmospheric precipitation is at minimum, the high rate of leachate generation can be attributed to initial moisture content. Relatively high initial moisture contents are typically found in cases where food waste fraction dominates in MSW [1]. Food waste can contain up to 70% moisture by weight [2], [3] which can be released as a result of mechanical compaction of early landfilling days and later gradual increase in vertical pressure. The higher the food waste fraction in MSW, the higher the strength of leachate [4]. The high strength leachate can have a biochemical and chemical oxygen demand in excess of 60,000 mg/l and 30,000 mg/l respectively for fresh leachate [3] as is the case in many landfills and waste dumps in Iran. In many cases leachate treatment options have been introduced and practiced based on an end of pipe treatment approach, whereas high strength leachate needs to be managed through a systematic approach. A closer look at the source of high strength leachate suggests reduction of leachate generation rate as a first priori which requires long term waste management planning and might not be readily successful. A number of studies have introduced different methods of leachate treatment including both onsite and in-situ treatment processes. However most of the studies have either dealt with lower strength leachate or have examined complicated and costly end of pipe treatment processes. [5] A systematic approach for management of high strength leachate incorporates all possible options to minimize the potential environmental impacts associated with leachate. Any combination of possible options can be analyzed in terms of viability and efficiency of management. Options include transferring leachate to a local sewage treatment plant with or without pretreatment, recirculation of leachate into landfill to increase biogas generation rate and using the produced energy for onsite treatment purposes, anaerobic partial treatment of leachate and generate biogas and energy, evaporation where possible and irrigation of vegetation on final cap of the completed sections of landfills using partially treated leachate. Some combinations of the above options were analyzed using theoritical background information along with some experimental experiences. 88 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Various experiences on high strength leachate treatment were reviewed and possible options in terms of overall eficacy were developed and discussed. A sample basic combined option for management of high strength leachate is shown in Figure 1. Other options were also studied through replacing and/or removing single components from the basic scenario. Figure 1. Basic combination of high strength leachate management Viability of possible combinationss of options for management of high strength leachate were analyzed using theoritical background information. Results of experiments on treatability of high strength leachate in two landfills in Iran that were located in arid and semiarid regions were also employed in order to acquire realistic information on the efficacy. Lab scale studies on anaerobic treatability and consequent biogas generation, in-situ treatment and behavior of quality constituents in daily cover soil REFERENCES 1. Tchobanoglous G. And Kreith F., (2002). Hanbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw-Hill Handbooks. 2. Safari E and Baronian C (2002) Modeling temporal variations in leachate quantity generated at Kahrizak landfill. Rizzoli AE and Jakeman AJ (eds.) Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Meeting of the iEMSs: Integrated Assessment and Decision Support, International Environmental Modeling and Software Society, Lugano, Switzerland, Vol. 1, pp: 482–487 3. Safari E, Jalili Ghazizade M, Shokouh A, et al. (2011) Anaerobic removal of COD from high strength fresh and partially stabilized leachate and application of multi stage kinetic model. International Journal of Environmental Research 5(2): 255– 270 4. Safari e., Ghazizade J. M. and Abdoli M. A., (2012). A performance based method for calculating the design thickness of compacted clay liners exposed to high strength leachate under simulated landfill conditions, Waste Management and Research, , 30(9) 898–907 5. Renou S, Givaudan JG, Poulain S, Dirassouyan F, and Moulin P., (2008). Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity, Journal of Hazardous Material, 150(3):468-93 89 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Application of Membrane Processes for Organic Carbon Removal from Landfill Leachate Güçlü INSEL1, Serdar DOGRUEL1, Nadir DİZGE2, Emine COKGOR1, Bülent KESKINLER2 Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, TR-34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey E-mail: inselhay@itu.edu.tr; ubay@itu.edu.tr 2 Gebze Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Department, TR-141 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey E-mail: ndizge@gyte.edu.tr; bkeskinler@gyte.edu.tr 1 Abstract In this study, all conventional membrane technologies were applied to a young landfill leachate. The biodegradation characteristics was obtained on the basis of COD characterization and respirometric modeling techniques. After the MBR treatment the effluent was subjected to nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) to obtain better effluent quality. Before and after biological treatment the size distribution of organics carried out on influent and effluent of MBR system. The organic matter footprint was extracted using physical and biological characterization. Keywords: Biodegradation, COD fractionation, membrane bioreactor, size distribution. 1. INTRODUCTION Landfill leachate has a high polluting potential particularly in terms of organic matter, nitrogen content together with heavy metals etc. [1] The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), may increase up to 50,000 mgCOD/L and 6,000 mgN/L, respectively in young sanitary landfills. The promulgation of challenging discharge limits requires more advanced treatment alternatives such as membrane processes and biological treatment, namely the membrane bioreactors [2]. Moreover, additional downstream membrane processes (NF, RO) options are also available to obtain better effluent quality [3]. In this study, the influent COD fractionation and biodegradation kinetics were determined on the basis of respirometric modeling techniques for landfill leachate. In addition, the size distribution (PSD) results were provided before and after the MBR treatment. Finally, downstream membrane separation technologies were applied to MBR effluent to test the possibility of meeting lower discharge limits practiced by different countries. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Laboratory-scale MBR system was operated for biomass acclimation to be used in biological treatability study. UF membrane (30 kDa) made of Polyether Sulfone (PES) was used in the MBR. The acclimated biomass was used in respirometric (OUR) experiments to determine the biodegradation characteristics of organics in raw leachate having the COD level of 20,000 mg/L. Biodegradation and modeling study was carried out according to [4]. The inert COD determination was carried out according to Orhon et al. [5]. AQUASIM simulation software was used to determine degradation kinetics [6]. Gel-filtration experiments were applied to influent anf effluent of MBR system for the determination of size distribution at UF level. NF and RO treatment was applied to MBR effluent to maximize the COD removal. The filtration pressures were 10 bar for NF270 and 20 bar for RO-X20. The raw wastewater was sampled from IZAYDAS landfill characterizing the dry weather conditions. 3. RESULTS 3.1. Pılot MBR Operatıon and Bıodegradatıon After steady state operation, MBR operation was reported to be 90% COD removal exhibiting appro. 1900 mg/L COD in the effluent. The overall biodegradable COD was found to be 70% on the basis of respirometric experiments and modeling. In addition, the degradation rate of organics was found to be 30% of municipal wastewater. The OUR experiment result was given in Figure 1.a. 90 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3.2. Membrane Treatment (UF, NF, RO) The results of gel-filtration experiments conducted on influent and effluent of MBR were summarized Figure 1.b. The difference between dark and light gray profiles indicates the COD in raw achate and MBR effluent at corresponding filter cut-off size as given in X-axis. It should be noted that the Y-axis is given in logarithmic unit. Approximately, 70% of COD is at below the filter size of 2 nm for the raw leachate. After MBR treatment this value decreased from 70% to 8%. 14000 10000 Raw Leachate 10000 8000 100 6000 10 4000 1 0 (a) (b) Figure 1. Biodegradation (OUR) modeling and gel-filtration of MBR influent/effluent Table 1 below summarizes the pH, conductivity and COD results of MBR effluent, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis experiments. After NF and RO applications, the COD level was decreased from 1935 mg/L down to 330 and 295 mg/L, respectively. The NF and RO treatment exhibited additional 83% and 85% COD removals, respectively. Parameter MBR NF-270 RO-X20 pH - 9.38 9.23 Conductivity (mS/cm) 28.3 24.5 13.41 COD (mg/L) 1936 330 295 Table 1. Effluent characteristics after membrane filtration REFERENCES 1. Ahmed, F.N., Lan C.Q. (2012). Treatment of landfill leachate using membrane bioreactors: A review, Desalination, 287, 4154. 2. Judd, S.: The MBR Book: The principles and applications of membrane bioreactors in water and wastewater treatment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 3. Li G., Wang W., Du Q. (2010) Applicability of Nanofiltration for the Advanced Treatment of Landfill Leachate, Journal of Applied Polymer Science,Vol. 116, 2343–2347. 4. Insel, G., Orhon, D., Vanrolleghem, P.A. (2003). Identification and modelling of aerobic hydrolysis mechanism-application of optimal experimental design”, J. Chem.Tech. Biotech., 78, 4, 437-445. 5. Orhon, D., Karahan, O., Sozen, S. (1999). The effect of residual microbial products on the experimental assessment of the particulate inert COD in wastewaters, Water Res., 33, 14, 3191-3203. 6. Reichert P. (1998). AQUASIM 2.0-User manual. Technical report, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dubendorf, Switzerland. 91 220-450 nm 450-1600 nm <2 nm 2-3 nm 3-5 nm 5-8 nm 8-13 nm 13-220 nm 220-450 nm >1600 nm 450-1600 nm 2000 >1600 nm mg COD/L 12000 MBR Effluent 1000 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Progress of Sustainable Landfill Stabilization After 3 Years of Leachate Recirculation at the Vlagheide Landfill (NL) Willem van Vossen1, Harm Peperkamp1, Theo Folmer2 1 Royal HaskoningDHV willem.van.vossen@rhdhv.com 2 Urban District ‘s-Hertogenbosch theofolmer@hotmail.com Abstract The Urban District of ‘s-Hertogenbosch is the owner of the Vlagheide landfill. The Vlagheide landfill measures 40 hectares and 6 million m3 of municipal solid waste, stored over the last 35 years. The landfill has been closed in 2003. Half of the landfill comprises a newer part (≈ 20 ha) with bottom liner, but still without top liner. Within the framework of the current sustainable landfill management programme at the Vlagheide landfill (started in 2005), at this newer part a leachate recirculation test at 1 ha is carried out in order to investigate and monitor the expected acceleration of the stabilization process (i.e. the degradation of degradable organic matter) in the landfill body. The results of 3 years of recirculation with respect to landfill stabilization are considered promising and encouraging. As a result it could be concluded that sustainable landfill management (SLM) is capable to achieve the admissible emission limit values in such a way that it enables the competent authorities to make the decision for minimalization of aftercare or even for discharge from aftercare. 1. INTRODUCTION, HYPOTHESIS, OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH The Vlagheide landfill measures 40 hectares and 6 million m3 of municipal solid waste (MSW), stored over the last 35 years. The landfill has been closed in 2003 and complies with the EU-standards with respect to aftercare measures. Half of the landfill comprises a newer part (≈ 20 ha) with bottom liner, but still without top liner. Within the framework of the sustainable landfill management programme (SLMP) at this newer part a leachate recirculation test is carried out since June 2008 in order to investigate and monitor the expected acceleration of the stabilization process (i.e. the degradation of degradable organic matter) in the landfill body. The hypothesis behind the leachate recirculation test is that the infiltration of leachate will increase the moisture content in the landfill body. As a consequence a bigger part of the present degradable organic matter will be degraded. This will enhance the landfill stabilization process. The final goal is to achieve a sustainable emission reduction of landfill gas and leachate complying with the admissible limit values of emission to groundwater and air compartment. The pilot started in June 2008 by the installation of the infiltration fields over a surface of 1 ha. The infiltration field consists of 10 drains with a length of 100 meter each and a distance in between of circa 10 meter. The drains consist of trenches, filled with gravel. Leachate from the leachate collection pits of other compartments is pumped to the buffer tank on top of the landfill next to the infiltration field. From the buffer tank the leachate is pumped into two infiltration pits, which have been connected to the 10 infiltration drains. 2. RESULTS 2.1. Infıltratıon rate The objective is to infiltrate the highest possible amount of leachate, but without saturating the waste body and flooding the landfill surface. In fact it is the intention to increase the moisture content in the waste body without exceeding the field capacity of the waste body. The higher the moisture content, the higher the biogas production and as a consequence the faster the stabilization of the landfill will be achieved thanks to the degradation of anaerobic degradable organic matter. At the other hand transport of water is needed to remove inhibitors, which might be counter-productive to a succesfull and effective degradation process. Water transport is also needed to remove dissolved organic matter (DOC), to which heavy metals are bounded. In addtion to the effective natural infiltration of precipitation (280 mm/year), the optimal infiltration rate could be fixed at 720 mm/year. 92 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 2.2. Moısture content ın waste body The additional infiltration of leachate in the waste body of compartment 4 resulted in a noticeable higher mosture content in the waste body. This is demonstrated by the results of resistivity measurements in the waste body below the infiltration field, before and after the start of infiltration in April 2008. The patterns of resistivity can be related to hydrological zones in the waste body. Three resistivity zones are distinguished related to the hydrology in the waste body (Table 1). Hydrological zones Resistivity Resistivity value Colour in geo-electrical profiles Stagnant zones (‘dry pockets’) High > 20 – 50 Ωm Red Mobile zones, slow water transport Medium 10 – 20 Ωm Yellow or green Preferential channels: fast water transport Low < 5 – 11 Ωm Blue Table 1. Resistivity zones related to hydrological zones in the waste body The most favourable conditions for the progress of landfill stabilization are the mobile zones with slow water transport and high moisture contents. The resisitivity measurements show a noticeable increase of the yellow/green colours after 9 months (november 2008) and after 34 months (december 2010) of infiltration. So it can be concluded that the infiltration process meets its goal, which is the overall increase of the moisture content. 2.3. Leachate compostıon The progress of the landfill stabilization process is monitored by measuring the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) in the leachate, being the most important key performance indicators. Figure 1 shows an average increase of the BOD concentrations as well as the ratio BOD/COD during the infiltration period of 3 years. Figure 1. BOD and COD in the leachate of the infiltrated waste compartment 3. CONCLUSIONS With respect to the effects of leachate infiltration, the results can be summarized as follows: • The optimal additional leachate infiltration rate could be fixed at 720 mm/a. This is, added to the effective infiltration of precipitation (280 mm/a), a four-fold of the effective infiltration of rain water. • The infiltration resulted in an increase of the moisture content in the waste body, by which an important boundary condition has been fullfilled for the succes of landfill stabilization. • The infiltration resulted in a start of gas production in the so-called ‘dry-pockets”, which became moisturized due to enhanced infiltration. 93 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The leachate infiltration process meets the main conditions, which are the increase of moisture content and water transport. The period of 3 years of leachate infiltration is still relatively short to draw final conclusions whether or not the sustainable emission reduction will meet, at the end, the admissible emission limit values. Nevertheless the results are considered to be that promising and encouraging, that it could be concluded that sustainable landfill management (SLM) is capable to achieve the admissible emission limit values in such a way that it enables the competent authorities to make the decision for minimalization of aftercare or even for discharge from aftercare. 94 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Necessity of Waste Incineration and Power Plants in Istanbul Solid Waste Management Cevat Yaman1, Orhan Sevimoğlu2, Şenol Yıldız3, Kubilay Kaya4 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Control Department yaman.cevat@ibb.gov.tr 2 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Control Department, Directorate of Sea Services orhan.sevimoglu@ibb.gov.tr 3 İstanbul Environmental Management Co. syildiz@istac.com.tr 4 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Control Department, Directorate of Waste Management kubilay.kaya@ibb.gov.tr 1 Abstarct Environmental issues are the most problematic field for Turkey in terms of compliance with European Union. The environment, which is one of the most extensive areas of the EU Acquit, will be the most compulsive field along with the agriculture. The development of waste management and strengthen of implementation capacity require high costs, but it should be remembered that the cost of inaction is much higher. If an effective waste reduction and recycling cannot be provided, mountains that consist of garbage will threaten the environment and human health, and the forcing of absorption capacity of the nature will cause an inevitable expire of living opportunities. Strengthening of waste management has vital importance for the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of environment and human health beside this it is the key factor for to provide a sustainable and qualified living for future generations. Consumption habits have changed in parallel with the increasing of population and this has led to an increase in the amount of waste. The issue of land that appears because of the population increase requires new waste disposal methods rather that landfilling. All the new arrangements that made for this purpose bring obligations to use new disposal methods and restrict the amount of waste disposed in landfills. To comply the restriction about the amount of biodegradable waste that must be disposed outside of landfills require separate collection of waste and alternative disposal methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The most important point to take into consideration for the integrated waste management is sustainability. Although the landfilling is more economical than other disposal methods, rapid decrease of the capacity of existing landfill sites, lack of appropriate and sufficient lands are the factors that make this method difficult to use. A new Landfill legislation has been taken to force by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (formerly Environmental and Forestry) about the management of municipal solid wastes with in the process of pre accession to the EU and by this new legislation it is required that to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste that being disposed to the landfills by the mentioned years. In this context, the main purpose of the proposed project is to build an incineration plant where 3000 tons municipal solid wastes from residential areas, offices, schools etc. incinerate daily in accordance with the national and international legislation. It is planned that to generate heat and electricity by the steam that produced as a result of incineration of solid wastes. 2. EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL The amount of waste that being collected within the boundaries of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and being disposed to the Kömürcüoda and Odayeri Landfill Sites has exceeded the level of 5 million tons. Totally approximately 15000 tons of solid waste disposed to these sites on a daily basis and the annual disposal amount has reached the 5.3 million tons by the 2010. On the other hand, reducing the amount of biodegradable waste that stored in landfill sites gradually over time, set as a target by regulations in our country. According to the target set, in 2015, the amount of disposed biodegradable waste will be reduce to the level of 75% by weight of the amount of biodegradable waste that produce in 2005. This percentage will be reduce to the level of 50% in 2018 and 35% in 20251 95 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations In order to achieve this target Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality required applying new techniques for disposal of this amount of solid waste rather than existing landfill applications. The amount of solid waste that landfilled in 2005 was around 4.604.000 tons. By adding the solid waste that is not disposed to the landfills but collected by scavengers, composted and recycled the amount of solid waste generated in Istanbul estimated approximately 5 million tons. According to characterization of solid waste studies conducted by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, 2,3 million tons of biodegradable solid waste produced in 2005. Considering the abovementioned targets, the amount of biodegradable waste that disposed rather than landfilling is 1.6 million tons in 2015, 2.4 million tons in 2018 and 3.5 million tons in 2025. According to the studies that conduct considering the population and consequently increase the amount of waste, Istanbul placed in “1a” district in terms of EU legislation conformity targets and at least one incineration plant must be establish between the year of 2013 - 20172 Organic Waste (ton/day) Required Capacity (ton/day) Waste Amount (ton/day) Fraction of Organic Waste (%) Produced Can be Landfilled 2005 12.649 50 6.325 6.325 0 0 2015 18.448 49 9.040 4.743 4.296 8.768 2018 20.264 48 9.727 3.162 6.564 13.676 2025 24.967 47 11.734 2.214 9.521 20.257 Rest Table 1. Reducing the waste by year and the requirement alternative system capacity 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The amount of waste can be disposed by landfilling considering the limits that set by environmental legislations, the waste production estimates in Istanbul through 2025 and the amount of organic waste that exceed the limits are shown in the Table 1. below. As seen in the table, although the capacity the planned facility is 3000 t/d the amount of organic waste that exceed the limits sets in the legislation is 4296 t/d in 2015 and 9521 t/d in 2025. Sanitary landfill applications are generally being used as solid waste disposal method in our country. In addition to the landfilling, small amount of composting applications can be seen for waste disposal. Increasing the amount of waste production in Istanbul is increased the requirements for additional landfill sites evenly. Therefore, the waste management system must be reviewed and alternative waste disposal techniques must be developed. To reach the new targets that set by the new landfill legislation, Thermal and Biological waste disposal systems should be established as alternative disposal methods. As a result additional integrated waste disposal facilities that can handle 8000 t/d waste should be established through the year 2015. Considering the increasing the energy prices the preferred systems should be based on energy recovery like incineration, composting, biomethanisation etc. REFERENCES 96 1. Landfilling of Waste Regulation, 26 March 2010, no: 27533 2. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (2005), EU Environmental Regulations Compatible Integrated Waste Management Strategic Plan Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Simultaneous Leaching of Heavy Metals and Bioaccumulation of Phosphorus from Sludge Combustion - a New Way of Resource Reclaiming Wolfgang Dott1, Maxime Dossin2, Petra Schacht1 Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine - RWTH Aachen University wolfgang.dott@post.rwth-aachen.de, petra.schacht@rwth-aachen.de Fritzmeier Umwelttechnik - Inocre, Großhelfendorf m.dossin@inocre.de 1 2 Abstract The recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge incineration ash as well as the separation of heavy metals from ash was investigated by using the biotechnological process of bioleaching and bioaccumulation of released phosphorus by newly developed syntrophic population of bioleaching bacteria, Acidithiobacillus spec. strains, and polyphosphate (poly-P) accumulating bacteria, the AEDS-population (Acidithiobacillus spec. enriched digested sludge). The biologically performed solubilization of phosphorus from sewage sludge incineration ash is accompanied by the release of toxic metals. Therefore a combined process to separate phosphorus from heavy metals by achieving a plant available phosphorus-enriched product and a metal depleted ash was designed. Leaching experiments were conducted in leaching reactor containing a bacterial stock culture of Acidithiobacillus spec. Following step was the enhancement of P-recovery in combining bioleaching with simultaneous bio-P-accumulation by AEDS-population. The uptake of phosphorus in biomass reaches up to 66% of the mobilized phosphorus by bioleaching. The combined biologically performed technology of phosphorus leaching and separation from toxic metals by simultaneous bioaccumulation developed in this work is a promising economical and ecological process for the recovery of phosphorus from waste solids. Keywords: recovery of phosphorus, bioleaching, biological phosphate enrichment. 97 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Using of Landfill Gas Energy Generation Plant’s Waste Heat in Greenhouses Volkan ENÇ, Musa KASIRGA İSTAÇ A.Ş., İstanbul Çevre Yönetimi Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., Şişli-İSTANBUL venc@istac.com.tr, mkasirga@istac.com.tr Summary Municipal landfills are sites where solid wastes disposed within a particular procedure.There are two landfill facilities in Istanbul which are located in Asian and European side of Istanbul. In order to reduce environmental impacts of landfilling , leachate and landfill gas are collected and taken under control. Since The landfill gas contains methanen (CH4), it causes greenhouse effect. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Odayeri Landfill gas is been used in generation of 1,4MW electricity power in “Landfill Gas Energy Generation Plant” which has 15 engines.As the result of incineration of the landfill gas, a quite high amount and temperature of the exhaust gas is been emitted to atmosphere. Greenhouse management has been an important agricultural activity in Turkey. Heating costs, water supply and marketing problems are the main constraints for construction and management of greenhouses. However the metropolitans offer a big market, high prices of the lands prevents the sector to grow. Another expense for green house is heating costs. Because of high heating costs and limited heating options ,the greenhouse management are used be only in certain areas in Turkey. This study is supported by Istanbul Development Agency (İSTKA) and conducted to “The use of Compost and Heat Generated in Power Generation Plants, in Hothouses Project”. The usability of the heat exhausted by Landfill Gas Energy Genaration Plant is investigated. This study includes hothouse installation, the flue gas heat analysis, thermal calculations, heat recovery and the transmission system design and installation stages. Keywords: Waste Management, energy efficiency, waste heat, Landfills, greenhouse. 1. GREENHOUSE Energy saving is becoming increasingly important in the industry. However the fact that energy resources are limited and increasingly depleted, the difficulties in energy supply from time to time are various reasons, in pushing industries to rise energy efficiency and save energy , the main reason is the high and rising costs of the energy [1]. In many countries such as Germany, Denmark, Finland and Greece, heat from thermal power plants have been used for heating regional residentials. In Turkey the waste heat coming from Kahramanmaraş Afsin, Zonguldak Çatalağzı and Manisa Soma Thermal power plants, is considered to be used for heating of housing [2]. According to study done in a Student Dormitory in Isparta, %75 heat recovery has been achieved from the wastewater coming from washing machines [3]. Since plants need a certain temperature and any disruption in heating may affect the quality of the product quality, heating has been vital for hothouses. Conventional methods for heating greenhouses are expensive and damage to the environment [4]. In this study, many achievements with using the heat from Landfill Gas Power Generation Plant, such as using waste energy for heating, providing energy efficiency, reducing need to fossil fuels, increasing recycling options, reducing heating costs in greenhouses, offering sustainable solutions for agricultural land shortage are presented. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS After sellecting the proper land and plant a greenhouse has been installed in Odayeri Landfill Heat calculations were made for the hot house. The amount of heat required is calculated by considering the heat loses of each of the materials used in the construction and heat losses due to the volume change from air. 98 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Flue gas emission measurements of the exhaust gas from Landfill Gas Energy Generation Plant are done. Considering the results of flue gas measurements, the heat need for the recovery of gas at 470°C, is calculated. CO, SO2, NO and NO2 measurement are done using Electrochemical Cell Method while Speed and Flow Determination of the flue was carried out with the S-Type Pitot Tube. System alternatives for the use of the exhausted heat from flues are investigated. The air-water heat exchangers were studied. Considering the energy need of greenhouse and analysis results, the materail types and dimensions of economizer are identified and system was designed. The system was designed as to minimize the heat loses during the transfer of water heated in waste heat recovery unit and feeding hot water to the hot house in a efficient way. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION High temperature flue gas is been exhausted from Landfill Gas Energy Production Plants. Significant economic benefits can be achieved by recovering the heat exhausted from Landfill Gas Energy Production Plants. Greenhouses, in our country and around the world become an important agricultural activity and constraint heating cost is been main constraint fort he development of this industry. Hothouse are used to be installed in geothermaş and hot climate regions of our country. Winter heating is generally inadequate or can not be done at all. 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results of this project offer a significant solutions for waste management problems. The problems such as landfills, exhausted heat energy, hothouse land shortage, hot house heating costs and unemployment issues are discussed in a holistic manner. REFERENCES 1. Tarakçıoğlu A. (2006) Sanayide atık ısıdan yararlanma yöntemleri 103, FBE Makina Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı Isı Proses Programı YTÜ 2. Güngör C, Kaya D, Üresin E (2007) Termik santrallerin atık ısılarının değerlendirilmesi, Mühendis ve Makine, 575. Sayı, 19-25, www.tsad.org.tr 3. Özsoy A., Köse İ.İ., (2011) Merkezi çamaşır yıkama ünitelerinde atık ısı geri kazanımı, Ulusal İklimlendirme Kongresi, Antalya- Türkiye 4. Çanakçı C., Acarer S. (2011) Seracılıkta Yeni Gelişmeler ve Eğilimler, 1.Dikili Yöresi Jeotermal Kaynakların Değerlendirilmesi Sempozyumu İzmir-Türkiye 99 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The New Waste to Energy Plant Forsthaus in Berne (Ch) Luciano Pelloni, Markus Wieduwilt, Trimurti Irzan, David da Silva TBF + Partner AG, Consulting Engineers pe@tbf.ch Abstract The new Waste to Energy Plant Forsthaus in Berne, Switzerland, fully replaces the existing plant concerning waste incineration and district heating. The strict environmental specifications based on Swiss law are fulfilled by means of efficient and best available technology [1][2]. In addition, the facility represents a leading project, by the unique combination of three different power plants in one complex: a Waste to Energy Plant (WtE), a Wood-Fired Power Plant (WFPP) and a Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP). The plant provides electricity, steam and district heating for Berne and surroundings. Increasing the capacity of locally produced energy helps to lower the dependence on further energy providers. Moreover, by the use of renewable energy sources such as municipal solid waste and wood, the new Integrated Power Plant Forsthaus represents a milestone on the way to a phase-out of the nuclear power and an important step towards a sustainable power supply [3]. Our company was mandated with the general planning of process and mechanical parts, basic engineering for control system and electrical power distribution systems as well as site supervision for erection and commissioning and the overall project management of the new plant. Keywords: waste to energy plant, wood-fired power plant, biomass fueled power plant, gas-fired combined cycle power plant, waste incineration. 1. INTRODUCTION The new Integrated Power Plant Forsthaus represents the best solution to fulfill the below mentioned requirements of the new WtE plant defined earlier by the contractor: • Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste • Secure energy supply and district heating for the city of Berne • Increase the use of renewable energy sources • Significantly increase the produced amount of electricity • Increase flexibility in operation Three types of power plants are combined to an integrated power station, being a Swiss pioneer project: A Waste to Energy Plant (WtE) a Wood-Fired Power Plant (WFPP) and a Gas-fired Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) (Fig.1). Furthermore a natural gas fired Peak Load Set (PLS) to produce hot water for district heating was installed, in order to ensure peak-period demand of district heating as well as energy supply in case of blackouts. 2. WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT Waste incineration takes place in a grate furnace with a reverse-acting grate. The steam (40bar, 400°C) is produced in a horizontal-convective-tract boiler including an external economizer. The steam is used in a steam turbine with controlled extraction in order to produce electric current, energy for district heating and process steam. Flue gas treatment comprises an electrostatic precipitator with 3 fields, where dust and heavy metals in solid state are separated from the flue gas, a DeNOx-system (hot gas selective catalytic reactor), a two-stage scrubber, in which chlorides and fluorides are removed, and a fabric filter with 4 chambers, where remaining contamination (dust, dioxins and heavy metals) are eliminated. 100 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. Plant schematic (GT: Gas Turbine, WFPP: Wood Fired Power Plant, PLS: Peak Load Set, WtE: Waste to Energy 3. CONCLUSION The new Power Plant demonstrates a reliable and sustainable way to ensure safe and environmentally sound treatment of municipal waste. At the same time it produces electricity, heat and steam by the use of renewable and local energy sources. Table 1 summarizes the performance of the three different power facilities. WtE WWFP CCPP PLS Combustibles 110’000 t/a Waste 112’000 t/a ** Wood 11’800 Nm /h natural gas 5’100 Nm3/h natural gas Annual operating time 8’000 h 8’000 h approx. 5’000 h 20 h 131 MW 2 x 26 MW 3 Total thermal output 57 MW 27 MW Total electrical output (rated Input 100%) 18 MW 74 MW * Total efficiency factor max. 76 % efficiency Supply of electricity 360’000 MWh/a (35 % of Berne‘s demand) Heat supply 250’000 MWh/a (14 % of Berne‘s demand) 290’000 MWh/a with extension of the district heating grid of 20% Steam to industrial consumers approx. 40’000 MWh/a Table 1. Main data of The Integrated Power Plant Forsthaus (CH) * 46 MW from the gas turbine and 28 MW from the steam turbine ** Fresh wood chips with a high water content 101 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 REFERENCES 102 1. Air quality control regulation (LRV) from December 16th, 1985 (state of July 15th, 2010) 2. Technical ordinance on waste (TVA) from December 10th, 1990 (state of July 1st, 2011) 3. Official homepage of the Swiss Confederation, http://www.news.admin.ch, 15.03.2013 Oral Presentations Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Recycling of Rare Earth Metals in Pre - Treatment Plants Julia Hobohm, Katharina Szczepaniak, Kerstin Kuchta Hamburg University of Technology Julia.Hobohm@tuhh.de, kuchta@tuhh.de Abstract Precious and rare earth metals (REMs) are relevant in many technical applications such as panel displays, permanent magnets or circuit boards. World demand for rare earth elements is estimated at 136,000 tons per year and at the same time the global production of REMs was around 133,600 tons in 2010. But the demand is increasing due to the growth in the production of future technologies. This high demand coupled with limited exports caused significant price increases of single rare earth element oxides over the past two years. Due to the dependency and the environmental impacts of mining, all possible resources of REMs should be evaluated. Thus, the recycling of electronic waste is estimated to have a relevant potential, as a secondary resource for rare earth metals. According to the European Environment Agency the quantity of waste electrical equipment has been growing almost three times faster than other types of municipal solid waste. The main objective of the study is the consideration of the quantitative and qualitative input streams in pretreatment plants to develop an efficient recovery of precious and rare earths metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or E-waste). Furthermore, the optimized recovery of precious metals and the recovery of the rare earths have to be developed by this state. Keywords: Rare earth metals, recycling of E-waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) 1. INTRODUCTION The term rare earth metal (REM) is often used to indicate non-ferrous metals that are found only in rare amount. These metals are used in a broad range of manufacturing areas that include materials machineries and electronic production [1]. Nevertheless, Europe is one of the world’s largest consumers of REM today. The challenge has not been caused by the reserves of the REMs but in the mining regions, primarily in China.[2] The increasing demand and therefore the expected supply shortages, additionally triggered by Chinese export restrictions, lead to a significant increase in REM prices: Their price increased sevenfold in recent years. [3] A promising measure to fill the gap in the supply-demand-balance and to foster a sustainable supply of raw materials for Europe is recycling of REM from electronic waste (WEEE). This is obvious as the concentration of REM in electrical devices is often higher than in average mineral ore deposits.[1] The recovery of precious and rare earth metals out of electronic devices involves different challenges like the efficient collection, the pre-treatment and the final treatment. The biggest loss of metals results during the treatment steps.[4] Therefore, the whole treatment process has to be reviewed and optimised for the recovery of precious metals. After this there should be a transferance to the rare earth elements. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The output “coarse fraction” (> 20 mm) of a typical mechanical treatment plant for WEEE was manually sorted and chemically analyzed by AAS. At first the samples were manually sorted in the following fractions: irons, coppers, aluminums, plastics, circuit boards, composites of those and fines, that could not be sorted manually. The metals were detected with the AAS (contra 700, Analytik Jena) using a nitrous oxide/ acetyleneflame. 103 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Finally the material flow analysis was founded on different assumptions. 3. RESULTS In conclusion neodymium as rare earth metal - used in WEEE mostly for magnets - is located in two output streams. It is concentrated in the fines of the ferro- and paramagnetic fraction and in the fine fractions extracted by the metal sensor. In addition, gold and silver as precious metals are also determined in these fines. The highest concentrations of gold and silver were observed in circuit boards. Most of the circuit boards are detected and sorted out by the by the photo sensor. In all other outputs except one output circuit boards were detected. The material streams with the highest concentrations of gold and neodymium are the fine fractions of the magnet separation, resulting in the highest loss of those metals. The losses in coarse fraction, for the plant considered in this case, are about 6.4 % of gold and 11.4 % of silver. The losses of neodymium are 100 %. 4. CONCLUSION The recycling of electronic waste has a high potential as a resource for the recovery of precious and rare earth metals. According to the European Environment Agency the quantity of waste electrical equipment has been growing almost three times faster than other types of municipal solid waste. There are different steps in the collection and pre-treatment of E-waste that causes serious losses, one major loss accurses during the pre-treatment. To detect the losses the quantitative and qualitative input streams in pre-treatment plants have to be precisely determined. Regarding to the mass flow through the plant, the highest concentration as well the highest discharge of neodymium is located in the fines of the magnet separation. The highest output of precious metals regarding to the course grain happens in the metal sensor. REFERENCES 104 1. Schoßig M., (2011).Hintergrundpapier Seltene Erden.von Seltenen Erden - Daten & Fakten 2. Bencek, D., Klodt, H., & Rickels, W. (2011). Vorratslager für Seltene Erden: Eine Aufgabe für die Wirtschaftspolitik? 3. British Geological Survey (2011). Rare Earth Elements Profile, Natural Environment Research Council. Nottingham, Vereinigtes Königreich. 4. NRW, LANUV (2012): LANUV-Fachbericht 38. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Respirometric Method Applied to Biodegradation of Diesel and Biodiesel in Soil Ederio Dino Bidoia, Ivo Shodji Tamada, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Jaqueline Matos Cruz, Renato Nallin Montagnolli State University of São Paulo (UNESP)- Av. 24-A – 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. ist_eco@yahoo.com.br, ederio@rc.unesp.br Abstract Soil contamination by mixing diesel and biodiesel has not been much studied in Brazil. Since 2010, diesel presents in your composition 5% of biodiesel of animal or vegetable origin. The question is to know if this mixture has a greater or lesser impact when spill occurs, whether by accident, transport or production. Thus, this study evaluated biodegradation effects of pure diesel and mixtures with different proportions of biodiesel in diesel. The evaluation was based on the respirometric method, which accounts production of CO2 by weekly titulations. This work observed that mixture of 50% diesel more 50% of biodiesel presented the best biodegradation rate and this mixture showed higher biodegradation in comparison to pure biodiesel. Moreover, this work showed the efficiency of surfactant in the tests, and again the mixture with 50% of biodiesel presented more biodegradable. These results show that the pure biodiesel is less biodegradable than mixing with diesel (blend of biodiesel with diesel in the ratio 1:1). Keywords: toxicity, diesel, biodiesel, biodegradation. 1. INTRODUCTION Biodiesel becomes an energy source due to the scarcity of fossil fuels. It enters to Brazilian economic system as a fuel of great importance because the high energy requirement in this country [1, 2]. Use, production and transportation can cause serious environmental problems, so this paper proposes a biodegradation study of biodiesel and diesel in soil. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD This work used pure diesel and different blends of vegetable biodiesel and diesel. For biodegradation analysis in soil was applied Batha and Pramer´s respirometric methods [3] with adjustments and calculations of biodegradation following the Brazilian standard L6.350 [4]. This respirometric systems following the nomenclature presented in Table 1 that shows the “inoculum”, which is a soil with microorganisms preselected to these types of contaminants. The respirometric systems lasted 91 days with weekly analyzes (counting CO2 produced every 7 days). Respirometric Systems Composition Soil Inoculum Grit Diesel Biodiesel A 25 g - 25 g - - Surfactant - C 25 g 25 g - - - - C+S 25 g 25 g - - - 0.1 mL D 25 g 25 g - 5.0 mL - - B5 25 g 25 g - 4.75 mL 0.25 mL - B50 25 g 25 g - 2.5 mL 2.5 mL - B100 25 g 25 g - - 5.0 mL - D+S 25 g 25 g - 5.0 mL - 0.1 mL B5+S 25 g 25 g - 4.75 mL 0.25 mL 0.1 mL B50+S 25 g 25 g - 2.5 mL 2.5 mL 0.1 mL B100+S 25 g 25 g - - 5.0 mL 0.1 mL Table 1. Composition of respirometric systems 105 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT B50 respirometric system presented the greater accumulated production of CO2 than other systems and this fact was also noted by Sendzikiene et al. [5], observing that the mixture over 35% of biodiesel in the diesel increased the biodegradability in comparison to pure contaminant (diesel or biodiesel). In this work also observed that the presence of surfactant increases the production of CO2 and the mixture of diesel and biodiesel (B50) presented more biodegradability than others contaminants. Respirometric Systems Accumulated CO2 production (mg) A 48.4 ± 4.82 C 121.88 ± 7.47 C+S 144.375 ± 14.7 D 118.58 ± 1.4 B5 103.675 ± 2.88 B50 162.36 ± 1.71 B100 117.15 ± 3.11 D+S 168.685± 5.52 B5+S 133.925 ± 0.23 B50+S 219.285 ± 8.01 B100+S 144.43 ± 12.29 Table 2. Accumulated CO2 production in 91 days of analysis 4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS The respirometric method proved to be useful and functional in respect to contaminants biodegradation, proving that the blends of diesel and biodiesel are promising when used 50% of each one. The mixture with low concentration of biodiesel (B5) was very close to pure diesel in terms of biodegradation, making it unattractive in relation to biodegradability and possible bioremediation. Acknowledgments: CAPES, Petrobrás/ANP PRH 05, Fapesp and CNPq. REFERENCES 106 1. Pinto, A.C., Guarieiro, L.L.N.; Rezende, M.J.C., Ribeiro, N.M., Torresb, E.A., Lopes, W.A., Pereira, P.A.P. ve Andrade, J.B., (2005). Biodiesel: an overview, Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society, 16, 6B, 1313-1330. 2. Geris, R., Santos, N.A.C., Amaral, B.A., Maia, I.S., Castro, V.D. ve Carvalho, J.R.M., (2007). Biodiesel de Soja - Reação de Transesterificação para Aulas Práticas de Química Orgânica, Química Nova, 30, 5, 1369-1373. 3. Bartha, R., Pramer, D., (1965). Features of flask and method of measurement of the persistence and biological effects of pesticides in soil, Soil Science, 100, 1, 60-70. 4. CETESB - Companhia de Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental. Solos – Determinação de Resíduos – Método Respirométrico de Bartha, Norma técnica L.6.350. (1990). 5. Sendzikiene, E., Makarevicienea, V., Makarevicienea, P. ve Makareviciuteb, D., (2007). Biodegradability of biodiesel fuel of animal and vegetable origin, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109, 493-497. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste A Feasibility Study for the Sultanbeyli Waste Seperation Plant Ummugulsum Alyuz1, Goksel Demir2, Kadir Yavuz Yildirim3, Hatice Eser Okten4 Bahcesehir University, Environmental Engineering Department ummugulsum.alyuz@bahcesehir.edu.tr 2 Bahcesehir University, Environmental Engineering Department goksel.demir@bahcesehir.edu.tr 3 Sultanbeyli Municipality kadiryavuzyildirim@gmail.com 4 Bahcesehir University, Environmental Engineering Department eser.okten@bahcesehir.edu.tr 1 Abstract Cost of the establishment of a waste separation plant depends on many components such as the selected technology, site location, waste transfer requirement, waste saleability potential and financial support. Therefore, it is important to prepare the feasibility report for the facility to be established in each city, even in each district for the evaluation of all components that may affect the cost of the facility. In this study, the current waste management methods within the context of waste separation are examined, the potential costs and revenues are calculated by taking into account the specific conditions for the Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul. Then applicability, profitability and compliance with the build-operate-transfer model are discussed by creating a cash flow diagram for the planned project. Keywords: waste separation, recycling, feasibility, cost. 1. INTRODUCTION Waste separation plants which are a step in the waste management hierarchy are coming into prominence in Turkey during European Union delegation period. Establishment of the waste separation plants on district basis are on the agenda [1] in the major cities as Istanbul which currently have plants on city or region basis. A standard model to be used for the municipal and residential solid waste storage and recycling facilities is created by DHV Consultant [2], general information about the cost and cost ranges are given. In the other study, economic analysis of municipal solid waste recycling plant establishment in rural municipalities is described for the case of the Mustafakemalpasa district of Bursa [3]. In the Bursa case, primarily, household waste was analyzed, the costs of collection of these wastes are briefly stated, and the investment cost of a sample plant was added. A detailed cost analysis of each process by including technical details is thought to be necessary for the literature, after examining previous studies. Then, it is aimed to prepare a detailed sample feasibility study by considering current prices for the Sultanbeyli district which is located in Istanbul, 21st district in the city in terms of population size with 298,143 [4] inhabitants and has 2.21% of all the population of Istanbul at the end of the year 2011. For this purpose, the necessary information was obtained by the municipality, literature data were examined, scenarios and assumptions were applied, and costs were compared with firms in the industry to reach optimum feasibility analysis. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD First of all, future population and waste amount are calculated within the context of three scenarios by considering the information such as the population of the previous years, the types and quantities of the collected waste. In the second stage, technical details of the separation process for the related waste types were determined. Attention was paid to two key points in decision-making process; first one is the material should meet the quality standards in Turkey and in the world and the second one is to give priority to products manufactured in Turkey. Thus, it is aimed to reduce costs, such as shipping and customs. Then, construction and operation costs and the revenues from the decomposed wastes are calculated. Finally, the point it begins to make profit is determined by creating a cash flow diagram of the project. 107 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Steel pallet feeding conveyor, separation conveyor, steel construction platform, drum sieve, containers, automatic horizontal baling press machine and feeding conveyor, magnetic separator, electrical works and automation costs, walls and roof sandwich panel construction with a of 1000 m2 steel construction which has sandwich panel roof and walls are calculated as the initial investment cost and found as approximately 750,000 TL+VAT. Purchasing or expropriation cost of the facility location is not considered in this study, because an area of the municipality is available for the plant. When calculating the items related to operation and maintenance costs, first the numbers of the workers, engineers and other staff and then the salaries and the labour costs were determined, then the possible costs such as insurance, clothing were added and final labour cost was calculated as 114,622 TL per month [1]. Then the vehicles / equipment will be used in the plant, which were many of them are not included in the initial investment costs as they are available in the municipal inventory, were determined. In addition, in-house electricity, natural gas consumption amounts included in the calculation of the costs. Finally, the average property insurance expense, kitchencleaning, stationery, cargo - mail, communication expenses and electricity/water /security charges, facility maintenance, repairs, fumigation expenses and facility heating costs are calculated and reflected to operation costs. These costs are very detailed and not given in this extended summary. As a result, the annual income of the facility, in the case of the planned operating conditions, was calculated as 2,706,623 TL for the sum of all the products decomposed per year. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In this study, including a detailed cost analysis, it is determined that the amount of financial support given by the state and/or private facilities for each recycled/decomposed material in the separation facilities can be an incentive for decision-makers. Built-operate-transfer model may be preferred in terms of giving a way for faster bureaucratic procedures and ensure a more profitable operation of the facility, but also this investment is applicable for the municipalities in case of having good credit conditions and state incentives, thus the municipality can cover investment costs and start to make profit. REFERENCES 108 1. Yıldırım K.Y. (2012). Master Dissertation. Bahcesehir University, Urban Systems and Transportation Management Master Program. 2. DHV Consultant, Report 4c. Standard model for landfill and recycling plants 3. Şen M. Ve Kestioğlu K., (2007). Kırsal Belediyelerde Evsel Katı Atıkların Geri Kazanımı ve Ekonomik Analizi: Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesi/Bursa örneği, Ekoloji, 17, 65, 45-51 4. TurkStat Statistics, 2011. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Public Awareness Campaigns in Solid Waste Management Through Islamic Approaches: Review in Kelantan, Malaysia Affendi Ismail1, Dr. Nur Azuki Yusuff 2 Centre for Islamic Thought and Understanding (CITU) University Technology of MARA Kelantan, Malaysia affendi293@kelantan.uitm.edu.my, affendismail226@gmail.com 2 University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) nurazuki@umk.edu.my 1 Abstract Low public awareness posed challenges to solid waste management in Malaysia. Improper waste management among the public can be found in all places, whether in an urban or rural area. Malaysia is also facing problems with a drastic increase in waste generation, while the current rate of recycling in Malaysia is only 5%, despite various awareness campaigns have been carried out. This phenomenon is related to the crisis of human values, hence, an appropriate method to solve the crisis of human values other than existing methods, is the religious approaches. In some areas of the Muslim world, public environmental awareness campaigns based on religious principles have proven to be effective and beneficial. Therefore, in the campaigning of solid waste management and waste prevention, Islamic communication channels should be used, especially in Muslim countries. Public awareness campaigns based on Islamic principles, can be a powerful tool to be employed along with other waste management policies. Accordingly, this paper will discuss how the channels of communication and awareness program based on the Islamic concept can increase and create deeper awareness of sustainable solid waste management, and how far it was practiced in Malaysia. Keyword: Waste Management, Public Awareness, Islam, Malaysia. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Many theories proposed to recommend that the religious approaches should be practised in overcoming crisis between human and the environment (Frankena; 1979, Mawil; 1990, Azizan; 1992 and Nasr; 1990). However, there is no clear conceptual framework well-defined how this religious content can be applied especially in the development of human environmental awareness, while, Islamic teaching are full of concepts and tools, such as conservation, cooperation, preventing harm, waste pollution and waste protection that are useful for raising public awareness of solid waste management (SWM). Hence, the main purpose of this study is to examine the weaknesses factors of current public awareness campaign on SWM and explore the opportunities and challenges of religious approaches in public awareness campaigns in SWM. 2. PREVIOUS LITERATURE There are few studies which found a positive relationship between religious factors with human environmental behaviour. Among them such as Brehm & Kassin (1995) Stern et.al (1995) Karp (2006), in which their studies found that of the main factors that can shape behaviour that harmony with environment is the system of values, local culture and also belief or religion. Generally investigation on the role of religion in SWM is extremely limited in the literature. However, not denied exists also a few researcher which made specific studies on role of religion in solid waste management, especially among Islamic researchers. Among them such as study made by Arafat et.al (2010), and study Al Khatib (2009) and Al Khatib et.al (2009), which made SWM study among Muslim communities in Palestine. In Malaysia, a few researchers have studied the relationship of religion and SWM, such as Sulaiman et.al (2009) which made Muslim community attitude survey on recycling practice, garbage disposal, attitude during in the vehicles and attitude when take wudhu’ (ablution) based on Islamic principles, and also the study by Mohammad et.al (2011) through their study of the role of religious communities (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism) in the practice of recycling in Selangor, Malaysia. Both of these studies found a positive relationship between religious factors and SWM (3R). However, the studies or writing specifically about the role of religion in SWM awareness campaign is still new and unexplored by local researchers. 109 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. METHODS, FINDING AND SUGGESTION This study discusses the practices and effectiveness of Islamic principles in public awareness campaign of SWM in Malaysia. Several communication channels was studied to obtain data related to the field of study. Among such data from the source library and field surveys of all communication channels of environmental awareness in SWM, such as documentation from stakeholders (Local Authorities), electronic media (TV and radio), new media (websites stakeholders), media advertising (billboard, signage, posters) public awareness program on SWM and Islamic communication channels and Islamic institutions (Friday sermon, religious programmes in mosque and all formal and informal education channels) which are essential to raise awareness and deliver message based on Islamic environmental principles to the public. The study showed that all channels of communication media in public awareness campaign on SWM in Malaysia less usage the basic resources of Islamic environmental legislation in many programmes and their information channels media. The usage of Islamic regulation resources such as Quran verses and hadith is not extensive. For example, for cleanliness campaign slogan “Keep our Rivers Clean” should be changed to more religious slogans such as “Pollute the rivers mean betraying God-Given (Amanah)”. For suggestion, all the stakeholders in SWM in Malaysia has the capacity to deal with SWM issues and public awareness based on religion. All related agencies and professionals, Islamic Institution, NGO, Muslim Environmentalists and others group must be form collaborative networks to ensure public awareness campaigns conducted will be considering religious roles in every action and decision. 4. CONCLUSION The public awareness campaigns conducted by local authorities (LA) less effective, while the acceptance towards public awareness campaigns based on Islamic principles is very high as evidenced by its implementation in several Muslim countries. In Muslim countries, religious approaches should be used in all aspects of life. This is because Islam is complete and comprehensive and able to solve all the modern problems. REFERENCES 1. 110 Mawil, Y. Izzi Deen., (1990). Islamic environmental ethics, law and society. Engel, J.R and Engel J.G eds., Ethics of Environmental Development, Belhaven Press, London. 2. Brehm,S., Kassin, S., M., (1995). Social Psycology (3rd.ed). Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 3. Mohamad, Z.F, Idris, N & Mamat, Z., The role of religious communities in enhancing transition experiments: a localised strategy for sustainable solid waste management in Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Science, July 2012, Vol. 7, Issues 2, 237-251. 4. Arafat, H. S., Can religion serve as a catalyst for sustainable waste management? Islam as case study. Paper presented at the 11th Mediterranean Research Meeting Florence and Montecani Terme. 2010. 5. Stern, C., Dietz, T, Guagnano, G., A., (1995). An examination of the new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and Behavior; Vol. 27, No. 6, Sage Publications Inc, 723 - 731. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Redevelopment of Landfill Sites (Rols) Willem van Vossen Royal HaskoningDHV willem.van.vossen@rhdhv.com Abstract Tipping on landfills is the most widely used method to dispose of our waste. Europe counts more than 150,000 landfills and the aftercare costs are roughly valued at €40-50 billion. This can hardly be financed from public environmental budgets only. Investments from the private sector are needed to finance the aftercare costs. Depending on the type of reuse the real estate sector will take care of the aftercare costs by discounting them in the total redevelopment costs. The Netherlands count 4,000 old landfills (8,000 ha.) Almost 2,000 landfills are situated in the vicinity of urban areas, representing an economic land value of € 4.8 to 8.0 billion in case of industrial or residential area. In the Netherlands guidelines have been developed since 2004. This resulted anno 2012 in a total number of 158 redevelopment initiatives. In the Netherlands the increasing social acceptance of reusing landfill sites is caused by 1) the absence of human and environmental risks thanks to the natural self-cleaning ability in the landfill body, 2) the existing guidelines to facilitate redevelopment initiatives. The redevelopment of the unused landfill space is a big challenge in the Netherlands and Europe and can be considered a huge future perspective. 1. INTRODUCTION Tipping on landfills is still the most widely used method to dispose of our waste. Figure 1 (lit 1) shows that in the 27 member states of the European Union almost 40% of all municipal solid waste (MSW) is still landfilled. Europe counts more than 150,000 old and abandoned landfills. The total costs of traditional aftercare of old and abandoned landfills in Europe, is roughly valued at € 40-50 billion. This is a huge amount of money, which can not be financed from public environmental budgets only. Application of new aftercare technologies, such as Natural Attenuation1, will already help to lower the costs of aftercare significantly. Investments from the private sector within the framework of redevelopment of the landfill site are really one of the best ways to finance the aftercare costs. Depending on the type of reuse (housing, industrial area, office buildings, etc.), the private will take care of the aftercare costs by discounting them in the total costs of redevelopment of the landfill site. Especially in urban areas the reuse of old landfill sites can be considered as privileged. A combination of relative low aftercare costs and high benefits by redevelopment projects is the most favourable opportunity. 2. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF REDEVELOPMENT OF LANDFILL SITES From a point of social perception old landfills do have a negative image and are considered to be a threat to human health and the environment. As a consequence the old landfill sites remained undeveloped areas with hardly any economic value. Thanks to new insights (Natural Attenuation) the landfill is now considered to be a dynamic biochemical reactor. This resulted in a positive adjustment of the public opinion in the Netherlands with respect the redevelopment of landfill sites. Nevertheless the public opinion remains playing a major role in the redevelopment process. Insight in the psychological aspects of the perception of pollution is one of the success-factors in the communication process. Figure 1 shows a summary of the results, expressed in terms of little, moderate and great anxiety. It shows that the extent of great anxiety on landfills (30%) is relative low and that even 25% of the public does not have any concern about landfills. This explains the more or less the feasibility and acceptance of redevelopment of landfill sites. 111 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Figure 1. Degree of public anxiety on social risks (Van de Griendt, 2007) 3. STRATEGY, FEASIBILITY AND PROJECTS The strategic objective is the transformation of unused landfill sites into land with an economical value. This objective can be realised by taking into account two main aspects: • an integrated approach from the very start of the redevelopment process, which contains the continuous life-cycle of examination, risk-assessment, aftercare measures, cost-benefit analysis, redevelopment possibilities, communication, legal aspects and liabilities. • a strong interaction and/or co-operation between public and private sector in order to get financed the necessary aftercare measures. The most important feasibility criterion is a positive outcome of the cost-benefit analysis. Of course the realisation of the redevelopment project also depends on social and political acceptance and feasibility. This requires an open process of communication of the redevelopment plans to the public and the competent authorities. An important issue are the financial guarantees. Last but not least legal aspects must be tackled with respect to liabilities between the involved parties. A total number of 158 projects have been realized (Figure 2).   Figure 2. Redevelopment projects in the Netherlands The Netherlands count 4,000 old and abandoned landfills with a total surface of 8,000 ha. Almost 2,000 landfills (3,200 ha) are considered to be landfills with potential for redevelopment. They represent a potential economic land value of € 4.8 billion (industrial area (€ 150/m2)) to € 8.0 billion (a residential area (€ 250/m2)). 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE The social acceptance of reusing landfill sites is increased thanks to the absence of environmental risks. 112 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste This resulted in 158 redevelopment initiatives in the Netherlands, which is only 10% of the total redevelopment potential. So it is a big challenge to start the redevelopment of the remaining 90% of unused space at the landfill sites into residential or industrial area, which will increase the land value by € 4 to 7 billion. The same goes for the redevelopment of the 150,000 landfills sites in Europe. So the redevelopment of the remaining unused landfill space is a big challenge and can be considered to be a huge future perspective with respect to environmental and economic values. REFERENCES 1. Natural Attenuation (NA) comprises all natural processes which are able to reduce and/or neutralize concentrations of contaminants to admissible limit values with respect to human health and the environment. Next to dilution the three dominating processes are microbiological degradation, chemical precipitation and sorption to organic matter and silt particles. 113 114 WATER 115 116 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Water Resources Planning for the Large Basins of Iran Ali Heidari, Eisa Bozorgzadeh Iran water and power resouces development Co. E-mail: al.heidari@iwpco.com E-mail: Eisa-hp@yahoo.com Abstract A decision support system was developed and applied for the Dez, the Karun and the Karkheh river basins in south west of Iran, where accommodate more than 40 large dams, 22 Hydro Power Plants (HPPs), and 50 irrigation systems at different stages of operation, construction and investigation. The result was applied to screen mutually exclusive projects such as runoff river and storage HPPs alternatives of Karun2 and Sazbon dam sites at the Karun and the Karkheh basin, respectively. Runoff river and storage HPPs were determined as the best alternatives of the Karun2 and the Sazbon dam sites respectively. Moreover, A optimization module was used to determine optimum dimension of dams and capacity of hydropower plants and water conveyance systems. The result shows that active volume of under investigation reservoirs should basically increase at integrated approach in comparison with the results of individual studies. Keywords: DSS, water resources, planning, GIS 1. INTRODUCTION The diverse nature of water resources modeling, file formats and data structures along with enormous number of required data, make the process a complex task which can only be accomplished through new technological advances. A solution for reaching the required integration is to use a spatial data analysis framework as the common background for connectivity of the models. Computer models provide a very rapid and standardized means of evaluating special data and multiple criteria likely to concern conflicting stakeholders and the uncertainties. The models allow hundreds, or even thousands of alternatives to be evaluated in a standardized and reproducible way with the time and resources required to perform a single analysis manually. The rapidity, standardization, and relative completeness of such evaluations can also facilitate compromise among the stakeholders in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Many modeling capablity and DSSs have been applied for water resources planning such as Theissen and Loucks (1992), Koutsoyiannis el al. (2003), Pallottino et al. (2005), Mysiak et al. (2000), and . Zhang el al. (2003). The main purpose of this paper is to apply a developed DSS for water resources planing and to review the design feature of the projects based on overall net benefits and constrains of the river basins by considering economical, environmental, and social impacts. The system includes many modules to evaluate the scenarios by tangible and intangible factors. A MCDM module sums up the scores for different indexes at each scenario and depicts the results for per-defined areas such as province boundaries or for individual projects separately. 2. INTEGRATED WASTER RESOUCRCES PLANNING Two specific DSSs were developed for the big Karun and the Karkheh basins because of different aspects of the basins. The Karun river basin deals with challenges such as deficit of water resources, priority for fulfilling hydropower and irrigation demands, and inter-basin water transfer projects. Whereas, the Karkheh river basin’s challenges include water quality, enormous number of pollution sources, nitrification of the reservoirs due to high capacity of the reservoirs comparing to annual runoff, upper basin and downstream water allocation conflicts, high water resources scarcity, and growing population of the basin. 2.1. Sedıment Module Applıcatıon The sediment applications were applied for the Karun river basin to determine sediment deposit based on observed sediments of the Karun1 and the Karun3 reservoirs that are under operation since 1977 and 2005, respectively. More than 40 years sediment deposition of Karun1 which surveyed two times during operation period was used to calibrate the soil erosion models. 117 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 2.2. Sımulatıon Module Applıcatıon The multi-reservoir multi-purpose river system was simulated for different scenarios of development to determine the Karun HPPs reservoirs capability for fulfilling the downstream. Regulation of annual runoff and irrigation areas were determined for different status of the Karun river system. According to the results, alternative of the storage reservoir for the Karun2 only increase 1.9% of annual runoff regulation equal to 1.4% of irrigation area respect to runoff river alternative considering existing situation of the Dez basin. However, these rates decrease to 1% for both runoff regulation and irrigation area considering full development of the Dez basin. 2.3. Optımızatıon Module Applıcatıon Optimization module was applied to optimize multi-purpose projects’ feature. Operating levels of reservoirs including Normal Water Level (NWL) and Minimum Operation Level (MOL) were considered as state variables. Objective function was determined based on net benefits of total river system. The net benefits of under investigation projects were estimated by the economic module and the results were considered as input to optimization module for each scenario. Optimum net benefit of the system increases at optimization results in comparison with the individual studies because of less opportunity cost of the existing reservoirs. On the other hand, optimization leads to increase active volume of reservoirs, HPPs install capacity, and irrigation area respect to individual studies. 2.4. MCDM Module Applıcatıon The developed MCDM has capability to analysis each stakeholder interests and provide the decision indexes to the decision makers at the region –base, project-base or subject-base framework. The MCDM module was also used to screen mutually exclusive alternatives of projects along with simulation and optimization modules based on total benefits and social and environmental impacts. The MCDM helped the decision makers to select the runoff river alternative among two alternatives of the Karun2 dam site based on decision indexes such as social impacts, downstream agricultural feature, economic indexes, water quality and environmental impacts, and technical and construction aspects. REFERENCES 118 1. Theissen E.M. and Loucks D.P. (1992). Computer assisted negotiation of multi objective water resources conflicts, Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 28(1), 163-177. 2. Koutsoyiannis D., Karavokiros G., Efstratiadis A., Mamassis N., Koukouvinos A.., and Christofides A. (2003). A decision support system for the management of the water resource system of Athens, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28 (14-15), 599–609. 3. Pallottino S., Sechi G.M., and Zuddas P. (2005). A DSS for Water Resources Management under Uncertainty by scenario analysis, Journal of Environmental Modeling & Software, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 20(8), 1031–1042. 4. Mysiak J., Giupponi C., Fassio A. (2000). Decision Support for Water Resource Management: An Application Example of the MULINO DSS, Integrated Assessment and Decision Support Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Meeting of the IEMSs. 5. Zhang Y., Hawkins D., Zeng W., and Wen M. (2005). The Framework of GIS-based Decision Support Systems (DSS) for Water Resources Management at the Flint River Basin, Proceedings of Georgia Water Resources Conference, Athens, Georgia. 6. Pommiera, S., Chenub, D., Quintardb, M. ve Lefebvre, X., (2007). Modelling of moisture-dependent aerobic degradation of solid waste, Waste Management, 28, 7, 1188-1200 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Intercontinental Water Balancing Necati ÇALIK1 - Aydın TURAN2 Department Head - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Department of Water Construction ncalik@iski.gov.tr 2 Civil Engineer Msc. - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration Asian Side Water Construction Branch Directorate ayturan@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract İstanbul is a city with Neolithic era settlements dating as early as B.C 6500, with its first water system built in A.D. 117 to collect water around the city, one of the most important cities in the world particularly by bridging Asia and Europe, and has a history of water as old as history itself. The first great water system in the city was made up of aqueducts, cisterns and channels when the city population kept growing. During the Ottoman Period, the water issue was addressed by building structures as aqueducts, channels, fountains, etc. Today 65 % of the city water resources are located on the Asian side while % 65 of the city population lives on the European side. Since 1994 when the city population gained velocity in increase, successful efforts have been realized by İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) on supply and transfer of drinking water [1]. It was then seen that there was a need to balance water between the two continents of the city in order to overcome water scarcity that might arise due to dry periods and to avoid imbalance of water resources and population layout in the city. Moving from this standpoint onwards, İSKİ planned a trans-Bosphorus line to transfer water on the Asian side to the European side. The location of submarine transfer beginning points was identified within the southern area of Marmaray Project, with Salacak on the Asian side and Sarayburnu on the European side. This study evaluates the work on the first water balancing project between continents as a new approach to water challenge in İstanbul and examine how this will be conducted in the Bosphorus where 50.000 vessels pass through each year [2]. Keywords: Drinking water, Bosphorus, Asia, Europe, Continent. 1. INTRODUCTION Due to the lack of awaited rainfall in 2007 in İstanbul, officials expected a water shortage by the end of the year 2007. This issue would then become a serious concern since the water resources on the European side is limited. Therefore the Melen Water Supply Project that was initially planned to be completed in 2011 was given acceleration to be completed by the end of 2007. This project thus required the Bosphorus transfer in order to provide water from Melen stream to the European side of İstanbul. In this respect, the feasibility studies were commenced and swift decisions were taken as to what method and what pace would be pursued in the Bosphorus where surface currents may occasionally reach speeds of 4-5 m/h alongside an intense sea traffic. 2. INTERCONTINENTAL EQUALIZATION OF WATER 2.1. Project The amount of water to pass along the coasts of Bakırköy-Golden Horn-Sarıyer from the Asian side to the European side in İstanbul, and the diameter, material, land connection points of the pipes that shall be laid under the sea accordingly have been projected in the Feasibility Reports. The knowledge and know-how that shall form a basis on the identification of the relation between Marmaray project, the traffic through the Bosphorus and the dredging (digging) works for the laying of pipes under the sea and for the tube drawing of two pipes of 1200 mm PN 16 HDPE with 12 cm of wall thickness has been identified in the feasibility, project and work program. 2.2 Desıgn Crıterıa and Methods of Work 2.2.1 Seabed Structure and the Currents Along the route of the pipeline, particularly on the European side the depth of pipeline sharply raises 119 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations from 45 m to sea level (Figure 1). This structure is a critical and defining aspect of the pipeline design in this project. Therefore the critical bending threshold has been surpassed for steel pipes and the pipes were identified as more flexibly-structured HDPE’s. The surface to be dredged is of hard formation and sand formation, while it is covered with a thick sedimentation level. The Kanyu ship that took part at Marmaray Project was used for the seabed dredging and filling works. There is fast surface current from Black Sea to Marmara Sea and a slow bottom current the opposite direction in the Bosphorus. Figure 1. Pipeline Profile 2.2.2 Method The pipeline and pipe laying method has been defined in light of all these data. Pipes of 13 m were welded together on a ramp built on land and were tied up with steel cords by a crane of 150 tons of attraction power. The pipes were then laid by letting float on 50-100 cm of the seabed with the “Offbottom Tow” [3][4] method as the strong surface currents in the Bosphorus and the buoyancy of the seawater via balance chains and prefabricated concrete fittings in just 4 months. 3. CONCLUSION Projected completely by Turkish engineers and conducted by Turkish companies, this project has enabled combining different continents with pipelines of 2x1880=3760m HDPE by making use of best technological opportunities in the shortest and most cost-effective manner possible, thus the water existence on two continents of the city was balanced. Standing out among its counterparts as the first of its example, the projects enabled prevention of water scarcity in areas of İstanbul that host 4 million people, by enabling them a daily amount of 300.000 m3 additional water on the European side of the city with no negative environmental impact. RESOURCES 120 1. ISKI Records and Announcements at ISKI Official Web Site During 2007 Summer. 2. Ministry of Transport - Directorate General of Coastal Safety - Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Services Data Bank -2007 3. Lars-Eric Janson - Plastic Pipes for Water Supply and Sewage Disposal- Lars-Eric Janson and Borealis, Stockholm 1995 4. Offshore Standard DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline System – January 2000 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Dry Period Length Analysis of Rain in Istanbul Prof. Dr. Bihrat ÖNÖZ1, Mehmet DİKİCİ2, Cemile ÖZTÜRK3 İTÜ Engineering Faculty, Department of Construction Engineering İstanbul onoz@itu.edu.tr 2 İSKİ General Directorate, İstanbul mdikici@iski.gov.tr 3 İSKİ General Directorate İstanbul cozturk@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract Dry Spell Period Analysis and Run Analysis were made by using annual rainfall data obtained from DMI Rainfall Observation Stations in İstanbul. On the dry spell analysis, first of all five different rainfall observation stations graphics were drawn and statistical parameters were calculated. Run analysis was made for cut-off level (q=0,50). Probability line of correlation coefficient test for stations cut-off levels and normal distribution which were checked suitability was made. Stations individual analysis was made and run lengths were determined. The calculation results were compared with the theoretical values and dry spell return periods for stations were calculated. As a result of climate change which is dependent on the global warming, rainfall effect on the water resources of Istanbul are evaluated in the long term. Keywords: Rainfall, length of dry spell, cut off level, return periods. 1. INTRODUCTION The occupancy rate of reservoirs in İstanbul decreased to even low rates of 8% in summer 2008 and a huge challenge of drought showed up. The central and local authorities have encouraged the public to saving water and made use of underground water in order to sustain and increase existing resources. Thus, a need has grown to examine the drought in İstanbul and conduct statistical analysis for meteorological data of previous years. This study examines five rainfall observation station operated by Turkish State Meteorological Administration (DMİ) in use as of 2011 in İstanbul shown on the map below[1]. • Florya • Göztepe (Kartal) • Kumköy • Sarıyer • Şile   Figure 1. DMİ Rain Observation Stations 121 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 2. Statıstıcal Analysıs Work Conducted over Data of DMı Raın Observatıon Statıons The possibility of a trend towards a decrease in graphics of yearly data on the meteorological rain observation stations has been considered for the study. Only Florya station provides a slight decrease trend. Table 1 shows the statistical values calculated according to annual rainfall data. [2] Station Observat. Altitude Period (m) Göztepe(Kartal) 1929-2011 Average μ (mm) Coefficient Standard Coefficient Deviation of Skewness of Variation (Cv) (Cs) σ (mm) Median (M) Coefficient of Auto Correlation (r1) 37,20 679,725 130,410 0,560 0,192 656,500 -0,004 Kumköy 1951-2011 58,54 788,628 169,404 0,641 0,215 751,800 0,121 Sarıyer 1949-2011 122,92 807,125 155,671 0,558 0,193 780,400 0,212 Şile 1982-2011 83,00 859,007 169,462 0,238 0,197 876,950 -0,227 Table 1. Statistical values based on rainfall data In order to calculate the length of the annual rainfall course data, the years that remain below for dependent data on return period q=0,50 were identified and the formula; T(N-=k)= formula for independent data in series are was for dry seasons in series and T(N-=k)= used to calculate accordingly and shown in Table 2. Station Observation Period q N- max (Year) Independent Condition Dependent Condition Florya 1937–2011 0,5 6 128 109 Göztepe(Kartal) 1929–2011 0,5 4 32 31 Kumköy 1951–2011 0,5 6 128 88 Sarıyer 1949–2011 0,5 6 128 95 Şile 1982–2011 0,5 2 8 8 Table 2. Return period of dry periods 2. CONCLUSION In 2030, the CO2 quantity is expected to rise doublefold and the temperature in the region including Southern Europe, is expected to increase 2oC in winter and 2 to 3oC in winter. The most fundamental consequence of the global warming will be regional increases in dry periods[5]. In normal climate conditions the varying characters of the climate cause droughts and this effects the water resources negatively. As a consequence of the dry period statistical analysis of annual rainfall values in 5 stations within the meteorological measuring network in Istanbul of State Meteorological Affairs General Directorate, no profound change in the trend lines have been observed. However, while it is possible to mention a certain amount of decrease of rainfall in last ten years, if an analysis is made on long term, it is hard to talk about a dry season caused by global warming. In the analyses made for q0,50, there have been dry periods that go as long as six years in İstanbul. Therefore, it should be considered that there can be longer periods of droughts when considering the planning and operation of water resources. The development of water resources should not solely be left to local administrations, but should be conducted with the central administration taking the country and water basin as basis. This shall enable to minimize the economical and social impacts of long term dry periods.[3] 122 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water RESOURCES 1. DMİ General Directorate, Annual rainfall taken from stations in İstanbul. 2. Bayazıt, M. 1996. Probability methods in civil engineering, İTÜ. İstanbul. 3. Bayazıt, M., Önöz B., 2004. Probabilities and return periods of multisite droughts. 4. Bayazıt M. ve Şen Z. 1976. 5. Kadıoğlu M. 1997. Monitoring of drought in Marmara Region, İTÜ. İstanbul. 6. Dikici M. 2009. Dry Period Analysis of Rain in İstanbul, İTÜ. İstanbul. 123 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Sensitivity of the Hydrodynamics Model to Different Land Uses, Case Study: Bartin Spring Watershed (Turkey) Melih Öztürk1, Nadim Copty2, Ali Kerem Saysel3 Bartın University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Bartın, Turkey melihozturk@bartin.edu.tr 2 Boğaziçi University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey ncopty@boun.edu.tr 3 Boğaziçi University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey ali.saysel@boun.edu.tr 1 Abstract The water needs of the Bartın, Amasra and İnkumu city centers are supplied by the Bartın spring watershed located in northwestern Turkey. These city centers suffer water scarcity in summer seasons whereas the water is presently adequate for the spring, autumn and winter seasons. Land use changes have a significant impact on the water budget of a watershed. For this purpose, an integrated land usehydrodynamics model was developed to simulate the impact of the land use on the hydrology of this watershed. MIKE SHE-fully integrated hydrodynamics model software was used to simulate the surface and subsurface hydrology of the watershed. The sensitivity of the hydrodynamics model to four different land use types was tested. One of these land uses is agriculture and the other three are the relatively dense forest stand groups. The forest groups are: Coniferous (Mature Coniferous), Deciduous (Young-Mature Deciduous) and Mixed (Young Coniferous-Mature Deciduous) stands. Sensitivity analyses of the hydrodynamics model indicate that it is quite sensitive to the land use type; complete agricultural cover would yield 25-33% higher discharge and about 10-13% lower evapotranspiration compared to a completely forested watershed. Keywords: Bartın Spring Watershed, Sensitivity Analysis, Land Use, MIKE SHE. 1. INTRODUCTION Land use is one of the most important physical components that influence the hydrological processes within a watershed as indicated by a series of studies [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6]. They analyzed the effect of land use on the watershed hydrology based on field observations and numerical calculations. A complete modelling framework for the integration of land use dynamics with a spatially distributed surfacesubsurface hydrological model was developed for the Bartın spring watershed, a small rural watershed located in the northwestern Turkey [7] as shown in Figure 1. The model was used to evaluate present conditions as well as various future scenarios that account for different land use conversions, global climatic change, and forest management practices. In this study, the sensitivity analysis of the hydrodynamics model to four different land uses within the Bartın Spring Watershed is briefly discussed. These four land uses are the agriculture and coniferous, deciduous, mixed forest stand groups. The determinant parameters for these four land uses are the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Root Depth (RD). 2. MATERIAL VE METHOD Bartın spring watershed (Figure 1) is the primary material of this study. The watershed supplies the water needs of the Bartın, Amasra and İnkumu city centers and is mainly composed of agricultural and forest areas. Average altitude of the watershed is about 750 m [7]. The Leaf Area Index (LAI), one of the determinant parameter was measured by field photographing with a fish eye objective mounted on a camera and by a hemispherical photograph analysis technique with Hemisfer Software 1.4 [8] and Root Depth (RD) parameter was estimated. These parameters were defined for different land uses including forest stand groups. During the sensitivity analysis, the watershed was assumed to be completely covered with those four land uses: Agriculture, Coniferous (Mature Coniferous), Deciduous (Young-Mature Deciduous) and Mixed (Young Coniferous-Mature Deciduous) stands. They were represented in the hydrodynamics model with their attributed LAI and RD parameters. The hydrodynamics model was built using the fully integrated hydrodynamics model software MIKE SHE [9] calculating both the surface and subsurface components of the 124 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water hydrological cycle. The hydrodynamics model was run for 20 years between the beginning of 1986 and end of 2005. Average predicted water yield and evapotranspiration ratio for this 20 years period is given in Table 1. Figure 1. The location of spring watershed within the entire Bartın watershed (Öztürk, 2009) 3. RESULTS According to the sensitivity analyses, the hydrodynamics model is quite sensitive to the land use type; complete agricultural cover would yield 25-33% higher discharge compared to a completely forested watershed (Table 1). The result is consistent with the water balance such that evapotranspiration ratio is the lowest for the agricultural area with 62.8 of the total precipitation (Table 1). Land Use Q (m3/s) Evapot. (%) Agriculture 5.61 62.8 M Conf. 3 4.49 72.9 YM Decd. 3 4.22 75.6 Y Conf. M Decd. 3 4.37 74.4 Table 1. Statistics of scenario simulations REFERENCES 1. Costa, M.H., Botta, A. and Cardille, J.A., (2003). Effect of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia, Journal of Hydrology, 283, 1-4, 206-217. 2. Wissmar, R.C., Timm, R.K. and Logsdon, M.G., (2004). Effects of changing forest and impervious and covers on discharge characteristics of watersheds, Environmental Management, 34, 1, 91-98. 3. Wei, X., Liu, S., Zhou, G. and Wang, C., (2005). Hydrological Processes in major types of Chinese forest, Hydrological Processes, 19, 1, 63-75. 4. Zhang, Y.K. and Schilling, K.E., (2006). Increasing stream flow and baseflow in Mississippi River since the 1940s: Effect of land use change, Journal of Hydrology, 324, 1-4, 412-422. 5. Buytaert, W., Iniguez, V. and De Bievre, B., (2007). The effects of afforestation and cultivation on water yield in the Andean Paramo, Forest Ecology and Management, 251, 1-2, 22-30. 6. Chaves, J., Neill, C., Germer, S., Neto, S.G., Krusche, A. and Elsenbeer, H., (2008). Land management impacts on runoff sources in small Amazon watersheds, Hydrological Processes, 22, 12, 1766-1775. 7. Öztürk, M., (2009). An Integrated Land Use-Hydrological Model for the Bartın Spring Watershed, 211, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to the Institute of Environmental Sciences of Boğaziçi University, İstanbul. 8. Schleppi, P., Conedera, M., Sedivy, I. and Thimonier, A., (2007). Correcting non-linearity and slope effects in the estimation of the leaf area index of forests from hemispherical photographs, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 144, 3-4, 236-242. 9. Danish Hydrualic Institute (DHI), (2005). MIKE SHE User’s Guide, Denmark. 125 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Use of Swat Modeling for the Ecosystem Goods and Services Assessment in the Azov Sea Basin Irina Gilfanova, Viktor Lagutov Central European University - Environmental Systems Laboratory gilfanovai@ceu.hu, lagutov@gmail.com Abstract The research is devoted to application of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modelling in assessment of ecosystem goods and services (EGS). Shared by Russia and Ukraine the Azov Sea Basin is an important region providing numerous EGS, which can be threatened in the near future due to antropogenic activities and climate change. The Upper Don River sub-catchment is a vital component of the Azov water management scheme generating water inflow to the Tsimlyansk reservoir, the largest freshwater body in the Azov Sea basin and major EGS provider. The SWAT model has been developed to assess water avaialbility and coresponding EGS provision under different conditions. Four scenarios of potential regional development including land use and climate changes have been formulated and analyzed. It was concluded that all scenarios result in sigificant change of important hydrological characteristics of the Upper Don River subcathment by 2050. It was found that the water inflow into the Tsimlyansk reservoir will be reduced by 28-36% threatening provision of EGS in the region. The model allows evaluation of alternative water management and regional development strategies. Moreover, the model and associated datasets created to support modeling efforts can be used as a foundation for basin-wide decision-support tool in water management and as an incentive for regional transboundary cross-sectoral cooperation. The study contributes to the European FP7 Project EnviroGRIDS “Building Capacity for a Black Sea Catchment Observation and Assessment System supporting Sustainable Development” Keywords: SWAT, GIS, ecosystem goods and services, environmental modelling, Azov Sea. 1. INTRODUCTION Shared by Russia and Ukraine the basin of the Azov Sea is unique and important ecosystem providing regional population and national economies with numerous ecosystem goods and services (EGS). However, due to unsustainable management the capacity of the Azov ecosystem to maintain these goods and services has decreased significantly. The problem is exacerbated by lack of regional cooperation and continuing degradation of the Azov ecosystem[1]. A long-term regional development strategy should be elaborated to secure EGS provision and sustainable development. An essential part of strategy is an assessment of future water availability depending on potential changes in demography, land use and climate conditions. The assessment of currently available ecosystem goods and services and their future availability is being incorporated as a vital component into policy-making process in last years. Different integrated environmental models are available to analyze data, required for the EGS estimates and for developing future EGS projections[2]. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of such integrated modelling frameworks. Numerous studies have been conducted applying SWAT for different purposes[3]. SWAT found application both in performing EGS assessment, as a baseline integrated tool [5], and within the complex hydroeconomic modelling frameworks[6] quite recently. Therefore the need for additional studies on the integration of SWAT tool into best management practices evaluation, different EGS valuation frameworks has been emphasized [7]. This research provided the case study of the EGS assessment with SWAT in the framework of the EnviroGRIDS project (http://www.envirogrids.net). 126 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD This research conducted an analysis of SWAT modelling tool applied in one of the sub-catchments in the Azov Basin and used output data for assessing water-related EGS. The ArcGIS-ArcView extension and graphical user input interface for SWAT ArcSWAT 2009.93.7b has been used for model development and running[8]. For developing SWAT input data different datasets have been used. The data on elevation have been derived from the global dataset topography Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Unique hydrologic response units (HRU) have been defined based on defining and combination of classes of land use, soil and slope. Reclassified MODIS land cover datasets, developed by EnviroGRIDS project for Metronamica model has been used for land use data input. Global soil dataset FAO has been used for soil data input. The data for the period 1998-2008 for 5 stations have been used for simulating meteorological parameters in the model. The SWAT-CUP application[9] has been applied for model calibration and validation. For this purpose observed monthly data on the water discharge for 9 outlets, matching existing hydrological gages, covering period 2001-2008, have been used. The scenarios on land use and climate change developed by EnviroGRIDS project, using data for 2050 have been formulated and anlyzed with developed SWAT model. Corresponding change of water inflow into Tsimlyansk reservoir has been analyzed, recommendations for desicion-makers have need developed. 3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Based on the scenarios on land use and climate changes the model allowed assessing of the prospective water supply in the Tsimlyansk reservoir by 2050. It was found that according to all scenarios annual water yield, baseflow and surface runoff in the Upper Don River sub-catchment will decrease, and as a result the streamflow supplying the Tsimlyansk reservoir will be reduced by 28-36%. Many EGS such as navigation, water supply for consumptive use depend on the existing annual water flow redistribution scheme. Moreover, attempts to maintain the required reservoir inflow should impose limitations on the EGS provision for the upstream beneficiaries. In this way, the occurred changes in the water supply to the reservoir compromise the EGS provision for the entire basin that should be taken into account while developing regional development strategies. REFERENCES 1. Lagutov, V. and Lagutov, V. (2010). The Azov ecosystem: resources and threats In V. Lagutov, ed, Environmental security in watersheds: The Sea of Azov, Springer, 3-62, Dordecht. 2. Johnston, J. M., McGarvey, D. J., Barber, M. C., Laniak, G., Babendreier, J., Parmar, R., Wolfe, K., Kraemer, S. R., Cyterski, M., Knightes, C., Rashleigh, B., Suarez, L. and Ambrose, R. (2011). An integrated modeling framework for performing environmental assessments: Application to ecosystem services in the Albemarle-Pamlico basins (NC and VA, USA), Ecological Modelling, 222, 14, 2471-2484. 3. Arnold, J. G. and Fohrer, N. 2005. SWAT2000: current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modelling. Hydrological Processes 19 (3): 563-572. 4. Gassman, P. W., Reyes, M. R., Green, C. H. and Arnold, J. G. (2007). The soil and water assessment tool: historical development, applications, and future research directions, Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 4, 1211-1250. 5. Jujnovsky, J., González-Martínez, T., Cantoral-Uriza, E. and Almeida-Leñero, L. (2012). Assessment of Water Supply as an Ecosystem Service in a Rural-Urban Watershed in Southwestern Mexico City, Environmental Management, 49, 3, 690-702. 6. Martinez de Anguita, P., Rivera, S., Beneitez, J. M., Cruz, F. and Espinal, F. M. (2011). A GIS Cost-Benefit Analysis-Based Methodology to Establish a Payment for Environmental Services System in Watersheds: Application to the Calan River in Honduras, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 30, 1-2, 79-110. 7. Krysanova, V. and Arnold, J. G. (2008). Advances in ecohydrological modelling with SWAT a review, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53, 5, 939-947. 127 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 128 Oral Presentations 8. Winchell, M., Srinivasan, R., Di Luzio, M. and Arnold, J. (2010). ArcSWAT Interface for SWAT 2009. Users’guide. Temple, U.S.A.: Blackland Research Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service 9. Abbaspour, K. C., Yang, J., Maximov, I., Siber, R., Bogner, K., Mieleitner, J., Zobrist, J. and Srinivasan, R. (2007). Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT, Journal of Hydrology, 333, 2-4, 413-430. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Discharge in Irrigation Open Channels with Ultrasound Technique: Influence of the Filling Level and Geometry Solliec Laurent1, 2, Vazquez José2, 3, Dufresne Matthieu2, 3 NIVUS GmbH, Im Taele 2 75031 EPPINGEN, E-mail: Laurent.Solliec@nivus.com Engineer Sciences, Informatics and Imaging Laboratory (ICube) Department Mechanics, Fluids Mechanics team - 2 rue Boussingault 67000 Strasbourg France 3 National school for water and environmental engineering of Strasbourg (ENGEES), 1 quai Koch 67070 Strasbourg France; E-mail: jose.vazquez@engees.unistra.fr, matthieu.dufresne@engees.unistra.fr 1 2 Abstract Irrigation channels equipment is becoming more and more an issue. Acoustic measurement techniques (echo mode and transit time) are more and more used for evaluation of the discharge. Meanwhile, a problem exists to link the single measurements with the mean velocity. Standards suggest discharge methods but requires calibration of measurement point depending on measurement point number of paths ... The idea is here to use the standard flow methods for different acoustic methods applied to a data library based on Computational Fluid dynamics. In the data base, the ratio level/width and the geometry of the channel vary. An evaluation of the dependency of the flow methods to these two parameters can be evaluated. It results that the flow method has a high dependencies on the geometry and on the aspect ratio (B/h). Keywords: Discharge, open channels, ultrasound measurement technique, CFD. 1. INTRODUCTION Real time measurements in open channels as irrigation channels (rectangular or trapezoidal channels) are becoming more and more present. A high availability of channels is available. Different techniques to evaluate the flow in open channels exist. One consist to use a structure to create locally critical condition that permits to establish a relationship between a level and a flow rate (Venturi Flumes, weirs ...). Another technique consists to evaluate the flow by evaluation of two parameters: the mean velocity and the level. For real time measurements, acoustic method such as echo mode (CW Doppler, Pulse Doppler, Cross correlation) or transit time are mainly used. In hydrometry for transit time [1], two configurations are proposed: single and multi-path systems. For each case, a discharge method and the calibration requirement are suggested. For CW Doppler and acoustic Profiler [2], no particular methodology is proposed to calculate the discharge. In addition, no multi paths system is mentioned. It is only indicated that the system requires a calibration (1 path). The objective is here to test the different flow methodologies through a library of cases based on CFD where the aspect ratio (ratio between the level and width) and the form of the channel (trapezoidal and compound channels) vary. The end issue is also to conclude to the most adapted procedure regarding the requirements from users. 2. METHOD: BUILDING OF A CFD LIBRARY CFD permits to reconstruct velocity profile over any sections shapes. Meanwhile some specifications are required to reproduce them accurately. Regarding[3], the reproduction of phenomenon (secondary current Prandtl second kind and dip phenomenon [4, 5, 6]) observed in open channels with CFD requires as turbulent model a RSM one and for the water surface description, a VOF Model. Measurements [5] were compared with simulated values. With a mean numerical error of 1.5% [8], the simulations fit correctly to the measurements. The data base is built from the defined methodology. Rectangular channels with different aspect ratios and different trapezoidal with different ratios have been simulated. 3. RESULTS In transit time method, for the single path system, a relation between the path measurement and the mean relation is suggested. However, it is recommended to realise a site calibration. For multi paths systems, two methods are proposed: the mid-section and mean-section methods. The position of path is calculated regarding [1]. 129 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Single Path Error 15% ± 10% Oral Presentations Multi-paths Mean Method Mid-section Method Mean-section Method N=2; 10% ± 7% N=3; 8 ± 5% N=4; 6 ± 3% N=2; 5% ± 7% N=3; 3 ± 5% N=4; 1 ± 3% N=2; 8% ± 5% N=3; 7 ± 4% N=4; 4 ± 2% Table 1. Error with transit time measurement For single path profilers, we propose two methods: a simple one consisting in a mean of the velocities measurements pondered with coefficients and a more complex integrating the phenomenon involved in open channels[10]. For multiple systems we propose two methods, one based on the Gauss quadrature [9] and another one based on the velocity reconstruction [9]. Error Mean value Complex 1 path Gauss Reconstruction 10% ± 10% 6% ± 5% 4% ± 3% 4% ± 3% Table 2. Error with profilers CONCLUSION The dependency of the channel form and the aspect is not negligible. The transit time method is more adapted in bigger dimensions and complex geometries, whereas profilers fit better to lower geometries. In irrigation channels, a high quantity of cases is observable. For safety, it is advised to realize a calibration to get safe and acceptable readings of the discharge. This calibration can be done with standard measurement techniques or with numerical comparisons REFERENCES 1. ISO (2004). Hydrometry – Measurement of discharge by ultrasonic (acoustic) method. - International Organization for Standardization, ISO 6416:2004. 2. BS-ISO (2010). Hydrometry – Guidelines for the application of acoustic velocity meters using the Doppler and echo correlation methods. British standards, BS-ISO 15769:2010. 3. Bardiaux J.-B. et al. (2011). A computational fluid dynamics based methodology to discharge determination using ultrasonic (transit-time) measurements in sewer pipes. Proceedings of the 12nd International Conference on Urban Drainage (ICUD). 10-15 September 2011, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 4. Nezu I. & Nakagawa H., (1993), Turbulence in open channels flows, 281, IAHR Monograph, Balkena. 5. Tominaga et al. (1989), Three-dimensional turbulent structure in straight open channels flows, J. hydraulic research, Vol 29, N°1 pp149-165 6. Tominaga., Nezu I. (1991), Turbulence structure in compound open channel open channel flow, J od hydraulic Enginnering, J. Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol 117 (1), pp 21-41 7. Bardiaux J.-B. & al., (2007), Assessment of the velocity three-dimensional distribution in a free surface flow, in French, la Houille blanche, n°4, 99-103. 8. Roache P. J. (1997), Verification and Validation in Computational Science and Engineering, Hermosa Publishers, 8-9 p; 9. Solliec L., Teufel M. (2010), Using velocity profiles to determine an accurate volume flow rate at small and large dimensions, Novatech 2010, Lyon France. 10. Solliec L., Vazquez J., Dufresne M., (2012) Modélisation à partir d’un profil de vitesse en canaux nonperturbés, JDHU 2012, Strasbourg, France 130 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water The Impact of European Law on Water Sector. An Analysis of Two Jurisdictions in Development: A Comparison of Italy and England Marta Cerroni Phd in Comparative Public Law University of Siena cerroni.marta@libero.it Abstract The aim of the paper is to understand the impact of European law on the legislative choices of jurisdictions which decide to amend their national legislative framework on water service. The paper will pursue a comparative analysis of two legal systems - Italy and England - which are facing an evolution of their system of water services management. The starting point of the analysis is to reconstruct the evolution of the national legislation and to understand the reasons which lead to a change in legislation. In the second part the aim of the paper is to determine whether European law influences the choices of the national legislator and what are the European principles which play a role in the evolution of the national system on water services. Keywords: Water services, European law, England, Italy. 1. INTRODUCTION This paper is intended as a contribution to the discussion of the impact of European law and European policy on water services, specifically on water services management. The analysis will be carried out from the study of two legal systems characterized by the fact that recently they have seen an evolution in their legislation on water services management. The aim of the paper is to understand the impact of European law on member States which decide to change their legislation on water services. 2. METHOD OF THE REASERCH The methodology of this work is a legal comparison of primary materials, principally national and supranational legislation across two jurisdictions (Italy and England). Specifically, the research will focus on the analysis of the following legal material: legislation (supranational and national constitutions, primary and secondary laws), judicial decisions (European Court of Justice, European Court of Human Rights, and the Supreme National Courts). The “red thread”, which will guide the comparison, is the impact of European law. The choice of the two jurisdictions is justified by the fact that both Italy and England, to date, are in a phase of evolution in the regulation system of water services. Therefore England and Italy are an appropriate example for an analysis which aims at understanding the impact of European law on legal systems in development. The paper has the following structure: in the first part it focuses on the reconstruction of the national framework of Italy and England; in the second part it analyses the impact of European law. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT 3.1. The natıonal frameworks With regard to Italy, the last period has seen a succession of numerous legislative reforms in water service. After the referendum of June 2011 (which abrogated two legislative provisions relating to water management: art. 23-bis of law no. 133/2008 and art. 145, comma 1, d. lgs. 152/06), the Italian legislature has enacted the art. 4, d.l. no. 138/2011. This article replaced the norm abrogated by the referendum and it regulates the supply of local public services, with exception of water services which were not regulated. The problem is that according to art. 4, public services should be supplied through procedures which are similar to the procedures established by the art. 23-bis (abrogated by the referendum). Specifically, the article limits the usage of “in-house providing” and it is more restrictive than the European legislation, when local authorities use “in-house providing” of local public services of economic interest. With the decision no. 199/2012, issued on July 20th, 2012, the Italian Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional art. 4, d.l. no. 138/2011. The Supreme 131 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Court held that the member state can provide more restrictive competitive conditions than European conditions and the State can limit the use of “in-house providing” by municipalities. Anyway, the result of the referendum shows the will to expand the use of “in-house providing” in the respect of the European legislation. For these reasons article 4 is in contrast with the art. 75 of the Constitution, because against the popular will it issued to facilitate the use of in-house providing. After the judgment a regulatory gap in the supply of public local service has come out and, if this gap is not filled by the national legislation, the European rules will have direct applicability, as the Constitutional Court said (sent. 24/2001). Nonetheless the Constitutional Court does not tell what European rules are applicable. On the other hand we have the English legal system which has started a phase of transformation in the legislative framework for water services. As a matter of fact, the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs published on July 10th, 2012 a draft Bill which is built upon the vision “we set out in the Water White Paper, Water for Life” and includes measures to make more competitive the water supply service system. 3.2. The ımpact of the European law Once completed the reconstruction of the national regulatory frameworks, the second part of the work will focus on the reconstruction of the European principles which have an impact on the choices of national legislators when they decide to change the legislation on water service. “The EU affects water sector not only through directives specific to the sector, such as the Water Framework Directive, but also through other general policies such as the cohesion funds, the limits on government borrowing, and laws related to competition such as the procurement”.1 In view of this, I do not only dwell on the role of WFD, because, especially in the light of new scenarios which are opening up in Italy and England, particular attention will be given to the competition rules. 4. CONCLUSION The paper aims to analyze two jurisdictions of considerable interest in light of the changes which are involving the regulation of water services. In addition, to date, there are no doctrinal references that deepen the changes which are taking place in Italy and in England. Surely this is justified by the fact that these changes are now involving the two legal systems. In addition, the paper aims to analyze the role of European law on member states laws, when they decide to change their domestic laws. This is important to understand the impact of European politics and law in a sector, the water and its management, closely linked to national circumstances. REFERENCES 1. 132 Hall, D., Lobina, E., (2008). Water in Europe, PSIRU, 18-19 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Searching Solutions to Water Issues: Water Governance Duygu Tuna1, Aysegul Tanik2 DSI 14th Regional Directorate, 34696, Camlica-Istanbul E-mail: duytuna@gmail.com 2 ITU, Istanbul Technical University, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, 34469, Maslak E-mail: tanika@itu.edu.tr 1 Abstract A new organizational structure for effective governance in Turkey is introduced considering the major water issues and specific conditions of the country, experiences of countries examined within the scope of the study, and European Union Water Framework Directive in this paper. Water issues being faced around the world and the “drivers” of the pressures affecting our planets’ water systems have been addressed and the need for more effective water governance is tried to be further explained. A prerequisite of successful integrated water resources management are governance arrangements by which stakeholders articulate interests, share information, communicate and bargain, and take collective decisions. Detailed investigation of the countries addressed in this study put forth the fact that legal administrative water resources management activities are in line with their historical development and that they have already adopted water resources management at river basin scale, stakeholder participation in decision-making process. However; it is not possible to make similar assessment for Turkey. Water issues that Turkey faces today largely derived from lack of governance. The lack of a comprehensive water law, fragmentation of the institutional framework and the complexity of coordination mechanisms are major challenges in the Turkish water sector. In this context, new organizational structure at both national and watershed scale is proposed; details of which will be given in the full manuscript. Keywords: organizational structure, water resources management, water governance, watershed scale. 1. INTRODUCTION Water issues that Turkey faces today largely derived from lack of governance. In Turkey, organizational structure for water resources management is highly centralized and stakeholder participation in decision-making process is at a low level. The lack of a comprehensive water law, fragmentation of the institutional framework and the complexity of coordination mechanisms are major challenges in the Turkish water sector. Hence, both the preparation of water law and regulations and reviewing the existing regulations in accordance with the new water law is a fundamental requirement for Turkey in order to put in place new structure that promotes water management in an integrated, decentralized and participatory way. However, promulgation of the new law and regulations will not be sufficient alone. For the effective water governance in which these law and regulations can be effectively enforced, water resources management and planning is required to be institutionalized at two levels: national and river basin. Water governance can be described as a range of political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage water resources and the delivery of water services, at different level of society. Water governance encompasses political, economic and social processes and institutions through which governments, civil society and the private sector make decisions about how best to use, develop and manage water resources. Given the complexities of water use within society, developing, allocating and managing itequitably and efficiently and ensuring environmental sustainability requiresthat the disparate voices are heard and respected in decisions over commonwaters and use of scarce financial and human resources. Reviewing experiences of countries addressed in this study, each of these countries made significant progress towards effective water governance through organizations based on stakeholder participation in both national level and river basin scale. Although each has its own governance approaches and devices in line with the their management system and historical development, they have adopted the basic concepts such as integrated water resources management at river basin scale, stakeholder participation in decision-making process and have reformed their policy environment to include an emphasis on stakeholder participation and basin-level management. 133 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Through reviewing experiences of countries addressed in this study, namely France, Spain, England and Australia, it is seen that they made significant progress towards effective water governance through organizations based on stakeholder participation in both national level and river basin scale. Although each has its own governance approaches and devices in line with the their management system and historical development, they have adopted the basic concepts such as integrated water resources management at river basin scale, stakeholder participation in decision-making process and have reformed their policy environment to include an emphasis on stakeholder participation and basin-level management. But it is not possible to make the same assessment for Turkey. Organizational structure that ensures management of water resources in integrated manner at the river basin scale and stakeholder participation in decision-making process has not been established yet. In fact, basic concepts such as integrated water resources management, integrated river basin management and stakeholder participation have been added to the agenda of Turkey in recent years with the European Union negotiation process, in particular since the opening of the negotiations on the Environment Chapter in December 2009. In the study, the historical development of water governance in the examined countries will be outlined together with their organizational structures. The main problems faced in Turkey will also be addressed and emphasis will be given to the urgent need of developing a national water law for further improvement of water governance in Turkey. Figure 1 shows the chronological order of the water laws in the examined countries. France 1884 Water Law, 1964 Water Law, 1992 Water Law 2006 Water and Aquatic Environment Law. Spain England and Wales Australia 1866-1879 Water Laws, 1985 Water Law, Amendment done on the 1985 Water Law in 1999. 1876 Prevention of River Pollution Law, 1945 Water Law, 1948 River Associations Law, 1963 Water Law, 1973 Water Law, 1983 Water Law, 1989 Water Law. Water Reform Agreement (1994) Inter-governmental National Water Initiative Agreement (2004) Federal Water Law (2007) In this context, a new organizational structure consisting of National Water Council, National Water Management Coordination Committee (inter-ministerial coordination body) and Ministry of Environment and Forestry at national level and Basin Water Council and Basin Directorates in river basin scale for the Turkey’s water sector is proposed. Also, Local Water Commissions should be created at sub-basins level in 2020 with the start of implementation of the first generation River Basin Management Plans. It is important to keep in mind that this proposed organizational structure is certainly an iterative process. However, through the implementation of the proposed scheme and after taking feedbacks thorugh this implementation, some revisions and arrangements, as seen in the examined countries in this study, may be realized. 134 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Indexing Water Security in Abbotabad (KP-Pakistan) in Perspective of Climate Change and Institutional Capacity Dr. Musarrat Jabeen1 1 Development Studies Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan musarratjabeen7@yahoo.com Muhammad Umar2 Development Studies Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan ranaaumar@yahoo.com 2 Bibi Saima Zaib3 Environmental Studies Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan saimazeb@hotmail.com 3 Adil Rasheed4 Management Sciences Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan adilrasheed9@yahoo.com 4 Abstract The efficient use of water is of prime importance as the growing water scarcity warrants impending drought. This study introduces the Water Security Index. Water security is composed of and correlated to seven variables prescribed in the index. The independent variables for this study are climate change and institutional capacity. The objective of this study is to present benchmarks to assess the water security in Abbottabad. The water security index can be applied at community-district-province-state level. The question of the study is: How to assess the water security in Abbottabad? The study has found that the Water Security is fragile in regard to Abbottabad vis-à-vis the challenges it is facing. Keywords: Water Security, Climate Change, Institutional Capacity. Water Securıty Index The WSI measures the water status of community-district-province-state in seven dimensions: 1. Physical availability measured by know how to avail the water resources 2. Water resources in institutional context as per set of politics and policies 3. Certainty: A certain supply of water, as measured by climate change impact. 4. Withdrawal: Withdrawals of water as measured by 20-40 percent of annual water supply. 5. Water Management: Distribution of water as measured by the loss of water in distribution system and equitable distribution of water resources. 6. Quality: Quality of water as measured by appropriateness of water for drinking and other uses. 7. Affordability: Affordability as measured by per capita water consumption at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD; and supply & demand gap. Source: Content: Author’s own, Style: Adopted from HDI/UNO Methodology: Our approach is diagnostic and prescriptive with qualitative and quantitative slant. We use primary and secondary data resources. Primary data came from interviews with 18 key informants from government, research, and civil society organizations whose work intersects with water resource management and environment protection. Participants responded to questions focused on the challenges of climate change in the water sector and the capacities of institutions to adapt. Responses were then triangulated with secondary sources including published government, research, and newspaper reports for reliability and validity. Findings: Abbottabad faces the challenges such as reliance on rain fed agriculture, vulnerability to floods, poor water governance and rapid population growth due to conflict situations in vicinity of Abbottabad, which put undue pressure on the capacity of government to provide basic infrastructural services for development. Climate change manifests in dimensions: first the physical consequences 135 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations of climate change on ecological resources (including water); second, climate change confronts existing water institutional arrangements with a dilemma exposing weaknesses in their capacity to tackle complexities associated with water management. Conclusıon and Suggestıons While indexing water security in Abbottabad it is concluded that the water insecurity is increasing because of increasing climate change impact disasters, and mal capacity of existing institutions to comprehend the challenge of water scarcity. It is also established that due to climate change all the indicators of water security are exacerbated. Therefore it is desirable to make up multifaceted strategy to insure water security by managing demand of water and efficiently using the available water. References 1. Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority and Affiliates(ERRA), 2007 2. ( 132 Khalid Chandio WATER SECURITY: PAKISTAN AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE 3. (UNESCO-IHE) http://www.unesco-ihe.org/Research/Research-Themes/Water-security 4. Heather M, Edward A. McBean, Farahbakhsh , 2009, Appropriate technology - A comprehensive approach for water and sanitation in the developing world, Technology in Society, 31;158–167. 5. Setia A, Bhandari S K, House J D, Nyachoti M, Krause, 2009, Development and in vitro evaluation of an Escherichia coli probiotic able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli K88. J ANIM SCI 87: 2005-2012 6. Gerry P, Ronald L. Phillips L. Jacobs, 2004, Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Populations in Cattle by Addition of Colicin E7-Producing E. coli to Feed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70; 6053-6060. 7. National Drinking Water Policy NDWP (draft), 2009. Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan. 8. A.H.Malik, Z.M.Khan, Q.Mahmood, S.Nasreen,Z.A.Batti,Perspectiveoflowcost Arsenic remediation of drinking water in Pakistan and other countries, J. Hazard. Mater. 168(1)(2009)1–12. 9. M.N.Bhutta,M.Ramzan,C.A.Hafeez,Groundwaterqualityandavailabilityin Pakistan,in proceeding of seminar on strategies to address the present and future Water quality issues,PCRWR Islamabad, Pakistan, Rev.Sci. Eav 12 (2002) 671–686. 10. M.D.Johnson,R.D.Hokanson,Q.Zhang,D.K.Czupinski,J.Tang,Feasibility of water purification technology in rural areas of developing countries,Environ.Manage. 88(3) (2008)416–427 11. A.Gupta, M.Chaudhuri, Enteric virus removal/ inactivation by coal based media, Water Res.29(2)(1995)51–516. 12. L.Groendijk,H.E.deVries, Development of a mobile water maker,a sustainable way to produce safe drinking water indeveloping countries,Desalination248 13. USEPA (1980b). Planning Workshop to develop recommendations for a Ground Water Protection Strategy. Washington DC. pg 171. 14. EPA Drinking Water Glossary: A Dictionary of Technical and Legal Terms Related to Drinking Water. USEPA Office of Water. June 1994. pg 17. 15. OECD (1999), The Price of Water: Trends in OECD Countries Paris, OECD. 136 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Sustainable Urban Water Management in the Context of Climate Change Debarati Chakraborty1, Kumarjit Goswami2 , Santosh K Ghosh3 Research Fellow & Jt. Secretary, Centre for Built Environment ar.debarati@gmail.com 2 Research Fellow, Centre for Built Environment kumarjit.goswami@gmail.com 3 President(Hony.), Centre for Built Environment sghoshcbe@gmail.com 1 Abstract In the context of economic growth and rapid urbanisation in Asia, water has become a critical part of development. But scarcity of water, pollution and water borne diseases are widespread and a sustainable water management is necessary. Integrated water resource management and water basin planning are being discussed for some years but little has been done. But synergy between water and landuse and between water and environment is to be established with ecosystem in the regional development plan. Key components include watershed management, water quality, disaster management, rainwater harvesting and recycling of waste water. These are to be integrated in a holistic water management plan. Keywords: Growth, Urbanisation, Disaster, Recycling, Ecology. 1. INTRODUCTION With the rapid economic development in Asia, there is growth of urbanisation and megacities. In the 21st Century Asia will be a continent of megalopolises. Some countries are still agriculture based with low level of urbanisation and a big city is often an oasis in the desert of rural poverty. Within cities, poverty, high-rise building and slums and other contrasts are evident. The economic boom has led to ecological doom in many areas. Water pollution and waterborne diseases are widespread and there is scarcity of drinking water. High density development at the centre of cities has depleted ground water and aquifer level has receded. In the periphery soil cover has changed and water bodies have been filled up. In most Asian cities, water is sectoral subject dealt mostly on supply, distribution and maintenance with pumps, pipelines etc. The problem of coastal cities is of concern; there is intrusion of salt water and siltation of downstream canals and rivers. Integrated Water Resource Management concept was initiated a few years ago but only a few countries could implement it. A sustainable urban water management is to be based on synergy between water and landuse/ development and between water and environment and it should integrate all components [1]. Water plays an important role in the equilibrium between urban development and conservation of nature, soil and ecosystems. Urban hydrology is a part of regional environmental plan with defined objective for sustainable water resource development. It is a holistic process and every Asian city should have such a plan. This will include several components [2] - (i) Study of parameters - physical, biological, human and environmental, supply and demand, projected need, sources etc, and development of data base and information system. (ii) Assessment of impact of large dams, construction, upstream downstream development etc. on water systems (iii) Regulation control – zoning, building code etc. on ground water, water bodies and wetlands (iv) Interaction between natural resources with water (v) mechanism of pollution control (vi) Method of disaster management (vii) Socio-economic development (viii) Govt. structure and participatory development (ix) environmental monitoring and (x) Actions regarding recycling of waste water, conservation, aquifer recharge and rain-harvesting. An urban hydrology plan is a blue plan for the city which is to be ecologically sustainable [3]. 2. STRATEGIC PLANNING Regional planning so far undertaken in Asian countries is sectoral except in some special areas under a single authority like river valley authority or coastal zonal authority. Now the concept of metropolitan region has come with wider area and multiplicity or municipalities or local governments. The administrative, fiscal and technical coordination has become difficult for which environment and ecological objectives are suffered. Participatory development from all stakeholders is being encouraged. Water management is a broader and complex issue. It concerns with resources, 137 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations supply and demand, distribution and disposal, watershed and catchment area, coordination amongst sectors like agriculture, industry, housing etc. regarding water demand, coordination amongst various local government, urban and rural units, preservation of biodiversity, cultural and natural heritage, landuse control regulation on ground water depletion and disposal of waste water etc. Where a city is located near water basin, coastal zone etc, wetland, estuaries, flood plain, plant and wild life, disaster mitigation etc. require additional consideration. All these should be part of a regional environmental plan with an environmental audit. In this paper some essential components of sustainable water management such as Water shed Management, Measures to improve water quality, Water Disasater Mitigation, Rain Water Harvesting[4], Recycling of Waste Water are disscussed[5] [6]. 3. CONCLUSION Incorporating Climate change impact with mitigation measures is a difficult task but more difficult it is in sustainable management but it is possible. REFERENCES 138 1. World Water Forum 5th (2009). Thematic report 3 Managing and Protecting water resources, Istanbul. 2. GWP (2000). Integrated Water Resources Management, Technical background paper no. 4 GWP, Stockholm. 3. Smith, Jack et al (1996) Urban Agriculture, Food, Job and sustainable cities, UNDP, New York. 4. Gupta Sonia (2007). The promising rain: Built Environment Newsletter 2007. 5. USAID (1995). Integrated wetlands system IWS for waste water treatment the recycling. Basic manual, USAID, New Delhi. 6. Ghosh, Santosh (2010). Indigenous Technology for eco-restoration by the urban poor. East Kolkata Wetlands. Ecopolis Forum, Chengde, China. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Present and Future Challenges of Sustainable Water Supply to Dhaka City S M Mahbubur Rahman1, Prof. Dr. M Monowar Hossain2 Director, WRP Division, Institute of Water Modelling (IWM), smr@iwmbd.org Executive Director, Institute of Water Modelling (IWM), mnh@iwmbd.org 1 2 Abstract Dhaka is one of the world mega cities and the capital of Bangladesh. Over the last few decades the city experienced rapid urbanization, economic growth and population boom. The city infrastructure and civil amenities could not keep pace with the city growth. One of the major problems the city is facing is in water supply to around 12 million people. There is already a significant shortfall of water supply compared to the water demand. It is expected that the city area will expand by 4-5 times and the population will double by the year 2025. By the year 2030 the water demand for the city will be more than double. Presently, 87% of water is supplied from groundwater sources. Due to large scale abstraction from the aquifers, the groundwater level is depleting alarmingly. Recent study showed that of the total abstraction around 14-15% is from groundwater mining. The peripheral rivers of Dhaka are no longer suitable as water supply sources because of large scale pollution from industrial and municipal sources. Other options are rainwater harvesting, bulk water supply from large rivers and demand management. This paper presents some of these strategic issues for water supply to Dhaka city. Keywords: Water supply sources, water pollution, rain water harvesting, demand management. 1. INTRODUCTION Dhaka is the capital and the principal city of Bangladesh in political, economic, cultural and social considerations. In recent decades, Dhaka City has undergone rapid urbanization and fast population growth. This has created immense pressure on resources and infrastructure including water supply. The present population is around 12 million in 350 sq. Km of extended Dhaka city area. According to the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan [1] the area of the city will increase to around 1500 sq. km by 2025. The National Water Management Plan [2] predicted that the population of the city will increase to 27 million and to 50 million by 2025 and 2050, respectively. Already there is a major short fall in water supply compared to the water demand. It is expected that the short fall will be more than double if a strategic action plan is not implemented immediately. 2. REVIEW OF THE WATER SUPPLY SITUATION OF DHAKA CITY Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is responsible for water supply in Dhaka city. Presently, total production from DWASA surface water treatment plants and Deep Tubewells (DTW) is 2087 million litres per day (MLD) against an estimated demand of 2210 MLD. The sewerage master plan of Dhaka city [3] estimated that by the year 2030 the water demand of the city will increase to around 5000 MLD. Presently, about 87-88% of water supply is from 642 deep tube wells (DTW) in operation in Dhaka city. Every year the groundwater level is depleting at a rate of 2-3m in the upper dupitila aquifer. In some parts of the city the groundwater level has gone down to 80m below ground surface. Recent study by Institute of Water Modelling (IWM) has shown that the rate of mining of the upper dupitila aquifer is around 14-15% [3] and the potential of exploitation of the lower dupitila aquifer is limited. 3. STRATEGIC WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS FOR DHAKA CITY In the context of growing water demand it is evident that dependency on groundwater cannot solve the problems of water shortages in the city, other alternative supply sources are required. Probable alternative sources are: (a) peripheral rivers of Dhaka city, (b) groundwater well fields outside Dhaka, (c) rainwater, and (d) larger rivers. In order to find a strategic solution to the water supply problems for Dhaka city, studies conducted by IWM for DWASA demonstrated that followings: 139 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 1. Water available in the peripheral rivers of Dhaka are sufficient for meeting the water supply demand for Dhaka city for the next 50 years, but because of ever growing pollution, the water of the peripheral rivers is no longer considered suitable and sustainable source in the long run. In an estimate made by IWM, 50-60% of total pollution load [4] is from the industrial sources and the rest from domestic sources. Recently formulated DWASA sewerage master plan for Dhaka city proposed 11 sewerage treatment plants. It is expected that if the treatment plants are commissioned at least 40-50% of the pollution sources could be addressed. But execution of the master plan will require 20-25 years and USD 1.686 billion to complete. No concrete action plan has been undertaken to address the industrial pollution yet. Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) is executing a project [5] to augment the peripheral rivers with fresh water from upstream larger river. However, without taking measures to abate the growing pollution, this action will not be sustainable in the long run. Therefore, it is very unlikely, that the peripheral rivers could be utilized as sustainable source of water supply at least in the next 30 years. 2. Potential groundwater sources have been found in two areas near Dhaka [6], from where bulk water supply of 300 MLD could be possible from well fields. However, such other potential groundwater sources outside Dhaka are yet to be fully investigated. 3. Two pilot projects which shows that artificial recharge of groundwater aquifer is technically viable [7]. Further research and guidelines are required before implementing the findings from the research project in wider scale. 4. Studies conducted by IWM and others shows that bulk water supply from the large rivers (Padma and Meghna Rivers) are the only remaining sustainable water supply source to address the water crisis of Dhaka in the next 20 years. The studies proposed 1000 MLD from Meghna River and 900 MLD from Padma River [8]. 5. The bulk water supply from large rivers will not be sufficient to meet the overall demand of water in 2030. A number of other actions are required for the purpose. Some are: (i) reduction of leakage of distribution system from the present 25 percent to 10 percent; (ii) awareness campaign to reduce wastage of water including restructuring the present tariff structure; (3) rainwater harvesting, etc. REFERENCES 140 1. RAJUK (Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakhya, Dhaka) (1997); Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan - DMDP (1995-2015), (BGD/88/052) UNDP and UNCHS. 2. WARPO, (2002), Natıonal Water Management Plan (NWMP) 3. Grontmij, IWM, (2011), Sewearge Master Plan for Dhaka City, DWASA 4. IWM, (2007), Integrated Environmental Compliance and Pollution Control in Greater Dhaka, Phase-I, Final report, The World Bank, May 2007. 5. IWM, (2004), Feasibility for Rehabilitating the Buriganga-Turag-Sitalakhya River System and Augmentation of Dry Season Flow in the Buriganga River, Final Report, BWBD, August 2004. 6. IWM, (2011); Study on Well Field Construction for Immediate Supplement to City Water Supply from nearby Groundwater Sources; Final Report; Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA), 2010 7. IWM, (2011); Artificial Recharge to Aquifer by Rainwater harvesting from roof top; Final Report; Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA). 8. IWM, (2006); Resource Assessment and Monitoring of Water Supply Sources for Dhaka City, Final Report; Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA). Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Studies in Turkey under Water Efficiency Practices for Water Footprint and Virtual Water Fulya KALEMCİ, Selçuk COŞKUN, Nermin ÇİÇEK Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Water Management, Turkey fkalemci@ormansu.gov.tr, selcukcoskun@ormansu.gov.tr, ncicek@ormansu.gov.tr Abstract The efficient and effective use of water resources is getting more important from day to day. The amount of water per capita in Turkey declined the last two years from 4000 m3 to 1430 m3. Within ten years, in parallel with the increase in population, approximately 1000 m3 of this amount is expected to be reduced gradually. Therefore with this projection, after 10 years time period Turkey is expected to take place in the category of water-poor countries. In order to avoid such negative consequences and to maintain water efficiency, it is of great importance to measure amouth of water used accurately in connection with the processes through which water is consumed. This study examines the importance of the concepts virtual water and water footprint together with their application areas. Additionally, study also includes the sectoral analysis of water footprint. This study aims to reduce water footprint of the country for the sustainable water management target by determining the effects and pressures on the water bodies within the areas where water quality and quantity is insufficient. Keywords: water footprint, virtual water, water efficiency, water accounting, water management. 1. INTRODUCTION As a natural resource of water has a common area of usage. Not only for the daily and personal needs but also a significant amount of water consumed in the process of economic production like agriculture and industry. In such cases, the need of introducing the real economic value of water and making visible the water used arises. In recent days, in order to make visible and appraise in economic term for water, concepts of virtual water and water footprint has been used as an indicator. While “virtual water” defines water used in the production process of any product type, “water footprint” defines the total volume of water used in production processes of a person, sector or country. As water footprint displays the path water takes during economic activities, at the same time it helps to take informed decisions on the subjects such as water allocation, water trade, water and ecosystem support for detection of comparative advantage. In this manner water footprint aims to achieve an ecological good status for whole water bodies within the river basin. In addition, water footprint is also a supportive tool to develop and implement river basin management plans. To achieve this goal Turkey sustains the project “Nationwide Water Efficiency Analysis and Water Accounting of Pilot River Basins in Turkey” with the coordination of Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Water Management. Within the scope of the project, water footprint is being calculated for the first time in Turkey and the results of which will provide a better decision making for the allocation of water and other economically important resources. At the same time, this project stands as a tool to define strategy for the effective use of water by generating required data inventory. 2. METODOLOGY Water footprint consists of three components; The Blue Water Footprint: Consumption of surface and groundwater sources along the supply chain of a product where ‘Consumption’ refers to loss of water from the available ground-surface water body in a catchment area. The Green Water Footprint : Consumption of rainwater. The Grey Water Footprint: This term refers to pollution and is defined as the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants given natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards[1]. 141 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The model of approach used for this project virtual water and water footprint calculations are based on processes, products and enterprises regarding both national and global markets and sectors. Figure 1. Components of Water Footprint [2] REFERENCES 142 1. Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., and Mekonnen, M. M. 2011. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard. London, Earthscan. 2. Chapagain, A.K. and Orr, S.. “U.K. Water Footprint: The Impact of the U.K.’s Food and Fibre Consumption on Global Water Resources, Volume 1”. WWF-UK (WWF-UK). Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Action Plans for 81 Cities and Settlements over 50.000 Population Kamil CEYHAN General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Water Supply Department, kceyhan@dsi.gov.tr Abstract The DSİ General Directorate is, according to Law No 1053 “Domestic Water Supply Law for the Settlements over 100.000 Population” approved by the Council of Ministers in 1968, responsible for domestic and industrial water supply to cities with a population of more than 100,000. Water supply projects include planning, design and construction of all kinds of storage facilities (dams, reservoirs), water intake facilities (weirs, wells, catchments, etc.), water transmission lines, pump stations, water treatment plants and conclude with handing these water facilities to municipalities. In this study, in the city centers which, at present, are in need of water supply, or in short term may be in need of water supply, the required investments and costs were tried to be determined. Keywords: DSİ General Directorate, Water Supply, Water Planning Action Plan. 1. INTRODUCTION Population forecast was held for the planning, designing and constructing of water supply projects in order to clarify the water requirements. Furthermore, the changes of the water requirements were obtained according to the population projections for several years. Finally, current water resources were examined and water network losses and leakages were forecasted and projected in order to set the water supply amount for the town. The studies for the population forecast, generally the past records were taken in to consideration in order to forecast future population number. Mathematical methods used in forecasting population are as follows; arithmetical growth method, Turkish Bank of Provinces method, Logistic curve (s) method. Although, different results may be obtained from each method, the important point is selecting the appropriate result considering the demographic structure of the population and the economic improvement of the Project area. In water demand forecasts, data supplied by the municipalities are used to determine the sectorial water consumption trends and loss-leakage ratio, and considering the properties of the project area (climate, socio - cultural situation, economic situation, etc.. ) future changes are forecasted. Considering the factors which effect water consumption ( population, climate, quality of life, socio - economic situation, water measurement and unit price of water, operating pressure, water quality, amount of park - gardens, presence of other water resources, presence of sewage system, etc…) water consumption forecasts are made. 2. DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY ACTION PLAN FOR 81 TOWN CENTERS In the light of all these assumptions, first in 2008, “Domestic and industrial water supply action plan for 81 Town centers (2008-2012)” was prepared. Furthermore, revising the 2008 plan, “Domestic and industrial water supply action plan for 81 Town centers (2010-2014)” was prepared. In this study, in the city centers which, at present, are in need of water supply, or in short term may be in need of water supply, the required investments and costs were tried to be determined. According to address based population record system population census in 2009, it was determined that 42.6 million people are living in the 81 town centers. In town centers, present water requirement is 3.8 billion m³, and the amount of supplied domestic and industrial water is 5.2 billion m³. It was determined that, 9 city centers have problems, or will face problems till 2012, and they require urgent water supply, in 10 city centers water supply problem will be faced in the short term (2013 2015), 26 city centers will, in the mid-term, (2016 - 2023) have sufficient water supply, and 36 city 143 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations centers will, in the long term (2024 - 2040) the supplied water will be sufficient. As the result of the studies, between 2012 - 2014, in 81 city centers, it is determined that approximately 3.3 billion TL should be invested for water supply. For each and all of the town centers with population exceeding 50.000, the present and future domestic and industrial water demands were determined. For the city centers which, at present, are in need of water supply, or in short term may be in need of water supply, the required investments and costs were determined. As the result of this work, according to address based population record system population census in 2009, it was determined that the 66 town centers with populations exceeding 50.000, have a total population of 5.359.181. It was determined that, annual required amount of water in these town centers is 439,17 million m³, annual total amount of supplied domestic and industrial water is 737,41 million m³. It was determined that, 3 town centers have present problems, or will face problems till 2012, and they require urgent water supply. In 14 town centers water supply problem will be faced in the short term (2013 - 2015) In 14 town centers water supply problem will be faced in the mid-term (2016 – 2023), 35 city centers will, in the long term (2024 – 2040) face water supply problems. REFERENCES 1. 144 DSİ General Directorate, 2012. The Principles of Population and Water Requirement Estimates for Water Supply Projects. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water The Treatment of Büyükçekmece Lake Water with UF Membrane Processes İbrahim Karali1, Mehmet Çakmakçı2, İsmail Koyuncu3, Ahmet Demir1,2 Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Nurtepe Yolu 34406 Kağıthane / İSTANBUL ikarali@iski.gov.tr, ademir@iski.gov.tr 2 Yıldız Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220 Davutpaşa-Esenlerİstanbul cakmakci@yildiz.edu.tr 3 Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469 MaslakİSTANBUL koyuncu@itu.edu.tr 1 Abstract Membrane systems that can be operated at low pressure are used for the treatment of water in addition to the conventional water treatment systems since some pollutants have negative human health effects in low concentrations. Membrane operation costs are lower than the other processes as they are operated at low pressure and they also produce safe water. Therefore, application of low pressure membrane systems has become prevalent lately. In this study, effects of UF membranes which are operated at low vacuum and pressure effect on treatment efficiency in Büyükçekmece Drinking Water Treatment Plant have been investigated. Therefore, two discrete pilot-scale units have been used. The UF membranes have molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 150 kDa. Total coliform, total organic carbon (TOC), UV254 and turbidity have been measured at the inlet and output of membrane systems to determine the efficiency of these systems. In addition to these water quality parameters, flow rate, pressure, flux and energy consumption have also been measured. No microorganism has been determined in tested water treated by both pilot-scale systems. So, final disinfection need has been reduced to minimum. In membrane permeates, measured turbidity value has been determined as lower than 0,05 NTU. TOC and UV254 removal efficiency of vacuum operated pilot-scale facility has been found higher than pressure based one. Accordingly, the energy consumption of vacuum based system has been lower than the pressure based one. Keywords: UF Membrane, water treatment, Büyükçekmece Lake. 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1 shows the Büyükçekmece Drinking Water Treatment Plant where raw water from Büyükçekmece Lake is treated and the processes where the pilot UF systems that are operated with low vacuum and pressure in this plant are integrated. Figure 1. Büyükçekmece Treatment Plant Units and the stages to which the pilot UF mechanisms are integrated The process included the first stage where raw water from Büyükçekmece Lake is directly transferred to the pilot facilities, the second stage where effluent from Büyükçekmece Drinking Water treatment plant is transferred to the pilot facilities and third stage where the effluent from the filtration unit of the plant is transferred to the pilot facilities. The conventional treatment units before the second and third stages are planned as pre-membrane treatment. This has also contributed to the impacts of using conventional treatment stages as pre-treatment on membrane performance. As seen in Figure 2 (a), in the case of using raw water from Büyükçekmece Lake directly at the first stage, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increased to 350 mbar and upon the third stage filtration process in Figure 2 (b) the TMP increased to 40 mbar. 145 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 (a) Oral Presentations (b) Figure 2. TMP increase values of the first and third stages of the UF system operated with vacuum Figure 3 (a), (b), (c) shows the turbidity outlet values of the pilot device operated with vacuum for first, second and third stages respectively. The fact that turbidity rates in the filtrate of the pilot devices of all three stages are lower than 0,05 NTU value while the 2011 average turbidity rate varies between 1.74 and 55.2 NTU, shows that the turbidity removal performance of the UF membrane is 99 %. (a) (b) (c) Figure 3. First, second and third stage turbidity rates of the pilot UF device operated with vacuum Figure 4 (a), (b), (c) shows the TOC values of the filtrates of the pilot device operated with vacuum for first, second and third stages respectively. The TOC values for Büyükçekmece raw water for 2011 varies between 4.99 and 6.06 mg/L. The TOC removal rate was defined as 30-40 % in the first, 10-20 % in the second and < 5 % in the third stages. It was also identified that the 74.1 % of the TOC for raw water from Büyükçekmece has 1 kDa and lower MWCO. The reason for the low TOC removal is considered to be the low MWCO of the organic materials. 146 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water (a) (b) (c) Figure 4. First, second and third stage TOC values of the pilot UF device operated with vacuum 147 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations DSI Approach for Drinking Water Treatment Plant Projects Cengiz ÖZCAN General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Water Supply Department cengizo@dsi.gov.tr Abstract Demand for water resources has increased with growing population and developing industry and different technologies are improved to achieve drinking water. DSİ has fulfilled duty given to him with the most economical and healthy methods to reach consumers in drinking water and continues to do. In this paper, considering the plants are made by DSI and still in operation, what are the criteria for the selection process and the reasons in DSİ drinking water treatment projects will be discussed. Studies conducted by DSI in Turkey, potable water is obtained with the mostly conventional systems covering aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration units. Keywords: DSİ, Drinking Water Treatment Plants. 1. INTRODUCTION With increasing population and developing industry, changes in water resources has become in terms of flow and water quality in time, very little water source can be used as drinking water directly in nature. Therefore, the development of treatment technologies and regulatory requirements have been come into being. Drinking water quality is determined in “Regulations on Water Intended for Human Consumption” of The Ministry of Health (published in the Official Gazette No. 25 730 dated 02.17.2005) and control and monitoring of water quality is expected to be done by competent authorities. In addition, surface water resources are classified in terms of the standard methods of treatment for transforming surface water into drinking water in “Regulation on the quality of surface water intended for the abstraction of Drinking water” (Official Gazette No. 28338 dated 29.06.2012). According to the regulations; Category A1; Simple physical treatment and disinfection, e.g. rapid filtration and disinfection, Category A2; physical treatment, chemical treatment and disinfection, e.g. prechlorination, coagulation, flocculation, settlement, filtration, disinfection (final chlorination), Category A3; Intensive physical and chemical treatment, advanced treatment and disinfection e.g. membrane sytems. In water tretment plant projects were made by DSİ, surface waters have been used as a raw water sources are mostly class A1 or A2 so water treating in a conventional drinking water treatment plant can be given to public consumption. In projects made by DSİ, generaly arsenic, iron, manganese, turbidity and organic matter impurities were found, conventional treatment systems were projected taking into account population and climate conditions. Moreover, as package treatment plants, pressure filters are preferred in some areas where groundwater with arsenic contamination due to the geological structure is used, reverse osmosis systems are used for water resources needing advanced treatment or hardness removal. 2. CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS A conventional treatment system includes aeration, coagulation, flocculation, settling, filtering and disinfection units. In addition, there are other auxiliary units such as chemical building, sludge treatment units After the Cascade-type aeration unit used to give oxygen to water and chemical (oxidation (oxidation of iron and manganese et al.), rapid and slow mixing units are located to convert colloidal particles to settleable floc by the addition of chemicals. Mostly ferric chloride or aluminium sulphat as coagulant, polyelectrolyte as coagulant aid are used. Also, if needed pH regulators and other oxidant chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, caustic soda and potasyumpermanganat, are added. Which chemicals will add and their amount are decided after jar tests made in the laboratory. Clarifiers are located before filter units for settlement of colloidal substances and to increase filtration 148 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water efficiency. Clarifiers are designed as upflow sludge blunkets or lamella settling. Initial investment cost of lamella clarifiers systems is higher than sludge blankets. But lamella systems are preferred because relatively large surface area provides friction which encourages solids/liquid separation and the incline of lamella encourages settling efficiency of solids. All the same, clarifiers are designed as lamella type in continuing project work because settling efficiency can be received in a short time like the first 1-2 days of going into operation and less affected by sudden changes in flow rate and concentration in current plants was seen. For filtration process being the last step of the drinking water treatment process, single bed rapid sand filter with a fixed water level during the runtime, using a control valve in the effluent pipe that compensates for the increasing filter bed resistance are preferred. In our treatment plants, pre-chlorination (mostly) and ozonation are used for the purpose of both plant disinfection and chemical oxidation. In cases where particularly high organic matter, ozone is used in some plants in order to avoid formation of compounds (Trihalomethanes, thms) that chlorine composed with an organic or synthetic material. However, since chlorine is more easily available and economical, it is used instead of ozone system also because of both high cost of installation and operation and operational challenges. Nevertheless, during the water treatment plant project preparation ozone is taken into consideration in the general layout and hydraulic calculations of the plant, the construction is left to be done in the future if needed. Due to contamination that may occur in the network, the chlorine is used as the last disinfection because the chlorine residual that remains in water can prolong disinfection even after initial treatment and also provides a measure of the effectiveness. Process wastewater, collected from clarifier and filters, is given sludge dewatering unit after sludge thickening plant. Sludge dewatering unit is designed as sludge drying bed if enough space and appropriate climatic conditions are. However, the treatment plants being made by DSİ are mostly bigger than 100 000 m3/day capacity, so mechanical dewatering units is used such as belt filter or filter press. Domestic, laboratory and chemical building wastewater being collected in lagoon or septic tank is given to the sewerage if appropriate or is moved to sanitary landfill with waste container for disposal by the municipal personal. 3. ARSENIC TREATMENT PLANTS As in many parts of the world, arsenic is an important groundwater problem in our country too. Almost all along the middle of the Anatolian Plateau groundwater contains arsenic. The maximum acceptable amount of arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg / L. Package systems with pressure filter that requires less area and is easy to operate, were used for many small settlements using groundwater containing arsenic above the value. 4. ADVANCED TREATMENT SYSTEMS Except as provided above, there are advanced technology plants being used reverse osmosis system in our some cities especially for hardness removal like Karabük. 149 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Sediment Load Prediction by Fuzzy Logic-Wavelet Combination Method Mehmet Özger1, Mehmet Burak Kabataş2 Istanbul Technical University Civil Engineering Faculty E-mail: ozgerme@itu.edu.tr 2 İstanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology E-mail: burkab14@gmail.com 1 Abstract Rivers carry large amount of sediments that can cause specific problems to water structures. Sediment load prediction is very important in planning, operation and maintenance of water structures located on rivers. The purpose of this study is to develop a model that can make accurate predictions for suspended sediment loads. Daily suspended sediment loads and discharges are used as variables to establish the models. These variables exhibit random characteristics due to the uncertain nature of sediment transportation. In order to make prediction models for suspended sediment load, stochastic processes, regression methods, neural network models and fuzzy logic have been used in literature so far. Here, the combination of wavelet and fuzzy logic models (WFL) is proposed to model the behavior of sediment load. The results are obtained from WFL are compared with the other approaches. Also, long lead predictions up to 1 month are tested for WFL model. Keywords: Suspended sediment load, water structures, prediction, wavelets, fuzzy logic. 1. INTRODUCTION The amount of sediment load is a significant input to determine the dimensions of water structures such as dams, diversion weirs, and settling basins. So as to determine sediment deposition properly, it is required to predict suspended sediments in rivers. The sediment transportation is also closely related to basin erosion. The suspended sediment load modeling in rivers is one of the most complex problems in hydrology. The variables used in modeling includes various uncertainties. Several processes such as basin erosion and river bed motion for suspended sediment loads generation in rivers increase the complexity of sediment prediction problem. To predict the suspended sediment load in rivers, in addition to basin parameters such as area and slope, meteorological and hydrological variables such as precipitation and discharge, respectively are used. There are many sediment prediction models proposed in the literature. These are regression models [1], artificial neural network models [2], fuzzy logic models [3], and parametric models [4]. Rajaee et al. [5] studied neural network, multiple regression and sediment rating curve models for daily simulation of suspended sediment loads. Comparison of the results indicated that the neural network model outperforms other models. Sediment rating curves and its application by artificial neural networks was achieved by Jain [6]. Abrahart and White [7] proposed a neural network model for sediment transportation. Determination of suspended sediment load in rivers accurately is very crucial in water resources engineering. Therefore the purpose of this study is to propose appropriate methods for suspended sediment load predictions. Here, the wavelet-fuzzy logic combination model is employed for daily suspended sediment loads. The predictions are extended up to 1 month lead time. 2. WAVELET FUZZY LOGIC COMBINATION MODEL Wavelet transform is a technique that uses wavelets to implement transformation. Wavelets are small waves that grow and decay over a small distance. Geophysical time series include different patterns, such as periodicity, trend, noise which are the results of different mechanisms affecting the process. Filtering such patterns helps understand the behavior of time series. One of latest techniques used for filtering time series in time and scale domains is the wavelet transform. There is a tendency to filter the data before its use especially in prediction problems. Several researchers [8, 9, 10] have proposed that it is better to make predictions after decomposing both predictors and predictand into several bands. Wavelet transform makes it possible to separate time series into its subseries. Here 150 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water the important question is how the significant bands can be selected. For this purpose, Webster and Hoyos [9] proposed the use of average wavelet spectra obtained from continuous wavelet transform of a variable of concern. The significant spectral bands can be selected, based on the average wavelet spectra which show the variation of power with scales. Thus, at the end we have a number of different sub-series each of which carries specific information about the process. On the other hand, each predictor time series is separated into a number of subseries using the same spectral bands as of predictand. Subsequently, it is required to relate each band of predictors to the corresponding band of predictand with a statistical scheme. Here, we used a fuzzy logic model to establish a connection between predictors and the predictand band. A number of fuzzy models would be needed to make predictions. Finally, all those predicted bands of the predictand variable are reconstructed to obtain the final series. REFERENCES 1. Sinnakaudan, S. K., Abghani, A., Ahmad, M. S. S., and Zakaria, N. A.,(2006). Multiple linear regression model for total bed material load prediction, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 132 (5), 521-528. 2. Nagy, H.M., Watanabe, K., and Hirano, M., (2002). Prediction of load concentration in rivers using artificial neural network model, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(6), 588–595. 3. Kişi, Ö., Karahan, M.E., Şen, Z., (2006). River suspended sediment modeling using fuzzy logic approach, Hydrological Processes, 20, 4351-4362. 4. Vansickle, J., and Beschta, R. L., (1983). Supply-based models of suspended sediment transport in streams, Water Resources Research, 19, 3. 5. Rajaee, T., Mirbagheri, S.A., Zounemat-Kermani, M., and Nourani V., (2009). Daily suspended sediment concentration simulation using ANN and neuro-fuzzy models. Sci Total Environ.,407,4916–4927. 6. Jain, S.K., (2001). Development of integrated sediment rating curves using artificial neural networks. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (ASCE) 127 (1), 30–37. 7. Abrahart, R.J., White, S.M., (2001). Modelling sediment transfer in Malawi: comparing back-propagation neural network solutions against a multiple linear regression benchmark using small data sets. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (B) 26 (1), 19–24. 8. Kim, T.W., Valdes, J.B.,( 2003). Nonlinear model for drought forecasting based on a conjunction of wavelet transforms and neural networks. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 6, 319–328. 9. Webster, P.J., and Hoyos, C.D, (2004). Prediction of monsoon rainfall and river discharge on 15-30-day time scales, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85, 11, 1745-1765. 10. Özger, M., (2010). Significant wave height forecasting using wavelet fuzzy logic approach, Ocean Engineering, 37, 16, 1443–1451. 151 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Occurrence of Organic Pollutants in Treated Wastewater Effluent and Surface Waters under the Influence of Urban Catchment Areas Marie Launay, Bertram Kuch, Ulrich Dittmer, Heidrun Steinmetz University of Stuttgart, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management E-mail: marie.launay@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract The occurrence of 9 organic pollutants was monitored for both dry- and wet weather conditions in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in the river Schwippe (Germany) both upstream and downstream of the WWTP discharge. All compounds were detected in the WWTP effluent (n=30) at concentrations ranging from 3 ng/L to 4065 ng/L. In the surface water samples (n=108), all organic pollutants were detected at concentrations ranging from 5 ng/L to 2270 ng/L. During dry weather, the WWTP effluent was the most important source of organic pollutants in the receiving water. Results of this study show that storm events have a significant impact on organic pollutants loads in the surface water. Keywords: Organic pollutants, field campaign, receiving water quality, urban water, combined sewer overflows. 1. INTRODUCTION Urban surface waters are affected by organic pollutants from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), stormwater effluents and combined sewer overflows (CSO) [1]. There are increasing numbers of publications reporting the detection of trace levels of organic pollutants in the WWTP effluents and in surface waters at concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L [2], [3]. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of 9 organic pollutants in WWTP effluent and in the receiving water. The impact of the treated effluent on water quality could be assessed by comparing the pollutant concentrations both upstream and downstream of the WWTP discharge. The impact of a storm event on the receiving water was also studied. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in an urban catchment area (86 km²) in the south-west of the city of Stuttgart, Germany, from July to October 2011 and included the effluent of a WWTP with a capacity of 250,000 population equivalents, five surface water sampling locations and on-line surface water analysis (turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH and water temperature) upstream of the effluent discharge. The measuring campaign was conducted in July 2011 during seven days under dry weather conditions. Another field campaign was conducted during a storm event. Surface water samples were collected both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge. All samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N, NO3--N, NO2--N, total phosphorous and phosphate (PO43-). Based on preliminary studies, the following organic pollutants were chosen for chemical analysis, for both composite and membrane filtered samples: carbamazepine, caffeine, N,N-diethyl-mtoluamide (DEET), 2-methylthiobenzothiazole (MTBT), Triphenylphosphate (TPP), Tris(2chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), Tris(2-chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), fluoranthene and pyrene (PAHs). All samples from the WWTP and the five surface water sampling locations were analyzed for micropollutant concentrations. For the entire field campaign this amounts to a total number of 30 samples from the WWTP effluent and 108 samples from the surface waters. Analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The organic pollutants of concern were detected in all the samples of the WWTP effluent. During dry weather, carbamazepine concentrations in the final effluent ranged from 550 ng/L to 830 ng/L with a median of 730 ng/L. During dry weather, the WWTP effluent was the most important source of organic pollutants in the receiving water. During the storm event, all organic pollutants except 152 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water MTBT, had lower concentrations in the WWTP effluent than those during dry weather. It can be explained by this fact that the main source of these pollutants is domestic and/or industrial wastewater and not stormwater origin. In this case the effect of dilution was observed. MTBT concentrations in the effluent ranged from 420 ng/L to 920 ng/L with a median of 535 ng/L. These results are comparable with the results during dry weather. Urban surface runoff is a very significant source of MTBT emission [4]. During high storm events, a very high amount of urban stormwater arrives to the WWTP with very high concentrations of MTBT. For this reason no dilution effect could be noted. The selected organic pollutants were detected in all samples of the river Schwippe. During dry weather, all the organic pollutants had a higher concentration downstream of the WWTP discharge compared to upstream. During the storm event, six CSO events were registered. The influence of CSO on the surface water quality was characterized by on-line water analysis. All organic pollutants had the same trend: the pollutant concentrations increased with turbidity values, and decreased after the storm event (see Fig. 1). It was confirmed that large loads of organic pollutants were discharged to the river Schwippe during the first flush after the rain. These conclusions are consistent with previously reported studies [5]. Figure 1. Temporal course of concentrations for the selected organic pollutants in the river Schwippe during storm events in October 2011 4. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of all relevant organic pollutants determined in WWTP effluent samples indicates the persistence of these compounds. Their incomplete removal in the sewage treatment process will have acute effects on receiving waters as evidenced by the increasing downstream levels. Storm events can have a significant impact of organic pollutants loads in the surface water and should be taken into account when assessing the occurrence of pollutants in surface waters. CSO events represent short peaks in discharge with high loads of organic pollutants. REFERENCES 1. Daughton, C.G., and Ternes, T.A., (1999). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle trouble?, Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 907-938 2. Roberts, P.H., and Thomas, K.V., (2006) The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters of the lower Tyne catchment, Science of the Total Environment, 356, 143-153 3. Phillips, P., and Chalmers, A., (2009) Wastewater effluent, combined sewer overflows, and other sources of organic compounds to lake Champlain, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 45, 1, 45-57 4. Kloepfer, A., Jekel, M., and Reemtsma, T., (2005). Occurrence, sources, and fate of benzothiazoles in municipal wastewater treatment plants, Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 10, 3792-3798 5. Musolff, A., Leschik, S., Möder, M., Strauch, G., Reinstorf, F. and Schirmer, M., (2009). Temporal and spatial patterns of micropollutants in urban receiving waters, Environmental Pollution, 157, 3069-3077 153 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Lime Softening Meltem Bilici Baskan1, Aysegul Pala2 Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Denizli mbilici@pau.edu.tr 2 Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir aysegul.pala@deu.edu.tr 1 Abstract In this study arsenic removal from tap water by lime softening using calcium hydroxide has been performed. Effects of calcium hydroxide dose and variations in the pH values of arsenate contaminated water as a result of hydrated lime addition were investigated at the initial arsenate concentrations of 50, 500, and 1000 μg L-1. Impacts of polyelectrolyte types (cationic, anionic, and nonionic) and dosage were also determined. According to results of experimental studies, more than 90% arsenate removal was achieved if the pH is above 10.2. In the initial arsenate concentration of 50 μg L-1, the arsenate concentration is reduced below 10 μg L-1 at coagulant dose of 110 mg L-1, while in the initial arsenate concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg L-1, the highest arsenate removal efficiency, about 99%, was provided at coagulant dose 200 mg L-1. The addition of anionic and nonionic polyelectrolyte has not affected the arsenic removal efficiency. Percent arsenate removal reached a maximum level at cationic polyelectrolyte concentration of 5 mg L-1. Increasing cationic polyelectrolyte dose from 1 to 5 mg L-1 resulted in an increase in arsenate removal efficiency from 76 to 80%. Keywords: Arsenate, drinking water, hydrated lime, organic polymer. 1. INTRODUCTION Arsenic is a ubiquitous element found in the atmosphere, soils and rocks, natural waters and organisms [1]. The presence of elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater has become a major concern especially in Bangladesh, India, and several other countries such as United States, China, Australia, Czech Republic and New Zealand [2]. Unfortunately, elevated concentrations of arsenic are found in the groundwaters which are used for drinking water source in Turkey. Especially in Western Turkey high arsenic concentrations in groundwaters have been found related to the dissolution of some minerals in the colemanite boron formations. The observed enrichment of arsenic in groundwaters also result of both hydrothermal and evaporitic conditions, with some redistribution of both elements during diagenesis, and rock/mineral water interaction [3]. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reduced the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water from 50 μg L-1 to 10 μg L-1. According to the last edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (2006), 10 μg L-1 was established as a provisional guideline value for arsenic. MCL was also lowered to 10 μg L-1 in Turkey by Turkish Standards 266-Water Intended for Human Consumption. The objective of this study is to investigate removal efficiencies of arsenate from tap water by lime softening and to determine the most suitable conditions. The effects of organic polymers on removal efficiencies of arsenate were also executed. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Arsenate standards were prepared from sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) and diluted with tap water until desire concentrations. In this study, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) was used and purchased from Merck. The used polymers were Magnafloc LT22, Magnafloc LT27, and Magnafloc LT20 obtained from Ciba Speciality. The calcium hydroxide was added to each 1 L jar containing the sample water with rapid mixing at 120 ± 2 rpm. After 3 minutes of rapid mix, 30 minutes of slow mixing at 45 ± 2 rpm was provided, followed by at 30 minutes of settling. Prior to addition of hydrated lime, in the mixing process and after the sedimentation, the sample water pH was measured. At the end of the settling period, water samples were taken from the supernatants, filtered by 0.45-μm pore size membrane filter. The determination of arsenic in the influent and effluent aqueous solutions was performed by the hydride generation procedure coupled with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES). Each analysis for arsenic concentrations was duplicated. 154 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of calcium hydroxide dose and variations in the pH values of arsenate contaminated water as a result of hydrated lime addition were investigated at the initial arsenate concentrations of 50, 500, and 1000 μg L-1. The initial pH value of the tap water was measured as 7.45. According to results of experimental studies, more than 90% arsenate removal was achieved if the pH is above 10.2. In the initial arsenate concentration of 50 μg L-1, the arsenate concentration is reduced below 10 μg L-1 at coagulant dose of 110 mg L-1, while in the initial arsenate concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg L-1, the highest arsenate removal efficiency, about 99%, was provided at coagulant dose 200 mg L-1 as shown in Figure 1. As(V)=50 As(V)=500 As(V)=1000 Efficiency, % 100 90 80 70 60 50 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 -1 Lime concentration, mg L 190 210 Figure 1. Variation of arsenate removal with the Ca(OH)2 dose at the different initial arsenate concentrations The addition of anionic and nonionic polyelectrolyte has not affected the arsenic removal efficiency. Percent arsenate removal reached a maximum level at cationic polyelectrolyte concentration of 5 mg L-1. Increasing cationic polyelectrolyte dose from 1 to 5 mg L-1 resulted in an increase in arsenate removal efficiency from 76 to 80%. REFERENCES 1. Smedley, P. L., and Kinniburgh, D. G., (2002). A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Applied Geochemistry, 17, 517-568, 2. Ali, M. A., (2006). Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, International Review for Environmental Strategies, 6 (2), 329-360. 3. Çolak, M., Gemici, Ü., and Tarcan, G., (2003). The effects of colemanite deposits on the arsenic concentrations of soil and groundwater in Igdeköy-Emet, Kütahya, Turkey, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 149, 127-143. 155 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Study on Availability of Chlorıne Dioxide as a Disinfectant at Büyükçekmece Water Treatment Plant İbrahim Karali1, Mehmet Çakmakcı2, S.Cengiz İleten3, Ahmet Demir1 1 İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Nurtepe Yolu 34406 Kağıthane / İSTANBUL ikarali@iski.gov.tr 2 Yıldız Technical University Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220 DavutpaşaEsenler- İstanbul cakmakci@yildiz.edu.tr 3 İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Büyükçekmece Water Treatment Plant, 34500,B.Çekmece-İstanbul scileten@iski.gov.tr Abstract In recent years there have been findings on the negative impacts of disinfection byproducts that form from the use of chlorine, and therefore have been studies on whether new disinfectants can replace chlorine as the most common disinfection material. In this study, the availability of chlorine dioxide instead of chlorine as a disinfectant was investigated in Buyukcekmece Water Treatment Plant. Within this study the effect of chlorine dioxide on water quality parameters and as a result of the chlorine dioxide usage, chlorite and chlorate concentrations as inorganic disinfection byproducts were determined. As a result, it is seen that via the usage of chlorine dioxide, the formation of trihalomethanes (THM) have significantly decreased, the microbiological parameters such as E.Coli and T.Coli were fully removed, and that the chlorite that is one of the disinfection byproducts of chlorine dioxide were reduced by iron (II) chloride. Keywords: Chlorine dioxide, chloride, chlorate, THM, drinking water. 1. INTRODUCTION Chlorine dioxide is a chlorine based disinfectant that can be used as an alternative to chlorine. Since it has a high oxidation potential, it can be considered as a less offensive disinfection alternative to chlorine as it also allows for taste and odor control in water treatment plants. Since the decay rate of chlorine is fast due to the reactive and volatile nature of the chemical, it requires on-site production at treatment plants. Disinfection with chlorine dioxide is applied at smaller dosages and with shorter contact periods for removal of coliform (Aieta et al., 1980). Apart from being used as a pre-disinfectant, chlorine dioxide is effective in controlling the nitrification bacteria in the network or water distribution system when applied at the final stage before being released into the system. To maintain water quality in the network, chlorine dioxide is applied as a residual disinfectant (Volk et al., 2002). When chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant, chloride and chlorate are formed as disinfection byproducts in the drinking water. Studies have been made on the effects of this byproduct on human health, but the existing literature does not state any finding on a certain outcome. Certain countries have imposed limitations on chlorine dioxide disinfection byproducts. For instance, Great Britain limited the chlorate and chlorite concentrations as not to exceed 0.5 mg/L (Hoehn et al., 2010). This study includes use of chlorine dioxide produced from the reaction of chlorine gas and sodium chlorite as a disinfectant at Büyükçekmece Water Treatment Plant. Both, the formation of chlorine dioxide and the effects of chlorine dioxide on water quality parameters, were evaluated. 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND DISCUSSION The studies were conducted at Büyükçekmece Water Treatment Plant of İSKİ. An adequate supply of chlorine dioxide was produced for the plant from the mixture of sodium chlorite and chlorine gas. The experimental studies were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the impacts of using chlorine dioxide on water quality were evaluated. In this stage, the studies focused on jar tests on a laboratory scale over the plant. Three jar tests were conducted at the laboratory scale. In the first, with no additional coagulant or chemical material included; 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/L of chlorine dioxide was added into the raw water and mixed for 20 minutes in the jar test apparatus at 20 RPM. In the second jar test, in addition to the chlorine dioxide concentrations added, 60.0 mg/L 156 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water alum used normally in plant operations and 0.12 mg/L polyelectrolite were added. Aside from the minimum (0.2 mg/L) and the maximum (2.0 mg/L) amounts of chlorine dioxide in the second jar test, a third jar test was conducted as well. In the second section of the first stage, the real plant scale studies were conducted. First, 0.7 mg/L of chlorine dioxide was applied for four hours at the raw water inlet of the plant where shock chlorine is normally applied. The change in water quality at the aeration tank outlet was then examined. Then 0.7 mg/L of chlorine dioxide was applied for 48 hours at the decanter inlet and the water quality parameters at the decanter and filter outlet were examined after 48 hours. In the second stage of the study, the byproducts of chlorine dioxide were examined in detail. First, the jar test in order to define the iron (II) chlorine efficiency for the removal of chlorine as a byproduct of chlorine dioxide was conducted. A 0.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide concentration was used at the jar test. Upon the test, the samples were filtered from raw filter papers and another 0.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide amount was added, then the chlorine dioxide usage was simulated at the distribution system. In the second section of the second stage, full plant scale studies were conducted. First 0.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide was applied from a shock chlorine point and the chlorine dioxide byproducts were analyzed at the inlet and outlet of the aeration tank unit. Then 0.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide was applied at the decanter inlets and the samples taken from the clean water outlet were analyzed for chlorine and chlorate. Upon the chlorine dioxide application at the decanter inlet, the filter outlet water was taken, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide was added to examine the availability of chlorine dioxide as a final disinfectant. 3. CONCLUSION The following results were obtained at the study on the availability of chlorine dioxide at Büyükçekmece Directorate of Operations as a disinfectant: • The chlorine dioxide to be applied was identified as an optimum amount of 0.7 mg/L. • Since chlorine dioxide did not react with organic materials, it did not contribute to the formation of THM and thereby caused no change at the TOK concentration. • Efficient disinfection was achieved for the removal of T.Koli and E.Koli. • No considerable changes were observed for anion concentrations in the chlorine dioxide applications. • In the case that it is used as a final (secondary) disinfectant, it is identified that when chlorine dioxide reacts with chlorite, it merely produces chlorine dioxide again as a result. 157 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations NDMA Formation Potentials in Sources and Control at Drinking Water Treatment Plants Habibullah Uzun, Daekyun Kim, Tanju Karanfil Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University huzun@clemson.edu, phddkim@gmail.com, tkaranf@clemson.edu Abstract Recent studies have shown that N-DBPs are far more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the nonnitrogenous DBPs. Furthermore, nitrosamines have been shown to be carcinogenic at ng/L levels. Therefore, several studies have investigated the formation of nitrosamines in water. The factors promoting the formation of nitrosamines during drinking water treatment include precursors and their characteristics in source waters, chloramination conditions, some water treatment polymers serving as nitrosamine precursors, and long contact times with oxidant. Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is the most commonly detected nitrosamine in source and treated waters. The goal of this presentation is to show the results of ongoing project. The specific objectives are to examine the impacts of seasonal variations and climatic events on the occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors in selected surface waters, and to assess the removal efficiency of the NDMA precursors at the different treatment processes which are currently optimized for USEPA’s Stage 2 D/DBPR. Nine different water treatment plants using thirteen different source waters in South Carolina are being examined in this study. The results collected so far indicate that source waters had a wide range of water quality characteristics: DOC = 0.7~16.9 mg/L, DON = 0.01~0.69 mg/L, SUVA254=0.8~11 L/mg-m, and bromide = <10-487 mg/L. The NDMA formation potential (FP) monitoring results for the first eight months indicate that the median range of NDMA FP in three sources were between 60 to 85 ng/L, in seven sources between 40 to 60 ng/L, and in three sources below 35 ng/L. The variability of NDMA FP in some source waters was wide, whereas there was low variability for some other sources. We currently examine watershed characteristics (e.g., concentrations of PPCPs, wastewater discharges) and climatic conditions (e.g., rain, temperature, drought) to gain insight into the potential reasons behind the levels and variability in NDMA FP. The profiling of NDMA FP conducted across the water treatment plants on these sources has shown that the removal of NDMA FP during conventional clarification processes (coagulation/ flocculation/sedimentation) ranged from negligible to 50%; pre-oxidation with chlorine and chlorine dioxide reduced 6 to 51% of NDMA FP; post oxidation with chlorine prior to ammonia addition decreased 6 to 58% of NDMA FP; and oxidation with chlorine dioxide reduced 9 to 28% of NDMA FP. The plants continuously complied with the THM and HAA regulations during the sampling period. The results obtained during the eight months of the project emphasize the need to further understand the variability in NDMA FP at the source waters and the control of NDMA precursors. By the time of presentation at the Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Congress 2013 meeting, the project will have completed the collection of one year of data, on a monthly basis, that will enable us to provide a more detailed discussion (e.g., the effect of CT, water age in distribution system, and temperature etc…) on seasonal variation of NDMA and its control at full scale water treatment plants. Keywords: NDMA, Formation Potential, Source Waters, removal, control. 158 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Optimization of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) in Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP), Methods and Case Studies Based on Water Treatment Applications in Germany Dr.-Ing. Eckhard Roos Festo AG & Co KG, Head of Global Industry Segment Management Process Automation, Esslingen, Germany ecrs@de.festo.com Abstract When the technical design of a water treatment plant is defined, alternative automation solutions have to be evaluated according to Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) aspects. The solution with lowest investment costs is not always the optimal solution considering the whole life cycle costs of a plant. To enable end-users and engineering companies to assess and compare costs for different technical variants in an easy way the GER-MAN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURERS’s ASSOSIATION (ZVEI) has developed a tool taking all cost components (investment, maintenance, operation energy etc.) into consideration over the plant life time. The paper presents the method of TCO investigations as well as the functionalities and applica-bility of the tool for the decision making process related to different technologies, when new investments are assessed or modernization of water treatment plants have to be investigated. Based on case studies of existing German water treatment plants the benefits of applying this procedure and tool are shown in case of plant revamps as well as new investments. Also the utilization of different technologies and automation concepts are discussed in detail and the benefit of modern automation is presented with respect to TCO optimization as well as increased energy efficiency. Keywords: Total Cost of Ownership, Energy efficiency, Comparison of alternative technologies. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are central societal issues that we must approach from a technical and ecological perspective as well as a business management one. It would be a mistake to believe, that energy efficiency and climate protection measures necessary lead to higher costs. In many cases the opposite is the truth. As a result of investments in smart technologies the costs for reducing energy and emissions are decreased and the total costs for production and disposals are also lowered. This shows, that energy efficiency pays off over a life cycle of an investment and that strictly considering purchase costs is to short-sighted. While the Public Tender Ordinance in Germany includes consideration of life cycle costs (LCC) and energy efficiency when selecting a solution, these factors are not paid adequate attention in practice due to lack of appropriate calculation methods and awareness. 2. PLANT LIFE CYCLE COSTS AND TOOL SUPPORT FOR OPTIMIZATION To strengthen consideration of life cycle costs in public and private sectors, the GERMAN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURERS’s ASSOSIATION (ZVEI) has developed a practical tool to support the decision making process in an adequate way. 159 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Figure 1. Life cycle costs of process plants, generic principle Slide 1 show the life cycle of a typical process plant. The costs for maintenance and operation often are higher considering the whole plant life cycle compared to the initial investment costs. This means, that a technological variant A with lower investment costs compared to a variant B must not necessarily lead to the lowest possible life cycle costs. If variant B has lower operational and maintenance costs variant B can be the better technological solution when comparing the overall plant life cycle costs. The presentation will give an overview about the new ZVEI tool for supporting investigations and comparisons of different technological variants with respect to LCC of WTPs. The tool includes graphical presentations, supports sensitivity analysis for various parameters and enables to consider the overall cost structure of a WTP for the whole life cycle. 3. CASE STUDIES BASED ON EXISTING PLANTS/PROJECTS Three case studies present examples out of German WTPs. The first case study describes a modernization of an existing plant, where by means of a modified automation structure a decrease of 2% of the overall energy consumption of the plant was achieved, which represents about 4% of the electrical energy demand of all pumps in this plant. The operator estimates the achievable reduction of electrical energy for the pumps to be up to 10%. Furthermore several additional process improvements were achieved by applying the modified control structure. Figure 2. First case study, WWTP Sindelfingen Germany The second case study describes the decision making process in the Basic Engineering period of a WTP. Two totally different control structures and technical equipment were compared based on the ZVEI tool. The comparison shows clear advantages for one of the two variants not only in the 160 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water investment costs but also during the whole life cycle period. Considering the whole life cycle one variant needs only 2/3 of the costs compared to the technological alternative. Figure 3. Second case study, Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Kleine-Kinzig, Germany The third case study is based on self-sustaining energy supply of a decentralized storm water reservoir. The paper compares investment costs for connecting the decentralized reservoir to the public grid with the investment costs for a self-sustaining energy supply using solar panels and wind energy. Clear recommendation is given, up to which distance from the public grid the self-sustaining energy supply has to be preferred taking the investment and operational costs into consideration. 161 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Water Economics Project: Multi-Year Water Allocation System: Developing A Country-Specific Model for Palestine Karen Assaf 1, Anan Jayyousi2, Beesan Shonnar1, Kamal Issa1, Hala Barhumi1, Annette Huber-Lee3, Frank Fisher4 Palestinian Water Authority, shonnarbes@gmail.com, An-Najah University, anan@najah.edu 3 Tufts Univeristy and Stockholm Environment Institute, annette 4 Water Economics Project, ffisher@mit.edu 1 2 Abstract MYWAS (Multi-Year Water Allocation System) is an economics-based system that maximizes social benefits from water allocation, subject to the policies and values specified by the user. It focuses on the value of water, and guides decisions regarding competing uses, the management and construction of infrastructure and the impacts of various tariffs and policies. MYWAS is applied in the West Bank of Palestine, which suffers from an ongoing water crisis. Domestic consumption is well below World Health Organization standards, and industrial and agricultural water use is very limited due to supply constraints. The water crisis is widely recognized by the donor community, which offers support via capital investments and technical advising. Lacking, however, is a comprehensive way to evaluate alternative infrastructure and water policies under a full range of scenarios of climate, political change and economic development. MYWAS fills this gap by providing a tool that can assist decision-makers in addressing the complex set of questions concerning which infrastructure is best invested in and when, how to allocate this scarce resource, and how to finance sustainably. The vision for this intervention is to improve the livelihoods of Palestinians through better access to water for all uses through better water resources planning and management. Keywords: water economics, tariffs, infrastructure and investment planning. 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The problem of water allocation and management is well studied and extensively written about, with a number books and academic journals devoted to the subject, but the day-to-day reality for much of the world’s population is inadequate water - either in terms of water quantity or quality not only for domestic uses but for uses that would provide secure livelihoods. This is epitomized in the West Bank of Palestine, where average daily domestic consumption is well below World Health Organization standards. Historically water infrastructure has been heavily subsidized by governments, but it is increasingly apparent that more financially sustainable approaches to water planning and management are needed. It is not sufficient to plan supplies based on simple estimates of water consumption by sector, but rather to understand the value of water in its competing uses, and allocate water to sectors (including the environment and ecosystems) that bring the most value to overall society. 2. METHODOLOGY The models used and developed for the country-specific case of Palestine were the basic WAS (Water Allocation System) model, that was jointly developed by teams based in Palestine, Jordan, Israel, The Netherlands and the United States (Fisher et al, 2002). This model has been expanded into MYWAS (the Multi-Year Water Allocation Model) as developed by Professor Frank Fisher and Dr. Annette Huber-Lee (Fisher and Huber-Lee, 2011). The major differences between MYWAS and WAS are twofold. First is that WAS optimized the allocation of water for a single year. That year could be a current or future year. MYWAS (Multi-year Water Allocation System) runs over sequences of years. The advantage of MYWAS is that it allows for more precise evaluations of timing of infrastructure, sequences of wet and dry years, operating policies for managing reservoirs and aquifers, as described above. The second major difference is that MYWAS was interfaced with WEAP (the Water Evaluation and Planning Model) of the Stockholm Environment Institute, whereas WAS had it own independent interface. Both the WAS and the new MYWAS models are based on a key concept, i.e., that efficient and sustainable water management requires a system-wide approach that takes into account the special characteristics and values associated with water. MYWAS provides the tool for that approach, 162 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water maximizing the net benefits to be obtained from the available water while taking into account water’s special social values as specified by the user. MYWAS considers water values (both private and social) and allows a systematic analysis of water issues. In particular, it permits the examination of the system-wide benefits and costs of proposed infrastructure projects and assists in the choice of which ones to build, when to build them, and to what capacity. In summary, the economic framework first developed by Fisher, et al. (2002) is applied but extended to look across longer time horizons (Fisher and Huber-Lee, 2011). The innovation is focusing on available supplies and prioritizing allocations and infrastructure investments based on the societal value of water across sectors and the introduction of different tariffs and social policies. Examples of applying MYWAS in the West Bank of Palestine will be presented in terms of different scenarios and different management options within each scenario. Acknowledgment This work is supported by the Czech Republic Development Agency through the Czech Republic Representative Office to the State of Palestine. REFERENCES 1. Fisher, F., S. Arlosoroff, Z. Eckstein, M. Haddadin, S. Hamati, A. Huber-Lee, A. Jarrar, A. Jayyousi, U. Shamir, and H. Wesseling. Optimal Water Management and Conflict Resolution: The Middle East Water Project. Water Resources Research, November, 2002. 2. Fisher, F. and A. Huber-Lee. “Sustainability, Efficient Water Management, and Conflict Resolution in Water.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Volume XII, Number 1, Winter/Spring, 2011. 163 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Towards Energy Saving and Green Energy Production in Mexican WWTPs K. Peña Muñoz1, H. Zúñiga Castillo2 1 Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart E-mail: kristy.pena-munoz@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de 2 Ingeniería y Equipos Ambientales, S.A. de C.V., Huasteca 205, Col. Industrial, 07800, México D.F., Mexico E-mail: hortensia@iea-sa.com Abstract Nowadays, Thermal Generation is declining from petroleum based fuel and growing fast towards renewable energy. For instance, Mexico is an oil based emerging economy that has just started to consider investments on Green Energy (GE) production. At the moment, this country produces less than 10% of its own consumption of energy by means of GE source. This paper underlines the environmental situation in Mexico City’s Metropolitan Area (ZMCM) concerning Wastewater Management (WwM) and highlights the importance of constructing Mega WWTP, where Bio-H2-CH4 could be produced and used as GE source. Therefore, the paper presents a Case Study located in Puebla, where a pre-treatment of sewer sludge for enhancing Bio-H2-CH4 in a two stage anaerobic digestion is applied. The objective is to pinpoint the energy neutrality concept and to highlight the relevance of bio-H2-CH4 as the next GE fuel source in WWTP. These actions will contribute to solve WwM problems and reduce GHG emissions, by reducing the amount of sludge that is sent to landfills in Mega-cities. Keywords: Green energy, Mega-city, Optimization, Wastewater WWTP. 1. INTRODUCTION: The challenge of Wastewater Management In ZMCM Although Mexico is oil based emerging economy, it is already producing renewable energy by means of solar energy, wind energy and Biomass. These measures clearly pinpoint the urgent investments on green energy (GE) and the relevance of investing on Renewable Energy Technologies in Mexico[1]. Furthermore, the Mexico City’s Metropolitan Area (ZMCM) is located in a sensitive area, where earthquakes, floods, thermal inversion and other situations are important natural conditions that increase the vulnerability of the population towards Climate Change (CC). Hence, for a better understanding of the complexity of the WwM in ZMCM, one should consider the following facts[2]: a) The water consumption is in average 150 litres per inhabitant per day, which means nearly 40m3/s of Wastewater (WW); b) The ZMCM, reported 70 WWTPs with a total installed capacity of 1.38m3/; c) Nearly 11% (4.36m3/s) of the WW produced at ZMCM is treated at WWTPs, the rest is discharged into surface waters, which end up at the Valley of Tula 60 km north of ZMCM. It is well known that a WWTP is an essential public service which consumes a considerable amount of energy. Nonetheless, several countries have been able to suggest that “the smallest the WWTP is, the largest specific electricity consumption is reported”. For instance, the German Federal Environmental Office (UBA) has categorized the WWTP’s size in 5 classes depending on the population equivalent (PE) and specific electricity consumption. In Mexico, there is no similar relationship, but it could be estimated for any case study, which could be used as an example to race up the awareness of the municipalities toward energy saving. Hence, a holistic approach on WwM in this country is needed. Therefore, this paper underlines the WwM situation in ZMCM and highlights the importance of constructing Mega WWTP, where bio-H2-CH4 could be produced and used as GE source. This paper presents a Case Study located in Puebla, where a pre-treatment of sewer sludge for enhancing bio-H2-CH4 has been installed. The objective is to pinpoint the energy neutrality of this train of treatment and to highlight the relevance of producing bio-H2-CH4 in WWTP and Mega WWTP as the next GE fuel source for this country. 2. METHODS AND FINDINGS ISWA and IEASA are developing a joint-project which suggests the energy neutrality in a WWTP 164 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water located in Puebla, where a thermal pre-treatment of sludge has been implemented. The selection of the case study was done by IEASA, while the mass and energy balance was performed by ISWA. This case study is located in Huejotzingo, which is part of the metropolitan area of Puebla, 115km east from Mexico City. The Huejotzingo WWTP receives 60 LPS or 5184 m3/d. of wastewater from 43,200 inhabitants. A pilot plant is under construction, which integrates a thermal pre-treatment of sewer sludge and a two-stage A.D. The selected case study needed a reinstatement, which included the change of some old equipment and units for the incorporation of a new treatment unit: a high load anaerobic reactor or up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB); a band filter for dewatering of sludge has been installed. The reinstatement of the Huejotzingo WWTP was divided in to five main unit processes. After a careful technical and economical evaluation, the installed trickling filter was used as main body for a UASB reactor. Designed parameters included[3] and IEASA’s technical experience. Concerning the energy and mass balance, the UASB reactor was designed based on the following characteristics of the influent: BOD5; 523.3 mg/l; COD: 1085.4 mg/l; N total: 43.5 mg/L; P total: 13.03 mg/L. Therefore, the organic load has been calculated as 6221 kg/d. According to the mass balance for a single stage of A.D. it is possible to produce 1866.24 m3 CH4/d. The energy balance shows that the energy gain as electricity for this process is 687.9 MWh/year, while the energy gain as heat is 1279.8 MWh/year. This situation pinpoints, that the process still needs an energy gain as electricity of 75.8 MWh/a in order to be “energy neutral”. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the WWTP, without UASB reactor and sludge treatment (thermal pre-treatment and one stage A.D.) in 2012 was 763.66 MWh/year. A second energy balance, which includes the thermal pre-treatment (CAMBI THP) and the conventional A.D. shows that the energy gain as electricity for this process is 1640 MWh/year, while the energy gain as heat is 2498.5 MWh/year. This means that the available energy gain as electricity could cover 100% the energy requirement of the WWTP reported in 2012 and 74.5MWh/a are available for integration into the grit. In addition, 80% of the energy gain as heat could be used for production of electricity, if a suitable technology is installed. Hence, this train of treatment reaches the “energy neutrality concept”, justifies the installation of a pre-treatment, which uses heat for its operation and enhance the CH4 and H2 production by 40% and 15%, respectively. 3. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of this work suggest that the mass and energy balance should be used as tool to suggest the concept “energy neutrality” at any municipal WWTP. The energy neutrality concept is reached when processes that consume a limited amount of energy (electricity) and maximize energy production, particularly from biomass, are integrated to the train of treatment at the WWTP. Further, the interaction between the different fields and decision makers in Mexico should be improved. A first approach could be done through benchmark WWTPs and pilot plants, where the benefits of using and producing GE in-situ are shown. This is of particular interest for the ZMCM and Mexico since there are additional economic, environmental and socio-political benefits involved in a holistic approach to this concept. REFERENCES 1. Presidencia (2006). Energías Renovables para el desarrollo dustentable en México. Federal Government of Mexico. Mexico. 2. SMADF. (2007). Program de manejo sustentable del agua para la Ciudad de México. Federal Distric Government, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, Secretaría de Obras y Servicios-SOS, Sistema de Aguas de la Ciudad de México. Mexico. Accesed on July 12, 2012 from www.sma.df.gob.mx 3. Tchobanoglous, G. (2003). Waste Water Engineering Treatment and Reuse. Metcalf and Eddy, Mc Graw Hill. New York, USA. 165 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Reserves in Pumping Stations over Selected Pilot Stations İhsan Mustafa Doğan1, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semiha Öztuna2 İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) mdogan@iski.gov.tr 2 Trakya University, Department of Mechanical Engineering semihae@trakya.edu.tr 1 Abstract The objective of the pilot monitoring and survey on energy efficiency at the old pumping station in Kağıthane is the identification of energy conservation reserve. The aims are to identify the existing energy efficiency, evaluation of the equipment used at plants in terms of energy efficiency, extending this study to other pumping stations and preparing simplified efficiency monitoring methods for other pumping stations through the experience gained. Keywords: Pumping stations, energy efficiency. 1. INTRODUCTION The study on identification of energy conservation reserve in Yıldırım Beyazıt Han pumping station was conducted by establishing a work scheme under the topics of measurements and examinations. Under measurement; the data was acquired from the inlet and outlet pressure of the pumps, pump and engine temperatures, pump outlet flows, engine inlet power whereas under examinations they were taken from documents on routine works, installment schemes in the pumping station, water production and energy consumption. The improvements and changes that may provide energy conservation and efficiency for the existing engine pumps have been identified. The cost and amortization of the steps that will provide energy conservation have been analyzed with proper calculations. 1.2. Capacıty Values for Yıldırım Beyazıt Han Pumpıng Statıon Yıldırım Beyazıt Han is the pressure station that transfers network-pressure water to higher altitudes where the drinking water from Kağıthane treatment plant cannot be supplied through gravity. The plant which has an installed capacity of 330.000m3 is operated at a rough daily amount of 260.000m3 and annual feed capacity of 95.000.0000m3 with a pump reserved as substitute. The plant consumed 15.085.324 kwh of energy in 2011 and produced a water flow of 73.893.837m3. Figure 1 show the hourly average flow generation - energy consumption for 2011. Figure 1. Hourly Flow Generation and Energy Consumption 166 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2. Energy Survey Measurement Works Conducted and Outcomes Derıved As an outcome of the measurements and examinations in Yıldırım Beyazıt Han pumping stations, seven different plant revisions were identified for energy conservation. However; only five were seen profitable upon economical analyses. The profitable steps were analyzed as an applicable step as a united revision proposal, and the conservable energy reserve was found to be 14 %. This rate amounts to a minimum energy conservation of 25 million TL / year considering it as the average for all pumping stations of İSKİ. Findings on Inefficiencies N O Measures to Increase Efficiency Conservation Amount CO2 Investment Repayment Decrease Cost Period TEP/ Year TL/ Year kWh 24,721 73.511 1.143.090 kWh 98,305 292.320 1.118 0 0 1.473.108 kWh 126,68 377.340 1.441 733.220 1,68 980.546 kWh 84,326 250.753 959 2.920.500 7,87 1.379.572 kWh 118,64 416.355 1.350 4.600.000 10,7 1.055.828 kWh 90,800 270.041 1.033 1.009.620 3,24 1.550.924 kWh 133,37 397.168 1.517 265.500 0,63 2.127.198 kWh 183 543.984 2.080 993.220 1,6 Amount Unit Ton/Year TL Year Inefficiency 1 according to the *Arrangement of first project on the the Collector Line 287.462 282 9.077 0,057 (21 day) collector line Failure to operate 2 the plant under proper work pressure Changing the plant operation pressure *Separating lines 3 Operating lines with different with different (HM) work pressures values on via Operating proper same collector pumps according to the pressure Idle capacity at 4 Çelebi Mehmet Han Treatment Plant Pump. Stat. Intensive operation 5 at the most costly power tariff 6 Mehmet Han Treatment Plant Pumping Station Working at the night peak level with increased storage capacity Replacement engines and of engine and pumps pumps and pumps at variable loads 8 capacity at Çelebi Old age of Operating engines 7 Using the idle ∑ * Use of AC Engine Driver United Revision Proposal Table 1. Conservation Amounts and Costs on Conservations to be Achieved Through Revisions Increasing Efficiency 1kwh=0,978 Kg co2 (emission ESKOM 2006 report) [1] *:revisions included within the united revision proposal According to the energy management guidelines, chapter 19.3.2 of EİE (Electrical power resources survey administration) BD = [Annual profits x ((1+İO)yeö -1)] +[Junk value x(1/1+IOyeö)] BD: Value today 167 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 İO: Discount rate= 0,17 [2] Yeö: economical life of the investment [3] VALUATION BD > When there’s investment costgAppropriate BD < When there’s investment costgNot appropriate REFERENCES 168 1. http://www.tektug.com/en/calculator.php#carbon_electricity 2. http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/reeskont/reeskont.html 3. http://www.gib.gov.tr/fileadmin/user_upload/Yararli_Bilgiler/amortisman_oranlari2011.html Oral Presentations Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Hydrological and Hydrogeochemical Properties of Nemrut (AliagaIzmir) Port Ertan KAZANASMAZ General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Izmir, Turkey ekazanasmaz@dsi.gov.tr Abstract İzmir-Aliağa-Nemrut Port is one of the important places for industry. Therefore, the total storage of groundwater and its quality been evaluated for future assumption. Generally water resources of this region have been used extensively for many applications such as iron industry. Groundwater depletion has been a concern in this region. Increased demands on groundwater resources have overstressed aquifers in this part. Water levels have been declined up to 50-60 m. In addition to not only sea-water intrusion increase but also discharge of geothermal fluid on groundwater increase. The result shows that because of geothermal fluid temperature of groundwater is increase in some region. Keywords: Groundwater, geothermal, contamination, geoistatistic, aquifer. 1. MATERIAL AND METHODS Water samples were taken from wells for determine of physical and chemical properties water quality. All data (wells information, chemical analyses of water samples, temperature of water) were evaluated in Geographic Information System (GIS). Also this data were transfer to ArcGIS for geoistatistical (IDW) evaluation to show distribution of water quality maps. For sustainability of groundwater of this region, discharge, recharge and possibility of groundwater availability area and it’s percent was determined. 2. GEOLOGY The study area, where is in the catchment of Biçer Plain with 40 km2, is located in Aliağa, Izmir. Volcanic and alluvium rocks are out crop in region. The Miocene- Soma formation (Ts1 ve Ts2), is the oldest rocks in this region these rocks overlain by Aliağa Pyroclastic (Tap) and Bozdivlit basaltic rock (Tba). All these rocks are unconformly overlain by Quaternium alluvium which is extensively seen in study area (Figure 1).   Figure 1. Geology map of study area. 169 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013   3. AQUIFERS Oral Presentations Figure 2. Distribution of temperature map Depth of well (m)   Temperature (oC)   The average hydraulic conductivity coefficient of Soma Formation is 7,2x10-7 m/sec (0,06 m/day) in Biçer Plain. In addition to the average hydraulic conductivity coefficient of basaltic andesite is 3,0x10-6 m/sec (0,26 m/day). Alluvium and talus consists of volcanic gravel which is carried by the streams. The results show that the thickness of the alluvium is range between 10 m and 60 m. 4. THE EFFECT OF GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS ON GROUNDWATER The distribution of groundwater temperature in wells and its depth is classified as 18-20oC, 2030oC, 30-40oC, 40-50oC and 28-100m, 100-200m, 200-300m, respectively. The results show that groundwater temperature is range between 20 and 30oC in the study area. But temperature of groundwater is change between 30 and 40oC in some wells where the depth of groundwater is generally range between 200 and 300 m. Generally, these high temperatures in groundwater can be seen along NE-SW trending fault which can be appeared in the east of Horozgediği region where is located is SE of the Biçer Geothermal Field. Figure 2 show relation between tectonic zones and geothermal systems. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Study area is so important for economy of region where water resources have been used extensively. 2. The discharge rate of groundwater is 4-5 times more than recharge of ground water in the study area. 3. Because of the densely discharge of groundwater near shoreline, it can be seen many problems such as sea-water intrusion. 170 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 4. Study area is located on geothermal site. Therefore; it can be seen two important problems. First one is discharge of hot fluid in groundwater, the second one is cold groundwater have been effected by geothermal fluids temperature. 5. It is so important to monitor of these two systems (cold and hot groundwater). İzmir Special Provincial Administration (İl Özel İdaresi) has a responsible to monitor and checking geothermal field for using but cold groundwater responsible with General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). Therefore, these two governmental institutes should work together for sustainability of these resources. All the licenses should be accepted by these to institution. 6. Especially this area has one of the industrial zones where many heavy industry actively work. Therefore; the director of this organization should do some strategic for sustainability of water resources. References 1. Eşder T., Tuncay, İ., Yakabaği, A., Ölmez, E., Güner, A., “Aliağa Sahasının Jeotermal Olanaklarının Gradyan ve Araştırma Kuyularıyla Jeoloji ve Jeofizik Olarak İncelenmesi” MTA Ege Bölge Müdürlüğü, 1994 (in Turkish) 2. Tansuğ, Z., Şatir, M., “İzmir-Aliağa-Güzelhisar-Biçer Ovaları Rezerv Raporu” DSİ 2. Bölge Müdürlüğü, 1972(in Turkish) 3. Şakiyan, J., “Zincox Çinko Geri Kazanım Projesi Nihai Çevresel Etki Değerlendirme Raporu” SRK Danışmanlık, 2007 (in Turkish) 4. Erişen, B., Akkuş, İ., Uygur, N., Koçak, A., “Türkiye Jeotermal Envanteri” MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, 1996 5. Doğan, L., “Hidrojeolojide Su Kimyası” DSİ, 1981(in Turkish) 6. Şahinci, A., “Yeraltısuları Jeokimyası” DEÜ, 1986(in Turkish) 7. Bayram, A., vd., “Aliağa Çevre Durum Tespiti ve Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi Projesi-1. Ara Rapor” İztek A.Ş., Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, 2009(in Turkish) 171 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Mesopotamia Groundwater Quality Index Using Advanced GIS Techniques Ali Muhammed Jawad Al_Khafaji National Center for Water Resources Management _Ministry of Water Resources/Iraq alimjawad55@yahoo.com Abstract Mesopotamia zone has a long history of irrigated agriculture that dates back to the Great Mesopotamian civilization of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers which forms The Shatt Al-Arab in their confluence. Due to the lack of surface water and the increase of the demands for agriculture, the farmers started to utilize groundwater to irrigate their farms. Suitability of groundwater for irrigation depends upon many constrains factors. Many classifications were put to understand the groundwater quality and suitability for agriculture. Early irrigation water quality criteria have received strong criticism from the users. It was argued that it was not possible, nor was it correct to define clear cut boundaries between different classes of irrigated water. The aim of this work is to present an index to classify the groundwater quality for agriculture by using Arc GIS which provides tools to serve a purpose to create conceptual model for solving spatial problems. A set of conceptual steps used to build a model for suitability map of groundwater for irrigation. 3D spatial analyst can interpolate the data of each constrain factor into raster (groups of cells that share the same value represent geographic features).The rasters are reclassified by grouping ranges of values into single value. New output raster represents the value of the rasters after making weighted overlay and after calculating the influence of each constrain factor by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the final raster shows spatial extent of groundwater quality and its suitability for agriculture, Five classes could be distinguished in the classification range between “1 – 5” (Excellent – Unsuitable) depending upon the hydrochemical data Keywords: Mesopotamia, Groundwater, Quality, AHP, GIS. 1. INTRODUCTION and OBJECTIVE Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape. Mesopotamia has always been called “the land of Iraq” in Arabic, meaning “the fertile” or deep rooted land. Most of the outcrops in the area are belonging to the Quaternary deposits; these deposits are composed mostly from the clastic materials which permits water to move easily downward toward the aquifer. According to the lithology of the wells which were drilled in the area, there is not homogeneity in distribution of the beds horizontally and vertically. In many areas there are beds of clay leads to move the water horizontally and not vertically. Also the area influenced by the fluctuation of the rivers that pass through the area which lead to variation in the groundwater table .Drainages which were established in the area left a positive influence in reducing the salinity of the groundwater, briefly there is a great variation in the hydrogeological view in the area represented by the variations in the quality of groundwater and the thickness of the main beds which considered as aquifers. According to the aquifers in Mesopotamian zone which is unconfined, the groundwater elevation ranges between 2 to 110 m. (asl). The main objective of this work is to create an index to classify the groundwater based on the most constrains factors influencing the agricultural species; an output raster shows the distribution of the suitability of groundwater for agriculture, multiple data treated statistically to show us the overall quality of groundwater bodies and its suitability for agricultural uses. 2. MATERIALS and METHODS The Quality evaluation for agriculture depends upon many factors, from these factors; Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percent (SSP), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride and Sulfate. GIS (V. 9.3) was used to produce maps using 3D spatial analysis; surface interpolation functions create a continuous surface from sampled point values for the mentioned factors. The rasters are reclassified by grouping ranges of values into single value.3D spatial analyst reclassifies a range of values to an alternative value. All values on the original raster that fall within the specified 172 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water range of values will receive the alternative value assigned to that range, so new distribution for the constrain factors based on the suitability of the mentioned elements for agriculture. Now each factor has new proposed suitability alternative value. 1.0 Suitability 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Factor EC (µmohs/cm) >3000 Unsuitable 2000-3000 750-2000 Doubtful Permissible 250-750 Good 0-250 Excellent Na% >80 Unsuitable 60-80 Doubtful 40-60 Permissible 20-40 Good 0-20 Excellent Cl (ppm) < 70 Excellent 70-140 Good 140-350 Permissible 350_500 Doubtful >500 Unsuitable SO4 (epm) < 4 Excellent 4_7 Good 7_12 Permissible 12_20 Doubtful >20 Unsuitable SAR (unitless) >26 Unsuitable 18-26 Permissible 10-18 Good 0-10 Excellent Table 1. Proposed suitability alternative values According to the new alternative values newable rasters were reproduced showing the distribution of each constrain factor spatially. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used for computation the factors weights. The cell values of each input raster are multiplied by the rasters’ weights to produce the final suitability map. F/SUM F/SUM F/SUM F/SUM F/SUM SUM INF=F/SUM 0.194 EC 0.131 0.131 0.155 0.056 0.205 0.679 SAR 0.173 0.173 0.166 0.094 0.239 0.845 0.205 SO4 0.192 0.237 0.228 0.341 0.176 1.175 0.163 Na% 0.327 0.258 0.093 0.140 0.104 0.923 0.355 Cl 0.176 0.200 0.357 0.369 0.276 1.378 0.128 SUM 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.044 Table 2. Influence of each factor From the table the influence of each factor was calculated. The cell values of each input raster are multiplied by the rasters’ weights. The resulting cell values are added together to produce the output raster. Output Raster = REC x InfEC + RNa% x InfNa% + RCl x InfCl + RSAR x InfSAR + RSO4 x InfSO4 CONCLUSION An out put raster was produced to show the groundwater index for Mesopotamian zone, this raster was the result of the overlaying of 5 constrain factors rasters which influence on the agriculture, the raster shows that the most predominant class was class No. 4 which is not suitable for most of the plants. REFERENCES 1. Ayers,R.S.,Westcot,D.W.,1985,Water Quality for Agriculture, FAO,Irrigation & Drainage paper 29,review 1,Rome,174 p. 2. Bresler, E.; & Hoffman, G.C. 1986. Irrigation management for soil salinity control: theories and tests. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J., 50:1552-1560. 3. Hatem K. Al-Jiburi, and Naseer H. Al-Basrawi, 2011,Hydrogeology of the Mesopotamia Plain, Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min. Special Issue, No.4, 2011: Geology of the Mesopotamia Plain PP83-103. 4. Saaty R. W., 2004, Validation Examples for the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Analytic Network Process, MCDM 2004, Whistler, B. C. Canada August 6-11, 2004. 173 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Researching of Pollution Level of Golden Horn-Istanbul, 2012 Dr. Cevat Yaman1, Dr. Şenol Yıldız2, Dr. Orhan Sevimoğlu1, Hamdi Çinal1, Vahit Balahorli2, Fatih Hoşoğlu2, Erol Tezcan2 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Company yaman.cevat@ibb.gov.tr, syildiz@istac.com.tr, orhan.sevimoglu@ibb.gov.tr, hamdi.cinal@ibb.gov.tr, vbalahorli@istac.com. tr, fhosoglu@istac.com.tr, etezcan@istac.com.tr 1 1 Abstract It is required to protect lakes, reservoirs, and rivers with sensitive to the pollution to manage environmental sustainability by taking environmental planning and prevention. Sediments from rainfall and overflow is eventually settled in reservoirs, lakes, and rivers and it leads to form bottom sludge including pollutants with high organic matters, and reduce the water quality by increasing biological activity. To determine water and sludge quality in Golden Horn, 20 water and sludge samples were obtained and analyzed on the period of May, June and July, 2012. In this study, surface and bottom water quality and the amount of sludge need to be dredged were determined and evaluated. Keywords: Golden Horn, bottom sludge, water quality. 1. INTRODUCTION Transported materials and untreated wastewater leads to reduce water quality and contaminate the creeks, rivers, and lakes, and they accumulate sediment at the bottom. Specific water depth was reached at the filled parts of Golden Horn by the sludge dredging works made in 1997 through 1998, and it was very important step to protect Golden Horn. By this work, bottom sludge which is an important pollutant source was removed by dredging, water flow was provided, ambient odor was reduced, and visual pollution was eliminated at a significant level [1]. To reach the required water quality in Golden Horn, the pollutant inflow must be prevented and bottom sludge must be totally stabilized. Water and bottom sludge samples were taken at the different points and depths, and analyzed to identify current situation and make precaution for Golden Horn. 2. MATERIALS and METHOD 20 water and sludge samples were obtained at the points where from Kağıthane and Alibeyköy creeks discharged to Golden Horn to Galata Bridge. Samples were taken on the days without rains and 2 days after raining. Surface water’s samples were obtained 30 cm depth from surface, 50 cm from bottom for bottom water, and bottom sludge from water-sludge intersection forming the highest part of the sludge. Dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS), total solid material (TS), total volatile solid material (TVS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), hydrogen sulfur (H2S), orto-phosphate phosphor (PO4-P) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni) were measured for surface water samples. DO, TS, TVS, COD, TKN, H2S, PO4-P, ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), sulfate (SO42-) and heavy metals were measured for bottom water samples. TS, TVS, TKN, PO4-P and heavy metals were measured for sludge samples. Bathymetric measurements were made inside 5:2 grid of the Golden Horn and shallow and deep zones have been identified. In this section, the results of bathymetric measurements made in 1998 and 2012 were compared and the amount of sludge formed and decreased due to the dredging were determined last 14 years in Golden Horn. 174 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION 3.1. Water Qualıty The level DO in surface water was higher than the bottom water at the all sample points of Golden Horn as expected. It can be said that anaerobic condition dominated at the bottom water region according to DO level results. TKN content of surface water was larger than the bottom water due to the fact that TKN reduced by biochemical reaction at the bottom water. Surface water’s TKN content was lower than the bottom water at the upstream part of the Kağıthane and Alibeyköy creeks’ discharge point. It was understood that SS and sediments from Kağıthane and Alibeyköy creeks began to settle down the bottom at this point. Salinity and density of bottom water were higher than the surface water. The water with high salinity content has high interference on the assay of COD due to the chloride. In this study, the interference due to the chloride was removed by dilution method. 3.2. Bottom Sludge Qualıty TS rate inside of the bottom sludge was varied between 15% and 55% as the results of the analysis. The rate of the TVS within TS was varied between 0,13% and %0,25. As the rate of TVS within the sludge decreases, the rate of the inorganic material increases. According to the results, Golden Horn’s bottom sludge is mostly inorganic origin. Bottom sludge had the large amount of TKN and NH4-N at the upstream part of the Kağıthane and Alibeyköy creeks’ discharge point. In this region, concentration of TKN and NH4-N as nutrient materials was high due to the anaerobic condition. 3.3. Amount of Bottom Sludge According to results of bathymetric measurements and the sludge dredging works made by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Sea Services, totally 239.275m³ of bottom sludge equivalence to 17.091m³ (45.633 ton) per year accumulated in Golden Horn at the period of 1998 through 2012. 4. CONCLUSION In Golden Horn, 20 samples obtained from surface and bottom water with bottom sludge were analyzed and evaluated. Comparison to previous works, the amount of SS from the creeks to Golden Horn was relatively lower than 2012’s results. The bottom sludge in the Golden Horn consists of mostly inorganic compounds, thus it is pretty stabilized. From 2004 and onwards sludge dredging studies are being done, but in these studies some areas of the floor of Golden Horn are dredged more and some areas are screened less. This led to more sludge height in less dredged areas which means in order to make the Golden Horn floor like the levels of 1998, Golden Horn floor must be dredged regularly with appropriate technics. REFERENCES 1. Istanbul Water and Canalization Directorate (İSKİ), Publication No 37, Golden Horn 2001 Symposium 175 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Surface Water Quality Management in Turkey Ahmet Rıfat İLHAN, Sibel Mine GÜÇVER, Yakup KARAASLAN, Cumali KINACI, Lütfi AKCA Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü arilhan@ormansu.gov.tr, smgucver@ormansu.gov.tr, ykaraaslan@ormansu.gov.tr, ckinaci@ormansu.gov.tr, lakca@ormansu.gov.tr Abstract The surface water quality management should be taken into account in compliance with the 5R (Reuse, Reject, Reduce, React, Recycle) principle. However, the first step but maybe the most challenging issue in a management process is to answer this question “who is responsible for what?”. Although there was not a lack of national legislation drawing the framework of policies and giving some basic principles within this framework, but there was a lack of the sustainable ecosystem based integrated management mentality and implementation in Turkey who is not a water rich country and can even be a country facing water scarcity in the quite near future. This challenge was mostly arising from the multi-head management of national water issues and lack of a national strategy on water management. But the establishment of General Directorate of Water Management in July 4, 2011 under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs pursuant to Decree No:645 dated June 29, 2011 to determine policies and strategies for the protection, utilization, improvement and development of water resources can be the beginning of a new era in water management in Turkey which has divided into 25 river basins of which 18 basins are ones which have coastlines. Keywords: Surface, water, quality, management, Turkey. 1. INTRODUCTION Water is essential for human health and one of the engines of sustainable socio-economic development. It is an essential element for the eradication of poverty and hunger. Water is a precious resource which is gradually getting scarcer. More than half of the world population will be living with water shortage within 50 years because of a worldwide water crisis, according to a report issued by the United Nations Environment Program. In other words, it is highly unlikely that there is going to be enough water for everybody unless the necessary steps are taken at regional and global level. Population growth, industrialization, urbanization and rising affluence in the 20th Century resulted in a substantial increase in water consumption. While the world’s population grew three fold, water use increased six fold during the same period. The demand on water resources will continue to increase during the next twenty-five years. The problem is further aggravated by the uneven water distribution on earth [1]. The basic question we should, therefore, ask ourselves today is what governments and international organizations should do to reverse the situation and avert a water crisis at the global level. How much water will we need to ensure global food security for over eight billion people? How can we ensure the adequate supply of water for irrigation and agriculture? We must also ask ourselves how we can secure a more efficient water management system so that we could meet the very basic of human needs. However, the first step but maybe the most challenging issue in a management process is to answer this question “who is responsible for what?”. With respect to the situation in my country, contrary to the general perception, Turkey is neither a country rich in freshwater resources nor the richest country in the region in this respect. Turkey is situated in a semi-arid region, and has only about one fifth of the water available per capita in water rich regions such as North America and Western Europe. Water rich countries are those which have about 10.000 cubic meters of water per capita yearly while Turkey has about only 1.500 cubic meters per capita yearly as shown below. Another point is that Turkey’s water is not always in the right place at the right time to meet present and anticipated needs. Certain regions of Turkey such as the Black Sea region have ample but unusable freshwater, while some of the more heavily populated and industrialized regions such as the Marmara and the Aegean regions lack sufficient fresh water [1]. 176 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Country 2005 (m3/capita.year) 2023 (m3/capita.year) Water Reach Countries (Canada, USA, North and West Countries) 10.000 + 8.000 + Iraq 2.110 1.400 Turkey 1.600 1.300 Syria 1.420 950 Israel 300 150 Jordan 250 90 Palestinian 100 40 Reference: Kınacı, 2012 Table 1. Water Consumption in Various Countries Although there was not a lack of national legislation drawing the framework of policies and giving some basic principles within this framework, but there was a lack of the sustainable ecosystem based integrated management mentality and implementation in Turkey who is not a water rich country and can even be a country facing water scarcity in the quite near future. This challenge was mostly arising from the multi-head management of national water issues and lack of a national strategy on water management. But the establishment of General Directorate of Water Management in July 4, 2011 under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs pursuant to Decree No:645 dated June 29, 2011 to determine policies and strategies for the protection, utilization, improvement and development of water resources can be the beginning of a new era in water management in Turkey which has divided into 25 river basins of which 18 basins are ones which have coastlines. By the aforementioned Decree; determination of current situation of water resources and environmental targets of them, protection of sustainability of aquatic life, collection of water related information in one hand, publishing required legislation to make plans and surveys on the basin base, implementation of right plans and strategies, providing sustainable use of water resources with the balance between protection and utilization, ensuring coordination and cooperation with relevant organizations drawing institutional and legal framework, strengthening the institutional capacity developing technical and economic tools in water management, preparing and following-up action plans and their implementation, as well as, general plans and programs which must be followed to put forward with the aim of determination, improvement and development of water quality throughout the country and completion of related legal arrangements with the participation of interested parties are targeted [2]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The objective of this brief paper is to reflect the current situation and recent developments of water quality management and steps that should be taken towards sustainable ecosystem based integrated (surface) water quality management in Turkey is discussed. In this paper issues on; “Water For Environment And Protection Of Ecosystems In Turkey”, “Turkey’s Dependence On Water For Energy and Food”, “Recent Developments In Turkey’s National Water Quality Management System”, “Turkey’s National Water Management Planning and Strategy”, “Turkey’s Transboundary and National Water Management Policy” and finally “Some Basic Principles To Build A New National Water Management Policy For Turkey” are discussed briefly in a general and holistic approach. REFERENCES 1. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-policy-on-water-issues.en.mfa (2013), Turkey’s Policy on Water Issues, Ankara-Turkey. 2. Water Quality Management Working Group of the Forestry and Water Council (2013), Final Report of the Water Quality Management Working Group, Ankara-Turkey. 177 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Management of Water Losses from Drinking Water Distribution Network Using SCADA and Modelling Habib Muhammetoglu1, I.Ethem. Karadirek1, Selami Kara1, Goksenin Yilmaz1, Ayşe Muhammetoglu1, Kamil Cengiz2 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, Turkey muhammetoglu@usa.net 2 Antalya Water and Wastewater Administration (ASAT), Antalya, Turkey 1 Abstract The aim of this study is to develop and test methodologies to reduce apparent and real water losses from drinking water distribution networks. Konyaalti region with a population of around 60 thousand persons in Antalya city was chosen as a pilot study area to apply this study. The area has a SCADA system to monitor both water quantity and quality. The pilot study area was divided into 18 district metered areas (DMA). A water balance was carried out for the pilot study area according to the approach developed by IWA. Customer water meters of Class B were replaced by Class C. Hydraulic modelling studies were used to reduce the excess water pressures at certain DMAs by installing pressure regulating valves. Additionally, acoustic methods were used to detect water leakages. The applied methods were found very efficient in reducing total water losses to great extend. Keywords: DMA, Drinking water distribution network,Hydraulic modelling, water losses, water balance. 1. INTRODUCTION The problem of water losses from drinking water distribution networks is common in many countries such as Turkey, where the average yearly water losses are around 50% . Water losses can be divided into two major types namely: 1) Real or physical water losses, and 2) Apparent or commercial water losses. Real water losses are mainly due to the leakage from the joints, connections, holes and bursts of the water pipes. Apparent water losses are mainly due to illegal water consumption and customer metering inaccuracy. There are four basic methods for managing real losses namely; 1) Pressure management, 2) Active leakage control, 3) Speed and quality of repairs, and 4) pipe material selection, installation, maintenance, renewal and replacement. District Metered Area (DMA) is a good approach to divide water distribution network into manageable isolated independent small water distribution networks. The volume of water supplied to the DMA is measured by the DMA flow meter while most of the volume of authorized consumption is determined by the water bills. Konyaalti Water Distribution Network (KWDN) operated by Water and Wastewater Administration of Antalya (ASAT) was chosen as a pilot study area to apply this study. KWDN is one of the major sub-networks of Antalya water supply system and serves a population of around 60,000 people. KWDN has the following properties: 1) It can be operated independently from the rest of Antalya Water Supply System, ii) It has SCADA infrastructure with instruments for the on-line measurement of water quality, hydraulic and other operational data, and iii) It is relatively new with reliable network information. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The hydraulic and water quality model EPANET developed by US EPA was applied to the pilot study area to predict the water pressures. EPANET model is a well documented and tested model that has been used by many resarches for similar purposes. The input parameters required to run the model were obtained from the Geographical Information System of ASAT, The SCADA stations, and the records of the monthly water bills of the water subscribers. The hydraulic model was calibrated for pipe friction coefficient by trial and error using field measurements. Model predictions showed good agreement with field measurements. The pilot study area was divided into 18 District Metered Areas (DMAs) for better management of water losses. The flow rate to each DMA was measured by on-line electromagnetic flow meter. Similarly, water pressure at the entrance to each DMA was recorded continuously by a sensitive pressure meter. The temporal and spatial changes in water pressure at each DMA were predicted 178 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water using the calibrated and verified EPANET model. It was noticed that there were a number of DMAs that exhibited high water pressure values such as the Vestel DMA. Therefore, it was decided to reduce the water pressure at the entrance to the DMA to 3 bars by installing a pressure rgulating valve (PRV). The pressure level of 3 bars was chosden by the hydraulic model to comply with the relevent Turkish standards for water pressures in water distribution nretworks. As a result, flow rates were considerably reduced as shown in Figure 1. This implies reduction in real water losses as a reduction of water pressure. Additional water losses reduction were achieved by applying acoustic methods. On the other hand, apparent water losses were reduced to large extent by replacing the customer water meters by more accurate ones. Figure 1. Reduction of flow rates at Vestel DMA as a result of reducing water pressure to a constant value of 3 bars as an indication of reducing real water losses 3. CONCLUSIONS In this study, changing the customer water meters from “Class B” to “Class C” has increased water revenue by around 20%. This implies large reduction in apparent (commercial) water losses. ASAT is now in the process of installing pressure regulating valves at the DMAs that exhibit high water pressures, as determined in this study. Also, ASAT has recently purchased two well equipped vehicles to reduce real water losses by acoustic methods after the success of the experience of this project. Acknowledgement This project was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Water and Wastewater Administration of Antalya (ASAT) and Akdeniz University. 179 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Water Management and Studies on Decreasing Water Loss/Illegal Use Rate Gökhan CİNGÖZ, Fatih YILDIZ İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) gcingoz@iski.gov.tr, fyildiz@iski.gov.tr Abstract In the realm of water management and detection and decreasing water losses / illegal uses, sustainable water management studies have been conducted with the aim of increasing efficiency of operations and resources (water, energy, time, labour, material, equipment etc.) and developing new method and processes based on knowledge and technology . During the course of these studies, successful examples from around the world have been examined, certain software have been developed by making use of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) and these have been used in water management in a parallel manner. Keywords: Water losses / illegal uses, Information and Technology, GIS (Geographical Information Systems), Resource Efficiency, Sustainability. 1. INTRODUCTION Risks including the limited availability of drinking water resources and the increasing cost of water availability, rapid population increase, urbanization and climate change make it necessary to decrease the water loss and illegal water use and to provide effective use of water resources. Failing to withdraw this rate to rational levels and to manage efficiently causes efficiency of operation. Similarly the social and economical losses thereof come to exist as factors that increase operational costs and decrease quality and efficiency in water distribution services. The water loss / illegal water use rate in İstanbul in 2010 was 28%, which equals to 217,84 million m3 as 28% of 778 million m3. The water supply of other water and sewerage administrations in other metropolitan municipalities in Turkey for 2010 are 98 million m3 in Bursa, 117 million m3 in Kocaeli, 188 million m3 in İzmir and, 306 million m3 in Ankara. This shows that the water los / illegal use rate for İSKİ in 2010 is higher as an amount than water supplied in many metropolitan cities in Turkey. Considering that water loss / illegal use rate in developed countries has been lowered to rates around 15%, the economic size of what can be recovered in a year at İSKİ’s 2010 values of from 28% to 15% is approximately 151,7 million TL. Decreasing the loss/illegal use rate shall also lead to a decrease in economic and financial losses. In this respect İSKİ conducted and is continuing to conduct serious studies on decreasing this rate. 2. WATER MANAGEMET AND DECREASING THE LOSS / ILLEGAL USE RATE A feasibility study has been conducted by İSKİ on water management and control of water loss / illegal use where studies conducted by International Water Association have been examined and information has been taken on a number of performance parameters as well as international terminology. Detailed information was received on how IWA water loss study group developed the best practices on all aspects of water loss and that these practices are widely used around the globe as well as on how these applications are appreciated by many actors. Equipments used for such applications were also evaluated in this process. Successful water administrations in these areas have been visited by İSKİ and processes to adapt the successful applications to İSKİ have started. The following are the methods and studies developed by İSKİ to this end: 2.1. Transfer of Water Infrastructure Data to GIS Medıum and ıts Update Infrastructure data of drinking water (pipe types, diameters, length and depth etc.) were transferred to the system in 2003 and more than 11.000 equipages were added as virtual data as well as 1.240 km of water network line by staff that works on-site with the İskabispatial application started in 2009. The updating process of these data is still on. 180 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2.2. Plannıng of ısolated Measurement Regıons on GIS Basıs Whıle Consıderıng the Exıstıng Flowmeters 302 flowmeters within the water system were processed to the GIS medium upon being taken as a list from SCADA. 211 Flowmeter feed regions were identified and borders were defined. 46 of these flowmeters were given virtual codes. 2.3. Creatıng DMA`s whıch are controlled by a Valve accordıng to the number of customers ın every flowmeter catchment basıns In GIS media, more than 400 valve zones are drawn and identified. Customer numbers, Connection Numbers, Minimum and Maximum ground levels, Catchment Basins which are important performance indicators of water loss are defined. In addition to this, to identify which valve should be closed to fix the problems in an area can easily be seen automatically. 2.4. Preparıng Maps ın GIS to show every Customer`s Buıldıng Posıtıon With the help of recent studies, 1.399.426 buildings are transferred into the system. 938.197 of these buildings are matched by customers. 2.5. Developıng a GIS based Desktop and Onlıne Software that can calculate and report Water Loss Ratıo automatıcally We have developed software by our utility that can calculate and report water loss by the measurements of flowmeters` ratio to billed water usage. It can be monitored permanently to identify the zone which will be affected by the water cut. A list can be created to see which customers are presented in these zones. Besides, water usage of a zone in a preferred time period can easily be questioned. Feasibility studies about decreasing the water loss and leakages are being done and pilot scale applications are still in process. Pressure management, DMA`s, modeling of water network and using Water Leakage Detection Equipments are used to reduce water losses. By completing these studies, water loss ratio is now reduced up to %18 and aimed to reduce up to %15. REFERENCES 1. İSKİ (İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi) Faaliyet Raporu (2010), BUSKİ (Bursa Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi) faaliyet raporu (2010), İSU (Kocaeli Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi ) Faaliyet Raporu (2010), İZSU (İzmir Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi) Faaliyet Raporu (2010) , ASKİ (Ankara Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi) Faaliyet Raporu (2010) 181 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Water Status in Gaza Strip Maher El Najjar Coastal Municipalities Water Utility, E-mail: m_najjar60@cmwu.ps Abstract Gaza Strip is a semi-arid area where rainfall is falling in winter season; the rate of rainfall is varying in Gaza Strip and ranges between 200mm/year in south to 400mm/year in north, while the long term average rainfall in Gaza Strip is 317mm/year. Groundwater aquifer is considered the only water source for all kind of human usage in Gaza Strip. This source has been facing deterioration since years in both quality and quantity, which threaten human health and existence in the area. Seawater had invaded Gaza Strip coastal zone and reaches more than 2Km with acceleration rate of invasion. Gaza siege has also share in the current deterioration where no upgrading of infrastructure is being implemented especially seawater desalination plants which suppose to replace water abstracted from aquifer to relive stress. The study shows that around 50MCM fresh water deficit yearly from groundwater replaced by saline seawater and water level elevation declining, which threaten existence of freshwater in Gaza Strip which lead to population immigration due to un-availability of water. The study shows the deterioration of current and mid-term future of water quantity and quality, which required immediate actions and measures to provide new water resources and stop abstracting groundwater. Keywords: saline,desalination, ground water. 1. INTRODUCTION The Gaza Strip is about 45 km long and averages 8 km wide, for a total land area of 365 km2. In The current population of Gaza strip is estimated to be in excess of 1.5 million, destributed across five governerates . Approximmately 90% of the population of the Gaza strip drinks water from municipal groundwater wells and %15, mostly in agricultural areas, use private wells. Gaza strip is a part of the coastal zone in the transitional area between the temperate mediterranean climate to the east and north and the arid climate of the Negev and Sinai Deserts to the west and south. As a result, the Gaza Strip has a semi-arid climate. 2. METHODOLOGY Groundwater from the coastal aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza Strip, The coastal aquifer consists primarily of Pleistocene age Kurkar Group deposits, inlcluding calcareous and silty sandstones, silts, clays, unconsoildated sands, and conglomerates. This source has been facing deterioration since years in both quality and quantity, which threaten human health and existence in the area. Seawater had invaded Gaza Strip coastal zone and reaches more than 2km with acceleration rate of invasion. Gaza siege has also share in the current deterioration where no upgrading of infrastructure is being implemented especially seawater desalination plants which suppose to replace water abstracted from aquifer to relive stress. 3. CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION The study shows that around 50MCM fresh water deficit yearly from groundwater replaced by saline seawater and water level elevation declining, which threaten existence of freshwater in Gaza Strip which lead to population immigration due to un-availability of water. 182 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Figure 1. Gaza base map REFERENCES 1. Shomar,B., Yahya, A., and Muller, G. (2006). Occurrence of pesticides in the groundwater and the topsoil of the Gaza Strip, Water, Air , and Soil pollution, 171 (1-4), 237-251. 2. Water Situation in the Gaza Strip, Year 2007/2008 CMWU (Coastal Municipalities Water). 3. W Shomar, B. (2006) ground water of the Gaza strip: Is it drinkable? Environmental Geology, 50(5)743-751. 183 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Breakdown Monitoring via Pressure Maps in Water Network Operations Kubilay KÖKER1, Nadir MAZLUM2 Branch Manager - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Subscribe Affairs Department , Europian Region 1 - Kağıthane Branch Manager kkoker@iski.gov.tr 2 Civil Engineer - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Subscribe Affairs Department , Europian Region 1 - Kağıthane Branch nmazlum@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract In order to provide potable water to subscribers and maintain continuity in high service quality, it is an utmost importance to master the water network and make use of the existing data analysing as much as possible. To this end, it is possible to make use of certain applications upon developing them over Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This study aims at detecting losses and leakages in the network by making use of the pressure changes in the network with the “Breakdown Monitoring via Pressure Maps in Water Network Operations” [1] taken into operation at Kağıthane Branch of the Subscribe Affairs Department, European Region 1 within İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). Keywords: Drinking Water, Pressure, Breakdown Monitoring, GIS. 1. INTRODUCTION Pipe wreckages and private pipe failures happen underground and are not visible over the soil, making the decrease of pressure impossible to be noticed by the users may take time to detect and so, water losses of lengthy duration may occur. In order to enable resolution of breakdowns, occasional wreckages of network pipes, plugs, etc. as rapidly as possible, preventing losses and leakages and thus increasing the network efficiency and the quality of service for subscribers, Kağıthane Branch Office has commenced monitoring of the pressure changes with an approach on the network called “Point Monitoring Control in a Confined Space”. 2. USE OF COLOURED PRESSURE MAPS 2.1. Preparıng Data Requıred for Pressure Map Use The work orders written for the addresses of water cut complaints coming to the telephone stations of the Branch Office are handed over to field teams to be conducted. The team repair the breakdown at the address of the complaint and they measure the pressure value at the foundation level altitudes of those buildings to find out the pressure average value in the pipeline of that street. Upon repair works conducted each day at different locations, the periodic pressure value measurement results obtained at chosen critical points of the highest and lowest altitude points of closed zones to monitor the condition of the water network of the given region are delivered to the technical staff within the same day. Upon this information delivery, all data including the breakdown fixing addresses, pressure values, ground floor altitude values and other information is entered to GIS İSKABİS (Infrastructure Information System of İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) The related departments in İSKİ have provided the necessary infrastructure in the software to provide stability and follow-up of the change of pressure values in the network route recorded over İSKABİS. In this scope, the following colour spectrum is created for the pressure values of certain ranges and these values measured can be shown by the defined colours on a point basis on the map. 184 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2.2. Detectıon of Breakdown vıa Evaluatıon for an Area wıth Poınt-Based Uploaded Pressure Values Since how many bars of water line shall exist in which street is known thanks to the data collected in İSKABİS over time, when the breakdown occurs, the pressure measurement from that region shall enable pursuit of pressure values along the route and narrowing the area via “Point Pursuit in Narrow Area” approach to obtain the street and building address for the breakdown as explained in Sample Application. Sample Application: When several water cut complaints were made from lower altitudes of İbrahim Karaoğlanoğlu Road in Seyrantepe on 15.03.2012, the field teams conducted pressure measurements from lower altitudes to higher starting from the buildings with complaints. Pressure Map was created upon uploading the outcomes of the measurements to İSKABİS. By comparing the pressure map prepared with the measurement outcomes of that day and the pressure value maps taken from that region in the past, the point location of the breakdown was identified via the pressure differences in Figure 1 and 2.   Figure 1. Pressure Values Measured on 15.01.2012   Figure 2. Pressure Values Measured on 15.03.2012 Upon the point dig at the third location coloured in yellow where pressure decreases from 3 bars to 1,5 bars in Figure 2, the blocked pipe was found to be full of stones and the pressure went back to normal after cleansing. 3. ADVANTAGES OF PRESSURE MAPS IN WATER NETWORK OPERATIONS Pressure maps in water network operations provide: • Proper diagnosis on water scarcity in the field in a short time, detecting the breakdown location by narrowing down the tracking area and avoiding unnecessary digs in more than one location. • Storing the data and making it usable independent of human memory. • Analysis of data recorded and their use in regional planning. • Ability to use all valves in operation on a street basis by operating this system. • Conducting the continuous monitoring of the network in the region with a similar serious approach like that of “Following a Person’s Pulses”. • Infrastructure for the automation for operation of water network under Ǿ300mm diameter. REFERENCE 1. Application of Infrastructure Information System in Kağıthane Branch Directorate in İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, İstanbul - Turkey, 2012 (In this study, there isn’t any quotation from another source.) 185 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Safe Infrastructure against Natural Disasters Cemalettin KALELİ Branch Manager – İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Beşiktaş-Sarıyer Branch Manager ckaleli@iski.gov.tr Abstract Upon recent earthquakes in various developed countries it was seen that water and sewerage systems are of vital importance. The issue was handled in Turkey after the 17 August 1999 quake as a problem requiring urgent solution and various cities in Anatolia tried to replace their infrastructure systems, particularly drinking water network which were basically based on asbestos cement and font pipes with DF ductile font and HDPE pipes which are also used by İSKİ that did not get severely affected by the earthquake. Although Istanbul had few minor scratches in infrastructure after the Marmara earthquake, hundreds of damages were reported and certain neighborhoods failed to receive water service for days. Worst challenges after the quake was the water transportation that broke due to failures and breaks at the main transmission lines and network lines, and failure to address to fires upon the quake, loss of lives due to flooding water into basement residences. Studies conducted upon quakes show that two big impacts of seismic movements on infrastructure systems are fractures on the pipe walls due to pressure and twisting and separation of pipes from connection points due to earth movements. This paper discusses the measures to prevent such separation due to seismic waves caused by earthquakes. Keywords: Earthquakes, Waterpipe, Damage, Safety, Connection. 1. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND TRANSITION PROCESS TO SAFE INFRASTRUCTURE From recent history towards current day, tends of quakes and similar disasters have occurred and costed many lives as well as economical damages that may shake state economies. Experience upon the need to use water to be used for urban population for fire extinguishing services after the 1906 San Francisco quake directed scientists towards valves that automatically switch off upon sensing a quake and possible fires have been prevented with the automatically switched off valves during the 1933 Long Beach quakes. In Kobe quake in 1995 it was clearly seen that water pipes in Japan failed to meet even the basic requirements at the time. Damaged transmission plants and pipes that were disconnected stopped the water supply and fires were not addressed on time [2]. Studies on earthquake conditions of infrastructures have gained acceleration in Japan after Kobe quake and in the USA after the 1971 San Fernando; and a long path has been covered in infrastructure management maintenance and supply against earthquakes. Unless necessary measures are taken, earthquakes bring along serious damage. Movements of the earth resulting in collapses and/or breaking damage the existing ecological and urban structures. Residences collapse on people, public buildings stay out of order, utilities are damaged and the water / channel networks fail to operate. Since it would be impossible to supply processed water to the city via the damaged water network, fire response would fail, flooding and leaking water would cause casualties, and survivors would not have access to clean water. Consequently polluted water used by survivors shall bring along epidemics. Upon the Haiti earthquake that occurred on 12 January 2010 causing a casualty number of 316.000, 3.000 people died of the cholera epidemic that caught 8.000 people through the water scarcity. Recent cases have shown that local governments and water utilities should pay importance to making sure the water and wastewater systems remain in duty after an earthquake. The material type to be used in the rehabilitation of the existing lines and construction of recent infrastructure should be chosen considering the type of the soil, material quality, traffic load, other infrastructure facilities as well as the earthquake factor. Conducting any implementation to that end should also be based on specifications prepared accordingly. 2. INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS THAT SUIT EARTH MOVEMENTS Scientists examining the seismic movements of the earth point to a fault line with high energy in 186 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Turkey. Known as the North Anatolian fault line and extending from the east to the west of Turkey’s northern regions, this fault line caused 12 major earthquakes since 1939 and is claimed to have more energy at its western parts than eastern parts, which means the authorities responsible for the unique metropolitan city of Istanbul should address the earthquake issue more seriously. Responsible for the infrastructure of the city, İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) has renewed all the water network infrastructure in İstanbul since 1994 and has become a large institution currently responsible for the operation, maintenance and repair works of 10 reservoirs, 15 water treatment plants, 114 storage tanks, 91 pumping stations and 17.600 km of water network where 2000 km is the length of transmission line. 1000 km of the pipelines under İSKİ’s responsibility is steel and has a diameter of 1000 mm and more. These are welded to connection points in the network. The remaining 16.500 km is rehabilitated with ductile font pipes to stand flexible against earth movements. All pipes except for the fitting materials of the ductile font distribution line pipes (30% have flange connection) are bell mouth pipes. Pipe failures commonly observed are vertical and horizontal emissions except for the twisting at seismic movements and disconnection from connection points and fractures at landslide zones. Particularly in regions under earthquake zone risk and with higher densities of population, infrastructure and traffic (such as Zeytinburnu, Avcılar, Bağcılar), different connection types that maintain flexibility like that of bellmouth connections that are inseparable for the security of the transmission line (this is also why flange connections are not appropriate). Countries that compete in better water management have started investing in these issues besides the topics of quality of material and application, remote monitoring, technological repairing methods, non-revenue water monitoring. In Japan, a seismic country, where the infrastructure of many cities including Osaka, Kobe and Tokyo has very recently and swiftly been replaced, serious studies have been conducted on increasing the earthquake performance of the infrastructure. In studies conducted to see the reaction of buried piping, different methods than the ground pipes should be used as ground facilities do not have the heterogeneous pressure that continuously changes its location during seismic movements due to the soil cover. Pipes and connection pieces that may even change their shape due to this pressure shall inevitably undergo some damage during an earthquake if they are not flexible enough. Therefore, many countries, with Japan as a leader, have directed themselves to mobile connection points. Depending on the importance level of the location to supply water for, normal connections like the T, K or A type as well as NS and S types with ever connected pipes for risky regions are preferred [1]. DF pipes are grouped according to connection types, intended purpose of use and application types: 1- Push-on Connection Types: T Type: Also used within İSKİ, this connection type can be used in ø 75- ø 2000 mm diameters and risk-free rock surfaces [Figure 1]. NS Type: Designed to stand against an earthquake, can be used in ø 75- ø 450 mm diameters and less risky areas [Figure 2]. 2- Mechanical Connection Types: A and K Types: Can be used between ø75-ø2600 mm diameters at less risky areas [Figure 2] S Type: Used at risky areas of earthquakes and landslides for transmission lines between ø 500- ø 2600 mm [Figure 4] Figure 1. T Type Figure 2. NS Type 187 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Figure 3. A and K Type Oral Presentations Figure 4. S Type Figure 5. Durability test REFERENCES 188 1. Şehirlerde Su Temin Sist.nin İşletilmesi Bak.ve Onarımı C.KALELİ Japonya Eğitim Notları 2009 2. Beşinci Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Konferansı, 26-30 Mayıs 2003, İstanbul Fifth National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 26-30 May 2003, Istanbul, Turkey Bildiri No: AT-128 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Objectives and Distances Done in the Groundwater Management of Turkey Özgür GÜNHAN, Özgür ÇAKMAK, Yakup KARAASLAN ogunhan@ormansu.gov.tr, ocakmak@ormansu.gov.tr, ykaraaslan@ormansu.gov.tr Abstract The differences in approaches and perspectives of legislation that was used up to present and “new legislation” about groundwater management in our country are focused on this study. Improvements via By-Law on The Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration, which has been prepared for harmonization of European Union’s groundwater legislation to our national legislation, are also stated by doing this comparison. Moreover, importance of having comprehension of the new concepts, which have been added to Turkey’s legislation thanks to the By-Law, is remarked. Why a new approach about groundwater management was needed and what are the advantages-disadvantages of this new approach is discussed. The Bay-Law, EU Directives and official documents of institutions that are authority in view of groundwater management have been scanned and a comparison was done for this study. EU Guidance Documents and member states’ reports were also reviewed for the study. This study aims to take a comparative photo of Turkey between today’s groundwater management approach and the earlier one. Keywords: Groundwater, approach, legislation, directive, management. 1. INTRODUCTION By-law on Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration including the provisions of Groundwater Directive as well as related provisions of Water Framework Directive has been taken into effect in 07.04.2012. This by-law has become a milestone for groundwater management issues in Turkey as soon as entering into force. By the publication of the By-Law, studies in accordance with the By-Law in our country have gained momentum. However, there has not yet been a study focusing on new approaches, new concepts in the assessment of the quality and content of these concepts. In this sense, this study aims to remedy this gap. 2. OBJECTIVES, METHODS AND DISCUSSIONS The earlier legal and institutional system of Turkey was far away to provide for an appropriate groundwater management. Moreover this earlier legal system did not meet requirements of Groundwater Directive (2006/118/EC) and groundwater issues of Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Establishing of Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and announcement of the Bylaw on Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration was a milestone in groundwater management. The by-law filled a huge gap in groundwater issues via its new definitions, detailed criteria and sanctions. This new administrative structure and legal system made Turkey step up in groundwater management. In this context, respecting the necessity to develop a new approach and legal framework about groundwater in our country, By-law on Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration including the provisions of Groundwater Directive as well as related provisions of Water Framework Directive has been taken into effect in 07.04.2012. By this By-Law, “threshold value”, “groundwater body”, “reversal of significant and sustained upward trends” and “groundwater quality standards” as well as many concepts entered into Turkey’s groundwater management literature. Moreover, determination of groundwater bodies, characterization and designing a measures program took place in the new issue. Together with the publication of the regulation, full compliance of the national legislation with the relevant EU legislation has been done. Concepts such as “Threshold value”, “determination of groundwater bodies and their characterizations”, “assessments of significant and sustained upward trends” and “groundwater quality standards” can be understood by focusing on Groundwater Directive (2006/118/EC), groundwater issues of Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), By-law on Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration and guidance documents published by the 189 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations European Commission for the management of groundwater together. New approaches in groundwater management will provide to take advantage of previous work and projects in the European Union and pave the way to increase communication and cooperation between our country and states and institutions carrying out related works. On the other hand, capacities and structure of the institutions related to groundwater management were for earlier groundwater approaches. New concepts and new legislation need new structures, improvement capacities, additional budget, trainings and so on. Therefore, it is obvious that, in addition to lots of advantages, new legislative system will have some disadvantages. Nonetheless, these disadvantages will be valid for short term. As authorities strengthen their capacities and adapt their structures to these new groundwater management methods, the disadvantages will disappear gradually. REFERENCES 190 1. European Commission. (2008). Groundwater Protection of Europe, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. 2. European Parliament and of The Council. (2006). “Directive 2006/118/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 12 December 2006 on the Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration.” Official Journal of the European Union., Dec. 12 3. European Commission. (2010). “Turkey 2010 Progress Report”, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels. 4. Bruin, E.F.L.M., Putter P., Botterweg, T., Egeli, G. (2007). “Final Report Task 3 Pilot Groundwater Management Plan Küçük Menderes Project Reference Number: PPA05/TR/7/8” Strengthening the Capacity of Sustainable Groundwater Management, Netherlands. 5. Bruin, E.F.L.M., Putter P., Botterweg, T., Egeli, G. (2007). “Final Report Task 1 and 2, Juridical and Institutional Results Project Reference Number: PPA05/TR/7/8.” Strengthening The Capacity of Sustainable Groundwater Management, Netherlands. 6. Dogan, A. (2010). Groundwater Quality Management in EU and Turkey, General Directorate of Environment Management, Ankara. 7. European Parliament and of The Council. (2006). “Directive 2006/60/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 12 December 2006 on Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy.” Official Journal of the European Union., Oct. 23. 8. Prime Ministry of Turkey Republic. (2012). “By-law on Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration.” Official Journal of the Turkey Republic., Apr.7. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water A New Approach for Long Lead Prediciton of Reservoir Inflows Mehmet Özger1, Halil İbrahim Türkoğlu2 Istanbul Technical University Civil Engineering Faculty E-mail: ozgerme@itu.edu.tr 2 İstanbul Water and Sewer Management (İSKİ) E-mail: hiturkoglu@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract To predict the inflow to reservoirs in advance is very crucial in planning the water distribution schedules and long term operations for decision makers. It is well known that inflows exhibit random characteristics and it is difficult to predict them. In this study, it is aimed to predict reservoir inflows for long lead times (1-12 months). Inflows changes month to month depending on meteorological conditions and basin characteristics. The inflows can be taken as random variables that vary with time. Stochastic processes can be used to investigate such time series. In this study Auto regressive moving average (ARMA) approach is used as a classical technique to model time series. On the other hand Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is employed to make long lead predictions. To increase the model accuracy wavelet-ANN (WANN) technique is used. It is shown that WANN approach outperforms the ARMA and the ANN models. WANN modeling technique exhibit the best performance especially in long-lead predictions (6-12 months) compared to classical techniques. The application of this technique is achieved for a reservoir located in Istanbul. Keywords: Reservoir inflows, prediction, wavelets, artificial neural networks. 1. INTRODUCTION Reservoir inflow forecasting plays a significant role in mitigation of impacts of deficit (surplus) on water resources systems and therefore is essential for reservoir system control and management. Accurate forecasting models are required in optimum control of water availability, operation of reservoirs and improved hydropower generation. Therefore, an accurate forecasting model is indispensable for decision makers. Several approaches have been introduced over the past few years based on stochastic modeling or artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. In general there are two main approaches to model reservoir inflows which are physical and computational models. While physical models require parameters, field inspections and laboratory experiments, computational models can be implemented only using numerical data and are easy to use. In practical applications computational methods are preferred such as stochastic modeling, artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic modeling and etc. Recently it has been shown that ANN and fuzzy models are suitable alternatives for modeling of the nonlinear and non-stationery time series when compared to conventional modeling approaches[1]. Fuzzy logic models are also used in time series modeling[2]. Lin and Wu [3] proposed a radial basis function (RBF) network with a new learning algorithm for reservoir inflow forecasting model. Sattari et al. [4] investigated the potential of Time Lag Recurrent Neural Networks (TLRN) for modeling the reservoir inflows. They found that neither TLRN nor back propagation approaches were good in forecasting high inflow but, both approaches perform well when used to forecast low inflow values. Although there are several approaches to predict reservoir inflows, most of them can not make accurate predictions for long lead times (especially for 6-12 months). Therefore, the main goal of this study is to propose a wavelet artificial neural network approach to make long lead time reliable predictions. Omerli reservoir which supplies potable water to Istanbul is selected as study area. 2. WAVELET ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Wavelet transform is a technique that looks like Fourier transform. While Fourier analysis uses sinus and cosines functions to make transformations from time domain to frequency domain, wavelet technique uses wavelets which are small waves that grow and decay over a small distance. Time series include different patterns, such as periodicity, trend, noise which are the results of different mechanisms affecting the process. Filtering such patterns helps understand the behavior of time 191 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations series. One of latest techniques used for filtering time series in time and scale domains is the wavelet transform. There is a tendency to filter the data before its use especially in prediction problems. Several researchers ([5], [6]) have proposed that it is better to make predictions after decomposing both predictors and predictand into several bands. Wavelet transform makes it possible to separate time series into its subseries (bands). Average wavelet spectra obtained from continuous wavelet transform is used to determine subseries (Figure 1). Subsequently, it is required to relate each band of predictors to the corresponding band of predictand with a statistical scheme. Here, we use ANN models to establish a connection between predictors and the predictand band. Figure 1. a) A sample continuous wavelet and b) average wavelet spectra REFERENCES 1. Özger, M. and Şen, Z. (2007). Prediction of wave parameters by using fuzzy logic approach, Ocean Engineering, 34, 3-4, 460-469; 2. Özger, M., (2009). Comparison of fuzzy inference systems for streamflow prediction, Hydrologıcal Scıences Journal, 54, 2, 261-273. 3. Lin, G.F. and Wu, M.C. (2011). An RBF network with a two-step learning algorithm for developing a reservoir inflow forecasting model, Journal of Hydrology, 405, 3–4, 439-450 4. Sattari, M.T., Yurekli, K. and Pal, M. (2012) Performance evaluation of artificial neural network approaches in forecasting reservoir inflow, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36, 6, 2649-2657 5. Webster, P.J., and Hoyos, C.D, (2004), Prediction of monsoon rainfall and river discharge on 15-30-day time scales, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85, 11, 1745-1765. 6. Özger, M., (2010). Significant wave height forecasting using wavelet fuzzy logic approach, Ocean Engineering, 37, 16, 1443–1451. 192 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Determination and Management of Sensitive Areas on the Basis of Watershed in Turkey Necla ADALI, Zakir TURAN, Yakup KARAASLAN Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı nadali@ormansu.gov.tr, zturan@ormansu.gov.tr, ykaraaslan @ormansu.gov.tr Abstract Eutrophication is a water quality problem as a biological event that formed under the influence of many factors. Ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and other inorganic substances which are the main reasons of eutrophication and formed due to microbial decomposition of organic waste not only affect benthic organisms, but also lead to a change in habitat and result in the formation of sensitive areas. In this regard, determination of sensitive areas, generation of a methodology to do this and implementation of the measures regarding to prevention of eutrophication is of great importance. In this study, sensitive water areas in terms of water pollution, nitrate vulnerable water areas in the surface waters, water quality objectives and measures to be taken to improve water quality will be determined in twenty five river basin in Turkey. “Watershed-Based Integrated Water Management Approach” that is being implemented by the Member States of the European Union under the Water Framework Directive has been adopted in Turkey, and also determination and management of sensitive areas will be considered in this approach. Keywords: sensitive water areas, eutrophication, integrated water management. 1. INTRODUCTION Water is one of the basic elements of life and also it is a natural resource which has social and economic value. Despite continuous increasing in water demand, only 3% of water on earth can be used as fresh waters. Water shortage formed due to climate change resulting from global warming, drought, population growth, industrialization, agricultural activities and increasing the amount of water consumed per person requires studies on efficient use of water resources, prevention of pollution, protection and improvement of water quality. Urban wastewaters, industrial wastewaters and runoff waters from agricultural areas both change ecological structure of the current system and lead to degradation of water quality and overgrowth of algae due to the nutrients by affecting directly and indirectly physical, chemical and biological processes of aquatic environment. Eutrophication occurs over time as a result of death and deterioration of algeas with decrease in the amount of oxygen in the water.[1] Eutrophication is a water quality problem as a biological event that formed under the influence of many factors. Eutrophication also have adverse effects on species diversity and lead to reduction of usable water for human use, e.g. consumption, recreation and industrial needs.[1] Especially, detection of types of pollutants and nutrients in water bodies which are considered limits the eutrophication are the most important issues on management of sensitive water areas.[2] Natural freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters are defined sensitive water areas that are eutrophic or which in the near future may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken.[3] Sensitive water areas within the scope of the project, will be evaluated for two separate groups that affected by “agricultural activities” and “urban and industrial activities”.[1] 2. METHODOLOGY Water resources should be considered with integrated water management approach which include physical, social, economic and environmental factors by meeting the requirements of current and future. This issue have been raised in recent years and started to be implemented in other countries. The basis of integrated management of water is to accept water both natural resource and as a commodity which may change depending on the purpose of use as well as the quantity and quality. [4] In Europe, water legislation has been implementing under Water Framework Directive (WFD) by adopting the integrated water management. The Water Framework Directive reveals a more coherent 193 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations and integrated approach for the management of eutrophication in water by fully taking into account the requirements of the Nitrates Directive and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. In the context of harmonization of the WFD to national legislation in Turkey, studies are ongoing related to determination and management of sensitive areas. In this project, sensitive water areas in terms of water pollution, nitrate vulnerable water areas in the surface waters, water quality objectives and measures to be taken to improve water quality will be determined in twenty five basin in Turkey. The project started in September of 2012 and will be completed by the end of 2015. In the project, firstly, available water bodies will be determined on surface waters in the twenty five basin. Pressures and pollution loads that resulted from urban, industrial and agricultural activities will be determined on the basis of the basin in water bodies. Then, water pollution will be determined experimentally by monitoring activities. After all, sensitive water areas will be determined for inland waters by evaluating the data which are obtained as a result of pollution loads and monitoring in surface waters (including coastal and transitional waters). On the other hand, water quality objectives regarding sensitive water areas and measures that are necessary to improve water quality including wastewater treatment systems will be determined. And also specific water quality models developed for our country will be used in this project. Finally, measures determined in accordance with the water quality objectives, will be reviewed. REFERENCES 194 1. Guidance Document No:23., (2009). Guidance Document On Eutrophication Assessment In The Context Of European Water Policies 2. Karpuzcu, M., Koçali, M., Eutrophication in Lakes and Solution Proposals . 3. By-Law of Urban Waste Water, (2006). 4. Evsahibioğlu, N., Aküzüm T., Çakmak, B., (2010). Management of Water, Strategies for Water Use and Trans-boundary Waters: Turkey Agricultural Engineering VII. Technical Congress, Ankara-Turkey 5. Guidance Document No:2, (2003). Guidance Document On Identification of Water Bodies 6. Guidance Document No:3, (2003). Guidance Document On Analysis of Pressures and Impacts 7. Pipp,E.(1997). Klassifikation Oberösterreichischer Fließgewässer Anhand DerKieselalgen. Wasserwirtschaftskataster, BMLF (Hrsg.), Wien. 8. By-Law of the Management of Surface Water Quality, (2012) 9. Technical Assistance Project On Implementation of Nitrates Directive, Report 3.7, 2012 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Water Saving Potential in Tourist Resorts Demet Antakyalı, Doğan Çuha, Fatih Pullu, Heidrun Steinmetz Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Siedlungswasserbau, Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft, Bandtaele 2, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany demet.antakyali@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Johnson Diversey, Değirmendere Cad. Huzur Hoca sok., No:86, K:22, TR-34752 Istanbul, Turkey dogan.cuha@sealedair.com Abstract The overall objective of the application is to provide a baseline of water use efficiency that defines a water flow map and potential opportunities for improvement, followed by recommendations of specific projects to achieve targeted improvement. The process consisted of a two stage audit system. Following the survey, quantitative targets for water utilization improvement are defined and strategic solutions such as recycling or reusing are discussed. Keywords: Sustainable tourism, water saving potential, AquaCheck, water use, wastewater reuse. 1. INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most essential sources of life. Not only its availability but also its quality plays a vital role for humans. Increasing modern activities cause a rapid deterioration of clean water resources, mass tourism can be counted among these, too. Within the past 15 years the growth of the tourism sector became remarkable[7]. Today tourism reaches a large layer of people and counts among major and most dynamic economic activities[5]. Figure1 presents the future estimations of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) regarding the worldwide contribution in the tourism activities. Considering the recent trends, further growth and propagation of the sector is expected worldwide in oncoming years, particularly Europeans are expected to travel more. However, tourism causes a certain environmental impact, which may endanger the sector’s future. WTO and UNEP have underlined the importance of the environment also to the economic sustainability of tourism [8]. South Asia 1980 2000 Africa 2020 Near East East Asia and Pacific Americas Europe World 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% C ontribution  of  the  population Figure 1. Future  estimation of World Tourism Organisation on the worldwide contribution in the tourism activity Tourists staying in hotels tend to use more water than at home[6][4]. The pressure of irrigation and tourism often occurs in the period of minimum or low water resource renewal, ensuring that possible negative environmental impacts are maximised [2]. In drier regions like the Mediterranean, the issue of water scarcity is of particular concern and tourism produces significant problems in peak seasons [10]. With the foreseeable growth in tourist flows and the increase in the demand for water, management of the water resources is becoming a major challenge for Mediterranean countries and the tourism sector [3]. The facts indicate a strong dependency of the tourism sector on the availability of the clean water and emphasise the importance of proper use of the resources. Moreover, applications such as water reuse would obtain both financial savings and advertisement for hotels [1]. 195 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The study aims to estimate the water saving potential in large tourist resorts through combined evaluations of scientific and industrial case studies conducted mainly in the Mediterranean region. 2. METHODOLOGY Water use in several stations of hotels was determined by the AquaCheck application. The overall objective of the application is to provide a baseline of water use efficiency that defines a water flow map and potential opportunities for improvement, followed by recommendations of specific projects to achieve targeted improvement. The process consists of a two stage audit system. Within the first stage the overall historical water use is developed, seasonal trend and variability in used water volumes are defined, effluent loading and cost trend are analysed and the elements for environmental performance reporting are provided. The second stage focuses on the developing a detailed water balance and cost analysis by each water use station and defining the primary contamination sources. Following the survey, quantitative targets for water utilization improvement are defined and strategic solutions such as recycling or reusing are discussed. Finally an upscaling was conducted based on the WTO statistics and probable scenarios. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS The investigations showed that the main water users in tourist resorts were the guestrooms, technical facilities and swimming pools. The distribution differed from hotel to hotel, depending on the available facilities, however, also on the water management. For instance, water usage in technical units (kitchen, laundry etc.) could be reduced from 36% to 28% through small technical changes. The potentials for direct water saving were basically due to the misusage and overusage in departments, which often went unnoticed by the operators. The largest potentials were determined in laundries and kitchens, followed by the other technical units. Swimming pools consumed approximately 20% of the total potable water in most of the studies. Regarding the relatively good water quality originating from these units, a remarkable reuse and consequently an indirect saving potential can be seen for tourist resorts with such facilities. 4. CONCLUSION Direct saving potentials compiled from the conducted studies were mainly between 15-35% per hotel. This number can be increased by indirect savings through reuse of wastewater after a suitable treatment and improved operation programs in technical units. Details will be given in the full paper. REFERENCES 1. Antakyali, D., Krampe, J. and Steinmetz, H. (2008). Practical Reuse of Wastewater in Tourist Resorts. Wat. Sci. Tech .57(12) 2051–2057 2. EC (2007). European Commission Technical Report, Mediterranean Water Scarcity and Drought Report, Number - 009 – 2007 3. EC (2009). MEDSTAT II: Water and Tourism Pilot Study. Environment and energy, Methodologies and working papers, KS-78-09-699-EN-C 4. Farsari, Y., Butler, R., Prastacos, P. (2007). Sustainable tourism policy for Mediterranean destinations: issues and interrelationships. Int. J. Tourism Policy 1(1) 5. Manera, C. and Taberner, J. G. (2006). The Recent Evolution and Impact of Tourism in the Mediterranean: The Case of Island Regions, 1990-2002. FEEM Working Paper No. 108.06. August. 6. Gössling, S. (2002). Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Env. Change 12 283-302 7. UNEP (2005). Tourism Expansion: increasing threats, or conservation opportunities. Environment Alert Bulletin, Nr.6, United Nations Environment Programme, April 8. UNWTO (2005). Making tourism more sustainable: a guide for policy makers, Madrid 9. UNWTO (2008) Tourism Highlights, 2008 Edition 10. WWF (2006) Drought in the Mediterranean: WWF Policy Proposals by N. Isendahl and G. Schmidt, July 196 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Framing the Chemistry of Himalayan Water Conflict in South Asia in Perspective of Climate Change Dr. Musarrat Jabeen, Dr. Aamara Mumtaz, Mariam Arif, Development Studies, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan musarratjabeen7@yahoo.com Abstract The efficient use of water is of prime importance as the growing water scarcity warrants impending conflicts at intra and interstate level. The study investigates the inherently political nature of cross border water resources. The objective of the study is to formulate its thrust as framing the chemistry of Himalayan water conflict in South Asia in perspective of climate change. This paper anchors water system of the Himalayas engaging India and Nepal, (upper riparian states) and Bangladesh, Pakistan, (lower riparian states) in South Asia keeping away Maldives, Sri Lanka because they are islands and Bhutan is ideally water sufficient in comparison to other states of South Asia. Keywords: Water, Climate Change, Conflict. 1. Introductıon Water system entails security sense when it is cognizant through economic designs and political systems. Water system infringed by; global climate change extremes of drought/flood, water demand patterns, strategic manipulation of water resources will cause and effect conflict in South Asia. The six principles of political realism,‟as developed by Hans Morgenthau in twentieth century; we underscore the composition and properties of water conflict in South Asia, changes in causative factors of conflict and principles which govern these changes. The authors provide four-D strategy to manage water resources in South Asia, and underscore facets such as the dynamics of decision making support system, the changing scope of decision making, the political prudence, and the global vicinity.‟ The authors conclude the paper with conclusions that water security is potentially relevant to public, policy decision making, and business. Water security in political setting can contribute to help decision makers to affect shifts in their perception paradigms, context and practice that are needed for water security. External dynamics should be managed for internal stability of the water system. Decision makers are suggested to change their mindset to facilitate amicable usage of water as integral component of decision making to manage interstate relations. 2. Materıal and Method To explain the composition factors of the Himalayan water conflict in South Asia the properties of factors are classified as follows keeping in view the cognition of discipline of chemistry: • Physical properties of water conflict • Economic properties of water conflict • Strategic properties of water conflict To explain the properties the facts are presented with due scrutiny of water politics and the development of water conflict resolution comprised of certain agreements and treaties (Nepal-British India Agreement 1920, Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan 1960, Bangladesh-India Treaty 1975) in regard to Himalayan water system of South Asia. 3. Fındıngs The glacial melting on the Himalayas will pose a grave threat. The glaciers in the region are receding at an average rate of 10-15 meters annually (World Wild Fund Report, (2005). South Asia is facing a serious threat of water security. This may result in no access to drinking water in rural areas where half of the population lives in of South Asia. The political division of South Asia gave political dimension to water system of Himalaya in South Asia. It is found that the political practices in South Asia vis-à-vis Himalayan Water System are dynamiting the situation in perspective of climate change. 197 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 4. Conclusıon and suggestıons Four D strategy to manage water security in South Asia; how south Asia can manage its water security vis-à-vis regional and global trends? “The significant problems we face can not be solved by the same level of thinking we used when we created them.” Einstein Mindset of the strategy: Due to globalization each system is encompassing multi-boundaries, it is argued that even US economy has to face certain consequences of water conflict in South Asia; so it is pertinent to fix the amplifying factors of water security in South Asia whether they are driven at national or transnational level. The water conflict between India and Pakistan is compounded and unresolved as compared to water conflict between India and Bangladesh or India and Nepal so we focus more on India and Pakistan. The four D strategy aims at changes in context (referred to [1]climate change), paradigm (referred to [2] decision support systems), and practice (referred to sense of [3] urgency and [4] We-ness). It is desirable to revitalize the water treaties among the states in perspective of climate change. References 1. 198 World Wild Fund Report, (2005), “An overview of glaciers: glacier retreat and subsequent impacts in Nepal, India, Pakistan and China”. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Adaptation to the Climate Change within the Water Sector - Development of a Guideline for Regional and Local Authorities Heilmann, Andrea, Pundt, Hardy Harz University of Applied Scince, Wernigerode, Germany aheilmann@hs-harz.de, hpundt@hs-harz.de Abstract Even if the EU achieves its ambitious target to restrict the rise of the global mean temperature to less than 2°C compared to pre-industrial times, there will still be consequences of the climate change which require adaptation measures. Modern climate policy is therefore based on two pillars: the avoidance of greenhouse gases (climate protection) and the adaptation to those consequences of climate change which are already unavoidable. Since local authorities have to consider the adaptation measures within their daily work (e.g. planning decisions, public information and awareness) there is a need for a tailored adaptation strategy, which considers vulnerable areas as well as other interacting factors (like population development, available technologies, socio-economic aspects). Although the stakeholder involvement is a crucial success factor, many of them are not capable to participate because of missing information and guidance. Therefore a specific guideline was developed and tested within a pilot region, aiming at the active involvement of stakeholders. The paper introduces the methodology as well as specific measures in the water sector. The outlook illustrates the future activities particularly with respect to the required underlying information management structures. Keywords: Climate change, climate adaptation strategy, regional water management. 1. INTRODUCTION Currently, adaptation strategies are mainly available on a global and national level, but not one a regional one. The European Environment Agency provides a survey about European activities on a national level [1]. However, smaller administrative districts, such as counties or cities, are still searching for approaches to identify adequate measures to adapt to potential climatic changes within their areas. Such adaptation measures concern different sectors such as agriculture, forestry, water management and nature protection, as well as regional and urban planning. The water sector has an outstanding position because it is linked with many other sectors. This means that measures related to water management must be adjusted in close cooperation with the relevant administrational and other authorities. Therefore, adaptation measures should be developed in a cross-sectoral way, so that negative interferences between the considered sectors can be minimized [2]. 2. METHODOLOGY In co-operation with several actors a guideline has been developed and tested in a model region. It should serve as a basis for regional and local administrations to act on measures to adapt to the climate change. The involvement of stakeholders from all concerned fields, and the identification of vulnerable areas based on regionalized climate and other data sets using GIS technology are two main approaches within that project. The stakeholders’ involvement in the development of the climate adaptation strategy comprises a combination of passive and active involvement [3] and varies with their roles and their knowledge. Nevertheless, the main tasks were: gathering information from different sources, assessment of vulnerabilities, discussion and priority setting of options regarding regional adaptation measures and promotion of the implementation. The second important issue was the assessment of vulnerable areas. The cross-sectoral approach taken in the pilot project enabled the project management team to collect spatial data sets in a wide variety. This was a precondition for applying GIS technology to analyse and visualize data aiming at, among other goals, the production of vulnerability maps (showing areas vulnerable to specific threats that may result from climate change), and conflict maps (showing areas where conflicting interests of stakeholders can be identified) [4]. 199 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. ELEMENTS OF THE ADAPTATION GUIDELINE The step-by step approach towards a cross-sectoral adaptation strategy comprising four work packages, whereas every WP has specific tasks and milestones. The process itself started with the collection of weather and climate data, as well as socio-economic and environmental data. This data is utilized to identify vulnerable areas. For the identified sectors possible sectoral adaptation measures were compiled, based on interviews with the actors and experts involved. The results were presented and prioritized within the second workshop. Interferences between sectoral adaptation measures were identified and discussed. The results of the workshop led to a draft of the adaptation strategy and an action plan, which finally has to be accepted by the local authorities and the representatives. The implementation phase is a continuous process with defined controlling steps. The focus on the water sector within in that paper led to the identification of several challenges and adaptation measures e.g.: • Adaptation of sewer systems to heavy rain (avoid flooding within urban area), • Measures to minimise corrosion and odour • Protection of natural environment (soil, flora, fauna) and built environment against flooding. 4. Outlook In the interviews, participants commonly agreed that they did not have sufficient access to information such as relevant data, climate projections, and possible measures and even more importantly, to activities of other sectors which hamper inter-sector co-operation or might cause conflicts. A frameworks to support communication and information sharing between different sectors and stakeholders should remove this deficit. Such a framework can be provided by an Electronic workspace (EWS). The conception and implementation of such an EWS is one of the next envisaged project steps [5]. REFERENCES 200 1. European Environment Agency (2012), National Adaptation Strategies www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/nationaladaptation-strategies 2. European Environment Agency (2012), Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe, EEA Report 2/2012 3. Conde, C. , Lonsdale, K. (2005), Engaging stakeholders in the adaptation process. Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures, B. Lim, E. Spanger-Siegfried, I. Burton, E. Malone and S. Huq, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp 47-66 4. Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., Rhind, D.W., (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2005. 5. Brennan, J., Heilmann, A,; Pundt, H.: (2012). An Infornation Systems Approach to developing Adaptation Strategies, CDROM/Online Proceedings of the European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems (EMCIS) Accepted Refereed Papers, 2012, 7-8 June, Munich, Germany, Editors: Dr Ahmad Ghoneim, Prof. Ralf Klischewski, Holger Schrödl, Dr Muhammed Kamal, ISBN: 978-1-908549-03-7 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Water Breakdowns and Web-Based Notification System Kubilay KÖKER1, Nadir MAZLUM2 Branch Manager - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Subscribe Affairs Department , Europian Region 1 - Kağıthane Branch Manager kkoker@iski.gov.tr 2 Civil Engineer - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Subscribe Affairs Department , Europian Region 1 - Kağıthane Branch nmazlum@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract Mastering the water network and utilizing the mastering knowledge at utmost level is a nonnegligible requirement in supplying water to subscribers and maintaining this service at a certain quality. To this end, it is possible to make use of certain applications upon developing them over Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study aims at the future breakdowns in the network with the “utilization of geographic information systems (GIS) for water failures and web-based notification system” taken into operation at İSKİ’s Kağıthane Branch to be able to respond immediately and from the most proper point. Keywords: Drinking water, breakdown, web. 1. INTRODUCTION Water services provided to settlements within İstanbul are conducted via the Branch Directorates of İSKİ General Directorate located at various districts. The Branch Directorates conduct such services by operating pipelines of the urban water network, which are equal 300 mm in diameter or smaller. 2. USE OF PRESSURE MAPS VIA PRESSURE VALUES MEASURED AND UTILIZATION OF COLOURED PRESSURE MAPS 2.1 Current Condıtıon of the Tasks and Operatıons Conducted at Branch Dırectorates on Breakdown Repaırs As commonly known, water network breakdowns including pipe wreckages and broken valves, plugs, etc. happen 7/24 in service areas under the Branch Offices. Delayed repair service for water breakdowns cause not only a risk and danger on losses of life and property, in indoor spaces, in particular households, offices etc., but also a loss of prestige for the utility in terms of service quality. To guarantee water network service quality and sustainability, it is important for our administration to identify the cause of breakdown, the length and extent of the water cut and informing the customers on this in a proper, flawless and swift way besides fixing such breakdowns in the shortest time possible. 2.2. Problems Faced Now / to be Faced ın the Future ın Implementıng the Steps Presented ın 2.1 on Water Breakdown Repaırworks Locating the street of the breakdown in the shortest time possible, providing accurate and complete information on a street basis of the addresses that will have water cut during the breakdown and informing the subscribers in an accurate and timely manner are taken by staff that know the routes of the network. These staff; • May reach to the breakdown location on time or with a delay depending on whether they know the route to the breakdown street. • May at times cut a farther valve off that causes a water cut at a neighbourhood rather than the closest valve to the breakdown location when they need to minimize the duration to clear out the pipe, the time to start fixing and the clean water that would be wasted while clearing the pipe out. 201 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations • Inform the station staff over the phone about the street information of the valve cut off as much as they know. This sometimes incorrect information about the breakdown address published on the web page regarding the cutoff location and street. 2.3. The Proposed Measures and the Tasks Conducted on Thıs Implementatıon Due to the decrease of the qualified staff on network in the Administration, due to reasons such as retirement, and the consequent possibility of future problems in staff, a new project entitled “Utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Water Breakdowns and Web-Based Notification System” in Kağıthane Branch Directorate concerning the “measures and regulations to be taken” was undertaken. The setup of the software for this project and opening it to use on the İSKABİS (Infrastructure Information System of İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) page was requested by the Directorate from the related unit and consequently it was presented on the İSKABİS page. 2.3.1. Technıcal Detaıls of the Applıcatıon[1] This application technically provides service over the website via GIS connection and can be used in all locations with sub-regions formed over GIS in isolated zones while these zones can be used to detect and control water provision with address and coordinates uploaded into the system for critical valve location identification. Figure 1 shows application interface with district, neighbourhood, street and door number or building number and Figure 2 shows the screen where the isolated zone of the breakdown address, the valves that supply that zone, as well as the valve ID numbers and locations. Furthermore the “Streets Affected” in Figure 1 enables access to the ordered list of streets where water will be cut in the field shown in Table 1 as an example. Figure 3 provides a sample map printout to detect valve location for the staff controlling the area for the breakdown repairworks on a 7/24 basis.   Figure 1. Inquiry Screen for Addresses Affected by Water Cut, Isolated Zones and Valve Locations     Figure 2. Screen for Number, Address and Operation (Open-Closed) of the Valve Controlling the Isolated Zone Table 1. Sample List of Streets where Water Cut Shall Take Place for a Valve Fixing. 202 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water REFERENCE 1. Application of Infrastructure Information System in Kağıthane Branch Directorate in İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, İstanbul - Turkey, 2012 (In this study, there isn’t any quotation from another source.) 203 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Elemental Sulfur-Based Autotrophic Denitrification Processes for Drinking Water Treatment Erkan Sahinkaya1, Nesrin Dursun2, Adem Kilic, Ozer Cinar3,4 Istanbul Medeniyet University, Bioengineering Department, Istanbul, Turkey erkansahinkaya@yahoo.com 2 Harran University, Environmental Engineering Department, Sanliurfa, Turkey 3 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Environmental Engineering Department, Kahramanmaras, Turkey 4 Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Abstract Recently much attention has been on sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification of nitrate contaminated ground water as elemental-sulfur is non-toxic, water insoluble, stable under normal conditions, and readily available. In this process, the elemental sulfur and nitrate act as an electron donor and an acceptor, respectively. Hence, nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas and sulfur is oxidized to sulfate. Besides several advantages, sulfate and acid formation are the main disadvantages of the process. In the present study, the impact of alkalinity source on the process performance was evaluated in two fixed bed column reactors. Lime-stone or bicarbonate was used as alkalinity source in the column-1 and column-2, respectively. Results illustrated that the slow dissolution of lime-stone may limit the denitrification efficiency. Also, dissolution of lime-stone released Ca+2, which increased the hardness of treated effluent. Bicarbonate supplemented reactor gave much higher denitrification performance and may be proffered over lime-stone, although lime-stone is cheaper and readily available. Keywords: drinking water, denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification. 1. INTRODUCTION Recently much more attention has been paid to sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification of nitrate contaminated ground water (Soares, 2002; Moon et al., 2008; Sahinkaya et al., 2011), as elementalsulfur is non-toxic, water insoluble, stable under normal conditions, and readily available (Soares, 2002). In sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification process, elemental sulfur and nitrate act as an electron donor and an acceptor, respectively, without requirement of organic supplementation (Reaction 1). 1.1S0 + NO3- + 0.76H2O + 0.4CO2 + 0.08NH4+ → 0.08C5H7O2N + 1.1SO42- + 0.5N2 + 1.28H+ (1) The main disadvantages of this process are sulfate and acid generation. Hence, external alkalinity supplementation is required to keep pH neural in the process. In this study, the impact of alkalinity source (lime-stone or bicarbonate) on the performance of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification efficiency was evaluated in two column bioreactors. One reactor was filled with solely by sulfur granules and externally supplemented with bicarbonate. The other was filled with a mixture of sulfur and lime-stone (as alkalinity source). 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Bıoreactors Two laboratory-scale glass column reactors were used in the study. One column (column-1) had an empty bed volume of 350 mL and was filled with sulfur (0.5-1mm), lime-stone (0.5-1mm) and activated carbon (1-1.5 mm) particles with equivalent volume. The other column reactor (column-2) had an empty bed volume of 400 mL and was filled with sulfur (0.5-1 mm) and activated carbon (1-1.5 mm) particles with volume ratios of around 2/3 and 1/3, respectively. The bioreactors were inoculated with a denitrifying activated sludge and operated continuously in up-flow mode at 2830°C. The feed of the column-2 was supplemented with NaHCO3 to obtain feed alkalinity around 600 mg/L CaCO3. The reactors were sampled at least three times a week for the measurement of NO3-N, NO2-N, sulfate, sulfide, pH, alkalinity, and Ca2+. 204 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification process performance was evaluated in two parallel column reactors. Column-1 included cheap and readily available lime-stone particles as alkalinity source, whereas the feed of column-2 was externally supplemented with NaHCO3 as alkalinity source. In the column-1, complete denitrification was obtained when the HRT was 15 h and 8.4 h (Fig. 1, left panel). However, denitrification efficiency decreased and nitrite accumulated when the HRT was decreased to 5.6 h. In order to recover process performance, HRT was increased to 11 h on day 68 and complete denitrification was achieved again. When the feed NO3-N was increased to 75 mg/L on day 80, both nitrite and nitrate appeared in the effluent. The maximum denitrification rate was around 200 mg NO3-N/(L.d). In the column-2 (right panel on Fig. 1), decreasing HRT until to 4 h did not adversely affected process performance. Further increasing the feed NO3-N to 75 mg/L on day 75 adversely affected process performance and nitrate accumulated in the reactor effluent. The maximum denitrification rate in column-2 was 300 mg NO3-N/(L.d). Hence, the reactor supplemented with bicarbonate gave higher denitrification rate as slow dissolution of lime-stone may not neutralized the acid produced at high loadings, which was verified by decreased effluent pH (results not shown). According to reaction 1, each mg NO3-N reduction will require 4.57 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity. During denitrification process, sulfate concentration increased in both reactor and the theoretical sulfate concentrations based on reaction-1 closely followed the measured concentrations. The hardness concentration in the effluent of column 1 increased to 350 mg/L CaCO3 due to release of Ca2+ during lime-stone dissolution. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 8.4 h 5.6 h 11 h A 60 11 h Feed NO3-N Effluent NO3-N 40 Effluent NO2-N 20 0 600 B 400 Feed Effluent Theoretical 200 0 20 40 60 Day NO3-N or NO2-N (mg/L) 15 h 80 Sulfate (mg/L) Sulfate (mg/L) NO3-N or NO2-N (mg/L) Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 80 100 120 80 60 7.2 h 10.5 h 6h 4h 4h A 40 Feed NO3-N Effluent NO3-N 20 0 600 B 400 Effluent NO2-N Feed Effluent Theoretical 200 0 20 40 60 80 Day Fig. 1. Performance of bioreactors. Left panel: column-1, Right panel: column-2. 4. CONCLUSIONS Sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification can be effectively used in drinking water denitrification. Acid and sulfate generations are the main drawbacks of the process. Acid generation should be neutralized with external alkalinity supplementation. Results showed that bicarbonate supplemented bioreactor (column-2) has much higher denitrification potential compared to lime-stone included bioreactor. REFERENCES 1. Moon, H.S., et al., 2008. A long-term performance test on an autotrophic denitrification column for application as a permeable reactive barrier, Chemosphere 73, 723–728. 2. Soares, M.I.M., 2002. Denitrification of groundwater with elemental sulfur, Water Res. 36, 1392–1395. 3. Sahinkaya, et al., 2011. Simultaneous heterotrophic and sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification process for drinking water treatment: control of sulfate production. Water Res. 45, 6661–6667. 205 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Degradation of Isoproturon by Advanced Oxidation Processes and Analysis of Toxicity of Byproducts Rana Kıdak, Şifa Doğan Cyprus International University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering E-mail: rkidak@ciu.edu.tr, sifadogan@hotmail.co.uk Abstract Persistent contaminants like isoproturon may remain in environmental matrices at trace levels after a long period of time. It is slightly soluble in water matrices and most likely to accumulate in oily tissues of fishes. Therefore, it can be easily involved into the food chain and causes several toxic effects to non-target organisms. The aim of this paper is to study decomposition of isoproturon molecules in aqueous solutions (100-50-10-5-2.5ppb) by medium frequency ultrasonic irradiation (575-861-1141 kHz), ozonation (2.7240mg/L.min), addition of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.1g/L) and combination of these processes (US/O3/TiO2). Individually 100 % degradation of isoproturon was achieved in each process. Degradation curves followed first order kinetics and the highest reaction rates were for US (optimum) 0.0374 min-1,US/TiO2 0.0574 min-1, ozonation 0.1766min-1 and for USO3TiO2 0.1866min-1. The possible major byproduct was selected to be 1,2-Benzenedicarboylic acid with a molecular weight of 278. EC50 values was found to be 83,60% after ozonation and 12,19% after USO3TiO2 treatment when isoproturon molecules are totally decomposed. After US irradiation process %EC50 couldn’t be monitored due to the low toxicity levels. TOC removal after 90 minutes treatments was 15% for US irradiation, 64% for ozonation and 70% for USO3TiO2 combination. Keywords: Isoproturon,Ultrasound, Ozonation, Degradation, Toxicity. 1. INTRODUCTION Isoproturon is a banned pesticide mostly used to prevent growth of unwanted plants. Its use was restricted by the European Union countries several years ago but due to the persistent physicochemical characteristics of the compound, it can be still remain in environmental matrices at low concentrations. Several studies were carried out in literature to eliminate such herbicides from the aqueous matrix. Photodegradation, addition of catalysts like TiO2, photo-Fenton, ozonation and ultrasound is most usefull advanced oxidation processes preferred in previous studies with high degradation efficiencies [1], [2], [3]. AOPs produce free radicals which are excited molecules appear after application of the process and they may attack selectively or most of the times unselectively to the contaminants and cause their degradation. The maximum concentration level of total pesticides allowed in drinking waters is 0.5 ug/L both in Turkish and European Standards. In this study, the degradation kinetics was performed between 100-2.5ppb concentration range to simulate the possible degradation process which may occur in natural waters containing low levels of pesticides. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Materıals Isoproturon (99,9%) was purchased from Labor Dr Ehrenstorfer.The metanol (Merck), acetonitrile (Merck), ammonium formate (Fluka), was all Liquid Chromatograhy Grade.Titanium dioxide %1 Mn doped, nanopowder, <100nm BET, >97% was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ultrapure water was supplied from Sartorius Ultrapure Water Systems.A medium-high frequency ultrasonic system (Meinhart Ultraschalltechnik) composed of a generator, an amplifier and a titanium plate type transducer operating at different frequencies (575-861-1141 kHz) was used for ultrasonic irradiation. Ozone was generated from air using OPAL OG 400 ozone generator with a maximum production capacity of 400mg/h O3. Reactions were carried out in same 500 mL double jacketed cyclindrical glass reactor which was connected to the ultrasonic transducer. 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Experımental Methods Stock solution was prepared by dissolving 50mg solid isoproturon in 100mL acetonitrile:water 206 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water (50:50) solution. 250 mL aqueous solutions of isoproturon were prepared between 100-50-10-52.5 ppb concentration after several dilutions. 1mL aliquots were taken at different time intervals for concentration measurements. For toxicity, TOC and byproduct analysis, the experiments were repeated at by taken sufficient amounts of samples. 2.2.2 Analytıcal Methods Concentration measurements were made by LCMSMS. Electron spray ionization was used to ionize isoproturon and the quantitative ion m/z was 72.1 and qualitative ion m/z was 165.3. The LC column was C18 material with 4u pore size. TOC analysis made by using TOC-Analyzer. Toxicity tests were carried out with Microtox Model 500 using Vibrio Fischeri acute reagent. Byproducts were analyzed by GCMS after solid phase extraction with C18 cartridges. 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION AOPs were found efficient to decompose isoproturon molecules totally. Degradation curves followed first order kinetics. US frequency optimization showed that after 90 minutes irradiation with 575kHz and 60W conditions, the highest reaction rate was 0.034min-1. Addition of TiO2 nanoparticles increased reaction rate up to 0.0547min-1. Concentration was inversely proportional with the ultrasonic degradation efficiencies. Ozonation process decompose all isoproturon solutions(1002.5ppb) in shorter time that after 10 minutes ozonation, the highest reaction rate was 0.1766min-1 and EC50 value was 83,60%. Combination of the processes US/O3/TiO2 resulted with the highest reaction rate due to the synergetic effects which was supposed to cause an increase in radical formation. The rate of the reaction was 0.1866min-1 and the EC50 value was 12,19% after totally degradation of isoproturon. The major byproduct was found to be 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid.. which has molecular weight of 278. The highest intensity of the byproduct observed at ozonation process. When the decomposition isoproturon solution occurred faster, the molecules added in to the benzene ring by unit time also increased. US irradiation decomposed isoproturon molecules slower than the ozonation process therefore, the intensity of the byproduct was found much smaller. The combination of US and O3 processes showed that the occurrence of byproduct was smaller than it was observed in ozonation process while the TOC removal was the highest (70%). This was due to enhanced dissolution of gaseous ozone molecules in aqueous solutions by the help of US waves therefore; while the byproducts are produced they were also decomposed by the increase in radical formation. It must be noted that after totally degradation of isoproturon, when the reaction time continued to increase, toxicity was also increased due to the formation of byproducts. TiO2 showed no significant effect in TOC removal and byproduct analysis. US/O3 or US/O3/TiO2 processes promise fast and efficient treatment for trace levels of isoproturon in aqueous solutions and 20 minute operation result with acceptable toxicity levels due to the occurrence of byproducts. REFERENCES 1. Melero, J. A., Martinez, F., Molina, R., and Segura, Y., (2012). Role of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Sonolcatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants of in Wastewater, Taylor&Francis Group. 2. Hua, I., and Hoffman, M.R., (1997). Optimization of Ultrasonic Irradiation as an Advanced Oxidation Technology, Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 2237-2243. 3. Ayala, P. C., El-Din, M. G., and Smith, D. W., (2010). Kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of two pesticides in aqueous solutions by ozonation, Chemosphere, 78, 557-562. 207 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Impact of Effluent on Wetland Ecosystem and Waste Management for Productivity and Sustainability in Indian Sub-Continent Anandamoy Puste1, Tanuj Kumar Mandal1 and Dilip Kumar Das2 *Professor and 1Ph.D. Research Fellow, Department of Agronomy, E-mail: ampuste_bckv@yahoo.co.in 2 Professor, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, B.C.K.V. (State Agricultural University), Mohanpur - 741 252, Nadia (West Bengal), India. E-mail: dkdas1231@sify.com 1 Abstract Wetland ecosystem of Indian subtropics possesses potentiality but oftenly subject to degrees of stresses and degradation due to industrial effluents and natural degradation. Investigation was made in new, old alluvial and coastal ecozones on water characterization (pH, BOD, COD, SO2-S, Cl-, NO3-, Turbidity, Cd and F-) due to effect of gaseous emissions, industrial effluent and thermal power plants, as these are related with welfare of the society (agricultural, pisciculture and domestic use). Integrated wetland management was emphasized to make upliftment of rural economy as the mounting pressure of ecosystems poses a threat and vulnerable for normal life support. This paper also deals with avenues on fish + valuable aquatic crops integrated improvised farming system and unique watershed approach sustainable for rainwater conservation and upright production system, exhibited positive outturn due to wise use of natural resources without degradation. Parallelly, waste management opted for making bio-resource organics derived from semiaquatic earthworms [Eisenia foetida (Sav.) and its positive impacts on crops. Thus, it is imperative to utilize this ecosystem integrately through approaches for development with impetuously for pollutant-free foods, fuel, fishes and other biological enterprises and ultimately, economic stability of the rural people that are inextricably linked with sustainability of the regions. Keywords: Ecosystem, crop + fish culture, pollutants, productivity, soil & water characterization. 1. INTRODUCTION Wetlands has a pivotal role for maintaining bio-diversity and this environment of the carboniferous period produced and preserved many fossil fuels on which we greatly depend now, for this James[1] has rightly termed as ‘Nature’s kidney’ of the world. Wetland has a great role for (i). maintaining ecological balance and refreshing, (ii). recharging groundwater and (iii). over all, sustenance of rural livelihoods [2]. The balance of ecosystem being seriously disturbed by direct and indirect activities, more pronounced in developing and underdeveloped countries. Thousands of toxic containments have found their ways to this environment. Thermal power plants, chemical plants and food/beverage industry etc. produced the largest amount of hazardous pollutants in every moments [3]. The extent of this contamination is so vast that the food we eat, air we breathe and water-we drink are suspected to contain a number of toxins [4]. In view, case studies were undertaken on the emissions of various gases, effluent from industrial in two extreme situations: (i). immediate vicinity of industrial areas and (ii). distal from the industrial areas to characterize emissions of various gases and water characterization with following objectives: (a). to determine the characterization and quality, (b). to correlate various quality of water affected due to acid rain and (c). to evaluate fish-crop productivity using INM (organics) and sustainability for rural economy. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Water samples were collected from near by as well as distance from the industrial polluted areas, e.g. 1.5, 6.5, 12.8, 40.0 km (Kalyani, Gayeshpur, Chakdah and Hanskhali in Nadia; and Bandel in the district of Hooghly) of West Bengal, India and were analyzed in the laboratory by using AAS and Fluoride meter, respectively following standard analytical procedure [5]. Live-fishes and valuable aquatic food crops were practiced following proper improvised agro-techniques including use of organics produced from earth-worms [Eisenia foetida (Sav.) as nutrient and feed materials in sole and integrated system for productivity, rural sustainability and over all, judging the quality of water. 208 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2.1. Qualıty of water Higher pH level and highest conc. of SO4-S, Cl-, NO3-, F-, Cd recorded in lake water of Gayeshpur, while, lowest values in Hanskhali areas (Table 1). BOD and COD, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC) exhibited highest in lake water of Gayeshpur corresponding lowest values in lake water of Hanskhali, suggested that areas very nearer to industry (1-2 km) found to be worse affected related to water quality. Hanskhali is far away from industrial sites, recorded a lowest values of all constituents leading to good quality of water, may not be affected to aquatic environment, safe for use. Some industries release the toxic substance, which affect the colour, clarity, temperature and other properties of water. Water containing a substantial amount of suspended particulate matters (SPM) and other dissolve organic substances affect the colour, clarity vis-a-vis affecting its quality. Thermal pollution, in case of Bandel under study, is another type of physical pollution which has become widespread in recent years [2]. Parameters of water quality Location pH SO2-S ClNO3BOD COD Turbidity EC Cd (mg L-1) (mg L-1) (mg L-1) (mg L-1) (mg L-1) (JU) μ mohs/cm (mg L-1) F(mg L-1) Kalyani 7.2 410 380 4.8 0.71 1.17 14 0.68 0.008 0.80 Gayeshpur 5.4 880 570 15.8 4.92 5.10 20 5.14 0.15 1.20 Bandel 5.8 775 540 12.9 4.87 4.98 18 4.06 0.12 0.10 Chakdah 7.6 315 270 4.2 0.82 0.08 6 0.71 0.007 0.60 Hanskhali 7.4 220 188 3.8 0.68 0.82 4 0.59 -0.003 0.20 C.D. (P=0.05) 0.4 132 120 0.5 0.18 0.20 3.0 0.15 0.006 0.50 Table 1. Quality of pond water near by and distal from industrial areas in different locations under study 2.2. Fısh-crop dıversıty: benefıcıal aspects of wetlands Practicing of water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) and makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) - cum fish culture were out-yielded (makhana equivalent yield, MEY - 1.68, 2.36 as sole for the crop and 4.97 t ha-1 for makhana + live-fishes and remunerative than that of monoculture (B-C ratio - 1.72, 2.88 as sole and 3.71 as integration), mostly preferred by rural and urban people in the regions and it gained >3.0 folds than that of existing farmer’s practice without further degrading quality of water indeed [2]. CONCLUSION In developing and underdeveloped countries, although industries are providing employment opportunity, increasing local incomes and earning foreign exchange for the country but still it causes environmental degradation ignoring WHO’s specifications. Eco-friendly management including phytoremediation, awareness is the options for sustenance of the ecosystem in a greater interest of a nation. REFERENCES 1. James, E. J., (1995). Managing the wetlands and their watersheds. Yojana. 39 (182), 43-50. 2. Puste, A. M., Das, D. K., (2001). Impact of air pollutant on the ecosystems in the vicinity of industrial areas of Indian subtropics. Water, Air and Soil Pollution (The Netherlands), 130, 843-848. 3. Chakraborty, C. S., (1999). Environment, Evolution and Man: Environment: Issues and Challenges eds, Basu, D. K., Basu, A. K., Mallik, A., Ghosh, A. R., Academic Staff College Press, Burdwan Uni., India). 4. Khopker, S. M., (1995). Environmental Pollution Analysis, Published by New Age International (P) Ltd. 5. Jackson, M. L., (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi. 209 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Identification of a Feasible Treatment Process to Valorize Dredged Sediments from Small Italian Harbours Sara Dastoli1, Giorgia De Gioannis2, Maurizio Morelli3, Aldo Muntoni2, Roberto Peretti4, Alessandra Polettini5, Raffaella Pomi5, Elena Romano1, Antonello Serci2, Alessio Stramazzo5, Barbara Villani3, Antonello Zucca4 ISPRA (Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research), Via V. Brancati, 60 - 00144 Rome (Italy) Università di Cagliari, Dip. di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, Piazza d’Armi, 1 – 09123 Cagliari (Italy) 3 Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente Emilia Romagna, Largo Caduti del Lavoro, 6 - 40121 Bologna (Italy) 4 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria. Piazza d’Armi, 19 - 09123 Cagliari (Italy) 5 Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Dip. di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale. Via Eudossiana, 18 – 00184 Rome (Italy) raffaella.pomi@uniroma1.it 1 2 Abstract Dredging operations in harbour and marine coastal areas, usually performed to maintain operational water-depth, might represent a viable option to mitigate environmental pollution if applied to remove contaminated sediments from the water body. Sediment landfilling could generate relevant environmental burdens due to the amounts of materials to be disposed of; however, the implementation of alternative management options aimed at re-use is hindered by the high cost of technology and the absence of a market for the recovered materials. The present project, named COAST BEST “CO-ordinated Approach for Sediment Treatment and BEneficial reuse in Small harbours networks” and funded in the framework of the LIFE08+ ENV European call, is aimed to find out a method to integrate all the phases of sediments management, through the creation of a network-based system including different small harbours, which can be geographically interconnected so as to make sediment treatment and valorization feasible by a technical and economical point of view. Keywords: contaminated sediment, environmental dredging, sediment washing. 1. INTRODUCTION Surface waters receive discharges of various origin, often containing contaminants which may sorb onto sediment particles. Consequently, sediments can be considered as a reservoir of contaminants having the potential of dissolving or migrating them into the water column. In harbour areas, dredging might be applied to restore water quality and mantain adequate water depth. Frequently, contaminated sediments have to be dredged, dewatered and treated before reuse or final disposal. Despite decades of research, surprisingly up to now sediment treatment has not been frequently practiced due to the huge volumes involved, the high costs and the risk of poor effectiveness. The present project is aimed at preserving the quality of coastal zones by 1) developing an integrated sediment management system (vertical integration) and 2) creating a network of small harbours (horizontal integration). The study area consists of the nine small harbours of the Emilia-Romagna Region coastline, facing the Adriatic sea which is the northernmost eastern arm of the Mediterranean sea. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS A coastal area, including 9 small harbours of Emilia-Romagna Region, was chosen as pilot site. A detailed characterization plan was designed and carried out, including sampling plan, target parameters to be determined and methods and procedures to be adopted [1,2,3,4]. Different size separation processes were tested, including dry/wet sieving and hydrocyclone separation. Ultrasonication was also applied to improve physical separation of solid particles. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Figure 1, the sand content of the 0-50 cm and 50-100cm sediment layer for Porto Garibaldi and Cesenatico is shown, evidencing a variabiliy of the sand content and the need of a flexible treatment sequence which could be adapted to the material characteristics. The contamination level appeared to be mild; Zn, As, Benzo(a)pyrene and C>12, were the most critical contaminants in some of the 210 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water investigated samples, while trybutil tin and PAH were detected in the Porto Garibaldi sample and at the entrance of Cesenatico harbour, respectively. On the basis of the lab scale separation test results, a treatment train was thus designed and tested, and it will be scaled up during the second part of the project activities. Even if in areas, sediment characteristics appeared to be adequate for a direct sediment reuse (sand content > 90%), a treatment train was tested in order to further increase the sediment quality in view of beach nourishment. The treatment train will be scaled up during the second part of the project activities. Porto Garibaldi. Sand content (section 0-50 cm) Cesenatico. Sand content (section 0-50 cm) Porto Garibaldi. Sand content (section 50-100 cm) Cesenatico. Sand content (section 50-100 cm) Figure 1. Grain size distribution in sediments of Porto Garibaldi and Cesenatico REFERENCES 1. Romano E., Bergamin L., Ausili A., Pierfranceschi G., Maggi C., Sesta G., Gabellini M., The impact of the Bagnoli industrial site (Naples, Italy), on sea-bottom environment. Chemical and textural features of sediments and the related response of benthic foraminifera, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 59, 245-256 (2009) 2. Nota D.J.G.. Sediments of the western Guyana shelf. Report of Orinoco shelf expedition, 2, Mendedel. Landbomvhogedrool, Wegeningera, 98 (1958). 3. Shepard F.P., 1954. Nomenclature based on sand–silt–clay ratios. J Sed Petr 24, 151-158 4. ICRAM, Metodologie analitiche di riferimento - Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio - Servizio Difesa Mare. Programma di monitoraggio per il controllo dell’ambiente marino-costiero (triennio 2001-2003). 211 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Use of Post-Epimerized Alginate in Turbidity Removal Çiğdem Kıvılcımdan Moral1,2, Helga Ertesvåg3, F. Dilek Sanin1 Department of Environmental Engineering, METU, Ankara, Turkey Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya, Turkey 3 Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway cigdemmoral@akdeniz.edu.tr, helga.ertesvag@ntnu.no, dsanin@metu.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract Alginates are natural polymers composed of mannuronic and guluronic acids. In this study, alginate was produced by Azotobacter vinelandii using a shake flask and then it was epimerized by AlgE1, which is one of the extracellular epimerases converting mannuronic acid into guluronic acid. Three different epimerization levels with different GG-block contents were obtained and these alginates were applied as flocculants to elucidate the effect of GG-block on turbidity removal of a kaolinite suspension. Highly epimerized alginate sample was able to decrease turbidity from 10 to 1 NTU by 5 mg/L of alginate together with 30 mg/L of calcium ion. Keywords: Alginate, Azotobacter vinelandii, water treatment. 1. INTRODUCTION Alginates are naturally produced polymers composed of mannuronic (M) and guluronic (G) acids. Alginate production from Azotobacter vinelandii by shake flasks was extensively studied [1] although only few works were interested in monomer block distribution [2]. Block distribution of alginate can be changed by using extracellular enzymes such as AlgE1 which is one of enzymes secreted by Azotobacter vinelandii genome [3]. These days, natural polymers are getting more interest as coagulant in water and wastewater treatment [4, 5]. Alginates are one of the examples which form gels with divalent cations. In this study, it was proposed that these gel formations may improve flocculation and resulted better turbidity removal. For this purpose, alginates were produced by using shake flask from Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046 and epimerized by AlgE1 to favor the GG-block structure. These polymers were then tested for the removal of turbidity from kaolinite suspensions. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS A previously developed plasmid, pHH1, was used to produce AlgE1 in 3 x Luria Broth with 200 mg/L ampicillin. This epimerase was purified by using ion-exchange chromatography with a column (HiTrap Q HP) operated by a FPLC system. Activities of enzyme were measured by liquid scintillation counting. Alginate was produced by Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046 in a flask at 30°C and 225 rpm in modified Burk’s medium for 72 hours. Details of the medium composition were as described elsewhere[6].For the epimerization of alginate, conditions of alginate solution (0.25 %) were adjusted to obtain highly epimerized alginate for AlgE1[7]. MOPS (50mM), CaCl2 (0.8 mM), NaCl (20 mM) were added into alginate solution at pH 6.9. All these constituents including the enzyme were mixed well and incubated at 37 °C during 48 hours. After the incubation period, the solution was dialyzed once against 10 mM of EDTA (Spectra/Pore® Membrane MWCO: 6–8000) and then against distilled water. To epimerize alginate at moderate level, the incubation time was decreased to 8 hours. 1 H-NMR analysis was used to determine the monomer distribution according to ASTM F 2259-03 method [8]. For turbidity removal experiments, a kaolinite suspension of 10 NTU was prepared and experiments were performed with VELP Scientifica JLT6 Jar Test apparatus having six mixers each with two flat blades. The beakers were filled with 500 mL and first Ca2+ (15-120 mg/L) was added and mixed for 5 min at 120 rpm. Then alginate (0.1 - 20 mg/L) was added and mixed for further 5 min at 120 rpm. After that, the aggregates were led to grow for 12 min at 40 rpm. Finally, they were settled for 30 min and final turbidity value was measured by Hach 2100N turbidimeter. All experiments were performed in triplicates. 212 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The amount of alginate was found as 1.6 g/L and the alginate sample consists of 23% of GG-, 24% of MG- and 52% of MM-blocks. Hence, this alginate is rich in mannuronic acid and called as non-epimerized alginate sample. After epimerization of this alginate by using AlgE1, moderately epimerized alginate sample was found to have 40% of GG-block whilst highly epimerized sample contains 73% of GG-block. All these three samples were used to elucidate the effect of block type and content on flocculation potential of the polymer. Kaolinite suspensions having initial turbidity of 10 NTU were treated with alginate samples together with calcium ion to remove turbidity value down to drinking water level. Final turbidity value could be decrease below 1 NTU at 10 mg/L of highly-epimerized alginate sample (in the range of 0.1 - 20 mg/L). Then, calcium ion concentration was optimized between 15 and 120 mg/L with 5 mg/L of alginate since alginate is a valuable source. For this case, the maximum turbidity removal was observed at 30 mg/L of calcium ion concentration with residual turbidity of 1 NTU. Therefore, the required alginate dose for the same turbidity removal efficiency could be reduced by half with the optimization of calcium concentration. For the case of moderately-epimerized alginate sample, twice higher dose of moderately epimerized alginate is needed to achieve the same turbidity removal efficiency compared to highly epimerized alginate. On the other hand, only 40 % of turbidity reduction could be achieved at 7.5 mg/L of non-epimerized alginate sample. Alginates having high GG-block content are known to form egg-box structure in the presence of calcium ion. It can be proposed that this formation may enhance floc formation and thus, increase the efficiency of turbidity removal process. REFERENCES 1. Clementi, F., Crudele, M. A., Parente, E., Mancini, M., Moresi, M., (1999). Production and characterization of alginate from Azotobacter vinelandii, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79, 602–610 2. Annison, G., Couperwhite, I., (1986). Influence of calcium on alginate production and composition in continuous cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 25, 55–61 3. Ertesvåg, H., Valla, S., Skjåk-Bræk, G., (2009). Enzymatic alginate modification in Rehm, B.H.A., eds. Alginates: biology and applications, Springer-Verlag, 95–115, Berlin. 4. Devrimci, H. A., Yuksel, A. M., Sanin, F. D., (2012). Algal alginate: A potential coagulant for drinking water treatment, Desalination, 299, 16-21 5. Sand, A., Yadav, M, Mishra, D. K., Behari, K., (2010). Modification of alginate by grafting of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and studies of physicochemical properties in terms of swelling capacity, metal ion uptake and flocculation, Carbohydrate Polymers, 80, 4, 1147–1154 6. Moral Kıvılcımdan, Ç., Sanin, F. D., (2012). An Investigation of agitation speed as a factor affecting the quantity and monomer distribution of alginate from Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39, 3, 513-519 7. Holtan, S., Bruheim, P., Skjåk-Bræk, G., (2006). Mode of action and subsite studies of the guluronan block-forming mannuronan C-5 epimerases AlgE1 and AlgE6, Biochemical Journal, 395, 319–329 8. ASTM F 2259-03, (2003). Standard test method for determining the chemical composition and sequence in alginate by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. 213 214 WASTEWATER 215 216 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Environmental Technology Lab of Europe - Experience, Status and Future Opportunities in the German Southwest Dr.-Ing. Hannes Spieth1, Dr. Ferdinand Pohl, Heike Rathgeb Umwelttechnik BW Center for Technology and Innovation for Environmental Technology and Efficiency of Resources Baden-Wuerttemberg GmbH E-mail: hannes.spieth@umwelttechnik-bw.de 1 Abstract In this paper a baseline study of environmental technologies and cleaner production practices in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany is conducted. The region is pursuing in particular the goal of establishing the “environmental technology lab of Europe” for designing, exploring, experiencing and refining new technologies in practical application. Relevant environmental key players including network initiatives and research facilities are presented. Furthermore the practical application of environmental technology is illustrated using three best practice examples of environmentally compatible solutions made in BadenWuerttemberg. It is shown that the German southwest provides a world of opportunities for environmental technologies, efficiency of resources and cleaner production by working in close networks between industry and commerce, science and education as well as administration and politics. However, high-tech solutions designed for the conditions in Europe have to be adapted to meet the needs of threshold and developing countries. Keywords: Environmental Technologies, Cleaner Production, Network Initiatives, Best Practice Solutions. REFERENCES 1. Shrivastava, P., (1995). Environmental Technologies and Competitive Advantage, Strategic Management Journal 16, 183200 2. GreenTech made in Germany 3.0, (2012). Environmental Technology Atlas for Germany, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) 3. Regional Cluster Atlas Baden-Wuerttemberg (2010). Ministry of Economics Baden-Wuerttemberg 4. Research in Baden-Wuerttemberg, (2010). Baden-Wuerttemberg International 5. Kotz, C., Hillenbrand, T., Hiessl, H., Mohr, M., Trösch, W., (2004). Demonstration project DEUS 21: a concept for a sustainable water infrastructure, Conference Proceeding - 2nd IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Sustainability 6. CEEP (1997). Phosphate. European Chemical Industry Council. Centre Européen d’etudes des Polyphosphates, Brussels 7. Cornel, P., Schaum, C., (2005). Rückgewinnung von Phosphor aus Klärschlamm. In: Stuttgarter Berichte zur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft Band 184, 73-92 8. Esemen, T. Dockhorn, T., (2009). Ökonomische Aspekte der Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Abwasser und Klärschlamm, KA Abwasser, Abfall, 8, 790-796 9. Antakyali, D.; Preyl, V.; Meyer, C.; Maier, W.; Steinmetz, H., (2012). Large-Scale Practical Application Of Nutrient Recovery From Digested Sludge As Struvite. Conference Proceeding - 9th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies 217 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The Former German Waste Oil Levy’s Ideas and System as a Possible Tool for an Effective Resource Protection Ralf Ramin Brunswick University of Technology, Institute of Law ralf.ramin@tu-braunschweig.de Abstract In all fields of life resources are of importance. After centuries of exploitation almost in all areas resources are seldom. In the near future the humankind will need tools that lead to an effective resource protection urgently. It does not need necessarily anything new to be invented. At first, we should have an overview, how and in which ways legal and policy goals were successfully in the past. Such an ‘old’ tool could be the former German Waste Oil Levy. It was introduced in Germany in 1968 by the Waste Oil Act and it has been established a transfer to a reserve fund to finance waste oils disposal. The End came with the abolition of the Waste Oil Act by the Waste Act of 1986 at the beginning of 1989. Nevertheless the former German Waste Oil Levy could maybe due to an effective resource protaction system by levies. My paper’s content is to present the former German Waste Oil Levy and to project them to a general resource protection levy’s model (Part one). In the second part, my contribution is to examine the introduced model with the help of the German Constitutional Law and the European Community Law. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Water as an essential resource for human beings, animals and plants, rare mineral raw materials and fossil fuels for the industry and land/ground for settlement, agriculture, animal husbandry, factories and other buildings - in all areas of importance resources are rar after hundreds of years of human exploitation. Resources’ protection plans are developed at the national, but also at the supranational level. In common, they are searching for tools for an effective resources’ protection. In addition to the planning and direct control behavior (especially penalties), it is the indirect behavioural control, especially by the financial contributions or by subsidies offer, that due to promising results in the control of resource consuming. Many scientists are looking for new effective tools. In order to find and to develop the best management tools for the near future, it should be noted, that numerous mechanisms have been invented and tested already. One of the oldest also environmental protection’s tools was the so-called German Waste Oil Levy. It was introduced in 1968 by the Waste Oil Act (BGBl. I 1968, p. 1419 ff.) and it has been established a transfer to a reserve fund to finance waste oils disposal. Coupled with the tax on oil, the acquirers of lubricating oils and gas oils had to pay a levy within the scope of a levy-subsidy-system, which was financed through the reserve fund. The fund should be used for waste oil elimination. Based on the German Waste Oil Levy’s System, the amount of a resources’ levy should depend accordingly on three factors: a. A Collection rate that is determined by the public authority to adapt the amount of the levy to the topical circumstances and changes. b. A factor specific for each resource which reflects on the one hand the rarity of it and on the other hand for raw materials its recycling ability as well as the recycling expenditure to the production as a secondary raw material. c. Consumption amount of the material in the production. The use of the levy proceeds should lead to a “double steering system effect” of the levy. The effect lies in the fact that on the one hand the levy should promote an attraction to reduce the use of the resources and on the other side a support of the recycling and substitution of the industrial raw materials. 218 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Moreover, by the system of the former German Waste Oil Levy, the proceed must be used as follows: At first it requires a recreated or an existing public authority, that has the duty to enter, administrate the levies, to supervise the levy debtors and to pay out the money to the recycling enterprises and the enterprises, that have found substitution possibilities. The administrative costs of the public authority, the development into the actual use, the financial support for recycling, and the substitution of resources are covered by the levy. It is necessary to identify the juridical conditions for such a resource protection levy. 2. METHOD In the first part in subsection one of my contribution I want to introduce the specific model of the former German Waste Oil Levy. In subsection 2, I would like to transfer the German Waste Oil Levy’s model to a general levy for water and other naturel resources, raw materials, land/ground, etc. The second part is the main part of the paper: It is a legal opinion, that concerned with the legal feasibility and the constitutional review of such a levy under the German Law and the Law of the European Union. My jurisprudential study should include to encourage legal scholars from other countries who believe the model could be the right one to check it themselves on their own national legal way for their own country. The method for the first part is a descriptive presentation of the German Waste Oil Levy and the developed general resources’ levy. In the second part, the juridical conditions for resource protection levies in Germany are worked out. Concerning this, an investigation of the German and the European law is required. The interpretation of the legal norms is based on the text of the legal norm, as the expressed objectivised will of the legislator, how it arises from the text within the general use and after the special usage of the concerning regulation as well as from the context of meaning. In case of need the interpretation has to occur after the approved juridical interpretation method - systematically, historically and teleologic and purpose -. The last segment analyses legally whether the introduced resource levy corresponds to requirements. Critical points have to be determined and if it is necessary solution attempts for the removal of juridical problems will be suggested. 3. FıNDıNGS AND ARGUMENT The juridical feasibility of a resource levy in Germany is to be judged primarily by the national constitutional and the European law. As constitutional-juridical requirements at national level, there are at first the conditions of the so-called Finance Constitution (Article 104a -109 GG - Basic Law -) and secondly the Charter of Fundamental Rights (Article 1 - 19 GG). Moreover, the state authorities’ competence to non-tax levies arises from the Article 70 ff. GG. From the subsidiarity of other levy types compared with the taxe’s levy, suitable levies have to be different from the taxes. As European Community Law’s problems of such a levy, there are the Aids Granted by States (Article 107 ff. TFEU), Native’s Discrimination (Article 18 TFEU) and Article 401 Council Directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of value added tax (OJEU 2006, L 347/1 ff.), that forbids purchase taxes equal levies. 219 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 4. CONCLUSıON AND SUGGESTıONS The proposed model of a general levy on resources has to hold several conditions of the German Constitutional Law and the law of the European Community. Designed as a special levy it seems to introduce that such a special levy is possible by the German and European law. 220 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Economical Wastewater Technologies for Small Settlement Areas İlhan BAYRAM, GulcanTURAN, Faruk NAZİK Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality Water And Sewage Administration ibayram@isu.gov.tr, guturan@isu.gov.tr, fnazik@isu.gov.tr Summary Modular treatment plant technology is explained in this paper which is used for treating of small settlement areas wastewaters. Long time aerated active mud process is proposed as a treatment plant technology. ATV-A-126E standard is adapted to Turkey conditions for process calculations of the treatment plants. The advantages of this type of treatment plants are; low personnel requirement, ease of operation, low-power consumption, low sludge formation, portability and appropriate treated water quality. Keywords: Wastewater treatment, long time aerated active mud, ATV-A-126E standard. 1. INTRODUCTION Wastewaters are directly being discharged into any of recieving environments without treatment in lots of countries which is illegal according to the regulations. As the treatment plant requirement of the city centers haven’t been corresponded yet, it is thought that the infrastructure investments are very luxury for the villages. Treatment plants can not be operated because of initial expenses, operational expenses and the qualified personnel requirement. Although wastewater treatment plan installation initial investment cost and operational cost are so expensive, the main difficulty is the qualified manpower necessity which is so hard to find in small villages. Therefore, modular wastewater treatment plant system is developed as an alternative that is easy to operate, maintenance and installation. We firstly built modular wastewater treatment plant in Bağırganlı village in Kandıra district of Kocaeli and totally 5 modular wastewater treatment plants in Kocaeli where transferring wastewater is impossible to the existing treatment plant. Wastewater treatment plant serves approximately 300 km² area. If the wastewater can not be transferred with pipelines by gravity to the plant, sewage trucks are going to take wastewater to the cesspoola and carry to the plant for treatment. Desing and build specifications of the modular wastewater treatment plants are different from the usual ones. Balancing, aeration, sedimentation and sludge storaging pools are designed to be built in steel in the modular wastewater treatment plants. The sedimentation pool is especially selected in “hopperbottom” type and built in steel. Diffusers are used for aeration instead of surfacial aeration method to provide more efficient oxygen transfer. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Long time aerated active mud process is choosen as a treatment plant technology amd ATV-A126E standard is adapted to Turkey conditions for process calculations of the treatment plants. There is not enough food for microorganisms in long time aerated active mud process. Therefore, microorganisms competes eachother and eat theirselves. This causes low sludge production and increases the discharge quality of the water. Modular wastewater treatment plant is consisting of pumping system, automatically cleaned spiral inlet screen, balancing pool, biological aeration pools in one module, sedimentation pools and sludge storaging pools. 2.1 Modular Wastewater Treatment Plant Prıncıples Wastewater, taken by submerged pump from entrance of menhole then move to the canal which is over the balancing pond. It is going on here inside of the travelling grate which is self-cleaning. Distance of the bars in grate is 10 mm. In balancing pond, blistered aeration in progress for preventing AKM sedimantation inside of the sewerage. There have submerged pumps for moving sewerage flow rate evenly to each biological treatment unit. 221 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations (L*W*H) (m3) 2,4*13*3 = 94 m3 dimension aeration ponds equals to 1000 E.N. In biological reactor oxygen transfering by diffuser aeration after that sluiced MLSS, move to the 5m dimensioned sedimantation ponds. Sedimantation ponds made like hopper tank type. Inside of the sedimantation ponds, return activated sludge go back to beginning of biological reactor by submerged pumps. Excessive muds in the system, taken from return activated sludge then move to the mud storage ponds by valves over the piping. In emergency, there is a piping system planned for discharging from mud storage pond to the entrance of menhole. 2.1.1. Modular Wastewater Treatment Plant Dıscharge Parameters Treatment plant discharge water provides discharge standards of Water Pollution Inspection Regulation which is released in 31 December 2004 and 25687 numbered official journal. The treatment plant initial investment cost is 271,7 €/m3 and the operational cost is 2000 € /month which provides below shown appropriate standards. PARAMETER UNIT KOİ BOR SSM pH METHOD S.M.5220 C S.M.5220C/ Closed Back flow Vibration Method SM 21. Edition 5210 B/5 mg/L Day Biologic Oxygen Requirement Test SM 21. Edition mg/L 2540 D-Gravimetric Method(103-105ºC) SM 21. Baskı 4500-H+B / Elektrometric Method mg/L Wastewater Wastewater SKKY Efficiency (Outlet) (Inlet) Tablo 21.2 (%) Analyse Analyse Results Results 250-300 25-30 110 90 120-150 4-6 45 97 100-150 <11 30 93 7-8 7-8 6-9 - Table 1. Treated Water Quality Parameters REFERENCES 1. ATV-A 126 E “Principles for Wastewater Treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants according to Activated Sludge Process with Joint Stabilisation with Connection Values between 500 and 5000 Total Number of Inhabitants and Population Equivalents” 2. ATV-DVWK-A 198E “Standardisation and Derivation of Dimensioning Values for Wastewater Facilities” 3. Koç, S., (2006). Havuz ve Arıtım Mühendisliği: Kullanıcı Eğitim Semineri, Edremit-Türkiye 4. Örün, U. (2010). Kırsal Alanlarda Ekonomik ve Sürdürülebilir Atıksu Arıtma Çözümleri:12. Endüstriyel Kirlenme Kontrolü Sempozyumu, İstanbul-Türkiye 222 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater The Current Trenchless Experiences and Rehabilitation Needs of Sewer System in Istanbul Ahmet GULEC, Ismet CONTAR Metallurgical and Material Engineer (MSc), Turkish Society for Infrastructure and Trencless Technology Environment Engineer (MSc), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. - ISKI agulec@akated.com, icontar@iski.gov.tr Abstract Istanbul has become a center of attraction for three civilizations for 3000 years. As it is famous ancient city of the world and it has growing population, the importance of Trenchless Methods is obvious. There are many historical places where excavation is not possible in Istanbul. In this case, Trenchless Technologies are major alternative and offer many benefits for protecting historical infrastructures and reducing social cost. Currently, renewal and rehabilitation are in application in underground infrastructure such as water, gas pipeline and sewer systems. Especially, Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP), Fold & Form (F&F), Pipe Bursting and Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) methods are widely used for rehabilitation, renewal and new installation of pipelines in Istanbul. In this paper, some trenchless case studies were given, a projection of future was made and the potential of Trenchless Technologies is discussed for Istanbul. Keywords: rehabilitation, trenchless technology, CIPP, sewer 223 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Resource Oriented Sanitation Heidrun Steinmetz Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart e-mail: heidrun.steinmetz@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Water supply and wastewater treatment will be more and more driven by global aspects like climate change, water shortage and nutrient availability. Thus there is an urgent need to improve existing water infrastructures and develope new concepts for resourse oriented sanitation. Keywords: nutrient recovery, energy potential of wastewater, closing the loop, new sanitation concepts. 1. INTRODUCTıON Nowadays, one of the most urgent challenges is to establish an adequate infrastructure of public water supply and waste water disposal for the population of the world. Worldwide approximately 2.5 billion people don`t have access to basic sanitary facilities or to a sewerage system [1]. This situation in combination with an insufficient supply of potable water leads to the situation that more than two-third of the diseases in the developing countries are caused by contaminated water. Furthermore several surface waters and groundwater are severely polluted leading to severe environmental pollution. Water supply and urban drainage are basic duties of the services for the public. The challenge is to guarantee the security of supply (amount, quality), the security of disposal (hygiene and protection against flooding of urban areas), the security of water uses ( for potable water, bathing water….) and the water- and groundwater protection against the background of a rising world population with an increasing water demand. While several countries possess only rudimental water infrastructures in Germany and numerous other nations wastewater discharge and treatment have reached a very high standard. Nevertheless, a large number of approaches to improve the existing systems are in progress, for example the enhancement of the cleaning capacity regarding micropollutants and the sustainable handling of resources contained in waste water - like water, energy and nutrients. Until today wastewater is still often seen as a “waste-product”, which has to be disposed with energy and additives and by its degradation solid waste such as sewage sludge develops. Due to increasing global demands, such as climate protection and sustainable use of resources, the awareness, that wastewater sewage is a “resource” which has much to offer, slowly achieves acceptance. The potential for substitution of potable water by wastewater recycling is evident. In addition, the energy content, for example in form of energy-rich organic compounds or thermal energy can be used welldirected and more efficiently than so far. The nutrients contained in the wastewater could replace mineral fertilizers to a substantial portion and provide a contribution to the closing of nutrient cycles. For this however a reorientation is necessary. Appropriate technologies must be developed and successively integrated in existing plants, to tap the full resource potential of the waste water optimally. Furthermore, it requires in addition to innovation for conventional systems the development of new resource oriented sanitation systems, which can complement the conventional systems in a meaningful way. 2. SCOPE OF THE PAPER AND PRESENTATıON The paper aims to give an overview about the actual development in wastewater treatment in Germany with the goal to reach a higher level of energy efficieny and integrate nutrient recovery at conventional wastewater treatment plants. Besides general needs and concepts the development of technologies in technical scale will be shown as well as concrete solutions of full scale implementation [2,3]. 224 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater The entire disposal structure from Germany is developed over decades and is not just like that transferable to other countries with different climatic, geographic and socio-cultural boundary conditions. Beside the optimization of conventional systems there is also a need of developing novel sanitary systems as a completion to the existing systems in an effective way. New resource oriented sanitation systems, based on part stream separation already at household level, will be shown and discussed. REFERENCES 1. http://www.unwater.org/statistics_san.html, 29.09.2012 2. Locher, Ch., Meyer, C., Steinmetz, H., (2012). Operational experiences with a molten carbonate fuel cell at StuttgartMöhringen wastewater treatment plant. Water Science and Technology (WST) 65.5, 789-794; doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.463. 3. Antakyali, D., Preyl, V., Meyer, C., Maier, W., Steinmetz, H., (2012). Large-Scale Practical Application Of Nutrient Recovery From Digested Sludge As Struvite. Conference Proceeding - 9th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies, Brisbane, Australia, 3.-7.06.2012 225 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Effect of Treated Wastewater on Fusarium Wil of Tomato and Sweet Corn and Host Resistance Shaher Arabiat1, Ahmad AL-Momany2, Abdelnabi Fardous1 National Center for Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Jordan shaher@ncare.gov.jo 2 The University of Jordan, Faulty of Agriculture, Amman, Jordan momanyah@ju.edu.jo 1 Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of treated wastewater on the development of Fusarium wilt of tomato and sweet corn plants diseases. To achieve these objectives, a primary work was done, by conducting a field surveys during the period from September until April, in which tomato and sweet corn samples showing wilt symptoms were collected from different growing areas in Jordan. Treatments in this work included two types of irrigation water, potable water and treated wastewater, with and without inoculation of the fungus, using two cultivars of tomato (“C32 “, and “GS-12”) and two cultivars of sweet corn (‘NK199’ and “ Merit “). Different pathological parameters such as disease incidence, disease severity, and survival of fungi in the soil, were assessed to evaluate the objectives of this study. Results of surveyed samples and the isolation on culture media with microscopically identification showed that Fusarium oxysporum was the causal agent for wilted tomato plants, and Fusarium moniliforme was the causal agent for wilted sweet corn plants. Results indicated that, irrigation with treated wastewater decreased the development of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato and the Fusarium stalk rot disease of sweet corn in field experiments, while the laboratory experiment including the colony diameter test and germination test, confirmed our results in open field experiments, and gave a proof that treated wastewater suppressed the disease development, which encouraged the use of treated wastewater in the biological control programs for these diseases. Analysis of potable and treated wastewater indicated that, the physical and chemical compositions were within the limits of Jordan standards. Keywords: Fusarium, Tomato, Corn, Waste water, Host resistance. 1. INTRODUCTION Jordan is an arid to semi-arid country, and suffers from shortage of water resources. About 8.95 million hectares of a total area, over 90% are desert with less than 200mm of annual rain fall. The current estimate per capita is less than 200m3 per year; therefore the threshold level of water requirement per person per year is 1000m3 [1]. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, is a soil born plant pathogen, causes Fusarium wilt specifically in tomato The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of treated wastewater on the population dynamics and virulence of Fusarium diseases on tomato and sweet-corn plants as well as on spore germination of Fusarium and Fungal growth. 2. Materıals and Methods Fungal growth was tested microscopically on the basis of morphological characteristics to identify the genus and species of the pathogen by using taxonomical keys[2]. For most experiment, inoculum concentration was adjusted to 1×106 conidia / ml Two water samples were taken every week during the period of the experiments for chemical analysis. One of them was taken from Abu-Nusair wastewater treatment plant. The other sample was taken from municipality piped water and this will be referred to as potable water. Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K), were measured by Flame photometer, Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg), by titration with 0.01N EDTA, Cadmium, Copper, Chromium, Cobalt, Iron, Manganese, Nickle, Lead and Zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry [3]. Two separate experiments were conducted, one for tomato and the other for sweet corn plants. Four treatments were used for both cultivars of tomato and sweet corn with four replicates for each treatment. The treatments were distributed in randomized complete block design with a split-split plot arrangement. Seedlings were transplanted into the open-field on 24 May. The soil remained unfumigated in this experiment. Inoculation with Fusarium was done as described previously after three weeks. Plants were 50cm apart and grown until fruiting. Disease incidence and disease severity were determined visually. 226 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. RESULTS The fungal isolates from tomato plants indicated that Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp.lycopersci (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen, was the causal agent of tomato wilt. The fungal isolates from sweet corn plants indicated that Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, was the causal agent of stalk rots of sweet corn. The treated wastewater used in this study had an average result of analysis of the pH (7.16), electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.54, total dissolved solid (TDS) of 960. So all of these values obtained, place this type of water in a slight to moderate degree of restriction on use. Calcium, Iron and Zinc were lower in treated wastewater than in potable water, where magnesium was slightly higher in treated wastewater (39.25) than in potable water (30.85). Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate and Nitrate were much higher for treated wastewater than those of potable water. Lead, Cadmium, Manganese, Copper, Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt elements were slightly higher in wastewater than those in potable water. But all values fall within the permissible range for agriculture use according to the values obtained from Jordan standard. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two cultivars; the disease incidence for inoculated plants in cv. C32 irrigated with potable water was 77% and in cv. GS-12 was 60%, while it decreased to 67%, 50% in tomato cultivars C32, and GS-12 respectively when irrigated with treated wastewater. The highest disease severity was 40% for cv. C32 irrigated with potable water and inoculated with Fusarium oxysporium while there were no significant differences between cultivars irrigated with treated wastewater for both inoculated and non-inoculated plants . 4. Dıscussıon GS-12 tomato cultivar was more tolerant than C32 which was completely susceptible and Merit sweet corn cultivar was more tolerant compared with NK199 cultivar. The suppression of the disease development by irrigation with treated wastewater could be related either to the effect of the elements or microorganisms present in the treated wastewater. Our open filed experiment was in congruent with our lab experiment including colony diameters test, and physiological changes of the host metabolites. Our results were in agreement with Fardous and Jamjoum [4] where they indicated that irrigation with treated wastewater increased the nutrient elements in soil. Jamjoum [5] found that the soil extractable elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Ni) were higher in plots received wastewater than plots received regular water, which was similar to our results. These findings lead us to the fact that plants irrigated with treated wastewater suppressed the pathogen as described before and benefit from the nutrients available in the treated wastewater. REFERENCES 1. Abu Sharar, T, Shatnawi, M, Fardous, A. and Jamjoum, K. (1998). Jordan experience in treated wastewater reuse in irrigation. Technical Bulletin No. 22. Water and environment research and study center, University of Jordan, AmmanJordan. 2. Nelson, P, Toussoum, T. and Marasas, (W.F.O). (1983). Fusarium species: An illustrated manual for identification. Penn. State Univ. press, Univ. Park, 193pp. 3. American Public Health Association (APHA). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (20th ed). Washington, D.C. 4. Fardous, A, and Jamjoum K. (1996). Corn production and environment effects associated with the use of treated waster water in irrigation of Khirbt AL-Samra region. Annual Report, NCARTT. Amman, Jordan. 5. Jamjoum, K. (1987). Effect of wastewater and sludge application on soil, corn plant composition and production in Zizia region. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Jordan. Amman-Jordan. 227 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Influence of Operational Parameters on the Sonolysis of Oxytetracycline (OTC) Degradation Duygu Karaalp1, Nuri Azbar2 Ege University,Biotechnology Department, Bornova-Izmir dygkaraalp@gmail.com 2 Ege University, Engineering Faculty,Bioengineering Department, Bornova-Izmir nuri.azbar@ege.edu.tr 1 Abstract Recent years, ultrasound (Ultrasonic irradiation) find a promising future for the degradation of persistent organic molecules such as antibiotics in the area of wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of operating conditions, including pH value, reaction time, initial antibiotic concentration, and temperature on the OTC removal efficiency by the sonolysis was evaluated. As a result, the relationships between these factors were explicated for maximum percent antibiotic removal (the response) using one of the response surface methodologies, the Box-Behnken statistical design and %40-67 OTC removal efficiency were obtained with the sonolysis process during the experiments. In conclusion, in the light of the results obtained in this study, the antibiotic residues which are not treated in urban treatment systems could be efficiently remedied via a polishing step including AOP technology such as sonolysis. Keywords: sonolysis, oxytetracycline, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), antibiotic, degradation. 1. INTRODUCTION Pharmaceuticals constitute a large group of therapeutic and agricultural purposes which have long been used throughout the world. Recently, occurrences of pharmaceuticals into aquatic ecosystems have gained significant attention due to their potential risks of resistance and its toxic effects to live organisms and ecosystems[1]. Several investigations have showed that most traditional conventional STPs were not designed to remove trace quantities of pharmaceuticals, they can usually only partially eliminate these substances and many pharmaceuticals finally released in surface water, drinking water, and wastewater systems[2]. For this reason, alternative treatment technologies are needed as polishing step for conventional treatment plants. One such alternative is advanced oxidation/ reduction processes (AO/RPs) which based on the extremely unstable and reactive hydroxyl radicals in the mechanisms leading to the destruction of the target pollutant. Recently, several studies have reported in literature on sonolysis of various antibiotics and other drugs and on these studies sonolysis was found to be effective for the removal of several target chemical compounds[3] In the our investigation, the one of objectives were to better understand the relationships between the factors (COTC, pH, temperature, application (operation) volume and process time) and to determine optimum conditions for Ultrasound process using Box-Behnken experimental design. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Analytical grade of OTC was purchased from Sigma- Aldrich (Germany) to construct UPLC analytical curves for the determination and quantification of the antibiotic. The commercial oxytetracycline hydrochloride was purchased from Galenik Kimya, Turkey. All other chemicals were obtained from Merck Chemical Co. Ltd. All stock and buffer solutions were prepared with 15,4 MΩ deionized water, mobile phases was preperad with 18,2 MΩ ultrapure water. An ultrasound apparatus consisting of a generator, a transducer and a cylindrical glass reactor (1500 mL) was used as sonolysis experiments. The OTC concentration of samples which were taken periodically from the reactors was quantified by means of a ultra high performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC) with the diode array detector (DAD) supplied by Thermo scientific, USA. pH was measured by Sartouris PB-11 pH-meter. 228 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION For sonolysis experiments, a total of 45 experimental set were carried out taking 5 parameters into account. The results were statistically evaluated using Box-Behnken approach. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the adequacy of the mathematical models. ANOVA test for percent OTC removal indicated that (p<0.05) the results were statistically significant and operational parameters (especially OTC concentartion) had a significant effect on the sonolysis of OTC removal. The parameters X3, X13, X14, X23 and X32 were also determined to be significant model terms with p-values less than 0.05 The statistical analysis did not show any significant effect of pH on the removal of OTC eventhough the effect of pH on the OTC removal as a function of OTC concentration is seen. The results have been showed that, at lower OTC concentrations, as the approaches to alkaline conditions, OTC removal was reduced slightly resulting in a OTC removal of less than 25%. On the other hand, increasing pH up to 10 provided over 2 fold increase in OTC removal (63%). Results of the ANOVA test showed significant effect of OTC concentration on OTC removal. On the other hand, the process application time is encountered as a parameter do not affect the removal antibiotic efficiency. Although in our study the ANOVA test results for percent OTC removal indicated that the temperature was non significant model terms with p-values more than 0.05 for US process, these results showed that a significant effect between temperature and initial OTC concentration. According to these results, the removal effeciency increases with decreasing temperature to 25°C and approaching OTC concentration to 50 mg/L. On the other hand, at low temperature increasing OTC concentration up to 400 mg/l percent antibiotic removal increases. Another significant effect is seen between temperature and operation volume. 4. CONCLUSIONS Tremendous amount of antibiotics are used for different purposes all over the world and most of the residual of these emerging chemicals end up in receiving media since the conventional wastewater treatment plants are not designed to handle these chemicals. This study demonstrated that sonolysis could be used as a successful polishing step at publicly owned wastewater treatment plants in order to treat these chemicals. REFERENCES 1. Qiang, Z., Adams, C., Surampalli, R., (2004). Determination of ozonation rate constants for lincomycin and spectinomycin, Ozone: Science & Engineering, 26: 6, 525-537 2. Rivera-Utrilla, J., Sánchez-Polo, M., Prados-Joya, G., Ferro-García, M.A., Bautista-Toledo, I., (2010). Removal of tinidazole from waters by using ozone and activated carbon in dynamic regime, Journal of Hazardous Materials 174, 880–886 3. DeBel, E., Janssen, C., De Smet,S., Van Langenhove, H., Dewulf, J., (2010). Sonolysis of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution: Influence of operational parameters, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 229 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The Pollutant Loads Discharged to the Aegean Sea by the Rivers Flowing Through the City of Izmir Gorkem Akinci1, Elif Duyusen Guven1, Gulden Gok2, Sanem Keles Uğurlu Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkiye gorkem.akinci@deu.edu.tr, duyusen.kokulu@deu.edu.tr 2 Aksaray University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 68100 Merkez, Aksaray, Turkiye gulden.gok@deu.edu.tr 1 Abstract Recent studies conducted with Izmir Bay showed that the water and sediments of the Bay are significantly polluted by organic and inorganic contaminants. The major seven rivers flowing through Izmir city and feed the Izmir inner Bay are studied and sampled in four sequential seasons to determine the heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb), oil and grease, and suspended matter content of the water samples. In addition, the seasonal pollutant loads discharged to the Bay are calculated for the studied rivers in order to present the rivers’ pollution contribution. According to the findings, annually 17344 tons of oil and grease is discharged to the Bay by the studied rivers. The total annual Ni, Cr, Cu, and Pb discharge to the Bay is found as 5.82 tons, while maximum load was calculated for Ni as 2,45 tons and the minimum for Pb as 0.61 tons. In addition, total solids entering the Bay is found as 4.25 million tons, which covers the bottom of the inner bay with a 4.2 cm thick sediment layer, if it is distributed evenly. 1. INTRODUCTION Izmir is a city located at the west coast of Turkiye, around the Izmir inner Bay, and have a population over 3.5 million people. Izmir Bay is also an important commercial harbor in Aegean Sea, which is a large and important region of the Mediterranean Sea. Although there are many large and small streams flowing to the inner Bay, the major ones are Old Gediz 1, Old Gediz 2, Bostanlı, and Ilıca which contribute the Bay from the north; and Bornova, Manda, and Melez rivers, feeding from the east (Figure 1). The total basin area of the rivers flowing into the Izmir Bay is 726.6 km2 and their cumulative annual water flow is 182 million m3. There are many industrial areas around and in the center of the city which include the manufacturing of textile, automotive parts, machinery, and chemicals. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seasonal water and sediment samples were taken from Old Gediz 1, Old Gediz 2, Bostanlı, Ilıca, Bornova, Manda and Melez rivers and the sampling stations were chosen close to the discharge points to the inner Bay. Oil and grease, heavy metals and total solids content of the water samples were analyzed according to the Standard Methods. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The annual average concentrations of the pollutants determined in the river waters are presented with Table 2. The contaminant loads discharged into the Bay by the investigated rivers are calculated seasonally by depending on i) the percentage of the average precipitation observed for each season between the years of 1975 and 2010 [9], ii) the average flow of the corresponding river [10], and iii) the seasonal concentration of the contaminant in river water. 230 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Old Gediz 2 Old Gediz 1 Bostanlı Ilıca Bornova Manda Melez Wastewater Ni Cr Cu Pb 21.88 24.28 16.36 14.89 11.45 17.26 14.78 7.52 4.00 3.43 3.83 2.96 5.04 3.26 8.74 20.41 14.90 15.82 13.70 28.54 9.33 3.32 5.25 4.80 4.28 3.98 5.16 3.48 Oil& Grease 98.75 185.12 75.33 57.00 157.25 150.75 160.75 Total Solids 22726 26193 30175 67578 15495 49251 33018 Table 1. Average annual concentrations of pollutants detected in water samples (mg l-1) According to the calculated findings, major Ni sources are Melez (0.77 tons y-1) and Old Gediz 1 (0.74 tons y-1) rivers, and the annual Ni entrance into the inner Bay is calculated as 2.45 tons. On the other hand, Old Gediz 1, Melez, and Manda carry 81% of the 0.69 ton of Cr discharged to the inner Bay annually, which means they are the major Cr sources in the study area. Copper load is mainly sourced by Manda, Melez, and Old Gediz 1 with 0.79 tons, 0.41 tons, and 0.62 tons per annum, respectively. Annual Cu discharge to the Izmir inner Bay from the investigated rivers is 2.07 tons. The high portions of Pb load are originated from Manda (0.177 tons per annum), Melez (0.162 tons per annum), and Old Gediz 1 (0.112 tons per year) rivers, where the total annual Pb discharge into the Bay is 0.61 tons. It is known that high heavy metal loads can be generated from the rivers passing through highly urbanized areas [11, 12]. The higher metal loads carried to the inner Bay by Old Gediz 1, Manda and Melez rivers depend on both the larger catchment areas of these rivers and the current or abandoned uncontrolled landfills in their catchments. The oil&grease loads entering the Bay via the mentioned rivers are presented with Figure 3. According to the data, annual oil and grease fed to the Bay is 17344 tons. Old Gediz 1, Bornova and Melez rivers are in charge of the major oil and grease contribution to the Bay. Bostanli and Ilica rivers which have only residential and recreational areas in their catchments possess the least oil and grease fed to the Aegean Sea. The unexpectedly high load originated from Manda River during spring season arouses suspicions such as illegal discharges of oily waters to the river bed or leaks from storage tanks of gas stations. Similar with heavy metals and oil&grease, the highest solid loads are carried to the Bay by Old Gediz 1, Melez, and Manda Rivers. The common ground of these river catchments is hosting variety of activities such as large to small scale industrial manufacturing and recent or past landfilling as well as holding large residential districts. The total mass of the annual solid matter entering the Bay is enormous; 4.226.743 tons/year. This amount is approximately equals to the 2.5x106 m3 of sediment volume which may settle down to the bottom of the Bay. The retention time of the water in the inner Bay is about 83 days and this period is enough to allow settlement of a considerable portion of the solids carried to the Bay. The water depth of the inner Bay is 17 m in the deepest point, while it is between 5-10 m in the southern shores and between 0.5-3 m in the northern shores. Therefore, the solids deposition in the shore line will be more significant. 4. CONCLUSIONS It is recognized that the pollutant loads are higher in the rivers having variety of activities in their catchment areas. The rivers having larger catchment areas and/or hosting former or current landfills in their catchments are of particular importance since their pollutant generations are significantly higher. The solids load fed to the Bay by the rivers exhibits a potential threat for the Bay, since the water depth is low and the settlement of the solids particles can result with filling up this commercial Harbour. 231 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The Investigation of Dominated Anaerobic Bacteria Throughout Degradation of a Raw Antibiotic Industry Wastewater Delia T. SPONZA, Nefise ERDINCMER Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Buca Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Tınaztepe, Izmir, Turkey delya.sponza@deu.edu.tr, nefiseerdincmer@gmail.com Abstract Laboratory scale anaerobic batch reactors were used to identify the main anaerobic bacteria (acidogenic and acetogenic bacteria and methane Archae) genus at different hdyraulic retention time(HRT). The raw antibiotic wastewater contained oxitetracyline(OTC) and tylosine(TL) antibiotics. It was found that the number total acidonegenic and acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic Archae levels were higher at high HRTs while the numbers of these organisms decreased at low HRTs. The statiscial relationships between bacteria numbers, antibiotic removals and percantage of methane were investigated. Furthermore, the specific methanogenic activity of methanoges were correlated with dominated bacteria numbers and antiobiotic yields. Keywords: Antibiotics, Oxytetracyline, Tylosine, Acidogenik ve Acetogenik Bacteria, Methane bacteria. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, it was found that the COD and antibiotics in the antibiotic industry wastewaters can not be effectively removed with conventional biological treatment processes [Sheng-Fu, et al., 2011]. The experiences performed with advanced treatment processes (Hydrogen peroxide and fentone) showed low antibiotic yealds and high cost [Emad et al., 2011; Göbel et al.,2007; Oller et al., 2011]. Shi et al.,(2011) showed that tetracyline antibiotic concentrations between 0-50 mg/l decrease the methane gas productions. Gartiser et al.,(2007) observed that the macrolide group of antibiotics caused toxicity to methanogens under anaerobic conditions. 1.1. Aım of the study The dominated anaerobic bacteria number and the identification of these bacteria were not used perfomed before throughout anaerobic biodegradation of antibiotics. In the framework of this study the antibiotics, COD and CODinert removals will be investigated with the biofilm formation of the around of plastic support materials in anaerobic batch reactor at decrasing HRTs from 10 to 0.2 day. The dominated methane bacteria (Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanogenium bourgense and Methanospirillum hungatei) and the dominated acidogenic and acedogenik bacteria number will be enumerated. The statistical analysis between bacterial numbers, antibiotic yields, COD and CODinert removal effeciencies, methane production and specific methanogenic activity will be evaluated. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The antibiotics were measured in an Agilent HPLC.Bacterial numbers and identification of the bacteria were performed following the Bergey’s Manual (2011). The COD, inert COD, TN, TP, pH, redox potential were measured following the Standard Methods (2005) Spesific methanogenik aktivitywas performed according to Speece (1996). Methane gas was measured in an Agilent GCMS. 3.RESULTS The results of this study showed that the OTC and TL antibiotics were effectively removed at HRTs as low as 0.2 days in an anaerobic batch reactor with the biofim generated around support materials in the anaerobic batch anaerobic reactoes. The Antibiotics ve COD were removed with yields as high as 80%. The numbers of methane Archae and the genus of these bacteria also are at high levels at a HRT of 0.2 day 232 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 PARAMETERS 10 COD removal yields 90 VFA Concentration (CH3COOH l−1) 110 OTC Concentration (mg/L) 100 Tylosine Concentration (mg/L) 200 Q (ml/day) 10 F/M ratio (mg COD mg−1 gün−1) 0.5 Methane gase percentage (%) 60 OTC removal yields(½) 92 TL removal yields (½) 90 Methane Bacteria Number (MPN g−1) 10×109 Thickness of Biofilm (mikron) 4 Wastewater 8 88 120 15 0.6 55 90 88 8×108 3.77 HRT(Day) 6 2 85 84 140 150 20 0.65 55 88 87 8×107 3.6 25 0.7 50 87 86 2.5×107 3.58 0.2 80 180 30 0.8 47 80 82 1×107 3.57 Table 1. Operating Parameters and Summaries of Results REFERENCES 1. Yang, S., Lin, C., Lin, A., Hong, P., (2011). Sorption and biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics by activated sludge:Experimental assesment using batch data obtained under aerobic conditions, Water Research, 45, 11, 3389-3397 2. Emad, S., Elmolla, Chadhuri, M., (2011). Combined photo-Fenton–SBR process for antibiotic wastewater treatment, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 192, Issue 3, 15 September 2011, Pages 1418-1426 3. Göbel, A., McArdell, C., Joss, A., Siegrist, H., Giger, W.,(2007). Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment Technologies, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 372, Issues 2-3, 1 January 2007, Pages 361-371 4. Oller, S., Malato, S., Sanchez-Perez, J.A., Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination - A review, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 409, Issue 20, 15 September 2011, Pages 4141-4166 5. Gartiser, S., Urich, Elke, Alexy, R., Kümmerer, K., Anaerobic inhibition and biodegradation of antibiotics in ISO test schemes, Chemosphere, Volume 66, Issue 10, January 2007, Pages 1839-1849 233 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions by Micro-Scale Zero Valent Iron Özge Hanay, Burçin Yıldız, Sibel Aslan, Halil Hasar University of Fırat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Elazığ, Turkey E-mail: ohanay@firat.edu.tr; burcinyildiz23@gmail.com; sibela@firat.edu.tr; hhasar@firat.edu.tr Abstract In this study, the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution by micro-scale zero valent iron (ZVI) was investigated. As a result of experimental series carried out at different operating conditions, the tetracycline removal efficiency was 98% at pH of 3 and temperature of 45oC. The tetracycline removal efficiency was not significantly changed in the dosages above 0.6 g L-1 of ZVI at a constant initial concentration. At the same time, when the initial concentration decreased, the tetracycline removal efficiency increased in initial stages of the reaction. When the reaction time extended, the removal efficiency for the all of concentrations was 99%. Since ZVI is inexpensive and their toxivity is negligible, it is thought that its usage was appropriate in the aqueous environments containing antibiotic as tetracycline. Keywords: antibiotic, tatracycline, zero valent micro-scale iron. 1. INTRODUCTION Tetracyclines (TCs), the second most widely used antibiotics in the world, exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of disease-producing bacteria and often used in human therapy and livestock industry[1]. Scientists often investigated the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution by advanced oxidation processes[2-4]. However, the adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics by several materials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes and goethite were examined[5,6]. ZVI technology has already been proven cost-effective to remediate contaminated groundwater. It has been shown very efficient for the aqueous removal of a variety of pollutants, including haloacetic acid, halogenated organic compounds and azo dyes[7-9]. Reports on the use of ZVI technology for pharmaceutical compounds such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, diclofenac, diazepam, metranidazole are available in the literature. In this study, the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution by microscale zero valent iron was investigated at different operating conditions such as pH, temperature, initial TC concentration and ZVI dosages. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Preparatıon of Zero Valent Mıcro-Scale Iron Zero valent iron powder used in the study was obtained as commercial from Aldrich Company. Before used in the experiments, micro-scale iron was subjected to acid pretreatment. It was kept in the gloove box in order to prevent oxidation under N2 until using in the experiments. This treatment prevents the remaining of any oxide on surface of the metal. Surface morphology, particle size and elemental analysis of the prepared micro-scale iron particles (SEM and EDX) were carried out with scanned electron microscopy (Jeol-JSM-7001F). 2.2. Tetracyclıne Degradatıon Experıments Tetracycline removal was investigated in the synthetic aqueous solution prepared with C22H24N2O8. HCI (Applichem). At first, the optimum pH was examined by studying in the range pH of 2 and 9, then the experiments were carried out within the range of 30 and 60oC of temperatures, different initial tetracycline concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mg L-1, ZVI dosages in the range of 0.11 g L-1. The reactions were carried out in the orbital shaker at 150 rpm. At the end of the different reaction times, the samples were taken with fine-tipped syringe without opening cap of bottles and they were filtered by 0.22 µm syringe-filter and kept in refrigerator in 4oC for tetracycline analysis. 234 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 2.3. Tetracyclıne Analysıs The tetracycline concentration in the solution was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu CTO-10As VP). Analysis conditions were as following: mobile phase was mixture of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate : acetonitrile (70:30, v/v), a flow rate was 1.2 ml min-1 and sample volume was 100 µl. 3. RESULTS In the studied pH ranges, the highest removal efficiency was determined as 98.4% at pH of 3. Also, at this pH value, 97.7% removal efficiency was obtained for 45oC in the experimental series carried out for different temperatures. After optimization of pH and temperature, it was concluded that ZVI dosage of 0.6g L-1 was adequate for initial tetracycline concentration of 60mg L-1 and tetracycline removal was not significantly changed above this dosage. At the last series of experiments, the removal efficiencies were investigated in the different initial tetracycline concentration for ZVI dosage of 0.6g L-1 and especially at the first stages when the initial concentration increased, the tetracycline removal efficiency decreased. For example, the removal efficiency for 20mg L-1 within 30 min was 54.4%, while it decreased 17.4% for 100 mg L-1. Additionally, the tetracycline removal efficiency for all of the concentrations was obtained about 99% at the end of reaction time, 480 min. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under project No. 111Y092 REFERENCES 1. Thiele-Bruhn. S., (2003). Pharmaceutical antibiotics compounds in soils - a review, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166, 145-167. 2. Reyes, C., Fernandez, J., Freer, J., Mondaca, M. A., Zaror, C., Malato, S., Mansilla, M.D., (2006). Degradation and inactivation of tetracycline by TiO2 photocatalysis, Journal of Photochemisty and Photobiology A, 184, 141-146. 3. Bautitz, I.R., Nogueria, R. F. P., (2007). Degradation of tetracycline by photo-Fenton process-Solar irradiation and matrix effects, Journal of Photochemisty and Photobiology A, 187, 33-39. 4. Vedenyapina, M.D., Eremicheva, Y.N., Vedenyapin, A. A., (2008). Electrochemical degradation of tetracycline, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 81, 765-767. 5. Zhang, L., Song, X., Liu, X., Yang, L., Pan, F., Lv, J., (2011). Studies on the removal of tetracycline by multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Chemical Engineering Journal, 178, 26-33. 6. Zhao, Y., Geng, J., Wang, X., Gu, X., Gao, S., (2011). Adsorption of tetracyline onto goethite in the presence of metal cations and humic substances, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 361, 247-251. 7. Clark, C.J., Rao, P. S. C., Annable, M.D., (2003). Degradation of perchloroethylene in cosolvent solutions by zero-valent iron , Journal of Hazardous Materials, 96, 65-78. 8. Hozalski, R. M., Zhang, L., Arnold, W. A., (2001). Reduction of haloacetic acids by Fe0: Implications for treatment and fate, Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 2258-2263. 9. Nam, S., Tratnyek, P.G., (2000). Reduction of azo dyes with zero-valent iron, Water Research, 34, 1837-1845. 10. Huguet, M. R., Marshall, W. D., (2009). Reduction of hexavalent chromium mediated by micro- and nano-sized mixed metallic particles, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169, 1081-1087. 235 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Anaerobic Digestion of Black Water in Eudiometer Scale at Various Loading Rates K. Mouarkech, H. Steinmetz Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart e-mail: karen.mouarkech@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Black water collected from low flush toilets has a COD content which corresponds to about 60% of the COD available in the total wastewater flow and has an average concentration of 10,000 mg/L. This fact allows the experimental investigation of anaerobic digestion of black water. The main objective of the carried out batch experiments in eudiometer scale is to understand the anaerobic degradation of black water at various feeding load rates, test the possible inhibition occurrence and test the possibility of increasing the biogas yield by addition of co-substrates. Experiments in eudiometer scale with a working volume of 200 mL were carried out based on the DIN 38414-8. The inoculum was stabilized digested sludge and the co-substrates included urine, high concentrated wastewater and skimmed fat from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. Anaerobic digestion of black water resulted with the highest specific methane yield of 133 NmL CH4 per added substrate at a sludge loading rate of 0.5 gCOD/goDM. Experiments with the substrate mixture including 10% urine resulted in a decrease of 15% of the specific methane yield and a total inhibition at higher urine feeding loads. The substrate mixture containing high concentrated wastewater resulted in a reduction of the methane yield. Experiments with the substrate mixture including 10% fat resulted in almost a trippling of the specific methane yield at a sludge loading rate of 0.16 goDM/goDM. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, black water, urine, high concentrated wastewater, fat. 1. INTRODUCTION Until today, black water digestion has been investigated in lab and semi-scale within the frame of resource oriented sanitation concepts. This has been mainly carried out with black water as a substrate originating from vacuum toilets and brown water from vacuum separate toilets. Further, the idea of co-digestion with biowaste has been investigated with both substrates. Anaerobic digestion process stability is mainly controlled by the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Methanogenesis was not affected by ammonium concentrations found in black water of vacuum toilets and was found to remain partially uninhibited with synthetic ammonium concentrations reaching 3500 mg/L under controlled process conditions (Wendland, 2008). Methane gas release of 209 L CH4/Kg CODin and 342 L CH4/Kg CODremoved is comparable to the theoretical release of CH4 by anaerobic digestion of organic matter. The methane output has increased with thickening methods (Peter-Fröhlich, et al., 2007) and doubled with the option of co-digestion with kitchen waste (Peter-Fröhlich, et al., 2007 and Wendland, 2008). The main objective of the batch experiments is to investigate the anaerobic degradation of black water originating from low flush toilets and the resulting biogas yield at various loading rates. In addition, testing the possibilitiy of inhibition occurrence and the possibility of increasing the enregy output by co-digestion. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The batch experiements have been carried out in a 200 mL reactor composed of two parts: a flask and an eudiometer filled with a barrier solution. Continuous mixing is provided by a magnet and the produced gas travels through an inner pipe in the eudiometer connected to the flask causing pressure on the upper headspace of the barrier solution. This leads to a shift in the barrier solution and shows a reading of the produced gas volume. Gas content could be identified by collecting samples through a septum. The experiments have been carried out in a controlled room with a temperarture of 34-360C for 28 days based on the standard procedures of DIN 38414-8. Stabilized sludge with a total solid content of about 6% taken from the wastewater treatment plant at the University of Stuttgart was used as inoculum for all experiments. Black water from a low flush toilet (COD: 8 g/L, NH4-N: 7g/L) was 236 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater the main substrate and co-substrates included urine (COD: 8 g/L, NH4-N: 1.5 g/L) collected from a waterless urinal, concentrated domestic wastewater (COD: 1 g/L) and fat and grease (TS: 290 g/Kg, VS:93%) skimmed at the sand trap of the wastewater treatment plant of the University of Stuttgart. The main parameter in control is the sludge loading rate (SLR) ratio defined as the available COD in the substrate mixture to the organic dry matter (oDM) in the inoculum. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Anaerobic digestion of black water has been carried out with sludge loading rates of 0.1 to 1.2 gCOD/ goDM. The cummulative gas production increases with the increase of the sludge loading rate. The specific methane yield which indicates the produced CH4 by the added substrate has reached its highest value at a SLR of 0.5 gCOD/goDM. This resulted in a specific methane yield of 203 NmL CH4/gCODin and similar to literature values (Wendland, 2008). Experiments with anaerobic co-digestion of urine showed a decrease in the specific methane yield with the increase of the urine content in the substrate mixture. Experiments with an ammonium concentration higher than 1100 mg/L resulted a partial inhibition of the anaerobic digestion process. Co-digestion with concentrated wastewater resulted in a decrease of the specific methane yield as the wastewater fraction increases in the substrate mixture. Experiments having a higher content than 70% of the total mixture as wastewater showed results lower than the blank experiment suggesting the insufficient concentration of COD for anaerobic digestion to take place. Co-digestion with skimmed fat and grease resulted in a trippling of the specific methan yield achieved by black water experiments without co-digestion. This has been achieved at a SLR of 0.16 goDM/goDM. 4. CONCLUSION Experimental investigation in batch tests is a first step considered to test the potential of anaerobic digestion of black water and to frame the process boundaries when looking for energy recovery. The experimental investigation has similar results to the literature regarding anaerobic digestion black water. The option of co-digestion becomes more complex and resulted in inhibition with ammonium rich mixture and an increase of the biogas yield when cosidering co-digestion with fat. Further work has to be considering in handling of the collected fat within resource oriented sanitation concepts. References 1. A. Peter-Fröhlich, A. Bohomme, M. Oldenburg, R. Gnirß and R. Lesjean, 2007. Sanitation concepts for separate treatment of urine, faeces and greywater (SCST), Berlin. 2. Wendland, 2008. Dissertation. Anaerobic digestion of black water and kitchen refuse 237 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Kinetics of Cyanide (Cn-) Degradation by Microalgae in Aqueous Solution Zehra Gök, Esra Yel Selcuk University, Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department zyilmaz@selcuk.edu.tr,etarlan@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract Cyanide (CN-) can be degraded biologically with the appropriate microorganisms. Many algal species use CN- as a source of carbon and nitrogen. In this study, CN- removal by algae was investigated. For this purpose, Chlorella vulgaris-dominated mixed algal culture was used. Synthetic nutrient solution and KCN solution as a source of CN- were added to the reactors seeded with algal culture. Experiments were carried out in a climate room under controlled light and temperature. The study consists of two parts; determination of the threshold level and removal of CN-. The fed CN- concentration was increased weekly and the treshold level of the algae for CN- was found as 30 mg/L. Algal biomass increased up to this concentration, after which the death phase beginned. Maximum chlorophyll-a concentration achieved was approximately 1100 μg/m3 during 65 days. CN- was degraded up to 95% in removal experiments. CNremoval kinetics was found as a pseudo-first order with a 99.9% correlation. The reaction rate constant was 5.6x10-1 1/d. Total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus forms removal efficiency were 71-99%. Keywords: Algae, cyanide, degradation, kinetics. 1. INTRODUCTION Cyanide is commonly found as an important contaminant in wastewaters from various industries. The wastewaters generated by the industries such as mining, mineral and electrochemical industries often contain significant quantities of cyanide [1]. Cyanide compounds can be classified as free cyanide (CN-, HCN), metal cyanide complexes and other compounds (CNS, CNO-) of the reaction of cyanide complexes. Cyanide and cyanide compounds can be treated by physical methods, adsorption, complexation methods, chemical and biological oxidation methods [2,3,4,5]. Bio-oxidation of cyanide and cyanide compounds is possible by the appropriate microorganisms [2,6]. Algal treatment is one of the photosynthetic bio-processes and the most important advantage of this system is removal of final products in cyanide oxidation (carbon and nitrogen forms) [2]. The aim of this study is the determination of algal treshold to CN-, CN- degradation performance of algae, removal kinetics of CN- and nutrients and growth kinetic of algal biomass under controlled light and temperature conditions. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experiments were carried out in 500 mL glass reactors placed in a climate room. Chlorella vulgaris-dominated algal culture and synthetic nutrient solution which provides habitat for algae were used [7]. The experimental studies were composed of two parts; determination of the threshold level and removal of CN-.Treshold level was determined by adding CN- as KCN solution with an increasing ratio. KCN solution was dosed to the reactors and changes in the composition of the reactors were monitored through the samples taken at different times. CN- [8], alkalinity, total inorganic carbon (TIC), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a [9], nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) [10] analyses were performed. 3. RESULTS In the study of treshold level determination, algal biomass was found to tolerate CN- concentration up to 30 mg/L. Algal bimass growed up to this concentration and achieved to 1100µg/m3 chlorophyll-a during 65 days. When more CN- dosed to the reactor, growth of algal biomass declined and shifted to death phase. In the CN- removal study 95% CN- removal was achieved. Besides CN- the degradation products were also followed and TIC, TKN, NH3-N and TP were removed 88%, 71%, 87% and 99% respectively (Table 1). Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus forms are used by algae as a nutrient source. Ammonia is converted into nitrate with nitrification and nitrate is consumed by algal 238 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater biomass. Kinetic studies indicated that CN- removal followed pseudo-first order, chlorophyll-a and nitrate nitrogen alterations followed zero order and removal of other parameters followed second order kinetics. CN- and nitrate nitrogen can not be removed by algal cell directly, however, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus can be used directly. For this reason concentration dependence of the reaction is high, and therefore carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal kinetics followed second order kinetic (Table1). Removal Efficiency % Chlorophyll-a CN95 TIC 88 TKN 71 NH3-N 87 NO3-N Nitrification TP 99 Parameters Reaction Reaction Rate Degree Constant, k 0-order 20.77 Pseudo-1st order 5.6x10-1 2nd order 3.1x10-2 2nd order 3.0x10-5 2nd order 2.0x10-5 0-order 3.9x10-1 2nd order 2.9x10-2 R2 0.98 0.999 0.77 0.93 0.94 0.73 0.85 Units: for zero order k: mg/L.d, μg/m3.d (Chlorophyll-a); for second order k: L/mg.d, for pseudo-first order k: 1/d Table 1. CN- Degradation and Kinetics REFERENCES 1. Johnson, C.A., Grimes, D.J., Leinz, R.W., Breit, G.N. and Rye, R.O., (2001). The critical importance of strong cyanocomplexes in the remedation and decommissioning of cyanidation heap leach operations. The Proceeding of a Symposium Held At Annual Meeting of TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Mateials Society) New Orleans, Louisiana February 12-15, 35-49. 2. Gurbuz, F., Ciftci, H., Akcil, A., (2009). Biodegradation of cyanide containing effluents by Scenedesmus obliquus, Journal of Hazardous Materials 162 (2009) 74–79. 3. Kitiş, M., Akçil, A., Karakaya, E., Yiğit, N.O., (2005). Destruction of cyanide by hydrogen peroxide in tailings slurries from low bearing sulphidic gold ores. Minerals Engineering 18 (2005) 353-362. 4. Tarlan, E., Önen, V., Yılmaz, Z., (2006). Zinc-cyanide [Zn(CN)4]2- adsorption with row and acid-activated clay, itujournal/e, WaterPollution Control, Volume:16, Issue:1-3, 35-44. 5. Young, C.A. and Jordan, T.S., (1995). Cyanide remediation: Current and past technologies. Proceedings of The 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, 104-129. 6. White, D.M., Pilon, T.A. ve Woolard, C., (2000). Biological treatment of cyanide containing wastewater. Wat. Res. 34(7), 2105-2109. 7. Dilek F.B., Taplamacıoğlu, H., Tarlan, E., (1999). Color and AOX removal from pulping effluents by algae. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 52(4), 585-591. 8. Zheng, A., Zombak, D.D., Luthy, R.G., Sawyer , B., Lazouskas, W., Tata, P., Delaney, M.F., Zilitinkevitch, L., Sebroski, J.R., Swartling, R.S., Drop, S.M. Ve Flaherty, J.M., (2003). Evaluation and testing of analytical methods for cyanide species in municipal and ındustrial contaminated waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 107-115. 9. APHA, AWWA, WEF, (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th Ed.; American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., USA. 10. EPA, (1971). Method 352.1 Nitrogen, Nitrate (Colorimetric, Brucine). 239 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Long-Term, Full-Scale Experiences with Wastewater Reuse in Braunschweig/Germany - the Example of a Successful Implementation Norbert Dichtl1, Daniel Klein1, Bernhard Teiser2 1 Institute of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany E-mail: d.klein@tu-bs.de 2 Wastewater Association of Braunschweig Keywords: Wastewater reuse, Sludge reuse, Agriculture, Phosphorus, Irrigation. 1. BACKGROUND Due to the worldwide population growth, the global demand of agricultural products will steadily rise, thus putting more pressure on the resource “water”. Treated wastewater can play an important role to cover the agricultural water demand. In contrast to most other water resources such as rainor groundwater, treated wastewater is available during the whole year; additionally, it also contains nutrients such as N and P which serve as a fertiliser. If the performance of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is intentionally reduced to keep more nutrients in the irrigation water - agriculture then serves as an additional treatment step - there’s even a double benefit: The WWTP can be operated more cost effective, and farmers need less mineral fertiliser. Despite these obvious advantages, the use of treated wastewater is often limited to landscape irrigation such as public greens, golf courses etc, mainly due to potential health risks associated with agricultural wastewater reuse. This is in fact an important aspect that has to be considered and monitored, but many examples show and prove that a safe reuse of wastewater is generally possible. Within our paper, the wastewater reuse system of Braunschweig as one successful example of a long-term, full-scale implementation of wastewater- and nutrient reuse will be presented. It will also be discussed how this system can be transferred to other reuse projects. 2. WASTEWATER REUSE IN BRAUNSCHWEIG Since more than 60 years, the major part of the treated wastewater is used to irrigate 2.700 hectares of agricultural land; about 1/3 is post-treated in the former sewage fields. Artificial irrigation is needed, because the climatic water deficit is up to 300 mm during the summer. Prior to irrigation, the water is treated biologically (activated sludge process), including nitri- and denitrification and a biological P-removal. After treatment, the water quality is in accordance with the limit values as defined in the wastewater ordinance and could theoretically be discharged directly into the recipient river instead of irrigation. To increase the nutrient content, digested sludge is added to the irrigation water during the vegetation period. In winter, the sludge is dewatered, stored and also used as a fertiliser (see Fig. 1). 3. BENEFITS OF WASTEWATER REUSE By water and sludge, over 10 Mio. m³ of treated water, 100 t of phosphorus and 400t of nitrogen are applied on the fields each year. Especially with regard to Phosphorus, there is almost no further demand for mineral fertilisers. Additional groundwater withdrawal is negligible; in winter, groundwater aquifers are even recharged by irrigation. On the WWTP side, the main benefits are a cost-efficient disposal of the sludge and a more flexible operation of the WWTP due to the postcleaning effect of the irrigation and the former sewage field. 240 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Digester towers Digested sludge: (winter) Digester Wastewater External use of dewatered sludge Dewatering (summer) Sludges Irrigation (2.700 ha) Wastewater wwtp 2/3 Treated wastewater 1/3 WWTP Recipient (Former) Sewage Field Former sewage field Figure 1. Main elements of the wastewater reuse system of Braunschweig 4. ORGANISATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REUSE SYSTEM The whole treatment system including irrigation and sewage field has been established 60 years ago. It has always been regarded as one system, focusing on the benefits for both the farmers and the WWTP operators. A close cooperation of all stakeholders is crucial for the implementation and operation of such a system; therefore, all of them, including the nearby communities, are organised in the Wastewater Association of Braunschweig. To create public acceptance, the system has always been promoted and discussed in a transparent, open way. To prevent heavy metals entering the WWTP (and thus, to prevent accumulation in the irrigated sludge), all industries producing metal-containing wastewaters are strictly controlled and obliged to operate an own on-side WWTP. As a result, heavy metal concentrations in sludge and soil are low, proving the efficiency of the prevention strategy. To avoid bacteria-related problems, the irrigation is limited to crops that are processed before use, mainly corn, rye and wheat. Moreover, irrigation is stopped shortly before harvest. To avoid a possible spray of aerosols during irrigation, all fields are encased by hedges, serving as a buffer zone. 5. THE SYSTEM OF BRAUNSCHWEIG - A MODEL FOR GLOBAL REUSE PROJECTS? Given the increasing global demand on agricultural goods, water- and nutrient reuse is a promising and - especially with regard to phosphorus - essential strategy. The system of Braunschweig, in operation since more than 60 years, proves that a safe water- and sludge reuse is possible. The system with its different technical and organisational components might therefore serve as a model for global water reuse projects, especially with regard to the global pressure on food production and all related resources. Ideally, wastewater reuse is already considered as a part of a WWTP in the planning stage. In this case, the WWTP design and dimensioning can directly be adapted to the reuse purpose, as well as technical and organisational measures to guarantee a safe reuse can be implemented. It has to be pointed out that an open discussion of the advantages, but also the concerns of water- and sludge reuse is crucial for a successful implementation and operation of a reuse system. 241 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Domestic Wastewater Recycle Applications in Istanbul Ahmet DEMİR1, Osman YILDIZ2, Ali İNCİ3 İSKİ, General Manager ademir@iski.gov.tr 2 İSKİ, Wastewater Treatment Department Head osyildiz@iski.gov.tr 3 İSKİ, Asian Side, Treatment Branch Manager ainci@gov.tr 1 Abstract The exploitable underground and surface water resources in Turkey equal to 112 billion m3 [1], whereas per capita consumption is approximately 1430m3/person[2]. In line with the forecasts of Turkish Statistics Institution (TÜİK), in case the country’s population reaches 100 million by 2030, the exploitable water quantity shall drop to 1000m3 [3]. Moving from the fact that there was an increase in the water amount withdrawn from underground and surface water resources between 1995 and 2002 of 32,9 %, Turkey as a country within the semi-arid climate belt, is not a water-rich country, rather can be listed among countries with water scarcity below the world average. This stresses the very need to use water with utmost care, saving approach and without any polluting process. In recent years the first agenda of those thinking on water issues has been the global warming thus the recycling processes have become more important as the usable water resources in the world have become less available. In this respect, having somehow guaranteed the future years under insurance with its illegal use control and new water supply management efforts, İSKİ has gone further ahead by opening the first Domestic Wastewater Recycle Plant in Turkey at Paşaköy Advance Biological Wastewater Treatment in 2010. Keywords: Domestic Wastewater, Sand Filter, Disinfection, Recycling. 1. INTRODUCTION In terms of annual consumable per capita water, Turkey is within the countries with water scarcity. Therefore the resources in Turkey need to be carefully consumed and strictly protected, in order to leave adequate and safe water for future generations of the country[4]. Serving to a city with more than 13 million inhabitants as one of the most important cities in the world and Turkey, İSKİ has, on average terms for 2011, provided a daily amount of 2,256,848 m3 / day of cleanwater supplied through its 12 water treatment plants and has transferred 94% of this amount to receiving environments through 573 km of collectors and 14,000 km of channels after processing it at treatment plants and pumping stations. İSKİ aims to provide recycled water for green areas and industrial use to be able to save raw water resources. Recycled water is ideal for industries that possess processes that do not require water with drinking quality. Furthermore the industries are often located in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plans and these industries can make use of recycled water (Master Plan, 2009). 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD This study discusses the recycle efforts in the wastewater treatment plants of İSKİ who posseses the first urban wastewater recycle facility in Turkey. The positive contributions of these efforts together with saving intiatives in raw water resources in the national scale shall be stated. The daily recycle capacity of İSKİ is 200 thousand m3 and the recycled water is used in the plant process units or given to Organized Industrial Zones should there be demand. With the Recycle Application in Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant put into operation in 2010, recycled water of 100 thousand m3 has reached to Industrial Zones through a transfer line of 20 km and the application is extended to be used on the coastline between Tuzla and Bostancı as well as Sabiha Gökçen Airport for recreational areas. Furthermore, parts of the green areas within Atatürk Airport is irrigated with the recycled water from the pressure sand filter + chlorine unit located at Ataköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant. An approximate amount of 7 million m3 / year of irrigation water derived from various sources is consumed in İstanbul for the green areas covering 44 million m2 of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. That the water resources are not unlimited 242 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater has highlighted the importance of recycle systems for industrial water use and irrigation in the near future. Enabling recycled water for process water at industries that do not require drinking water quality shall consequently provide water saving in drinking water resources. When we consider that water required for green areas and recreational sites is supplied by water wells in best methods, the advantage of using recycled water for such purposes can be realized. 2.1. AREAS TO USE RECYCLED WASTEWATER In Figure 1 the 3-fold increase in drinking water as well as 5-fold in in austry and 2,5 fold in irrigation water need in 2030 can be seen. Considering that there will be no increase in water quantity in the natural cycle, the necessity on recycled water is not a luxury but requirement. Figure 1. Sectural use of water for 2003 and 2030 [5] In an overall approach, the areas of reuse for treated wastewater are: • Urban use Parks, recreational areas, sports facilities, highway sides, green areas in satellite districts, commercial and industrial development areas, fire extinguishing systems, carwash facilities • Industrial use Cooling - Process - Boiler feed - irrigation of green areas - fire extinguishing - dust control and production of concrete, • Agricultural irrigation • Feeding the habitat, surface water and recreational areas • Feeding / Injecting to the underground water Preventing the salty seawater to underground sources on the coasts - advanced treatment in soil - underground systems - feeding the aquifers with drinking or usable water quality - storing the recycled water - prevention of soil collapses upon excessive pumping of underground water [6] 3. CONCLUSIONS Reuse of treated wastewater should definitely be considered within the framework of sustainable water policies. Since the agricultural use is little for İstanbul, the other areas of use listed above stand out for recycled wastewater uses. There should be an obligation for the use of recycled wastewater in all sectors (industry, agriculture, housing estates, sport complexes, etc) and this should officially be supported to an extend. RESOURCES 1. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye Çevre Durum Raporu, Yayın No:5, Ankara, 2007, p 63. 2. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye Çevre Durum Raporu, Yayın No:5, Ankara, 2007, p 64. 3. http://www.dsi.gov.tr/topraksu.htm (11.07.2008) 4. http://www.dsi.gov.tr/toprak-ve-su-kaynaklari 5. Su Tüketimi Arıtma Yeniden Kullanım Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı(Eylül, 2008, Bursa) 6. Kitis, M., Köseoğlu, H., Gül, N. ve Ekinci, F.Y. (2003), “Atıksu Arıtımı ve Geri Kazanımında Membran Bioreaktörleri”, V. Ulusal Çevre Mühendisliği Kongresi, (Ekim, 2003, Ankara.) 243 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Treatment and Reuse of Industrial Wastewater Occurred Due to Bus Maintenance Operations; A Case Study of Ikitelli Bus Garage Hayri BARACLI1,2, Fatmanur YILMAZ1, Atilla AKKOYUNLU3, Hurrem BAYHAN4 1 İETT General Management 34420 Beyoğlu- Istanbul/TURKEY fatmanur.yilmaz@iett.gov.tr 2 Yildiz Technical University Department of Industrial Engineering 34349 Yildiz- Istanbul/TURKEY hayri@yildiz.edu.tr 3 Bogazici University Department of Civil Engineering 34342 Bebek-Istanbul/ TURKEY akkoyun@boun.edu.tr 4 Yildiz Technical University Department of Environmental Engineering Davutpasa- Istanbul/TURKEY hbayhan@yildiz.edu.tr Abstract IETT (Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management) provides public transport service with 9 different garages in İstanbul. Industrial wastewater originating from bus maintenance and cleaning activities has been treated and reused through physical and chemical treatment methods in garages. The first treatment plant of IETT has put into service at Ayazaga Garage in 2001. In this regard, IETT broke a new ground in the sector when it is compared with similar public institutions providing similar services in the sector. In this study, treatment and reuse of industrial waste water originating from bus maintenance operations for the year 2012 in Ikitelli, one of the garages of IETT, has been examined. Waste water was treated and made suitable to reuse in the same process after physical and chemical treatment methods. In addition, water pollution parameters were measured for reused water and excluded from the average values of results obtained. Daily treated water amounts have been registered every day in Ikitelli for the year 2012; and the benefits to environmental health and economy have been examined. Consequently, reuse amount of waste water occurred as a result of public transport services in 3 metropolitan cities of Turkey (Ankara, Izmir and Istanbul) has been measured by IETT for the first time[2]. Additionally, water consumption in bus maintenance and cleaning operations has reduced; therefore not only financial gains are provided but also damages to environment have been minimized. Keywords: İETT, waste water, treatment, reuse, saving. 1. INTRODUCTION General Directorate of IETT Establishments is a public institution, which has been providing public transport service since 1871, in İstanbul. It has a bus fleet of 2629 and provides bus services on both Anatolian and European sides of Istanbul. Every bus, which complete their daily services, comes back to the garage, and is subject to cleaning and maintenance, and oil-fuel needs is supplied according to needs. Waste water treatment plant has been put into operation in 2001. 9 treatment plants were established in 9 garages after 2001. At first, the waste water was treated so as to comply with the discharging limits, then the efficiency of treatment plant was increased and reused water became available in washing processes. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, waste water from 3 different maintenance and cleaning operations for 514 buses in İkitelli come into question. 2.1. Treatment Method Waste water from bus-bottom washing unit and engine parts washing operations is pumped to physical treatment unit. The motor oil in the waste water is separated from the water with pallet type grease trap in this unit. The water is subjected to pretreatment process and transmitted to body washing equalization tank by gravity. Waste water sources from the body washing unit flows to upper washing equalization tank by gravity. Waste water is transmitted from this tank by pumping to the presedimentation tank. Sediments are separated from the water, and the water flows to Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Unit by gravity. 244 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Motor oil is separated from the waste water with Dissolved Air Flotation method. The waste water is treated with physico chemical methods in the next unit, by employing coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. The water is pumped to rapid sand filter, active carbon filter and softening unit, and is subjected to filtration process. The filtered water is pumped to treated water tank for reuse. 2.2. Amount Of Reuse Water After Treatment A total of 32994m3 waste water is treated and reused in 2012 from Ikitelli Bus Garage. This amount of reused water is presented corresponds to 108m3/day daily. The amount of water used again is shown in table 1, month by month. Months January February March April May June Total Production Months (m3/month) 3757 July 3613 August 3468 September 1863 October 1935 November 1656 December Total 32994m3/Year Total Production (m3/month) 1602 1677 1720 3902 3757 4046 Table 1. Reused Water Amount in Ikitelli (2012) 3. CONCLUSIONS The water treated in treatment plant and re-used in processes is constantly monitored in terms of COD, oil-grease and SS parameters, and water quality is examined. According to this fact, Chemical Oxygen Demand is 108 mg/l on average; Suspended Solid is 16 mg/l on average, and oil-grease is 11 mg/l on average[1]. These values are within acceptable discharging limits according to ISKI Regulation for Discharging Wastewater into Sewer System. Daily treated water amounts have been registered every day in Ikitelli for year 2012; and the benefits to environmental health and economy have been examined. When we take this figure into consideration, it is evident that by treating a daily average of 108 m3 waste water, IETT has prevented environmental pollution and minimized the damage for the ecosystem by reducing use of natural resources. In addition, as the treated water was re-used for maintenance operations, 32994m3 of drinkable tap water was saved and there was an important amount of financial saving because of this re-use. Thus, the measurement and evaluation of waste water resulting from the public transport services were done for the first time in Turkey’s biggest three cities (Ankara, Izmir and Istanbul) by the General Directorate of IETT. In addition, reducing the use of water in bus maintenance and cleaning applications while doing measurement resulted in a financial saving of 167244,22 TL in year and the minimization of the damage to nature. REFERENCES 1. Analysis Results of Acredited Laboratory, 2012 İETT 2. Annual Report of General Management of ESHOT 2011, Annual Report of General Management of EGO 2011 245 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations X-Flow Ultrafiltration for Municipal and Industrial Effluent Re-Use Frans Knops1, Gulsah Yildirim2 1 X-Flow B.V., P.O. Box 739, 7500 AS ENSCHEDE (The Netherlands) Frans.knops@pentair.com 2 Pentair X-Flow BV, Istanbul (Turkey) gulsah.yildirim@pentair.com Abstract General effluent reuse technology is described with some case studies. Following articles shows the purpose and the ways of water reusing; • The feed source can be secondary effluent from a waste water treatment plant; • The reuse water is provided for non-potable applications (mainly irrigation water) and process water. • Pentair has provided dead-end filtration, X-Flow AQUAFLEX and XIGATM ultrafiltration membranes to achieve quality targets. • The scheme relies on ultrafiltration for parasite, bacteria and virus removal and chloramination for additional viral removal in the reticulation system. • It can be used a double membrane barrier with ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis to remove pathogens and dissolved salt. Keywords: Effluent reuse, municipal wastewater, pretreatment, ultrafiltration. 1. INTRODUCTION Although water seems to be abundant on our planet, the availability of fresh water is becoming a challenge fast. Membrane filtration has always held the promise of being able to provide ample fresh water from non-potable sources, being surface water, seawater or even wastewater. The most abundant source of water is readily available from municipal or industrial discharges. Health departments, however, have only recently started to accept membrane treated water being acceptable for non-potable use. Membranes have finally provided the physical barrier necessary to reduce the inherent risk of human viruses being present in the effluent. This paper will describe two such applications. 2. TECHNOLOGY X-Flow XIGA and AQUAFLEX products are available in range of pore sizes and made either as capillaries or as tubes. They are typically used for water treatment, where suspended solids and bacteria and viruses need to be removed from a particular feed water. Surface water, ground water, borehole water, seawater, industrial and municipal effluent from waste water treatment plants typically converted to potable water, process water, RO feed water, irrigation water. These concepts are providing backwashing, chemical cleaning and some other cleaning procedures. 2.1. RESULT The UF is an ultimate barrier for micro biology which can be combined with disinfection achieves the following water quality: • 6 log reduction in E coli; • 4 log reduction in viruses; • 5 log reduction in protozoan parasites and helminthes; • BOD < 10 mg/l and TSS < 5 mg/l. 246 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater In general removal rates are as follows: • BOD: 75 - 90% removal rate; • COD: 70 - 85% removal rate; • Turbidity: > 99% removal rate. Case studies have proven that there are various treatment options that can be used depending on the quality targets for reuse water. Due to the inclusion of UF, each plant provides excellent water quality. Although each system utilises different chemicals they both rely on the same core technology, the X-Flow XIGATM and AQUAFLEX UF membranes. UF technology guarantees organic and viral removal necessary for reuse or other supplementary membrane processes such as RO. Due to recent improvements in manufacturing and reduction in operating costs X-Flow XIGATM and AQUAFLEX UF has become commercially viable when compared to other conventional treatment options. This fulfils the three main requirements of reuse water: 1. It is safe to use due to the reduction of pathogens; 2. The process is commercially attractive given the inherent risks of using conventional treatment; 3. It provides a consistent and secure supply of water to the consumer. REFERENCES 1. H.A. Oosterom, R.H.M. Bos. Niuwe zuiveringstechniek voor de bereiding van gietwater voor tuinders in Drenthe. KIWA N.V., KOA 97.002, februari 1997. 2. Van Hood, S., “Semi dead-end ultrafiltratuon in potable water production”, Filtration + Seperation, January/February 2000. 247 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Optimization of the Energy Output of Wastewater Treatment Plants Christian Locher, Heidrun Steinmetz Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management University of Stuttgart E-mail: christian.locher@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are large energy consumers. Most of the energy used at these sites is required for aeration, pumping of wastewater and disposal of sludge. In contrast, WWTPs can also be energy producers, when the generated sludge is stabilized anaerobically and the resulting biogas is used for energy production. This work focuses on options to enhance the energy production on WWTPs. Therefor a steady-state model was developed which includes a closed balance of the COD, climate-relevant emissions and energy fluxes. The model delivers helpful results to select the most suitable technology for enhancing energy production at WWTPs with existing digesters. Keywords: energy production, biogas, digester, wastewater. 1. INTRODUCTION Germany has about 10,200 WWTPs, at which annual electrical energy consumption is around 4,400 GWh [1]. The german WWTPs with anaerobic sludge stabilization produce around 1000 GWh of electrical energy per year [1]. The degree of self supply on a WWTP can be up to 100% for thermal energy and up to 70% for electrical energy. An improvement of the energy balance can be achieved by reducing the energy consumption and/or by increasing the energy production. This work focuses on enhancing the energy production at WWTPs with existing anaerobic sludge stabilization. There are different possibilities to achieve a higher specific energy production at WWTPs with existing anaerobic sludge stabilization. For instance, biogas production increases, when the organic load at the digester is increased, if the digester does not run already at full capacity. This can be achieved by enlarging the primary sedimentation tank, if sufficient carbon sources for the denitrification process are available or in connection with a separate treatment of the return flow from sludge treatment (e.g. deammonification). Further increase of the organic sludge amount can be achieved by applying a dynamic variation (temperature dependent) of the sludge age. Another option to enhance biogas production, are the sludge disintegration (mechanical, thermal) techniques, which are applied, in order to thicken the sludge to achieve higher retention time in the exising digester or simple increase its degradability. Moreover, the boundary conditions inside the digester can be changed through an interesting parameter: temperature, which eventually can be adjusted according to the availability of thermal energy for heating. Interesting practical examples exist with a winter temperature of about 30°C in the digester and in the summer of about 52°C [2]. The technology used for energy production from biogas plays an important role. Nowadays there are different options available such as boilers or combined heat and power plants like gas engines, micro turbines or even molten carbon fuel cells. Practical experience shows, that the electrical efficiency of molten carbonate fuel cells is not as high as assumed because of the high internal energy demand of the fuel cell [3]. Beside the electrical and thermal efficiencies of these technologies, investment and operational costs should be taken into consideration. 2. STEADY-STATE MODEL This work focuses on enhancing the energy production, which depends on the process engineering and the operation, at WWTPs. The first aspect of the work includes a literature review to give an overview of the existing options to increase the energy production at WWTPs, when anaerobic stabilization exists. Additionally, the outcomes of several site visits to WWTPs are included. The work presents a steady-state model for WWTPs, which includes a closed balance of the COD, climate-relevant emissions and energy fluxes. Depending on the process engineering and operational conditions, the COD fluxes in the wastewater (influent and effluent), in the sludge and in the 248 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater biogas will considerably vary. Indeed, a part of COD is oxidised to CO2, which is released to the atmosphere. Relevant greenhouse gases (GHG) are CO2, CH4 and N2O and these should be carefully considered in the model. The more substrate is degraded anaerobically the more biogas is produced and normally the less net energy is needed, contributing to reduce the GHG emissions from fossil fuels. Energy fluxes, which are dependant of the process engineering and operation conditions of the WWTP, are considered in this model. An important point is the visualization of the steady-state model and the correspondent fluxes (sankey diagrams) in dependency of the input parameters. In Figure 1 a scheme of the steady state model is shown. The fluxes are only symbolic and depend on the boundary conditions of a specific wastewater treatment plant. Figure 1. Scheme of the steady state model without specific boundary conditions Depending on the process engineering and the operation conditions of the WWTPs, the model delivers results which can be helpful to select the most suitable technology for enhancing energy production at WWTPs with existing digesters. The project is still ongoing. Full paper will present results of at least three different WWTPs. REFERENCES 1. Haberkern, B., Maier, W., Scheider U., (2006): Steigerung der Energieeffizienz auf kommunalen Kläranlagen. Enhancement of the energy efficiency on municipal wastewater treatment plants, Bundesumweltamt, 2006 2. Bailer, E., (2012): Wirtschaftlicher Faulraumbetrieb/Gasverwertung auf kleineren und mittleren Kläranlagen Praxisbeispiel Kläranlage Fischingen; Economic digester operation at small and mittle wastewater treatment plants, example wastewater treatment plant Fischingen, DWA expert forum energy, 2012 3. Locher, C., Meyer, C., Steinmetz, H. (2012): Operating experiences with a molten carbonate fuel cell at Stuttgart-Möhringen wastewater treatment plant, Water science & technology 65 (5), 789-794 249 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations ISKI Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant: Response Surface Optimization of Disinfection by CLO2 M.Mevra Yalvaç, Osman Yıldız İSKİ Atıksu Arıtma Dairesi Başkanlığı myalvac@iski.gov.tr, osyildiz@iski.gov.tr Abstract Optimization studies was carried out ISKI Pasakoy Waste Water Treatment Plant effulent waste water. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the removal efficiency of fecal coliform were used in this study. A 23 full-factorial central composite design was employed for experimental design and analysis of the results. The ClO2 concentration ( 2-10 mg/l), pH (2- 10) and contact time (5-25 min) were the critical components of the removal optimized. In the optimum conditions, removal efficiency of fecal coliform was 99.99%. Keywords: Response surface methodology, Wastewater treatment, Disenfection, ClO2 1. INTRODUCTION Primary, secondary and even tertiary treatment cannot by expected to remove 100 percent of the incoming waste load and as a result, many organisms still remain in the waste stream. To prevent the spread of waterborne diseases and also to minimize public health problems, regulatory agencies may require the destruction of pathogenic organisms in wastewaters. While most of these microorganisms are not pathogens, pathogens must be assumed to be potentially present. Thus, whenever wastewater effluents are discharged to receiving waters which may be used for water supply, swimming or shellfishing, the reduction of bacterial numbers to minimize health hazards is a very desirable goal. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is effective as both a disinfectant and an oxidant in wastewater treatment. It has several distinct chemical advantages compared to the traditional use of chlorine in wastewater treatment. Optimization studies was carried out ISKI Pasakoy Waste Water Treatment Plant effulent waste water. The classical method of experimental optimization involves changing one variable at a time keeping the others constant. In addition, it is not practical to carry out experiments with every possible factorial combination of the test variables because of the large number of experiments required. Thus a 23 full-factorial central composite design and response surface modeling method (RSM) was used in this study.[1] 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Experımental Desıgn and Optımızatıon The optimum conditions for the disinfection of ISKI Pasakoy Waste Water Treatment Plant effulent waste water by ClO2 were determined by means of RSM. RSM consist of group of empirical techniques devoted to the evaluation of relations existing between a cluster of controlled experimental factors and measured responses according to one or more selected criteria [2]. The present work aims to be a study for the optimization of coprocessing conditions. ClO2 concentration (x2), pH (x1) and contact time (x3) have been investigated. Each of the parameters was coded at five levels: -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2. The range and the levels of the variables investigated in this research are given in Table 1. Several experimental designs have been considered for studying such models, and central composite design proposed by Adrinarayana et al. (2003) was selected. For this study, a 23 factorial design with six star points and six replicates at the central points were employed to fit the second- order polynomial model, which indicated that 20 experiments were required for this procedure[4]. ‘STATISTICA (Version 10.0)’ software was used for regression and graphical analysis of the data obtained. Figure 1 shows the response surface plot for the effects of ClO2 concentration (C, mg/L) and Contact Time (t,min) on the Fecal Coliform removal. 250 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Factor pH C (mg/L) t (min) Symbol x1 x2 x3 -2 2 2 5 Range -1 4 4 10 Wastewater and levels 0 1 2 6 8 10 6 8 10 15 20 25 Table 1. The Experimental Domain Figure 1 Response Surface Plot for the effects of ClO2 concentration (C, mg/L) and Contact Time (t,min) on the Fecal Coliform Removal REFERENCES 1. Rodrigues,p.M.S.M., Silva, J.G., Antunes, M.C.G., (2007). Factorial analysis of the trihalomethanes formation in water disinfection using chlorine, Anal.Chimica Acta, 595, 266-274. 2. Adinarayana, K., Ellaiah, P., Srinivasulu, B., Bhavani Devi, R., Adinarayana, G., (2003). Response surface methodological approach to optimize the nutritional parameters for neomycin production by streptomyces marinensis under solid-state fermentation. Process Biochemistry 38, 1565-1572. 3. Elibol, M.,(2002). Response surface methodological approach for inclusion of perfluorocarbon in actinorhodin fermentation medium. Process Biochemistry 38, 667-673. 4. Yalvac Can, M., Kaya, Y., Algur, O.F., (2006). Response surface optimization of the removal of nickel from aqueous solution by cone biomass of Pinus sylvestris, Bioresource Technology, 97(14),1761-1765. 251 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Remote Real-Time Wastewater Monitoring System Gülay BOZDAĞ PİKOTEK MEKANİK VE KONTROL SİSTEMLERİ gulay@pikotek-tr.com Abstract Remote Real-Time Monitoring System enables to remote and real-time monitoring of parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen etc. which determines the fuctionality of Wastewater Treatment Plant and energy consumption of the devices on plant. It is a genuine software system plans to eliminate foreign resource and product dependency, remote and real-time data collection with high security, eliminate the risk of data loss. Energy consumption data, waste water discharge and waste water parameters are shown in the graphic screens, thanks to a combination of changes in the functioning of the process can be followed. A flexible and modular software architecture was created and object-oriented programming technique was used. Data security is the most critical requirement of the system becasue of the environmental protection aim of the project. The software system provides an infrastructure to the end user can implement its own specific security algorithms. Keywords: Real-time, remote monitoring, treatment plants. 1. ENTRY In accordance with the circular numbered “B.18.0.ÇYG.0.05.02-010.06.02-51460” by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, real-time, remote waste water monitoring stations should be established onto the Waste Water Treatment Plants which has the capacity more than 10000m3/ day. Market products that meet this demand are supplied from abroad and they contain proprietary hardware and software. In other words, the end user or the owner of the firm commitment is not possible to make changes for improvement or development. Market products should be used with PC-based hardware because of its limited data storage capacity and the absence of mechanisms for preventing data loss. So, service quality declines, and unnecessarily increase costs consist of external resource dependency. System which is developed by our company contains sensors with simple transmitters just have 4-20 mA output instead of high cost and restrictive controllers on market. Industrial PC platform is used as the hardware infrastructure and flexible, modular software architecture developed. The ultimate enduser on the platform may run private data algorithms or private security algorithms. The system can be easily adapted to different applications becasue of the flexible software architecture. The system also contains “Energy Monitoring” capability that does not included in the products on market. 2. SYSTEM FEATURES Sensors are sampled in real-time and sample data are recorded into the database. Generated data every five minutes are transferred to the ministry server via GPRS in XML format. Data is encrypted and packed with high-level security algorithms. Application level validation (acknowledge) messages are used for communication gaps and established mechanisms to prevent data loss. Sensors from different companies can be easily integrated into the system. Peristaltic pump is used to take sample, the sensor group, the supply line and filter system are rinsed at regular intervals. The requested structure for the sensor calibration are also setup. Graphical data locally monitored, reported and the output can be taken. User access has authorization levels and encrypted and is recorded. While necessary (cabinet door opened, motion is detected, etc.), video records for security purposes are taken. IP camera which accessed by http protocol is used for streaming purposes. Graphic displays are designed as easy to understand and user friendly. Flexible and modular software architecture developed. The system enables to end user to handle its own data or security algorithms. This structure may be easily adapted for using in various sectors. Object-oriented programming method was used. Energy monitoring capabilities are also included in the system. Data collected from the energy analyzers on field over RS485 or fiber optic infrastructure 252 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater and recorded into the database. Energy consumption data can be monitored graphically. Customer, following the energy consumption profile over time may improve it. Energy monitoring infrastructure also enables the customer to verify the process functionality. Energy consumption data, wastewater discharge and wastewater parameters shown in the graphic screens, thanks to a combination of changes in the functioning of the process can be followed. Figure 1. System Prototype Block Diagram 3. CONCLUSION Primarily, the software system has been tested under laboratory conditions for a long time, than the field tests are implemented. The test results were confirmed that meets the system requirements. This project has been developed with the support of KOSGEB from R&D budget. The test outputs of the process will be shared in detail in the forthcoming documents. REFERENCES 1. “B.18.0.ÇYG.0.05.02-010.06.02-51460” sayılı genelge - Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı 253 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Effect of the Anaerobic Digester Filtrate to WWTP Performance in the Controlling the Biomass and Thickening Dilek Erdirençelebi1, Murat Küçükhemek2 Environmental Engineering Department, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey dbaktil@hotmail.com 2 Konya Water and Sewerage Administration KOSKI, Turkey mkucukhemek@yahoo.com 1 Abstract Konya Water and Sewerage Administration (KOSKİ) owns and operates a large scale treatment plant for Konya City, TR, receiving both industrial and domestic wastewater at a flowrate of 160,000 m3/d with a million equivalent population capacity. The wastewater is high in character according to domestic wastewater classification as it receives industrial discharges and necessitates nutrient removal in addition to organic matter and solids. The plant underwent a series of operational problems from the start of full capacity operation with excessive biomass growth in its Bardenpho unit with poor settleability resulting in reduced settleability in the secondary sedimentation tanks and sludge thickeners which also reduced the sludge retention in the anaerobic sludge digesters. The anaerobic filtrate from the decantors was cut off from the system for a period of 3 months and the observed effects on biomass growth, filamentous abundance and settleability in the settling tanks and sludge thickeners were reported in the scope of this study. The anaerobic filtrate/reject water was found to act as a precursor of the excessive biomass growth and filamentous bulking. Keywords: WWTP, anaerobic filtrate, growth, bulking, nutrients. 1. INTRODUCTION Konya Water and Sewerage Administration (KOSKİ) owns and operates a large scale municipal treatment plant for Konya City, TR, receiving both industrial and domestic wastewater at a flowrate of 160,000m3/d with a million equivalent population capacity. The wastewater pollutant matter consists mostly of solids with a 70% volatile character which gets removed at a 45-70% as suspended solids concentrating to a 30,000 - 38,000 mg SS/L at the first sedimentation unit. Secondary treatment consists of the Bardenpho process where operational problems have been experienced with continuous biomass growth with poor settleability in the unit leading to inefficient use in sludge thickeners and anaerobic digesters as thickened sludge at low densities reduce the retention in the digesters, thus volatile solid reduction and energy recovery. The anaerobic filtrate from the decantors was cut off from the system for a period of 3 months and the observed effects on biomass growth, filamentous abundance and settleability in the settling tanks and sludge thickeners were reported in the scope of this study. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD In addition to routine monitoring of the Konya WWTP as volatile solids (VS), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), total solids (TS), protein content and sludge volume index (SVI) of the activated and return sludge, the characteristics of anaerobic filtrate was determined with parameters as ammonia nitrogen and phosphate. 3. RESULTS The anaerobic filtrate/reject water was found to act as a precursor of the excessive biomass growth and filamentous bulking as it contained nutrients in the dissolved form at high concentration as a result of anaerobic digestion of protein-rich primary sludge and waste activated sludge. Stabilization of primary sludge during anaerobic digestion released ammonia nitrogen and phosphate in the readily degradable form adding to raw wastewater inlet pollutant load as the filtrate is returned to the plant inlet. Excessive biomass growth and settleability in the bardenpo tank and in the return sludge were monitored through a 9 month period including the cut off period (Table 1 and Figure 2). With the start of cutting off period, settleability of the active biomass improved significantly and the bulking effect was reduced with incresed concentration of return sludge which is an important 254 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater factor in the following sludge thickening units. High waste activated sludge concentration and lower SVI values increased the sludge thickening performance, thus sludge retention in anaerobic digesters. The effluent suspended solid concentration was stabilized in the cut off period as a result of improved settleability. Month February March April May June* July* August* September October MLSS-1 (mg/l) 5108 5470 3428 5468 7178 6370 6908 7012 7192 Bardenpho Tank MLSS-2 SVI-1 (mg/l) (ml/gr) 5306 191 3951 178 4103 148 4888 123 6036 78 5065 80 5009 76 6787 102 6016 113 SVI-2 (ml/gr) 183 239 216 122 74 73 80 97 125 MLSS RS-1 (mg/L) 8.654 9.867 6.760 11.327 15.515 13.725 15.059 14.079 12988 Return Sludge MLSS SVI-1 RS-2 (mg/L) (ml/gr) 9.056 118 6.147 103 7.309 145 9.475 91 11.185 65 10.121 73 11.276 67 13.588 71 10264 76 SVI-2 (ml/gr) 113 167 141 104 88 95 88 72 93 * Anaerobic reject water was cut off from the plant inlet Table 1. Suspended solid characteristics of the secondary treatment unit (values as monthly averages) 9.000 MLSS (Line-1) SVI (Line-1) MLSS (Line-2) SVI (Line-2) 700 Concentration (mg MLSS/L). 8.000 600 7.000 500 6.000 400 5.000 4.000 300 3.000 200 2.000 100 1.000 0 16 .2 4. 3 19 .3 5. 4 21 .4 7. 5 24 .5 9. 6 25 .6 12 .7 28 .7 13 .8 3. 9 24 .9 0 11 .1 11 .2 2 7. 12 21 .1 2 3. 1 17 .1 800 Sludge volume index (mL/g). 10.000 Figure 1. Suspended solid and SVI change before and after the cut off period (arrow shows the period where the anaerobic reject water was cut off the plant inlet) Anaerobic filtrate/reject water contributed nutrients in the protein-rich primary sludge back to the inlet in their readily degradable dissolved/inorganic forms necessitating a side-line nutrient removal for stable treatment performance and effluent quality. 255 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Determination of the Factors Effecting the Turbine Energy Conversion Efficiency and the Benefits of its Use Ugur Orun, Ali Inci Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration(ISKI) uorun@iski.gov.tr, AINCI@iski.gov.tr Abstract The wastewater treatment plants having the dryers for sludge treatment need considerable amount of heat which is going to be used for producing steam or heating the thermal oil. Turbines ,which are as the main part of combined heat power (CHP) plants, are designed for delivering both electricity and heat with saving of energy for the wastewater treatment plants having dryers. However, the efficiency of turbines strictly depend on the co-existing need of electricity and heat . Also, the fluctuations in the unit prices of natural gas and electricity strongly effects the benefit of their employment in the site. In this study, using the data determined from the turbine which have been operated and Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) , energy conversion efficiencies for electricity and power has been calculated. Also, based on the electricity tariff of Ayedas , which is the electricity supplier company in the site, how much benefit or loss was gained by using Turbine is calculated. Keywords: Turbine, CHP, lower calorific value, enthalpy. 1. INTRODUCTION Turbines as a major part of CHP systems are designed to deliver roughly 30 percent electricity and 50 percent of heat energy conversions and 20 percent loss by using the natural gas as the energy source. The design parameters of the turbine in Pasakoy WWTP are 28,78 percent nominal electricity generation efficiency and 48 percent of heat conversion efficiency with the installed power of 4,4 MW [1]. The turbine is prompted by electricity need of the treatment plant and produce heat for steam production accordingly. However, in the site conditions, two different energy requirements may not be matched at the same time. Also, even the good conversion efficiencies are obtained in the site, the benefit of using turbine is badly affected by the natural gas unit price (NUP) (TL /1 Nm3) / electricity unit price (EUP) (TL/ 1 kWh) ratio. In this study, the energy conversion efficiencies of the turbine is determined by investigating natural gas consumption (Nm3 /month) , steam production (tones / month) and electricity generation (kWh / month) on monthly and yearly basis. Also, the benefit of turbine use is calculated in the same manner by using the Ayedas[2] and IGDAS[3] tariff system. (VAT excluded in the prices) 2. DETERMINATION OF ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES IN THE TURBINE The assumptions for the calculation of energy conversion: 1-Lower calorific value of natural gas is 9,59 kWh /Nm3 [4].2-The steam which is at 12,54 bar and 190 oC is carrying the energy of 773,89 kWh /ton [5]. 3-The efficiency of the waste heat boiler connected to turbine is 80 percent. Months TOTAL EFFICIENCY (%) ELECTRICITY (%) HEAT (%) Ag. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. Ma Ju Jul 82,38 71,69 83,21 66,90 57,38 70,66 68,79 67,12 57,20 68,22 73,88 77,50 25,05 25,65 25,52 24,49 25,69 26,68 26,02 26,61 46,65 56,73 57,68 42,42 31,70 43,98 42,78 40,51 26,85 26,16 25,86 24,83 30,35 42,07 48,02 52,67 Table 1. The energy conversion efficiencies of the turbine in Pasakoy WWTP in the August 2011-July 2012 period On yearly basis, 8.311.669,2 Nm3 natural gas consumed for the outcome of 20.598.300 kWh electricity and 36.594 tones of steam production. Based on these data, total energy conversion efficiency is determined as 70,25% in which the shares of electricity and heat conversion efficiencies are 25,84 and 44,41 percents respectively. 256 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. DETERMINATION OF BENEFIT OF TURBINE USE The assumptions for the calculations :The natural gas consumption, electricity and steam production is linear with respect to durations of 3 different tariff (11 hours, 5 hours and 8 hours) set by Ayedas, which means energy conversion efficiencies are same as Table 1 for all tariffs. The calculations are made with the comparisons of the costs in the cases with and without the turbine installed. Months Ag. NUP /EUP 2,40 Sept. Oct 2,40 2,63 Nov. 2,64 Dec. 2,64 Jan. 2,68 Feb. 2,69 March Apr. 2,69 2,92 Ma 2,92 Ju 2,92 Jul 2,92 Table 2. NUP/EUP Ratios for tariff-1 (06:00-17:00) in the August 2011-July 2012 period Benefits of using turbine in the months from August 2011 to July 2012 in the tariff-1 are given following; 85.928 TL, 88.162 TL, 108.441 TL, 40.533 TL, 50.274 TL, 88.005 TL, 66.898 TL, 55.994 TL, 45.914 TL, 73.735 TL, 69.126 TL, 61.594 TL. Yearly total benefit for tariff-1 is 834.604 TL. Months Ag. NUP /EUP 1,57 Sept. Oct 1,57 1,70 Nov. 1,70 Dec. 1,70 Jan. 1,72 Feb. 1,72 March Apr. 1,72 1,86 Ma 1,86 Ju 1,86 Jul 1,86 Table 3. NUP/EUP Ratios for tariff-2 (17:00-22:00) in the August 2011-July 2012 period Benefits of using turbine in the months from August 2011 to July 2012 in the tariff-2 are given following; 83.317 TL, 76.796 TL, 98.963 TL, 47.008 TL, 69.531 TL, 94.208 TL, 74.632 TL, 63.477 TL, 77.868TL, 92.569 TL, 77.880 TL, 66.275 TL. Yearly total benefit for tariff-2 is 922.523 TL. Months Ag. NUP /EUP 3,87 Sept. Oct 3,87 4,36 Nov. 4,36 Dec. 4,36 Jan. 4,49 Feb. 4,50 March Apr. 4,50 4,98 Ma 4,98 Ju 4,98 Jul 4,98 Table 4. NUP/EUP Ratios for tariff-3 (22:00-06:00) in the August 2011-July 2012 period Benefits of using turbine in the months from August 2011 to July 2012 in this tariff-3 are given following; 11.567 TL, 21.864 TL, 21.555 TL,-3.501 TL, -17.294 TL, 1.463 TL, -2.372 TL, -3.149 TL, -32.370TL, -14.509 TL, -3.331 TL, 631 TL. Yearly total disadvantage for tariff-3 is -19.444 TL. As seen from all tariffs , the benefits of turbine use highly depend on natural gas consumption , heat conversion efficiency and NUP/EUP ratio. The higher NUP/EUP ratios especially above 4,5 strongly minimize or remove the advantage of turbine use. The electricity conversion efficiency is more or less the same for all months. Total yearly benefit of all three tariffs by using Turbine is 1.737.683 TL. CONCLUSION Although turbine is logical and beneficial machine for Pasakoy WWTP which need CHP system, optimization of its operation is depend on both monitoring of the parameters which include total energy conversion efficiency, heat conversion efficiency and NUP/EUP ratio and acting to minimize benefit loss. Sludge preheating of undewatered sludge for steady feeding of the dryers by unused heat and maintaining the sludge processing equipment running before dryers could be the solutions for acting. Also, stopping to run the turbine in the duration of tariff-3 period within the limits set by its manufacturer can also maximize the benefit of operators. REFERENCES 1. Turbomach. Performance Data Sheet for Pasakoy WWTP. 2. http://www.tedas.gov.tr/17,Tarifeler_Index.html 3. https://www.igdas.com.tr/Dynamic/Institutional_Natural_Gas_Price_List.aspx?MI=3&CMI=667&MCI=589 4. http://www.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/c6709bfdf0572f1_ek.pdf?dergi=225 5. http://enpub.fulton.asu.edu/ece340/pdf/steam_tables.PDF 257 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Phosphor Recovery from Sludge Ashes: Preliminary Tests in an Induction Oven Carla Cimatoribus1, Fatah Naji1, Martin Kranert1, Harald Raupenstrauch2 University of Stuttgart, Germany Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria carla.cimatoribus@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de fatah.naji@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de martin.kranert@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de harald.raupenstrauch@unileoben.ac.at 1 2 Abstract The EU-Project (FP7) RecoPhos aims at developing, modelling and testing a new thermal process to recover phosphor from sewage sludge ashes. The process concept consists of an induction oven where the ashes are melted and phosphates are reduced to phosphor gas. This gas is then burnt in an incinerator and quenched with water to give phosphoric acid. The article presents preliminary experiments conducted on susceptor/reduction material at different induction frequency with regard to the temperature profile and the heating velocity of the inductive packed bed. Keywords: Phosphor recovery, sludge ashes, thermal process. 1. PHOSPHOR RECOVERY FROM SLUDGE ASHES About 85% of phosphate ores and derived phosphoric acid are used to produce fertilizers [1]. This essential resource is neither renewable nor substitutable. Although the world phosphate reserves are estimated at about 100 to 120 years, their profitability depends on the development of various factors (population growth, agricultural development, development of new deposits, etc.) [2]. In this framework the European Union is promoting a series of research project to explore the technical and economical viability of phosphor recovery technologies from waste, in particular from waste water, sewage sludge and sludge ashes. The latter in particular contain the highest fraction of P (64g/kg) and therefore a promising potential, although phosphorus is bound in the ashes mostly as phosphate. Aim of the EU-RecoPhos Project is the development, experimental testing and modelling of a new process concept for the thermal recovery of P in the ashes with the use of an induction oven. 2. RECOPHOS: A NEW THERMAL PROCESS The RecoPhos process consists of a melting induction oven where phosphates are reduced to P4 gas, while a metal-silicate slag trickles down the reactor to a collecting pot. Some preliminary experiments aim at evaluating the response of different carbon susceptor material to different frequencies. These data will help in the definition of a narrow range of effective induction frequencies and in the choice of the best susceptor/reduction material among several carbon forms (anthracite, coke, graphite...). Different material sizes are tested with induction frequencies between 5 and 200 kHz, evaluating the heating velocity, the temperature uniformity in the reactor bed, as well as the mechanical response. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The RecoPhos project is cooperation between the University of Leoben, Austria, and of Stuttgart, Germany, together with several industrial partners. We thank our partner SGL Group for providing the experimental material. The project is financed by the European Union within the FP7. REFERENCES 1. Büchel K.-H., Moretto H., Woditsch P. (1999). Industrielle anorganische Chemie, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2. Sartorius C., von Horn J., Tettenborn F. (2011) Phosphorus recovery from Wastewater – State-of-the-arte and future potential, International conference on Nutrient Recovery and Management 2011, January 9-12, Miami, Florida, USA 258 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Identification of Winter Bulking and Foaming Filaments in the Konya Wastewater Treatment Plant Esra Yel1, Sezen Kucukcongar1, Zehra Gok1, Merve Sogancioglu1, Ahmet Aygun1, Murat Kucukhemek2 Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, Turkey etarlan@selcuk.edu.tr Konya Metropolitan Municipality, Konya, Turkey kucukhemek@yahoo.com 1 2 Abstract Foaming and filamentous bulking can affect some wastewater treatment plants continuously or seasonally. Here, the winter season filamentous species in KonyaWWTP were identified and associated with the operational conditions of the plant.Mainly Types 0041/0675, 021N, 0092, 1851, 0581, 0803, N. Limicola I, II, III, M.Parvicella; Zooglea, and Thiothrix II found to dominate, which represents the biodegradable industrial discharge, high θc and low F/M. In order to avoid the bulking/foaming problems, specific control measures should be preferred to non-specific ones. Low ambient temperature had not adverse affect in filamentous growth. Operational condiditons were more critical. Keywords: Activated sludge, filamentous bacteria, bulking, foaming, temperature. 1. INTRODUCTION Activated sludge bulking and foaming are 20-60% of the wastewater treatment plants’ experience and resulting in sludge separation problems and malfunction of the process [1-3]. This is the case also for the Konya Metropolitan municipal wastewater treatment plant (KonyaWWTP) especially in winter. Filamentous microorganisms are associated with bulking and foaming phenomena, depending on the operational characteristics of treatment plant and environmental conditions, sewage composition, etc. Specific strategies focus on understanding and adjusting the relationships between the dominant filamentous bacteria and the operational parameters of the treatment plant such as high sulphide, biodegradable COD, N and P deficiency, high θc, low F/M, low pH, low DO, and temperature [4-6]. The aim of this study was to identify the winter season filamentous species in KonyaWWTP and to associate them with the operational conditions of the plant. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD KonyaWWTP (Qavg: 0.2 Mm3/d) includes preliminary treatment, modified Bardenpho for organic carbon and partial nitrogen degradation, disinfection, thickener and anaerobic sludge digestion. The microscopic analyses were carried out according to the method described in the microscopic sludge investigation manual [1,7]. The rank of filaments was recorded by using a scale ranging from 0 (filaments absent) to 3. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Filamentous bacteria are normal components of activated sludge but they may compete successfully with the floc-forming bacteria under specific conditions. Evidently Types 0041, 0092, 1851, N. Limicola III, M.Parvicella (7%); N. Limicola I, II, Zooglea, Type 021N, 0675, 0581 (5%) and Type 0803 and Thiothrix II (4%) were the dominant filamentous microorganisms in the 73%of the samples during the winter (Figure 1). The F/M and θc were 0.10-0.23 and 11.2 days, respectively. Types 0092, 0675/0041, M. parvicella proliferate under low F/M ratios (long sludge age), and/or nutrient deficiency conditions [8]. Type 0803 dominates in case of industrial influent and anaerobic supernatant recycle[1], which was the case during the study period. S. natans, Types 1701, 021N, 1851, Thiothrix spp., H.hydrossis, N. limicola II, III increases with biodegradable industrial effluents. The ambient temperature varied between 10.1-17.5 ºC (avg 13.6 ºC). 259 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Type 0092 7% Oral Presentations Type 0803 Type 1701 Type 4% 1863 Gordonia Type 0411 2% 1% 2% 0% Type 0581 5% N.Limicola 2 5% H.Hydrossis 1% Type 1851 7% Type 0961 0% Type 0914 5% Type 0675 5% Type 0041 7% Type 021N Spirochaetae 5% 2% M.Parvicella 7% N.Limicola 1 5% N.Limicola 3 7% Thiothrix 1 3% Thiothrix 2 4% S. Natans 3% Spirillum 2% Fungi 2% Zooglea 5% Beggiatoa 0% Streptecoccus 1% Figure 1. Observed filamentous bacteria in Konya WWTP modified Bardenpho unit during 2012 winter. The seasonal variation of the filamentous population is primarily attributed to the temperature effect on the population size of M. parvicella and Type 0092 [9,10].Operational conditions and influent variations affect the dominating filaments. The complementarity of the dominance of these filamentous microorganisms is a strong evidence that they compete for the same substrate. It was hypothesized that increasing temperatures are responsible for foam formation as growth rate increases with increasing temperature in the growth range[10]. However, this study indicated that the winter temperature did not prohibit the growth of the filamentous population. Therefore, the operational conditions should be strictly followed and controlled to prevent filamentous growth, even in winter. 4. CONCLUSION Types 0041/0675, 021N, 0092, 1851, 0581, 0803, N. Limicola I, II, III, M.Parvicella; Zooglea, and Thiothrix II dominated in Konya WWTP during winter. The winter temperature did not prohibit the growth of the filamentous population. Operational conditions and biodegradable influent characteristics had higher influence. Specific control measures, i.e.creating environmental conditions in the plant to inhibit or suppress the growth of the filamentous organisms are suggested in this study. Due to the variety of types of species, non-specific measures (e.g.the use of chemicals which selectively control the excessive growth) are not suggested. REFERENCES 260 1. Eikelboom D.H., (2000). Process Control of Activated Sludge Plants by Microscopic Investigation, IWA Publishing, London, UK. 2. Noutsopoulos C., Andreadakis A., Mamais D. & Gavalakis E. (2007). Identification of Type and Causes of Filamentous Bulking under Mediterranean Conditions, Environ Technol, 28:1, 115-122. 3. Hussein R.M., Swaileh K.M., Al-Sa’ed R. & Roest K. (2012). Use of molecular techniques for the analysis of foam-causing bacteria in Al Bireh oxidation ditch, Palestine, Int. J Environ Studies, 69:1, 91-101. 4. Miana, P., Grando, L. and Caravello, G., (2002). Microthrix parvicella foaming at the Fusina WWTP. Water Sci Technol, 46:1, 499–502. 5. Agridiotis, V., Forster, C.F. and Carliell-Marquet, C., (2007). Addition of Al and Fe salts during treatment of paper mill effluents to improve AS settlement characteristics. Bioresource Technol, 98(15), 2926–2934. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 6. Martins, A.M.P., Pagilla, K., Heijnen, J.J. and van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., (2004). Filamentous bulking sludge: a critical review. Water Res, 38, 793–817. 7. Eikelboom D.H. and. Van Buijsen H.J.J., (1981). Microscopic sludge investigation manual. IMG-TNO, Report A94a, Delft. 8. Jenkins D., Richard M.G., Daigger G.T., (2003). Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming and Other Solids Seperation Problems, IWA Publishing, Third Edition. 9. Eikelboom D.H., Andreadakis A. and Andreasen K., (1998). Survey of the filamentous population in nutrient removal plants in four European countries. Water Sci. Technol., 37, 281-289. 10. Knoop S. and Kunst S., (1998). Influence of temperature and sludge loading on activated sludge settling, especially on Microthrix parvicella. Water Sci.Technol., 37, 27-37. 261 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Evaluation of Sludge Production Potential of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant - Operators Perspective Ayşe Okşan Yavuz1, Dr.Burcu Didem Özdemir2, Osman Yıldız3 ISKI General Directorate, Paşaköy ABWWTP oyavuz@iski.gov.tr. MPE Engineering, Construction, Contracting/Istanbul burcu.ozdemir@mpe.com.tr, burcudozdemir@yahoo.com 3 ISKI General Directorate osyildiz@iski.gov.tr. 1 2 Abstract In this study, sludge production potential in Paşaköy ABWWTP was evaluated with the two-year operational data, in order to obtain observed biomass yield factor (Yobs). The amount of produced excess activated sludge was recorded daily as the variation of total biomass by adding the withdrawn sludge amount to the existing sludge in the process tanks. Yobs was determined by dividing this daily excess sludge amount by the treated total BOD5 and COD loads in the same period. Furthermore, SRT and Yobs were calculated according to ATV-131E method by taking into account two-year raw wastewater data and current process volumes of the plant. The Yobs values obtained from both methods were evaluated by categorizing the daily data whereof, according to influent SS/BOI5 ratios, sludge age (SRT) and temperature. In plant, an average of 0.5-1 kgMLSS/kgBOI5(Yobs) sludge was produced depending on SRT. Although, the average amount of sludge production did not change significantly by temperature, an oscillation in the Yobs values was observed as the temperature increased. The contribution of inert particulate matter in raw sewage to the excess sludge production was lower than expected. However, despite the oscillation of the Yobs values with the increased SRT, the expected downward trend was observed. Keywords: Observed biomass yield factor (Yobs), excess activated sludge, sludge age (SRT), inert particulate matter. 1. INTRODUCTION In this study, sludge production potential of ISKI Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant, which has an advantageous domestic waste water catchment area with no industrial shock loadings, was evaluated by the two-year operational data. The objective was to determine the observed biomass yield factor (Yobs) representing the biological activity using the past process data, to give an insight in understanding the sludge production issue, then, to use it in daily sludge calculations. 2. PLANT OPERATIONAL PROCESS DATA AND CALCULATION METHOD The amount of produced excess activated sludge was recorded daily as the variation of total biomass by adding the withdrawn sludge amount to the existing sludge in the process tanks. Yobs was determined by dividing this daily excess sludge amount by the treated total BOD5 and COD loads in the same period. Furthermore, SRT and Yobs were calculated according to ATV-131E method by taking into account the two-year raw wastewater data and current process volumes of the plant. The Yobs values obtained from both methods were evaluated by categorizing the daily data whereof, according to the influent SS/BOI5 ratios, sludge age (SRT) and temperature. In plant, an average of 0.5-1 kgMLSS/kgBOI5(Yobs) sludge was produced depending on the SRT. Although, the average amount of sludge production did not change significantly by temperature, an oscillation in the Yobs values was observed as the temperature increased. (Figure 1). The reason for this was considered as the increased endogenous activity by the increasing temperature. The contribution of inert particulate matter in the raw sewage to the excess sludge production was lower than expected [2,3] (Figure 2). However, despite the oscillation of the Yobs values with the increased SRT, the expected downward trend was observed (Figure 3). By the gradual increase of sludge age, XE content of an activated sludge system begins to accumulate, as well as the decrease in biological activity and this content, which has been considered as inert, can be decomposed at prolonged SRT values [4,5]. The minimum average design temperature of Paşaköy plant is 15oC and the Yobs values calculated by ATV-131 E 262 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater method for 12 - 24 oC were slightly higher but up to 24 oC, close to the operational data. As SS/BOD ratio got higher than 1.4, ATV-131 E gave gradually increasing Yobs results. Because ATV-131 E presents SS/BOD ratios between 0.4 - 1.2, the ratios of Paşaköy wastewater are way higher than the ATV-131 E range. So, in real case the mechanism behind the contribution of SSo into sludge could be different. Figure 1. Observed Biomass Yield Factor (Yobs) by increased temperature Figure 2. Observed Biomass Yield Factor (Yobs) by increased SSo/BOD5o Figure 3. Observed Biomass Yield Factor (Yobs) by increased Sludge Age(SRT) REFERENCES 1. ISKI Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant, Process Operational Data, (2011,2012) Istanbul/Turkey. 2. ATV-DVWK-A131E Dimensioning of Single-Stage Activated Sludge Plants, May 2000. 3. G.L. Cronje, A.O. Beeharry, M.C. Wentzel, G.A. Ekama, (2002). Active biomass in activated sludge mixed liquor, Water Research, 36, 439–444. 4. A. Ramdani, P. Dold, A. Gadbois, S. Deleris, D. Houweling, Y. Comeau, (2012). Characterization of the heterotrophic biomass and the endogenous residue of activated sludge,Water Research,46, 653–668. 5. G. Laera, A. Pollice, D. Saturno, C. Giordano, A. Lopez, (2005). Zero net growth in a membrane bioreactor with complete sludge retention, Water Research, 39, 5241-5249. 263 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Evaluation of Drying and Incineration Alternatives in Sludge Treatment by Focusing on the Energy Recovery Factor Ugur Orun Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration(ISKI) uorun@iski.gov.tr Abstract Finding an economic and sustainable solution for final sludge treatment of big wastewater treatment plants, which are operated by water and sewerage administrations is vital issue in the choice of best technology in terms of both initial investment and operation of plants. Especially, the energy recovery is getting further importance in Turkey, which is highly dependent on import of energy source. In this study, using the data obtained from the dryers which have been operated in Tuzla and Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP), the energy needed to evaporate 1 ton of water in the wet sludge and the energy required to dry 1 ton of wet sludge is calculated separately. Based on these calculations, energy recovery comparisons are made with the current method and direct wet sludge incineration alternative. Keywords: Dry solid, dryer, lower calorific value, enthalpy. 1. INTRODUCTION Full drying of wastewater treatment sludges (increasing of dry solid content above 90%) is highly intensive energy consuming process. Theoretically, for evaporation of 1 ton of water from the sludge at 20 oC , 734 kWh energy is required [1]. However, in the site conditions, this amount can vary due to the several factors like energy losses, dryer type, wet sludge dry content and temperature. According to site investigations , energy requirements lye between 0,8-1,5 kWh / kg water evaporated [2]. In this study, how much energy has been spent for the evaporation of 1 ton of water during operation of Tuzla and Pasakoy WWTP dryers is calculated on monthly and yearly basis. In addition, energy potential of sludge is determined by using lower calorific values (LCV) of dried product. Putting together these data, how much energy can be saved is estimated. In order to calculate the energy needs for 1 ton water evaporation and for 1 ton wet sludge drying, initial and final dry solid contents, the amounts of dry products and steam used for drying process has been investigated. Based on the energy transfer calculations, the energy requirements are calculated. 2. DETERMINATION OF ENERGY NEED FOR 1 TON WATER EVAPORATION FROM WET SLUDGE AND DRYING OF 1 TON OF WET SLUDGE The assumptions for energy transfer calculations: 1- The steam which is at 12,54 bar and 190 oC is carrying the energy of 773,89 kWh /ton [3]. 2- The condensed water at 100 oC (liquid phase) carrying the energy of 116,39 kWh /ton [3]. 3- Net enthalpy used in the system for drying of wet sludge is 657,5 kWh /ton [3]. Months Energy for evaporation (kWh/ton) Energy for drying (kWh/ton) Ag. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. Ma Ju 948 963 793 915 1037 1108 1111 914 884 945 1057 1136 674 704 580 689 794 696 658 690 853 850 781 Table 1. The energy requirements of Tuzla WWTP in the August 2011-July 2012 period 264 Jul 862 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Months Energy for evaporation (kWh/ton) Energy for drying (kWh/ton) Ag. Sept. Oct. Wastewater Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. Ma Ju Jul 1065 1188 1014 948 865 856 939 919 909 976 959 947 833 744 675 663 718 707 702 758 737 728 935 790 Table 2. The energy requirements of Pasakoy WWTP in the August 2011-July 2012 period As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the energy need for evaporation of water varies between 793 to 1136 kWh/ton in Tuzla WWTP while in Pasakoy WWTP it does between 856 to 1188 kWh/ton. Energy requirement for 1 ton of wet sludge drying changes between 580 to 862 kWh/ton in Tuzla WWTP while it ranges between 663 to 935 kWh/ton in Pasakoy WWTP. On yearly basis, 17.373 tones of dried sludge was produced and 51.205 tones of water evaporated by consuming 76.282 tones of steam in Tuzla WWTP. The energy requirements are calculated as 979 kWh/ton for water evaporation and 731 kWh/ton for wet sludge drying in Tuzla WWTP by taking into consideration of yearly total values. During this period of time, 8.332 tones of dried sludge was obtained and 28.767 tones of water evaporated by using 42.298 tones of steam in Pasakoy WWTP. Based on these data, the energy needs are determined as 967 kWh/ton for water evaporation and 750 kWh/ton for wet sludge drying in Pasakoy WWTP. Total yearly energy extracted from steam for drying was realized as 50.155.698 kWh/year in Tuzla and 27.810.935 kWh/year in Pasakoy WWTP. 3. DETERMINATION OF ENERGY POTENTIAL IN THE DRIED SLUDGE The lower calorific values of digested sludge ranges between 2,78 -4,17 kWh/kg (2388-3583 kcal/kg) while it can reach up to 5,55 kWh/kg for undigested sludge[4]. LCV of Tuzla and Pasakoy WWTP’s dried sludge has been determined as 2,48 kWh/kg and 3,29 kWh/kg respectively , which are average values of different measurements. In this regard, the energy potential of Tuzla WWTP ‘s dried sludge is 43.085.040 kWh/year and of Pasakoy WWTP’s dried sludge is 27.389.027 kWh/year. Assuming the energy efficiency of 80% percent after incineration, approximately 80 percent of required energy for Pasakoy WWTP and 70 percent of energy demand for Tuzla WWTP can be recovered. Heat is recovered from the flue gases for combustion air preheating up to 450oC and /or steam generation[5]. CONCLUSION In terms of the energy recovery and energy saving for the sludge treatment, direct incineration seems to be a better alternative compared to drying and sending the dried product to cement factories. The main issue which has to be focused on is how to increase the calorific value of the wet sludge. Minimizing the sludge age without sacrificing the effluent quality, decreasing detention time in anaerobic digesters or bypassing them can be good case studies for both plants in order to achieve LCV values for combustion of wet sludges without addition of external fuel. REFERENCES 1. ATV-DVWK-M 379 E (2004), Drying of sewage sludge,26, DWA German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste. 2. Rogar Khalil,Ola Jonassen, Mette Bugge,Lars Sorum (2007),Options for the treatment of organic sludge-The move towards thermal processing,5,Sintef. 3. http://enpub.fulton.asu.edu/ece340/pdf/steam_tables.PDF 4. DIN-Fachbbericht CEN/TR 15473 (2007),Characterization of sludges-Good practice for sludge drying,54, Europian Committee for Standardisation. 5. ATV-DVWK-Report (1994), Sewage sludge incineration, Emissions, 6, DWA. 265 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Tertiary Membrane Bioreactor (TMBR) - New Concept for Large-Scale Wastewater Reuse Jan Hadler, Jack Noble Koch Membrane Systems infoeurope@kochmembrane.com Abstract The need for advanced wastewater treatment and reuse is increasing in all parts of the world as the limited supply of freshwater is being rapidly depleted. This is especially true in the São Paulo region of Brazil, where there is a growing demand for high quality water for industrial processing as well as for clean drinking water. This paper will show how an existing conventional waste water treatment plant has been upgraded for partial water reuse by means of a Tertiary Membrane Bioreactor (TMBR). Compared to other wastewater reuse technologies, the TMBR offers lower operating costs, lower process risk, greenfield design and negligible interaction with existing plant operations and equipment. The Aquapolo Ambiental project is the largest wastewater reuse project in the Southern Hemisphere, and the fifth largest of its kind in the world. Keywords: MBR, wastewater, reuse, membrane, ultrafiltration. 1. INTRODUCTION The state of São Paulo, with close to 41 million people, is the world’s seventh most populous urban area, and is considered the economic, financial and technical hub of Brazil. The region contains nearly one-fourth of the country’s population but less than 2% of its water. Drinking water resources are becoming increasingly scarce in São Paulo. The state government, recognizing the importance of safeguarding drinking water for the region’s inhabitants, recently issued new regulations to restrict the industrial use of potable water. These legal updates have forced factories to look for ways to reuse their wastewater or obtain recycled water from another source. The existing conventional treatment plant at the ABC Sewage Treatment Plant (ABC STP) of Sabesp, a Brazilian stateowned utility that provides water and sewage services for residential, commercial and industrial use in the municipalities of the state of São Paulo, was built in 1990s. Several critical discharge parameters of the current operation seriously compromised the ability to reuse the existing effluent, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, ammonium, total phosphorus and conductivity. 2. METHOD The Aquapolo Ambiental water reuse project was born from a unique business structuring and project financing arrangement known as a specific-purpose partnership (SPP) between Foz do Brasil, the engineering division of Odebrecht Group, and Sabesp. With a capacity of 86,400 m3/ day, the Aquapolo wastewater reuse project will be one of the largest of its kind in the southern hemisphere. The project involves the construction of new pretreatment step, installation of chemical dosing and the erection of a Tertiary Membrane Bioreactor (TMBR). The TMBR is a polishing MBR. It treats water coming from the existing clarifier and is further treating this in a newly built biological step using membranes as the separation process. Some of the TMBR effluent will be further treated by Reverse Osmosis (RO) to meet conductivity goals for water reuse. The TMBR will be built on the grounds of the ABC sewage treatment plant of Sabesp. Foz do Brasil, selected the submerged PURON single header modules for the MBR and large diameter RO modules, both supplied by Koch Membrane Systems. The project will allow the State Government to increase the offer of treated water to industrial clients in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The volume of first-use water that will no longer be consumed by the industries is enough to continuously supply a population of 350,000 inhabitants, with the potential capacity to reach 600,000 if extended to other clients. To validate the TMBR approach, a pilot study was conducted to confirm the design parameters, optimize the system operation and evaluate operating costs. 266 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Whereas earlier papers1 dealt with the design phase of this project, this new paper will focus on the implementation of the new TMBR concept. The paper will describe problems and solutions of the start-up phase as well as discuss first operational results. Construction of the installation started in 2010, commissioning was in April 2012. REFERENCES 1. Kullmann, C., Lawrence, D., Costa, D., (2011). TMBR - new concept for large scale plant upgrade for water reuse, 6th IWA Specialist Conference on Membrane Technology for Water & Wastewater Reuse, Aachen - Germany. 267 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Genotoxicity Evolution During the Applcation of Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Case Study with the Nonionic Surfactant Nonylphenol Decaethoxylate Akin Karci1, Idil Arslan-Alaton2, Gul Ozhan3, Buket Alpertunga3, Miray Bekbolet1 Bogazici University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bebek, Istanbul akin.karci@boun.edu.tr, bekbolet@boun.edu.tr Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, Istanbul arslanid@itu.edu.tr 3 Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Beyazit, Istanbul gulozhan@istanbul.edu.tr, tunga@istanbul.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton treatments of a nonylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactant (NP-10) were investigated. Treatment performance was evaluated in terms of surfactant and total organic carbon removals as well as genotoxic effects by employing the umu (a gene fused to the lacZ-gene which is responsible for the production of β-galactosidase)-test. Complete removal of NP-10 was achieved by both treatment processes after 40 min, whereas 79% and 69% TOC removals were obtained at the end of the 120 min-H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton treatments, respectively. According to the umu-test results in the presence of metabolic activation, the induction factor caused by the originally non-genotoxic NP-10 increased to a moderately genotoxic level (the induction factor = 3.5) within first 2 min of the H2O2/UV-C treatment and then decreased again to a non-genotoxic level (the induction factor = 1.4) in parallel to TOC removal after being subjected to 120 min-H2O2/UV-C treatment. On the other hand, the induction factor increased only to weakly genotoxic levels (the induction factor = 2-3) within 20 to 60 min of the photoFenton process and decreased thereafter to a non-genotoxic level (the induction factor = 1.1) after 120 min treatment. Keywords: Advanced oxidation process, genotoxicity, H2O2/UV-C, nonylphenol ethoxylate, photo-Fenton. 1. INTRODUCTION Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are based on the formation of reactive species including hydroxyl radicals (HO•). H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton processes are among the most widely studied AOPs which have been reported to be capable of efficiently oxidizing NPEs in aqueous matrices [1,2]. However, the toxicity changes during the transformation of NPEs via photochemical AOPs have not been dealt with, and the potential genotoxicity evolution during the application of these processes have been completely ruled out. Considering this data gap, genotoxicity changes during the treatment of aqueous nonylphenol decaethoxylate (NP-10), an NPE being frequently used in textile preparation processes, via H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton processes were investigated by employing the umu-test. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS NP-10 and TOC concentrations were monitored using an Agilent 1100 Series high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system and a Shimadzu VPCN carbon analyzer. Genotoxicity changes caused by NP-10 and its oxidation products during the treatment were investigated by means of the umu-test, as described in ISO 13829. In this test, Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535/ pSK 1002 was used as the test microorganism, and the test was performed in the presence (+ S9) and absence of metabolic activation (- S9). The induction factor (IF) was determined by correcting the enzymatic activity for the growth and expressing it as the fraction of control activity. 3. RESULTS Both the H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton processes were effective for the degradation of a high concentration of NP-10 in relatively short treatment times (Figure 1(a)). On the other hand, a lower ultimate TOC removal efficiency was obtained in the photo-Fenton treatment (69%) than achieved by the H2O2/UV-C process (79%). Significantly higher levels of genotoxic effects were evident in the medium without metabolic activation as compared to the medium with metabolic activation during 268 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater the application of H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton processes (Figure 1(b)). The very beginning of the H2O2/UV-C process presented the highest risk in terms of genotoxic oxidation product formation in the absence of metabolic activation, as evident from the sudden increase of the IF from 0.92 to 3.53 after 2 min treatment. On the other hand, during application of the photo-Fenton process, the IF value increased to a lower level (= 2.18), thus presenting a lower genotoxicological risk as compared to the H2O2/UV-C process. H2O2/UV-C, NP-10 H2O2/UV-C, TOC (a) 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Photo-Fenton, NP-10 Photo-Fenton, TOC (b) H2O2/UV-C, - S9 Photo-Fenton, - S9 4.00 H2O2/UV-C, + S9 Photo-Fenton, + S9 3.50 3.00 IF C/C0 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0 20 40 60 80 Time (min) 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 Time (min) 100 120 Figure 1. NP-10 and TOC Removals (a) and Genotoxicity Evolution (b) During the Treatment of Aqueous NP10 via the H2O2/UV-C and Photo-Fenton Processes. Experimental Conditions: [NP-10]0 = 0.15 mM, [H2O2]0 = 10 mM, [Fe2+]0 = 0.20 mM, pH0 = 7 (for H2O2/UV-C Process) and pH0 = 3 (for Photo-Fenton Process). 4. CONCLUSIONS Genotoxic effects observed during the H2O2/UV-C and photo-Fenton processes were lower in conditions that mimic the liver microsome biotransformation than without metabolic activation. Among the studied AOPs, the photo-Fenton process could be recommended to avoid emergence of moderate to high levels of genotoxic effects. REFERENCES 1. Olmez-Hanci, T., Arslan-Alaton, I. ve Basar, G., (2011). Multivariate analysis of anionic, cationic and nonionic textile surfactant degradation with the H2O2/UV-C process by using the capabilities of response surface methodology, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185, 1, 193-203 2. de la Fuente, L., Acosta, T., Babay, P., Curutchet, G., Candal, R. ve Litter, M.I., (2010). Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate-9 (NPE-9) by photochemical advanced oxidation technologies, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 49, 15, 6909-6915 269 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactors for the Treatment of Chlorinated Aromatic and Aliphatic Compounds Stefano Milia1, Alessandra Carucci2, Giovanna Cappai2, Marianna Perra2 Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IGAG-CNR), ITALY Dept. of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR), University of Cagliari, ITALY – carucci@unica.it 1 2 Abstract In this study, two Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors (GSBR) were operated for the biological degradation of highly toxic 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol (1,2,4-TCB and 2,4-DCP) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), respectively, using readily biodegradable carbon sources as the growth substrates. For 1,2,4-TCB and 2,4-DCP degradation, GSBR-1 was operated as a conventional Sequencing Batch Bubble Column (SBBC) reactor, while GSBR-2 was started-up and properly modified in order to minimize 1,2-DCA losses due to volatilization. Performance of both GSBRs in terms of 1,2,4-TCB, 2,4-DCP and 1,2-DCA removal efficiencies were evaluated throughout the research: toxic compounds were completely removed and granules were successfully maintained in the reactors. Keywords: aerobic granular sludge, 1,2-DCA, 1,2,4-TCB, 2,4-DCP, wastewater treatment. 1. INTRODUCTION The aerobic granular sludge technology is attracting increasing interest in the field of biological wastewater treatment [1], as it was proved to be a valid option for the degradation of toxic compounds [2,3] , likely due to diffusive processes involved in granule-shaped biomass which protect the microorganisms in the inner layers against inhibition. In this study, mature aerobic granules were tested for the removal of a mixture of 1,2,4-TCB (5 mg/L) and 2,4-DCP (20 mg/L) in a Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (GSBR-1) operated as a Sequencing Batch Bubble Column (SBBC). A second reactor (GSBR-2) was started-up for the removal of 1,2-DCA (up to 10 mg/L) and was properly configured in order to minimize 1,2-DCA losses due to volatilization, still promoting granule formation: in particular, shear stress was mostly provided in GSBR-2 by mechanical stirring (150-200 rpm), instead of intensive aeration. Readily biodegradable carbon sources were fed to both GSBRs as the growth substrates, to sustain aerobic granules. The treatment of a mixture of highly toxic compounds such 1,2,4-TCB and 2,4-DCP and the possibility to treat volatile chlorinated compounds by aerobic granules are of novelty and would contribute in extending the potential applications of the aerobic granular sludge technology. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS GSBR-1 and GSBR-2 were used to carry out the experiments at controlled temperature (20±0.1 °C) and pH (7.0±0.2). Both reactors were operated in 4-hour cycles, each cycle consisting of 60 min anaerobic feeding (PFR-like), 173.5 min (GSBR-1) and 170 min (GSBR-2) reaction at controlled dissolved oxygen concentration (30% of saturation value), 1.5 min (GSBR-1) and 5 min (GSBR-2) settling, 5 min effluent withdrawal. Since the volumetric exchange ratio was 50%, the corresponding Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) was 8 h. GSBR-1 was operated with mature aerobic granules derived from a previous research, while GSBR2 was started-up with conventional activated sludge taken from a MWWTP. Both GSBRs were fed with a synthetic influent (main composition is summarized in Table 1). Sodium Acetate Ethanol, 1,2,4-TCB, 2,4-DCP, 1,2-DCA, (NaAc), mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L GSBR-1 200 160 5 20 GSBR-2 900 0-10 Table 1. Main GSBR influent composition 270 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. GSBR-1 Mature aerobic granules were able to completely remove 2,4-DCP and 1,2,4-TCB, even though the observed chloride release was lower than the expected stoichiometric value. VSS concentration in the reactor and granule density were 4.1±0.2 g/L and 90±10 gTSS/Lgran, respectively. As shown in Figure 1, acute toxicity was completely removed. 3.2. GSBR-2 Compact and smooth aerobic granules developed (Figure 2) and could be successfully maintained in GSBR-2, with NaAc as the sole carbon source: VSS concentration in the reactor and TSS content in the effluent were 0.9±0.05 g/L and 132±25 mg/L, respectively. After dosage of 1,2-DCA in the influent (10 mg/L), negligible changes were observed in VSS concentration (0.95±0.03 g/L) and effluent TSS (138±31 mg/L). Moreover, no 1,2-DCA was detected in the effluent, with 85% chloride release. Figure 1. Acute toxicity determined in GSBR-1 influent and effluent. Figure 2. Aerobic granular sludge developed in GSBR-2, observed by phase contrast microscopy (scale bar, 10 μm). 4. CONCLUSION Mature aerobic granules in GSBR-1 were able to withstand and degrade both 2,4-DCP and 1,2,4TCB; acute toxicity measured in the effluent was negligible. Aerobic granules were successfully developed in GSBR-2 using mechanical stirring as the main source of shear stress, and were able to remove 1,2-DCA up to 10 mg/L in the influent. Aerobic granular sludge was proved to be a valid option for the removal of chlorinated aromatic and aliphatic compounds. 271 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was financially supported by the National research project funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research: “Novel processes for sustainable remediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated compounds” (PRIN 2008). REFERENCES 272 1. De Kreuk, M.K. and Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (2006), Formation of aerobic granules with domestic sewage. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 132, 694–697. 2. Carucci, A., Milia, S, De Gioannis, G., Piredda, M. (2008), Acetate-fed aerobic granular sludge for the degradation of chlorinated phenols. Water Science and Technology, 58, 2, 309-315. 3. Jiang, H.L., Tay, J.H., Maszenan, A.M., Tay, S.T.L. (2004), Bacterial diversity and function of aerobic granules engineered in a sequencing batch reactor for phenol degradation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 6767–6775. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Aluminium Electrode Dissolution in Electrocoagulation Process Saidat Olanipekun Giwa1, Canan Pekel1, Sule Camcioglu1, Suna Ertunc1, Mustafa Alpbaz1, Hale Hapoglu1 Ankara University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara-Turkey giwa@ankara.edu.tr, cananpekel@yahoo.com, camcioglu@ankara.edu.tr, ertunc@eng.ankara.edu.tr, alpbaz@eng.ankara. edu.tr, hapoglu@eng.ankara.edu.tr 1 Abstract The first and the most important step in electrocoagulation process is electrode dissolution which occurs simultaneously with the hydrolysis of water on application of electric current. In order to investigate the effects of applied current, NaCl and cooling on the process, the experiments were conducted by varying the values of applied current and NaCl concentration between 0.5-2.0 A and 0.5-2.0 g/L respectively, with and without cooling. The electrolysis time for each experiment was 45 min. The results showed that dissolution improved with increase in value of applied current in both conditions when current was varied from 0.5 A to 1 A, dissolution increased from 0.3347 gL-1 to 0.6025gL-1 on cooling and at room temperature it increased from 0.4002 gL-1 to 0.6695gL-1. High temperature seems to favor aluminum dissolution. Salinity was found to have negligible effect on dissolution at low value of applied current. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, aluminium electrode, dissolution, temperature. 1. INTRODUCTION In the recent years, electrocoagulation has become of one the widely used electrochemical methods in wastewater purification and wastewater treatment on laboratory scale. Electrocoagulation involves the in situ generation of coagulants by electrodissolution or electrooxidation of electrodes. When aluminium is used as electrode, Al dissolves at the anode and hydrogen gas is released at the cathode. After dissolution, the aluminum cat ion are transformed into polymeric species which finally form, Al(OH)3(s) flocs[1]. It has been reported that, in electrocoagulation coagulant dose linked to electric charge and sodium chloride added for reduction of the electrical resistance allows efficient dissolution of the Al alloy[2]. Dissolution can occur chemically and electrochemically. Chemical dissolution is simply metal corrosion caused by a chemical reaction where the electrons released by the dissolving metal species are not part of the cell current[3]. The chemical reactions are always believed to contribute to the dissolution when actual electrode dose is much greater than faradaic dose. This is mostly observed when aluminum is used as both cathode and anode. Applied current or current density has been found to have a warming effect on solution temperature[4] as electrodes dissolves. And this effect can be positive or negative on the efficiency of the process which is related to the dissolution of electrodes. In this present study, the effects of applied current, sodium chloride and cooling on aluminium electrodes dissolution in an electrocoagulation process are investigated. Gu et al [3] investigated the effect of current density on dosing rates and energy requirement for iron and aluminium electrodes in a bench scale electrocoagulation and found that, while iron dosing followed Faraday’s Law, aluminium dosing was averaged 83% greater than that predicted by Faraday’s Law. The experiments were said to be carried out at ambient temperature (~22oC) at low current density range (1-9 mA/cm2) and electrolysis time between 1.5-5h. The neglect of solution temperature here could have been due to low range of current density applied to the system. Therefore, this work was aimed to investigate the effect of cooling together with applied current and sodium chloride on aluminium dosing rate. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD The experiments were carried in a batch reactor with active capacity of 1L using four aluminium electrodes (dimension) connected in monopolar mode. Electrode dissolution was determined by gravimetric method in which the electrodes were weighed using an analytical balance to up to ±0.00001 g before and after 45 min of the experiment. Tap water was used for the experiments. The results showed that dissolution improved with increase in value of applied current. On cooling, dissolution increased from 0.3347 gL-1 to 0.6025gL-1 when current was varied from 0.5A to 1A. 273 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Temperature change in both experiments carried out with and without cooling. When 0.5A was applied with addition of 0.5 g NaCl, on cooling the temperature increased from 17oC to 30oC and without cooling, it rose from 27.5oC to 42oC. Figure 1 shows temperature change with time on cooling for 0.5 A and 0.5 gL-1 NaCl. 35.0 cooling cooling + 0.5 gL-1 NaCl cooling + 0.5 g L-1 NaCl + 0.5 A T ( o C) 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 0 20 40 60 80 t (min) 100 120 140 Figure 1. Solution Temperature as Function of Time REFERENCES 274 1. Essadki, A.H., Gourich, B., Azzi, M., Vial, Ch. and Delmas, H., (2010). Kinetic study of defluridation of drinking water by electrocoagulation/electrofloatation in a stirred tank reactor and an external-loop airlift reactor, Chemical Engineering Journal, 164, 106-114. 2. Khemis, M., Tanguy, G., Leclerc, J.P., Valentin, G. and Lapicque, F., (2005). Electrocoagulation for the treatment of oil suspensions-Relation between the rates of electrode reactions and the Efficiency of waste removal, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 83, 50–57. 3. Guo, J., Ma, F., Chang, C-C., Cui, D., Wang, L., Yang, J. and Wang, L., (2009). Start-up of a two-stage bioaugmented anoxic (A/O) biofilm process treating petrochemical wastewater under different DO concentration, Bioresource Technology, 100, 3483-3488. 4. Giwa, S.O., Yilmazer, Z., Polat, K., Alpbaz, M. and Hapoglu, H., (2011). Investigation of current density effect on electrocoagulation reactor temperature in petrochemical wastewater treatment: 9th International Electrochemistry Meeting, Izmir - Turkey. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Production and Characterization of Two Polyethersulfone Flat-Sheet Membranes at Different Temperatures Using Various Concentrations of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Mehmet Emin Pasaoglu1,2, Serkan Guclu 1,2, Ismail Koyuncu1,2 Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department National Research Center On Membrane Technologies mpasaoglu@itu.edu.tr, gucluse@itu.edu.tr, koyuncu@itu.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract Two different groups of Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane were produced using the phase inversion method containing different concentrations of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as additives. In this study we tried to optimize the concentration of PES polymer and PVP additives to produce high performance membrane with regards to permeability. The optimized membranes have been further characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Contact Angle tests and subjected to the rejection test to be able to see the rejection performances. Rejection tests of produced membranes executed with using different molecular weight of Polyethylenglycole (PEG) solutions as 4400, 10000 and 35000 Da. Rejection percentages of these membranes have sure enough increased proportionally with the molecular weight of Polyethylenglycole (PEG). Especially at high polymer concentrations, produced membranes within the scope of this study have shown perfect rejection performances. It was founded that, addition of PVP to the solution substantially swell out the permeability of the membrane to a specific point as a result of the increasing hydrophilicity of the membrane. Furthermore, at two different polymer concentrations and same Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) percentage contact angle showed increasing trend. Also, it was observed that higher casting solution concentrations decrease membrane permeability values due to forming a very dense layer on membrane surface. Keywords: Polyethersulfone, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), phase inversion, polyethylenglycole (PEG), hydrophilicity. 1. INTRODUCTION The phase inversion method has been extensively used for the preparation of asymmetric polymeric membranes [1]. In this process, a casting solution consisting of polymer and solvent is immersed into the coagulation bath. Phase inversion, by interchange of solvent and non-solvent due to diffusion, causes the casting solution to undergo a phase transition leading to formation of the membrane [2]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Polyethersulfone (PES) provided by BASF Chemical Company, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone purchased from Merck Chemical Company. Determined polymer concentrations dissolved into N-Methyl-2pyrrolidinone at optimum temperature. %20 Polyethersulfone(PES) Polymer Concentration %16 Polyethersulfone(PES) Additive Concentration %2 PVP 40000 and %6 PVP 40000 %2 PVP 40000 and %6 PVP 40000 Temperatures 25 and 50OC 25 and 50OC Table 1. Selection Of Polymer And Polyvinylpyrrolidone Contents At Different Temperatures Polymer and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) contents were selected as seen at Table 1. Afterwards, two different groups of PES membrane have been fabricated using the phase inversion method with different concentrations of PES and PVP at two different temperatures at 25 and 50OC. Within the scope of this study, Loeb-Sourirajan phase separation process but sometimes called the phase inversion process was studied. 2.1. Objectıve The aim of this study is producing Polyethersulfone (PES) flat-sheet membranes in lab. scale that provide opportunity to exceed at commercial scale membrane production. 275 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 2.1.1. Fındıngs and Argument According to the results, PVP has important and mostly positive effect on membrane morphology. Membranes which contain higher polymer concentration showed better rejection performances. In addition, increasing of coagulation bath temperatures increase water flux on membrane. CrossSection and surface images can be seen at figure 1 and 2. SEM photos of membranes both crosssection and top surface prove the quality of membrane casted in this study. Also, this study showed the importance of polymer concentration. When we have a look at results, we can easily show that; higher polymer concentration and lower (25OC) coagulation bath temperature increase membrane rejection performance. Figure 1. %20 PES, %6 PVP 40000 SEM Photo Figure 2. %20 PES, %2 PVP 40000 SEM Photo 2.1.2. Conclusıon and Suggestıons Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) added Polyethersulfone (PES) flat-sheet membranes were fabricated successfully. For the following part of this study, because of its high hydrophilic property, we will conduct our researches mainly on Polyacrylonitryl (PAN) flat sheet membrane production again adding several amount of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in different temperatures. REFERENCES 276 1. P.S.T. Machado, A.C. Habert, C.P. Borges, (1999). Membrane formation mechanism based on precipitation kinetics and membrane morphology: flat and hollow fiber polysulfone membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 155, 171–183 2. T.H. Young, L.W. Chen, (1995). Pore formation mechanism of membranes from phase inversion process, Desalination, 103, 233–247 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Treatment of a Corrugated Box Manufacturing Plant Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology Belgin Karabacakoğlu, Filiz Tezakıl Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Chemical Engineering Department, 26480, Meşelik, Eskişehir, TURKEY bkara@ogu.edu.tr Abstract In this study, treatment of a corrugated cardboard box manufacturing plant wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) process was studied in a batch reactor with stainless steel electrodes. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the simple and combined effects of three main independent parameters such as current density, stirring speed and treatment time on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and energy consumption. A sample of industry wastewater having a high COD concentration of 9130 mg/L was used in the experiments. The highest COD removal efficiency of 91.6% was obtained with the current density of 23.6 mA cm-2, stirring speed of 500 rpm and electrolysis time of 40 min, and the treatment consumed 165.4 kWh m-3 of electrical energy. Response optimization to maximize COD removal and to minimize energy consumption showed 80.9 % COD removal with 47 kWh m-3 energy consumption at 15 mA cm-2, 700 rpm and 28 min treatment time. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, COD removal, corrugated box wastewater, response surface methodology, optimization. 1. INTRODUCTION Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical wastewater treatment technology which is based on the in situ production of a coagulant by dissolution of Fe (or steel) or Al anodes [1]. EC has the potential to extensively eliminate the disadvantages of the classical treatment techniques to achieve a sustainable and economical treatment of polluted wastewater [2]. The process efficiency in the EC is affected by many factors like current density, pH, electrolyte concentration, treatment time and electrode type. The optimization of these factors may significantly increase the process efficiency and decrease the operating cost. Optimization of the process variables during wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation can be achieved using response surface methodology. RSM is a powerful statistical-based method for modeling complex systems such as EC [3]. In this study, investigations have been conducted for removal of COD from corrugated cardboard manufacturing painting wastewater by EC using RSM, trial version of Design Expert 8.0.7.1. The experiments have been carried out according to central composite design (CCD). COD removal efficiency and energy consumption were chosen as the response parameters, and the current density, treatment time and stirring speed were selected as process variables. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Materıals The wastewater used in this work was supplied from a local corrugated cardboard box manufacturing plant located in the city of Eskişehir (Turkey). The wastewater emerging from painting operations was collected. The COD concentration of the used wastewater was 9130 mg/L, and the pH was 7.2. 2.2. Experımental Setup and Procedure Experiments were carried out in batch mode in a 600 mL beaker consisting of four electrodes. Stainless steel plates were used as cathode and anode. The electrode dimensions were 9x6x0.2 cm. The distance between two electrodes was 1 cm. The effective total areas of anodes were 139.2 cm2. The electrodes were connected as monopolar to a DC power supply (0-20 V, 0-5 A). Magnetic stirrer was used to agitate the solution. All experiments were conducted at room temperature. Every EC experiment started with 400 mL of wastewater. At the end of the experiment, the electrodes 277 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations were removed, and the solution was filtered. COD concentration was measured by closed reflux colorimetric method. The equation used to calculate the removal efficiency in the experiments was: R (%)= 100.(C0-C)/C0 (1) where C0 and C were the initial and present concentrations of the COD in solution (mg/L), respectively. The energy consumption is also important in electrochemical processes in view of cost. Therefore calculation of energy consumption was performed using Eq. 2. Energy Consumption (Wh/L)= U.I.t/V (2) where E is the potential (V); I, the current intensity (A), t, the time (h) and V, the volume of solution (L). 2.3. Experımental desıgn and data analysıs In this study the Central Composite Design, which is a widely used form of response surface methodology [3, 4], was selected for the optimization of EC process. Three factors, including current density, treatment time and stirring speed with five-levels were employed. COD removal efficiency (R1) and energy consumption (R2) were considered as the dependent factors (response). A total of 20 experiments were carried out according to a 23 full factorial CCD. Experimental data were analyzed using Design Expert 8.0.7.1 trial version and fitted to second-order polynomial model, and then regression coefficients were obtained. Two-dimensional contour plots, three-dimensional curves of the response surfaces and residual plots were developed using the same program. The statistical significance of the models was justified through analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quadratic model (Table 2). R2 Lack of fit F-value Prob >F Adequate precision Responses R1-COD R2-Energy cons. 0.9077 0.9604 104.87 284.42 10.92 26.92 0.0004 <0.0001 10.31 16.537 Table 2. ANOVA results obtained for the quadratic model in terms of the process responses COD and energy consumption. REFERENCES 1. Martinez-Huitle, C.A. and Brillas, E., (2009). Decontamination of Wastewater Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes By Electrochemical Methods: A General Review, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 87, 105-145. 2. Aoudj, S., Khelifa, A., Drouiche, N., Hecini, M. and Hamitouche, H.,(2010). Electrocoagulation Process Applied To Wastewater Containing Dyes From Textile Industry, Chemical Engineering and Processing 49, 1176-1182. 3. Ölmez, T., (2009). The optimization of Cr(VI) reduction and removal by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162, 1371–1378. 4. 278 Behbahani M., Alavi Moghaddam M.R. and Arami M., (2011). Techno-economical evaluation of fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: Optimization through response surface methodology, Desalination 271 209-218. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Wastewater Treatment of Synthetic Textile Effluent Using Anodic Oxidation Process: Influence of Dye Structural H. Akrout, N. Abdessamed, L. Bousselmi Wastewater Treatment Laboratory Water Research and Technology Center (CERTE), Soliman 8020, Technopark Borj Cedria BP 273 Tunisia hanene.akrout@yahoo.com Abstract Electrochemical methods offer an attractive and powerful alternative to traditional methods for treating waste water in situ thanks the involving of highly reactive oxidants. Synthetic boron diamond (BDD) electrode thin films are mainly used as anodes regarding a number of standing properties of technological interest. The electrogeneration of hydroxyl radical is considered the essential agent in this type of treatment. The treatment efficiency depends on is many operative conditions such as applied current, support electrolyte and pH solution but dye structural is a parameter crucial to consider to evaluate discoloration rate and COD removal. Anodic oxidation of different types of dyes on BDD electrode (mono and biazoic and anthraquinone) is carried out in order to understand more the influence this parameter. Keywords: wastewater, anodic oxidation, dye, BDD electrode, color removal, efficiency. 1. INTRODUCTION Important quantities of synthetic dyes are discharged in the environment from textile industrial sector. The presence of these pollutants in water systems can cause serious health risks. Instead of traditional methods, electrochemical technologies are considered highly efficient and environmentally friendly. They can generate the powerful oxidizing agent (°OH) [1]. Synthetic boron-doped diamond BDD thin films are characterized by high anodic stability and wide potential window [2]. Several papers discussed the effect of different parameters and operating conditions on the performance of electrochemical oxidation process [2-4]. The main target of this study to more understand the influence of dye structure on the optimization of operative conditions (pH, applied current density) and the efficiency of anodic oxidation by the calculus of energy consumption and average current efficiency in the case of two different dye studied as pollutant type monoazo dye (cibacron yellow) and anthraquinone (alizarin blue black). 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. cell electrolysıs The mini diacell (Adamant technologies PS 500) is composed by single compartment with parallel plate electrodes. The anode is a monopolar p-silicon covered by boron doped diamond (2-3 µm thick) with a 12.5 cm2 rectangular surface (50x25 mm) and the cathode is a stainless steel with 3 mm as a gap. 2.2. electrolyte and pollutant The selected pollutant model is an azo dye used in the textile industry called Yellow Brillant Cibacron3G-P (CY) obtained from Aldrich. Based on the given molecular weight of 873 g mol1. Alizarin Blue Black B (ABB; C26H16N2Na2O9S2; MW 610.52 g mol-1) is an anthraquinone dye obtained from Aldrich. Na2SO4 salt is used as supporting electrolytes and are analytical grades. 3. Results and dıscussıon 3.1. Effect of dye structure on pH optımızatıon The results of table 1 allow concluding that the behaviour of color removal regarding the azo and anthraquinone dye is different according the medium pH. In the case of CY dye, kinetic of discoloration is improved in pH 2 (UV-visible absorption band localized at 412 nm). However, ABB dye color removal is more efficient at pH 8. The pH of electrolyte depends largely on dye structure. 279 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Table 1 Apparent rate constants kinetic (k) relative to colour removal using anodic oxidation of 0.1 mM CY and ABB,i=40mA.cm-², electrolyte support 0.1 M Na2SO4. Initial pH CY ABB 2 8 KAbs412nm. (h ) 0.43 0.29 R² 0.98 0.94 KAbs520nm. (h ) 0.24 0.385 R² 0.99 0.98 -1 -1 The color removal is faster in the case of CY (at pH 2) than ABB at pH 8. 3.2. Effect on current densıty In Literature, it was proved that it depended essentially on the dye concentration because at low COD, the oxidation process is under mass control [1,24]. For relative absorbance at 414 nm and 520 nm (figure 1.a and b, the influence of current density is more relevant for anthraquinone dye. High value of current is needed to reach color removal in more electrolysis time.     Figure 1. Effect of applied current density on color removal according 0.05 mM (a) cibacron yellow (b) Alizarin blue black. CONCLUSION Electrochemical treatment of a synthetic solution containing two type of dyes was investigated using BDD electrode. The influence of pH and applied current density on color removal and COD removal was analyzed.The main findings of this work that the structure of dye affect largely the oxidation efficiency. Anthraquinone dye is more recalcitrant than azo one. REFERENCES 280 1. Adrian Enache T., Chiorcea-Paquim A-M., Fatibello-Filho O., Oliveira-Brettm A- M., (2009). Hydroxyl radicals electrochemically generated in situ on a boron-doped diamond electrodem, Electrochem.Commun. 11 1342–1345. 2. Akrout H., Bousselmi L., (2012).Chloride ions as an agent promoting the oxidation of synthetic dyestuff on BDD electrode, Desalination and Water Treatment doi: 10.1080/19443994.2012.677528. 3. Panizza M., Cerisola G., (2005). Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes, Electrochimica Acta 51 191–199. 4. Canizares P., Paz R., Lobato J., Saez C., Rodrigo M.A., (2006). Electrochemical treatment of the effluent of a fine chemical manufacturing plant , Journal of Hazardeouz Materials, 138, (1-2), 173-181. 5. Rodrigo M.A., Michaud P.A., Duo I., Panizza M., Cerisola G., Comminellis Ch., (2001). Oxidation of 4-chlorophenol at borondoped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment. Journal of Electrochemical Society 148, D60–D64. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Comparison of P-Free and P-Based Antiscalants for Nanofiltration of Dye-Wash Wastewater Kenan Güney1, Eren Kurt2, Ralf Minke1, Ismail Koyuncu2, Heidrun Steinmetz1 ISWA, University of Stuttgart, Germany kenan.gueney@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey 1 2 Abstract Nanofiltration is an appropriate treatment method for the reuse of dye-wash wastewaters obtained from cotton processing textile industry. Since dye-wash wastewaters are saline, antiscalant application is a must to minimize scaling and to increase filtration performance. Although phosphor based antiscalants are effective in minimizing scaling, they serve additional phosphor source for microorganisms and can increase formation of biofouling. Phosphor free antiscalants are recently being produced to solve this problem. Performance comparison of phosphor based antiscalants and phosphor free antiscalants were made by using 2 phosphor based antiscalants and 4 phosphor free antiscalants in the nanofiltration treatment of dye-wash wastewater. Keywords: Antiscalant selection, biofouling, scaling, dye-wash wastewater, nanofiltration. 1. INTRODUCTION Membrane treatment is a suitable method aiming water reuse in cotton processing textile industry especially for washing wastewaters. NF270 nanofiltration (NF) membrane and XLE reverse osmosis (RO) membrane were found suitable for the treatment and reuse of dye-wash wastewaters obtained in cotton processing textile industry in the previous study [1]. Dye-wash wastewaters are saline and they have moderate to high salt content. Therefore the expected fouling phenomena in NF/RO treatment of dye-wash wastewater is scaling. Antiscalant addition is a must for the treatment of saline wastewaters. Antiscalant addition is applied in order to reduce scaling and to increase flux on NF/RO membranes. Nowadays most of the antiscalants available in the market are P-based antiscalants. Addition of P-based antiscalant reduces scaling effectively but on the other hand can increase biofouling by supplying higher P source to microorganisms [2]. Therefore selection of appropriate antiscalant plays an important role to optimize membrane flux and maximize membrane lifetime. Some of the antiscalant producers realized this matter and supplied P-free antiscalants in the market. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD In this particular study, two P-based antiscalants and four P-free antiscalants are tested for the nanofiltration (NF270) treatment of dye-wash wastewater obtained from a cotton processing textile industry in Germany. Dow Filmtec NF270 nanofiltration membrane was used in all runs. Recommended antiscalant concentrations were calculated and recommended as 5 mg/l by the antiscalant producers. Change in membrane flux and change in permeate quality were monitored by addition of: • No antiscalant (NA) • P-based antiscalant (PB1 and PB2) • P-free antiscalant (PF1, PF2, PF3 and PF4) at 5 mg/l concentration. Membrane performance obtained by no antiscalant addition was accepted as the basis for the following antiscalant addition tests and accepted as 100 %. 281 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION P-based antiscalants usually gave higher flux performances then P-free antiscalants. (Figure1). Permeate flux varied significantly between the used antiscalant types. PF4 and PF2 P-free antiscalants were quite impressive and gave similar performances to P-based antiscalants. Figure 1. Flux performance according to antiscalant type The chemical composition (Ca, HCO3, Ba, F2, Fe, PO4-P) of each fouling layer was measured. The comparison of each fouling layer composition (Table 2) revealed that: • Lowest Ca concentrations were found in P-based antiscalant addition runs. • Lowest HCO3 concentrations were found in PB2 and PF4 runs. Antiscalant Type NA PB1 PB2 PF1 PF2 PF3 PF4 Ca mg/l 22,3 14,5 14,0 24,9 16,9 21,3 16,7 HCO3 mg/l 98 73 61 92 73 85 67 Ba mg/l <0,03 <0,03 <0,03 <0,03 <0,03 <0,03 <0,03 F2 mg/l <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 Fe mg/l 0,48 0,23 0,17 0,54 0,30 0,36 0,30 PO4-P mg/l 1,85 1,68 1,42 1,88 1,71 1,73 1,22 Table 2. Concentrations of main deposits in fouling layer • No difference in Ba and F2 deposition rates were observed since the concentrations were below detection limits in all cases. • Lowest Fe concentrations were found in P-based antiscalant addition runs showing that tested P-based antiscalants have better iron antiscaling performance. • Lowest PO4-P concentrations were found in PF4 and PB2 runs. REFERENCES 282 1. Guney, K., Arslan, H., Eisele, I., Özgün, H., Minke, R., Koyuncu, I., Steinmetz, H. (2010). Water reuse potential of dyewash process: in Turkey and in Germany. Proceedings of the IWA Regional Conference and Exhibition on Membrane Technology and Water Reuse, Istanbul Turkey, 251-258 2. Vrouwenvelder, J.S., Manolarakis, S.A., Veenendaal, H.R., van der Kooij, D., (2000). Biofouling potential of chemicals used for scale control in RO and NF membranes, Desalination, Volume 132, Issues 1-3, 1-10 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Proactive Approach in Sewer Rehabilitation Ahmet GULEC, Berkay OTUMLU, Ismet CONTAR Metallurgical and Material Engineer (MSc), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. – ISKI Mechanical Engineer (MBA), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. – ISKI Environment Engineer (MSc), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. – ISKI agulec@iski.gov.tr, botumlu@iski.gov.tr, icontar@iski.gov.tr Abstract Current sanitary sewer rehabilitation has been done reactive practices included emerge and high cost solutions. However, it need planning proactive approach to eliminated serious problems that may arise in the future. Therefore, rehabilitation programs are generally triggered by the need for reducing infiltration and inflow and restoring structural integrity of a collection system. Improving the condition of the components (essentially pipes and manholes) of a wastewater collection system may turn sanitary sewer rehabilitation also into a financially beneficial practice. In this study, it was indicated that proactive sewer rehabilitation approach and explained some proactive sewer rehabilitation applications in ISKI Keywords: sewer rehabilitation, proactive approach, infiltration and trenchless technology. 283 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations The Actual Status of the Organized Industrial Zones in Terms of Industrial Wastewater, Encountered Problems and Solution Proposals Yüksel ACAR1, Ali ÇOBAN2 Branch Manager - Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority İkitelli Water Treatment Branch Manager yacar@iski.gov.tr 2 Industrial Engineer - Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority European Region Wastewater Control and Licensing Branch acoban@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract Organized Industrial Zones (OIZ) are established in order to enable the construction of industries in proper areas, prevent environmental problems and unplanned industrialization, steer urbanization, use resources rationally, make use of information technologies, locate and develop industries within a certain plan etc. OIZs in İstanbul ended up being located in the middle of residential areas due to various reasons such as rapid and unplanned population growth and consequent unplanned construction, expansion of residential areas in Istanbul, planning errors, selection of the wrong areas for organized industrial zones etc. This has brought along many problems including issues of infrastructure and transportation etc. Although there have been investments in organized industrial areas, the industrialization process has continued in the densely populated areas and the central points of the city. In this study, in accordance with the information that gathered during the activities to maintain inspection of the industrial pollution by detecting industrial wastewater sources and controlling these sources for wastewater quality within the responsibility area of İstanbul Water and Sewerage Authority (İSKİ), the wastewater infrastructure systems of OIZs, the characteristics of the industrial wastewater from OIZs, the environmental impacts of the wastewater, problems encountered and solution proposals will be the focused on. Keywords: Wastewater, OIZ, treatment, industry. 1. INTRODUCTI ON Duties and operations related to detection of the industrial wastewater sources and control studies are carried out by İSKİ in accordance with “Ordinance of Wastewater Discharge into Sewage”[1]. All businesses that produce domestic and industrial wastewater and all public institutions and organizations within İSKİ’s area of responsibility are covered by this Ordinance. According to the provisions of this ordinance, such persons are obliged to take all necessary measures related to wastewater for protecting the sewerage network, Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants and, in general, protecting the environment. 2. THE ACTUAL STATUS OF THE ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL ZONES IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER, PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTION PROPOSALS 2.1. Detectıon of the Current State of the Organızed Industrıal Zones In European side of Istanbul in 2008, the team chaired by European Region Wastewater Control Licensing Branch Manager, consisting of a technical chief, a chemical engineer and five environmental engineers, conducted an intensive study for four months by examining the industrial zones to reveal the general picture of the areas where large number of firms operate, to identify existing problems at source and to help determine the risks encountered during the operation of urban treatment plants. The industrial zones were scanned via “narrow zone method” and industrial enterprises within the industrial sites were individually identified and analyzed in terms of activities and industrial wastewater. Technical and quantitative data was collected through interviews with site authorities. 284 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 2.2. Evaluatıon of OIZs for Wastewater, Problems Encountered and the Envıronmental Impacts In 2008 there were industrial sites that were not operated in full capacity, today the fact that all of these sites are in operation brings along some problems. As commonly known, the OIZs are regions where industrial wastewater is densely produced and the discharge of this industrial wastewater in OIZ is under the responsibility of the OIZ Management. Wastewater discharged into the sewerage network / receiving environment without maintaining the İSKİ discharge conditions from firms and OIZs, cause damages in the sewerage system, collapses and blockages in the channels, pollution in surface and underground water resources, general environmental pollution and important damage to urban treatment plants; furthermore, it may have negative impacts on the water ecosystem in the sea which is the final destination of wastewater. Considering the current status of the OIZs; a) The mixed industrial structure which is a combination of enterprises in different sectors is generally dominant in the collective industrial sites, including the co-operative enterprises in the Organized Industrial Zones. While in industrial sites where firms in same sector operate together, take common measures for wastewater, it is harder to force firms with different sectors in the same industrial sites. b) In some industrial sites, no land is saved for treatment plants or some were previously saved but later converted to work places or have been used for purposes other than wastewater treatment. c) Since the wastewater infrastructure system in OIZ is united (domestic+industrial) there are often problems in controls and operations of these channels. d) Pre-treatment plants built to treat industrial wastewater from OIZ fail to operate efficiently. e) Legal liabilities may not be fulfilled by the OIZ or be partially be fulfilled. There are problems in this matter due to distribution of duties and responsibilities. 2.3. Evaluatıng the Issue ın Terms of Legıslatıons It was stated in the Environmental Law No. 2872 that the OIZ Management is responsible for establishing, maintaining and operating the wastewater infrastructure in the OIZ and in provisional Article 4 of the same law stated that OIZs with no wastewater treatment plants were given a certain time to submit a business deadline plan to the related Ministry. [2] OIZ Law no 4562 states in Article 20 on “right to establish, operate and use infrastructure facilities” that “the right to establish and operate infrastructure and general service facilities such as electrics, water, sewerage, natural gas, treatment plant, road, communication, sports facilities purchase from private or public institutions or distribute is under the responsibility and authority of the OIZ” However, in order to decrease the waste to the standards acceptable by common treatment plants there is a need to build a pre-treatment plan...” This article not only gives the OIZ management the right to build their own infrastructure and treatment facilities, but also gives them a duty.[3] REFERENCES 1. İSKİ Ordinance of Wastewater Discharge into Sewage dated 24.01.2013, İstanbul - Turkey 2. Environmental Law dated 09/08/1983, Law No: 2872, Turkey 3. Organized Industrial Zone Law dated 12.04.2000, Law No: 4562, Turkey 285 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Urban Wastewater Treatment and Discharge İlhan BAYRAM, GulcanTURAN, Faruk NAZİK Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality Water And Sewage Administration ibayram@isu.gov.tr, guturan@isu.gov.tr, fnazik@isu.gov.tr Summary Monitoring and controlling methods are explained against the negative affects of wastewater discharges within the scope of this study for preventing of water pollution and collecting,treating and discharging of urban wastewater. All of the industrial plants and companies in the ISU General Directorate area are inspected permanently. Inspections supply determination of the wastewater discharge parameters of these company and plants. Necessary precaustions are taken according to these determinations within the current environment law. Wastewaters are collected by sub systems and transferred to the wastewater treatment plants by pumping stations or gravity. Sewage sludge is disposed by drying or burning methods. In addition, settlement reason of wasterwater scada system can be listed as follows; managing the wastewater system simply, operating the system effectively and efficiently, removing human slip in operation prevent to exceed wastewater discharge limits in accordance with the regulations on heavy rainwater conditions. The liveliness in İzmit Gulf is observed in 900 photographs which is taken in 100 dive in 18 different points and the Karamürsel Atınkemer Beach is the evidence of the positive differentiation in the Gulf that bring Blue Flag to the Beach. Keywords: ISU General Directorate, Wastewater Treatment, Water Pollution, Wastewater Scada System. 1. INTRODUCTION High population growth and industrial growth bring pollution in parallel that directs us taking significant precautions for determination of pollution sources and preventing pollution. Therefore, we take lots of action for preventing pollution. The first step is the determination that is possible only by the control mechanism. Control mechanism works by permanent inspections. The next step is using the most efficient treatment technologies. Treatment plant technology is very important to correspond in accurately with the wastewater parameters. As the Scada system is settled firstly in Turkey by ISU, 25 special equipments are settled to the discharge points of industrial plants that give us an opportunity to online measuring and monitoring the wastewater parameters. Moreover, inlet and outlet flow, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, suspended solids (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen, colour, phosphate, nitrate and oil parameters can be measured and monitored in 10 wastewater treatment plants by Scada system. By this way, better operating system for treatment plants is provided and industrial and domestic wastewater pollution of the İzmit Gulf is prevented. 2. MATERIAL VE METHOD Our treatment plants affect very fastly and effectively to the cleaning of the İzmit Gulf as we informed by professional divers and fishers. The blueflag in the Karamürsel Altınkemer Beach is the evidence of the evolution in the İzmit Gulf. Permanent Inspection Facilities, Treatment Plants and Wastewater Scada System are the important studies that gives an opportunity to clean the gulf significantly with this short time. 2.1. Inspectıon Actıvıtıes We inspect all the industrial plants and companies in our province. Approximately 20.000 inspection are made in Kocaeli permanently per year. In accordance with the determination of the plants and the companies that discharges wastewaters in illegal ways or limits, they are going to be warned fistly and the other procedures are applicated to prevent facing these kind of illegal situations againly if they continue discharging illegally. Kocaeli Governership, Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality and the other sub-municipalities woks in co-operation within the scope of this inspectations. 286 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 2.2. Wastewater Treatment Plants 16 wastewater treatment plants are being operated for wastewater transferring, collection and treatment within the scope of 11th Item of Environment Law. Treatment Mud is disposed by blighting and burning. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS KARAMÜRSEL YENİKÖY KULLAR 42 EVLER PLAJYOLU KÖRFEZ GEBZE FLOW (m3/year) 6.401.390 21.233.340 17.134.665 8.743.800 22.690.255 19.399.250 6.648.189 MUD (kg/year) 2.532.510 6.802.440 8.881.380 10.308.120 9.901.840 6.783.760 1.966.890 ELEK. (kwh/ year) 1.502.464 4.108.317 5.462.918 3.456.409 3.902.563 4.864.510 2.527.952 BOİ5 (mg/l) 13,6 7,3 9,7 20,6 11,3 10,6 8,1 SSM (mg/l) 18,1 18,3 13,4 20,1 19,2 12,5 14,8 COD (mg/l) 54,9 60,5 35,6 76,3 43,6 49,6 45,6 Table 1. Treatment Plant Operational Costs and Discharge Consentrations in 2011 2.3. Wastewater Scada System Within the scope of this study, measuring equipments are installed into the wastewater pumping stations, rainwater pumping stations, main lines, wastewater treatment plants and industry discharges. So, wastewater and rainwater flow and pollution parameters can be measured automatically with the help of 106 measuring equipments and can be controlled and monitored in Scada System Center instantly. REFERENCES 1. Nas, S., (2004). Effects of receiving environment features to the of Treatment Plant Sizing: National Water Days Symposium, İzmir-Türkiye 2. ISU Annual Report, (2011)., Kocaeli-Türkiye. 3. Artüz İ., N Kor (1970). Pre-Study Project of the control of the Izmıt Gulf Pollution, İst. Uni. Hydrobiology Research Center Publication, İstanbul. 287 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Enhancement of Biohydrogen Production via Thermophilic Cell Culture Immobilized on Glass Beads and Raschig Rings with Different Sizes Elif Aköyek, Tuğba Keskin Gündoğdu, Nuri Azbar Ege University, Bioengineering Department, 35100, Bornova-Izmir / Turkey eaksoyek@hotmail.com, keskin.tugba@gmail.com, nuri.azbar@ege.edu.tr Abstract Current studies on the dark fermentation in the literature is carried out using suspended cell cultures in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). However, bioreactors using immobilized cell cultures are known to capable of eliminating most of the disadvantages of CSTR type reactors and provide more stable and efficient hydrogen production. In this study, two different types of support material having different sizes, namely glass bead and Raschig ring, were used in order to compare their biohydrogen production performances with that of CSTR reactor. All the experiments were conducted under thermophilic conditions (550 C±2oC). The best results in terms of volumetric hydrogen productivity were obtained with large size glass beads (LSG: 2.98 L H2/L bioreactor/day) at 3 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). Raschig ring materials, on the other hand, were able to produce 42% less hydrogen than glass beads, which is still much higher than CSTR type reactor (0.5 L H2/L bioreactor/day). It was observed that long HRT conditions resulted in lower hydrogen production for all reactor configurations studied. Furthermore, it was concluded that CSTR type reactor needed much bigger reaction volumes in order to prevent any cell wash-out in the reactor. In conclusion, immobilized cell type bioreactor configuration provided 7-11 fold better results in terms of volumetric hydrogen production values comparing to CSTR reactor. It was demonstrated that both glass beads and Raschig ring type support materials, which are readily available, had promising results for hydrogen production. Keywords: Biohydrogen, Immobilization, Mixed cultures, Glass beads, Raschig rings. 1. INTRODUCTION Hydrogen production via dark fermentation using a mixed consortium has many advantages over pure cultures, since almost all organic material, especially waste organics are amenable for this purpose [1-2]. On the other hand, immobilized bioreactors can achieve higher hydrogen production with smaller reactor volumes and can provide more stable production, and also it is more resistant to the shock loadings and toxicity [3].In this study, immobilized biohydrogen production using different sizes of support materials (small size Raschig rings (SSR), large size Raschig rings (LSR), small size glass beads (SSG) and large size glass beads (LSG)) were compared under thermophilic conditions, whereas suspended cell cultures operated with CSTR under identical conditions. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Anaerobic inoculum was obtained from an anaerobic bioreactor operating at a yeast factory in Izmir, Turkey. Sludge was used after heat treatment at 1050C for 5 minutes by autoclaving for the elimination of methanogenic bacteria and the enrichment of the hydrogen producing organisms, especially Clostridium species. The pH, volatile suspended solids (VSS) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration of the inoculum were 6.4, 17g/l and 32g/l, respectively. Each bioreactor was separately filled with glass beads and Raschig rings with different sizes as immobilization materials. Experiments were conducted by an up-flow anaerobic reactor packed with immobilization materials. The reactors were continuously operated for the hydrogen fermentation at varying range of hydraulic retention times (HRT) in decreasing order (24h to 1.5h). Operational parameters such as residual sucrose, COD, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and suspended solids were monitored daily for all reactors. In order to compare the hydrogen production performance of immobilized and suspended cell bioreactor configurations, a separate completely mixed tank reactor (CSTR) was operated under identical conditions using the same inoculum. 288 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A successful cell immobilization was achieved. The percentage of the cell immobilization, which was 72% and 62% for SSR and LSR respectively, whereas 92% and 89% of the biomass attached to the SSG and LSG glass beads. SEM imaging also proved that cell immobilization was successful. The highest value in terms of hydrogen production amounts (H2 ml) was 418 ml H2/d at 1.5 h HRT with SSR support material and also 403 ml H2/d and 302 ml H2/d at 3 h HRT with LS and SS glass beads respectively. According to daily hydrogen production, with increasing HRT hydrogen production values decreased and all immobilized bioreactors were shown same situation. The best H2% value was 54% obtained from SSG at 3h HRT. Glass beads support matrices shown better values than the Raschig rings. Hydrogen yields per unit amount of substrate were 445ml H2/g sucroseused for SSG and 567ml H2/g sucroseused for LSG at 1.5 h HRT. SSR had a hydrogen yield of 1066ml H2/g sucroseused whereas LSR had a 36ml H2/g sucroseused at 1.5h HRT for both. Except the LSR immobilized bioreactor immobilization gained higher hydrogen yields in comparison to CSTR type bioreactor at the same HRT values. In this study it is shown that glass beads are more efficient than the Raschig rings as volumetric hydrogen production rates (VHPR). CSTR type suspended cell culture couldn’t compete with immobilized bioreactors. CSTR VHPR was only significant at 24h HRT however, with decreasing HRT values hydrogen yields and VHPRs of CSTR also decreased. Best VHPR value was achieved with LSG immobilized bioreactor at 3h HRT as 2.98 lH2/l reactor/d and at the same HTR 2.39 lH2/l reactor/d for SSG. Even though 2.09 lH2/l reactor/d was reported for SSR immobilized bioreactor at 1.5 h HRT, Raschig rings VHPR values were slightly lower. 4. CONCLUSIONS Raschig rings and glass beads with two different sizes were immobilized on behalf of eliminating the disadvantages (microorganism wash-out with decreasing HRT, pH control, high volume of the reactor) of suspended culture systems with CSTR. Both immobilized bioreactors ahead of performance at all HRT values according to CSTR. Among the immobilized materials glass bead resulted higher hydrogen production than Raschig ring. Even though, volumetric hydrogen production rate was close to each other at 3h highest value observed from LSG. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank TUBITAK-CAYDAG for the financial support of this study under the grant No 109Y004. The data presented in this article was produced within the project above, however it is only the authors of this article who are responsible for the results and discussions made herein. REFERENCES 1. Wang, J. and Wan, W., (2008). Comparison of different pretreatment methods for enriching hydrogen- producing bacteria from digested sludge, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 33, 12, 2934-2941. 2. Cheong, D.Y. and Hansen, C.L., (2006). Bacterial stress enrichment enhances anaerobic hydrogen production in cattle manure sludge, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 72, 4, 635-643. 3. Keskin, T., Aksöyek, E. and Azbar, N., (2011). Comparative analysis of thermophilic immobilized biohydrogen production using packed materials of ceramic ring and pumice stone, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36, 15160-15167. 289 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Production of Electricity and Wastewater Treatment with Microbial Fuel Cell Emre Oğuz KÖROĞLU, Arda KARLUVALI, Büşra AKOĞLU, Afşin ÇETİNKAYA, Bestamin ÖZKAYA Yildiz Technical University, Department of Environmetal Engineering, Esenler, İstanbul, TURKEY bozkaya@yildiz.edu.tr, emreoguzkoroglu@gmail.com Abstract Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) are used to produce electricity while simultaneously treating wastewater. This novel technology use bacteria to convert organic waste material into electrical energy through catabolic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. In this study, wastewater treatment and production of electricity using different substrates is summarized in dual-chambered MFC. Observed current densities in continuously operated MFC reactors were 11A/m2, 6,5A/m2, 1.38A/m2 1.95A/ m2 for young leachate, old leachate, domestic wastewater and beer brewery wastewater, respectively. Keywords: Microbial fuel cell (MFC), electricity generation, Ti-TiO2 electrode, substrate type. REFERENCES 1. Sung T., Kim J., Giuliano C., Tae H.L., Changwon K., William T.S., (2010). Sustainable wastewater treatment: How might microbial fuel cells contribute, Biotechnology Advances, 28, 871-881 2. Logan, B.E., (2008) Microbial Fuel Cells, Wiley Press, USA 3. Kim, I.S., Chae, K.J., Choi, M.J. and Verstraete, W., (2008). Microbial fuel cells: Recent advances, bacterial communities and application beyond electricity generation. Environmental Engineering Research, 13(2), 51-65. 4. Rittmann, B.E., (2008). Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 100 (2), 203–212. 5. Antonopoulou, G., Stamatelatou, K., Bebelis, S. and Lyberatos, G., (2010). Electricity generation from synthetic substrates and cheese whey using a two chamber microbial fuel cell, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 50, 10-15 6. Cheng, S., Xing, D. and Logan, B.E., (2011). Electricity generation of single-chamber microbial fuel cells at low temperatures, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 1913-1917 7. Min, B., Kim. J.R., Oh, S.E., Regan, J.M. and Logan, B.E., (2005). Electricity generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cells, Water Research, 39, 4961-4968 8. Puig, S., Serra, M., Coma, M., Cabre, M., Balaguer, M.D. and Colprim, J., (2011). Microbial fuel cell application in landfill leachate treatment, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185, 763-767 9. Wen, Q., Wu, Y., Zhao, L. and Sun, Q., (2010). Production of electricity from the treatment of continuous brewery wastewater using a microbial fuel cell, Fuel, 89, 1381-1385 10. Cheng S, Logan BE (2007) Ammonia treatment of carbon cloth anodes to enhance power generation of microbial fuel cells. Electrochem Commun 9, 492–496 11. Qiao Y, Bao SJ, Li CM, Cui XQ, Lu ZS, Bao J (2008) Nanostructured polyaniline/titanium dioxide composite anode for microbial fuel cells. ACS Nano 2, 113–119 12. Pant D, Bogaerta GV, Dielsa L, Vanbroekhoven K (2010) A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. Bioresour Technol 101, 1533–1543 13. Jadhav GS, Ghangrekar MM (2009) Performance of microbial fuel cell subjected to variation in pH, temperature, external load and substrate concentration. Bioresource Technology 100, 717–723 14. Sun M, Zhang F, Tong ZH, Sheng GP, Chen YZ, Zhao Y, Chen YP, Zhou SY, Liu G, Tian YC, Yu HQ (2010) A goldsputtered carbon paper as an anode for improved electricity generation from a microbial fuel cell inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Biosens Bioelec 26, 338–343 15. Zhang BG, Zhou SG, Zhao HZ, Shi CH, Kong LC, Sun JJ, Yang Y, Ni JR (2010) Factors affecting the performance of microbial fuel cells for sulfide and vanadium (V) treatment. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 33, 187–194 16. Li CM (2007) Advanced microbial fuel cell development, miniaturization and energy and power density enhancement. School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 17. Kim IS, Chae KJ, Choi MJ, Verstraete W (2008) Microbial fuel cells: recent advances, bacterial communities and application beyond electricity generation. Environ Eng Res 13, 51–65 18. Heijne A, Hamelers HVM, Saakes M, Buisman CJN (2008) Performance of non-porous graphite and titanium-based anodes in microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 53, 5697–5703 19. Du Z, Li H, Gu T (2007) A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: a promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnol Advan 25, 464–482 290 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 20. Schröder U, Niessen J, Scholz F (2003) A generation of microbial fuel cells with current outputs boosted by more than one order of magnitude. Angew Chem Int Ed 42, 2880–2883 21. Min, B., Kim, J.R., Oh, S.E., Regan, J.M. ve Logan, B.E., (2005), “Electricity generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cells”, Water Research, 39, 4961-4968. 22. Lu, N., Zhou, S.G., Zhuang, L., Zhang, J.T. ve Ni, J.R., (2009), “Electricity generation from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology”, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 43, 246-251. 23. Oh, S.E. ve Logan, B.E., (2006). “Proton Exchange Membrane and Electrode Surface Areas as Factors that Affect Power Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells”, Biotechnological Products and Process Engineering, 70, 162-169. 24. Ahn, Y. ve Logan, B.E., (2010), “Effectiveness of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cells at Ambient and Mesophilic Temperatures”, Bioresource Technology, 101, 469-475. 25. Feng, Y., Wang, X., Logan, B.E. ve Lee,H., (2008). “Brewery Wastewater Treatment Using Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells”, Environmental Biotechnology, 78, 873-880. 26. Nam, J.-Y., Kim, H.-V., Lim, K.-H. ve Shin, H.-S., (2010), “Effects of organic loading rates on the continuous electricity generation from fermented wastewater using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell”, Bioresource Technology, 101, 33-37. 27. You, S.J., Zhao, Q.L., Jiang, J.Q., Zhang, J.N. ve Zhao, S.Q., (2006), “Sustainable approach for leachate treatment: Electricity generation in microbial fuel cell”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 41, 2721–2734. 28. Galvez, A., Greenman, J. ve Ieropoulos, I., (2009), “Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality”, Bioresource Technology, 100:5085-5091. 29. Greenman, J., Gálvez, A., Giusti, L. ve Ieropoulos, I., (2009), “Electricity from landfill leachate using microbial fuel cells: Comparison with a biological aerated fitler”, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 44, 112-119. 30. Puig, S., Serra, M., Coma, M., Cabre, M., Balaguer, M.D. ve Colprim, J., (2011). “Microbial Fuel Cell Application in Landfill Leachate Treatment”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185, 763-767. 31. Zhang, J.N., Zhao, Q.L., You, S.J., Jiang, J.Q. ve Ren, N.Q., (2008). “Continuous Electricity Production from Leachate in a Novel Upflow Air-cathode Membrane-free Microbial Fuel Cell”, Water Science and Technology, 57, 1017-1021. 32. Ozkaya, B., vd., (2011), “Mikrobiyal Yakıt Hücresi İle Asit Oluşumu ve Metan Oluşumu Safhasındaki Katı Atık Depolama Alanı Sızıntı Sularından Elektrik Üretimi”, Project number: 109Y269, TÜBİTAK. 291 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Energy Management and Application Activities in Wastewater Management Osman Yıldız1, Kaan Dumankaya2, Kevser Karakaya2, Bedia Kurtuluş1 İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) MPE Müh. A.Ş. osyildiz@iski.gov.tr, Kaan.dumankaya@mpe.com.tr, Kevserkarakaya@mpe.com.tr, bkurtulus@iski.gov.tr 1 2 Abstract The cogeneration system at İSKİ Tuzla biological and advanced biological wastewater treatment plant used to make use of the wastewater sludge by drying is an efficient system. The total gain in this system is higher when the energy at the waste heat is optimized. The average yield of the cogeneration system is between 80 % and 90 %. The dry product generated at the sludge drying process is both advantageous for storage and contains 2138 kcal/kg calorific value. The energy required for drying sludge is 734 kWh/ton. The biogas generated through the anaerobic stabilization of the sludge provides high advantages over natural gas burned for power generation in the cogeneration unit. The cogeneration systems used around the globe for a long time have become a proper investment model as they provide easy operation and high cycle yield. Considering the investment, amortization and operational costs of wastewater treatment plants, the energy gained from wastewater becomes an important item. Therefore, the integrated operation of cogeneration systems, sludge drying process and anaerobic sludge digestion process becomes important. Keywords: Cogeneration, Sludge Drying, Biogas, Energy. 1. INTRODUCTION The average product decreases about ¼ upon the sludge drying process at the cogeneration unit. During this process, drying one ton of an average 25 % sludge cake requires 734 kWh of energy[1]. Thanks to sludge drying processes, volume space required to store sludge cake with 25% total solid material rate is reduced. Furthermore, leakage risk is more for 25% sludge cake and brings along a negative impact on the stability of the process. When the dry product generated through sludge drying process is burned, the storage requirement decreases by ½ . The dry product is also used at cement factories as fuel with its calorific value of 2500-3000 kcal/kg. The dry product is of EPA class 2 upon removal of the pathogenic microorganisms after drying and has no damage on the environments. The yield of the cogeneration unit is between 80-90%. For approximately 35 unit of electric 55 unit of heat power; normally 168 units of energy is required. With the cogeneration system, only 100 units energy is sufficient [2]. In order to increase the efficiency of the cogeneration system, the following are being implemented: • Using more than one module • Using heat accumulators • Working in a synchronized manner with the network • Using by-pass combined cycle • Withdrawing bleed steam when steamer turbine is used • Using direct by-pass chimney and damper system • Using peak load boiler and chiller • Adding up the post combustion to the exhaust outlet at the peak case of heat requirement. The following are the waste heat utilization methods: • Ambient heating: hot water, steam, hot air • Drying process: hot water, steam, hot air, gas • Boiler feed water pre-heating: hot water, superheated water 292 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater • Degreasing and cleaning: hot water • Process steam supply: pipe test, laundry facility • Superheated steam generation: combined cycle power plant • Melting (plastic): hot oil production • Absorption cooling machine: air conditioning system A comparison of the cogeneration system and the sludge drying process in terms of energy and cost are listed below: Process Type Dry Dry Transport. Discarding Cost of Natural gas Electricity Sludge Electrical product product cost for Cost for Natural gas consumption consumption Total cake consumption transfer discarding sludge sludge in sludge consumption in cost in the amount in the plant cost cost cake cake sludge drying drying plant MW/day TL/day Nm³/day TL/day ton/day TL/day TL/day TL/day TL/day TL/day Cost when no cogeneration or sludge drying process exists at the plant Cost of Sludge Drying when no cogeneration Cost of cogeneration and sludge drying unit 105 27.300* 105 27.300* 105 300 3.980 22.500 53.780 28.230 23.148** 400 150 50.998 36.000 29.520** 400 150 30.070 *Consumption cost is calculated taking the average of 3 tariffs applied by AYEDAŞ. **The unit price for natural gas applied by İGDAŞ is taken as basis. The outcome of anaerobic sludge digestion process is digested treatment sludge that is odorless, dewatered sludge with less storage volume and low level of pathogeneous microorganisms. Biogas is also an outcome of the anaerobic sludge process. The biogas is used in boilers and burned in heating administrative buildings and also in maintaining the tank temperature for the anaerobic digester process. Furthermore the steam required for the sludge drying unit is maintained by burning biogas in the additional boiler. CONCLUSION Digesting and drying sludge enables both energy generation and preservation of natural resources by disposal of the sludge. Considering the energy costs increasing all around the globe, the total benefits of cogeneration systems stand out and it prevents energy dependency on other countries. The cogeneration system minimizes energy losses while enabling efficiency in energy consumption. With the auto productivity implementations in the cogeneration system, companies with EPDK license can sell energy to TEDAŞ. The physical life of the cogeneration system is approximately 20 years and it amortizes its investment cost in one year. REFERENCES 1. ATV-DVWK-M 379 E (2004), Drying of sewage sludge,26, DWA German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste. 2. TMMOB, Bölgesel Isıtma ve Kojenerasyon, MMO yayın no: 210 3. İSKİ Tuzla Biyolojik ve İleri ByolojikAtıksu Arıtma Tesisi, saha verileri 293 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Enhancement of Biological Process with Immobilized Cell Bioreactor for Valorization of Crude Glycerol Came from Biodiesel Production Çağdaş GÖNEN, Mine ,GÜNGÖRMÜŞLER, Nuri AZBAR Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey Corresponding Author’s Tel.: +90 232 3880378x138 fax: +90 232 388 4955. E-mail address: nuriazbar@gmail.com (N Azbar) Abstract In this study, 1,3-PDO production from waste glycerol using immobilized C. beijerinckii B-593 was comparatively studied. Among the economically and ecological solutions for the safe disposal of waste glycerol came from biodiesel production, biotechnological conversion of glycerol into a very highvalue material, namely 1,3 propanediol (1,3 PDO) seems to be very promising. This process is easy and environmentally friendly because it doesn’t produce any toxic wastes and it is sustainable process. The maximum volumetric productivity (12 g/L.h) was obtained using PS material, which is significantly higher than suspended cell system. The productivities were higher than suspended cultures reported in the literature. Keywords: Immobilization, 1,3-Propanediol, Pumice Stones, Crude glycerol, Clostridium beijerinckii, Valorization. 1. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, energy is one of the most common and problematic global issue that builds significant pressure on the sustainability of natural resources. In this regard, biodiesel, which is based on biological resources, has been one of the most attaractive choice among most countries. On the other hand, increasing biodiesel production all over the world has resulted in another side product or waste product, namely glycerol, which is 10% of the total production [1,2]. Excess glycerol needs economically viable and ecologically acceptable solution. It is clear that eco-friendly conversion of glycerol into a value added chemical, namely product of 1,3 propanediol with biotechnological methods is promising. 1,3 propanediol is an attractive precursor for many products such as textile, solvent production, laminates, adhesives, cosmetic products and human hygiene products [3-5]. Using crude glycerol could make biological production of 1,3 PDO economically, ecologically and sustainable. The immobilization process has important advantages. Namely, with less reactor volumes in shorter fermentation times, higher yields, growth and production rates [6,7]. The aim of this study is to increase the volumetric productivity of 1,3 propanediol production by biotechnological methods above the literature values. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experiments were done by Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-593 (ARS Culture Collection (NRRL), USA) The fermentation medium consisted of (g/L) 40 crude glycerol as substrate [8]. In this study, Packed-bed glass column bioreactors, with the dimensions 30 cm high 4.5 cm i.d. (total volume of 280 ml) were used. Pumice Stone (PS) was used as support materials for up-flow fixed bed reactor. For suspended culture experiments BiostatA+ 2L fermentor was used, 1,3 PDO, glycerol and fatty acid analysis were carried out by HPLC. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION PS present suitable surface characteristics and also provide enhanced total surface area in the bioreactor. It is especially suitable for effective microbial colonization in order to achieve higher productivities of 1,3-PDO [9-12]. Both of the immobilized and suspended bioreactor showed similar increase and decrease fluctuation patterns in 1,3-PDO concentrations as a function of varying HRTs. Highest 1,3-PDO concentration achieved was 30 g.L-1 with PS support material at 12h HRT. Even though PS and suspended culture bioreactors had an optimum 1,3-PDO concentration at same HRT of 12h, on the other hand, 1,3 PDO concentration of CSTR is significantly lower than PS at optimum HRT of 12h.The suspended culture bioreactor seemed to be competing with PS reactor in terms of 294 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 1,3-PDO concentration, but it is vulnerable to cell washout especially under short HRTs values and not suitable for long term production purpose due to this operational problem. Figure 1 shows the volumetric 1,3-PDO productivities. It is quite clear that as the HRT decreased, the volumetric productivities for all bioreactors increased. Figure 1 clearly shows that 2 hours HRT provides the highest productivity values for all bioreactors. The highest volumetric productivity was obtained with PS, which reached a maximum value of 12 g/L.h at 2 h HRT. Even though the 1,3PDO concentration dropped at the short HRTs, volumetric productivity increased significantly for all bioreactors. Suspended bioreactor can reach higher productivity 8,4 g/L.h at 2 h HRT. Immobilized reactor more resist than the suspended system has got 1.5 times high productivity than the suspended bioreactor. Figure 1. Average 1,3 PDO volumetric productivity for immobilized and CSTR bioreactor In this study, 1,3-PDO production from biodiesel waste glycerol using immobilized cell culture of C. beijerinckii B-593 was successfully carried out. It was concluded that immobilized bioreactor configuration using PS material outcompeted the suspended counterpart in terms of both volumetric productivity and operational stability (cell washout). Immobilized cell system not only provides a stable productivity but also continuous production of 1,3-PDO in a smaller reactor, which eliminates higher capital costs REFERENCES 1. Johannes T, Simurdiak MR, Zhao H (2006) Biocatalysis. In: Lee S (ed) Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing Taylor & Francis 2. Cho MH, Joen SI, Pyo SH, Mun S, Kim JH (2006) A novel separation and purification process for 1,3-propanediol. Process Biochem 41 (3):739-744 3. Gonzalez-Pajuelo M, Meynial-Salles I, Mendes F, Soucaille P, Vasconcelos I (2006) Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol: Physiological comparison of a natural producer, Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266, and an engineered strain, Clostridium acetobutylicum DG1(pSPD5). Appl Environ Microb 72 (1):96-101 4. Wang G, Feng EM, Xiu ZL (2008) Modeling and parameter identification of microbial bioconversion in fed-batch cultures. J Process Contr 18 (5):458-464 5. Patwardhan PR, Srivastava AK (2004) Model-based fed-batch cultivation of R-eutropha for enhanced biopolymer production. Biochem Eng J 20 (1):21-28 6. Pflugmacher U, Gottschalk G (1994) Development of an Immobilized Cell Reactor for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol by Citrobacter-Freundii. Appl Microbiol Biot 41 (3):313-316 7. Zhao YN, Chen G, Yao SJ (2006) Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by encapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochem Eng J 32 (2):93-99 8. Gungormusler, M., Gonen, C., Ozdemir, G., and Azbar, N. (2010) Fermentation Medium Optimization for 1,3-Propanediol Production Using Taguchi and Box-Behnken Experimental Designs. Fresen Environ Bull, 19(12), 2840-2847. 295 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Evaluation of Sludge Management Alternatives for Kayseri Wastewater Treatment Plant in Turkey Osman Arıkan1, Mahmut Altınbaş2, Özgür Özdemir3, İzzet Öztürk4 Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazağa Campus, Maslak, İstanbul arikan@itu.edu.tr Kayseri Water and Sewage Administration (KASKİ), Kayseri 1, 2, 4 3 Extended Abstract Sludges are the solids produced during the wastewater treatment process and must be managed properly to minimize impacts on environment. In this study, six sludge management alternatives were examined for Kayseri wastewater treatment plant (WWTP): lagoon storage, composting, land application following lime stabilization, incineration at a cement kiln, landfilling following lime stabilization, land application following thermal drying. Capacities of necessary facilities, capital and operating costs were determined for each alternative [1]. Total costs per dry ton of sludge (total annual cost) vary between $17 and $390. Lagoon storage following thickening of excess biological sludge and digested sludge Although considered the cheapest alternative method for sludge, this option may only be applied if an area of ~16 ha with reasonable distance to the WWTP is provided in cost-effective manner. Moreover, it is required that settled sludge at the bottom of the lagoon (~ 50% TS) should be scraped at regular intervals, and preferably be applied to the land. Supernatant should also be removed via evaporation, and partially, drainage (irrigation water). Composting of the centrifugally-dewatered sewage sludge Considering lack of organic substances in Turkey’s soils, composting of sludge comes off both as a financiallyadvantageous and sustainable alternative. The cheapest composting method is windrow. However, since this method is associated with odor risk, a good process control is required. Aerated static pile, although slightly costlier, will provide a better odor management. The fact that a designated, feasible area of adequate size with concrete ground is located close to Kayseri WWTP makes both windrow composting and aerated static pile composting advantageous sludge management options. Although more expensive to other two methods, in vessel system provides considerably effective supervision of process and odor. The most important aspect in composting of sludge is to provide the additive materials locally needed during the process in an easy and financially-advantageous manner. Land application following centrifugal dewatering and additional drying with lime It is a practically suitable option to apply the dewatered sludge to the land at 50% TS after drying with lime. The biggest advantage of this method is to temporarily storage the sludge, which is lime treated to 50% TS, without dealing with odor or hygiene issues. However, lime treatment will substantially increase the sludge amount. Incineration at a cement kiln It is not considered as a viable and sustainable option to incinerate dewatered sludge cakes in a separately built incinerator. Nevertheless, incineration of sludge at a nearby cement kiln may be a suitable option for final disposal. This method is currently being implemented in Turkey, and consequently, the cement industry gained considerable experience in sludge incineration. However, since sole application of this alternative would lead to a weakened leverage when bargaining with cement plants for disposal of sludge, it is recommended to use at least one alternative method in line with market conditions. In case the incineration method is applied for municipal solid wastes, the same facility can be used to incinerate dewatered sludge cakes. Landfilling of sludge cake and municipal solid wastes following centrifuge dewatering and additional drying with lime As stated above; the sludge cake which is produced by lime-treating the dewatered sludge to 50% TS may be applied to the land with ease. However, in case any of various reasons (lack of suitable land in close proximity, weather conditions etc.) makes it problematic to apply this cake to the land, another alternative is the landfilling of sludge cake and municipal solid wastes in a sanitary landfill. It is possible to store the sludge with ≥ 50% TS in a landfill without facing any serious stability problem, and many municipalities in the country are experienced in applying this alternative. 296 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Land application following thermal drying In case the stabilized sludge cake, which is produced at 30% TS following centrifuge dewatering, is thermal dried to ≥50% (60% ~ 90%) TS, it is predicted that the energy to be yielded from the biogas which is generated by the sludge digester will cover 15% of the energy need. For this reason, there is a need to cover the energy deficit from a separate source (natural gas, fuel-oil etc.). In the event of thermal drying via digester gas, the energy to be generated from the biogas should be dispensed with. The landfill gas to be generated from rehabilitation of the current landfill site for thermal drying may be utilized as waste heat as part of the energy production system [2]. Following thermal drying, the dried sludge will be smoothly applicable to the land, in line with the relevant legislation. Sludge management alternatives were evaluated for Kayseri WWTP in Turkey. Total annual costs of the alternative technologies vary between $17 and $390. Although lagoon storage appears to be the cheapest method this option may only be applied if an area of ~16 ha is provided in cost-effective manner. Therefore composting of sludge comes off both as financially-advantageous and sustainable alternative. Selection of sludge management systems depends on not only economical but also environmental and social conditions. Therefore, all factors must be taken into consideration for determination of sludge management technology. Keywords: Sludge, management, composting, land application, thermal drying. REFERENCES 1. Öztürk, İ., Arıkan, O., Altınbaş, M, Aydın, A.F. (2011). Report on evaluation of sludge management alternatives for Kayseri Wastewater Treatment Plant. Kayseri Water and Sewage Administration (KASKİ). 2. Braulecht, P., Gredigk, S., (1998). Concept for an interlinked system of a sludge drying facility and a landfill for residual waste, Water Science and Technology, 38 (2), 119-125. 297 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Pretreatment, Reclamation and Disposal Processes for Wastewater Treatment Sludge - Sample Applications Prof. Dr. Ibrahim ALYANAK, PAMUKKALE University - Denizli (Retired), ALYANAK Eng. Cons. Cont.. - Izmir Abstract Wastewater treatment technologies shall be planned after evaluation of different treatment sludge disposal processes in economic and ecological aspects by a detailed feasibility analysis. Because of its high organic matter content, reclamation of treatment sludges shall be considered. Regarding this, utilization of extended aeration activated sludge systems over 50 000 PE (population equivalent) is not feasible. (ATV-1996) Over this population, anaerobic sludge digestion decreases sludge disposal costs about 50-70%. Application of this technique is becoming popular. The smallest capacity plant conforms to German ATV standards in Turkey is located in Muğla WWTP and has started operation one year ago. Plants lacking this technology suffer sludge disposal problems and costs. Another issue is dewatering of treatment sludge. While thermal drying methods require “250 mechanical + 550 thermal = total 800 kWh/ton.water” energy, solar treatment method requires only mechanical energy which is as low as “20-30 kWh/ton.water”. As the energy requirement of drying of treatment sludges is higher than the energy production by incineration, there is no net energy production. Composting treatment sludges together with organic wastes is another method for naturally converting organic components of treatment sludge to a soil conditioner. Application of this product to parks-gardens, forests and agricultural fields is the most environmentally-friendly option. Keywords: treatment sludge, anaerobic digestion, composting, sludge drying, hygiene. 1. INTRODUCTION Although technological applications enforced by the Soil Pollution and Control Directive issued in December 2001 are improving, Turkey is still lacking of appropriate treatment sludge applications. Therefore, selection of economically and ecologically most appropriate techniques is getting more important. 2. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR BIOLOGICAL WASTWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater is achieved by advanced biological treatment plants. In extended aeration systems, sludge produced in the biological processes is aerobically stabilized in aeration tanks. However volume and energy requirements for these systems are high. Therefore, extended aeration processes are not suitable for plants servicing over 30 000 - 50 000 PE (population equivalent). German design criteria for these systems are introduced in ATV-DVWK-A 131E, has a wide application area. (ATV-GWA). In this standard: • Aerobic stabilization up to 30 000 - 50 000 PE, • Anaerobic stabilization is more economic over 50 000 PE, • Excess energy production is possible over 100 000 PE, • Energy required by the plant can be generated over 500 000 - 1 000 000 PE. Composition of treatment sludge differs by the treatment processes; • Primary settling sludges composed of settlable solids, • Chemical sludges produced by chemical treatment processes, • Secondary settling sludges produced by biological treatment processes. 298 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. ADVANCES IN ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTION Treatment sludge is in liquid form up to 11-12% solids content. In concentrated anaerobic sludge digestion method, raw sludge is fed into the anaerobic sludge digester with a solid content of 8%. Therefore, anaerobic reactor volume can be reduced to 50%. As the heat loss figures also decrease, net energy production significantly increases. In İstanbul TUZLA and ATAKÖY WWTP and Antalya HURMA WWTP, the sludge is fed into the reactor with 6% solids content, thus the volume of the reactor decreased by 25%. Some older treatment plants such as Ankara, Adana and Gaziantep WWTPs are operated with 3-4% solid content which doubles the reactor volume. The capacity of these plants can be increased two times by application of concentrated anaerobic sludge digestion. Plants financed by EIB - European Investment Bank after 2002 are designed in accordance with EU criteria and optimum Technologies. Although Gaziantep and Adana WWTPs are also financed by EIB - European Investment Bank, only wastewater treatment is planned in these plants. 4. SLUDGE PROCESSES 4.1. Compostıng of Treatment Sludge Fort his process, C/N ratio shall be between 25-35. The C/N ratio of treatment sludge is between 8-12. Therefore composting is only possible together with a material with higher organic matter content such as green waste or municipal solid waste. 4.2. Incıneratıon of Treatment Sludge ın Cement Factorıes In situations where agricultural utilization of treatment sludge is not ecologically and economically appropriate, an alternative option is incineration of treatment sludge in cement factories to produce energy and raw material. • Organic content of treatment sludge → Energy source • Mineralized portion of treatment sludge (ash) → Raw material 5. OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN TURKEY In the last 5 years, wastewater treatment plants in Turkey are constructed and operated more effectively. Therefore, the amount of treatment sludge is significantly increased. Besides, Soil Pollution and Control Directive issued in December 2001 and revised in March 2005 enforces application of advanced technologies. Further information about the legislations is given in the paper. Actual legislation; Ministry of Environment and Forestry: August 3, 2010 - OG Issue: 27661 - Directive For Soil Application Of Domestic and Municipal Treatment Sludges Ministry of Environment and Forestry: March 26, 2010 - OG Issue: 27533 - Directive For Landfilling of Waste Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs June 2010 - OG Issue: 27601 – Directive for Production, Importing and Marketing of Organic, Organomineral Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners and Microbial Products and Products Including Enzymes Used In Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs August 18,2010 OG Issue:27676 Directive For Principals and Applications of Organic Agriculture 299 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations REFERENCES 300 1. ATV Handbuch Klaerschlam 4. Auflage Ernst & Sohn Verlag Berlin, 1996 2. Thome-Kozmiensky, K.J.: Klärschlammentsorgung. TK-Verlag Neuruppin, 1998. 3. Klärschlammentsorgung. Hrsg.: Ministerium für Umwelt und Verkehr Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, 2002. 4. Bux, M., Baumann, R.: Solare Klärschlammtrocknung - Verbreitung, Leistung und Kosten. KA-Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser, Abfall 50 (2003) Nr. 6, S. 732-739. 5. Vallerien, D. : Yerel düzeyde Atıksu Yönetimi, AB giriş sürecinde 2. Türk-Alman Atıksu Yönetimi Sempozyumu, 2004 6. Alyanak, İ. : Solar (Güneş Işını İle) Arıtma Çamuru Kurutma İşlemleri, “Türkiye`nin AB`ne Giriş Sürecinde - “Sürdürülebilir Katı Atık Yönetimi Kongresi” mayıs 2005. 7. Alyanak, İ. : Türkiye’de Arıtma Çamuru Giderimi, Türk - Alman Katı Atık Günleri - 2006, Katı Atıklarda Biyolojik İşlemler Aralık 2006 8. Alyanak, İ. : Arıtma Çamurlarının Bertarafı ve Ön İşlem Örnekleri, UKAY 2010 - 2. Ulusal Katı Atık Yönetimi Kongresi 2010. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Studies towards Increasing the Performance of Biogas Units in Wastewater Treatment Plants Osman Yıldız, Bedia Kurtuluş İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) osyildiz@iski.gov.tr, bkurtulus@iski.gov.tr Abstract The formation process of biogas as a by-product of the anaerobic digestion of advanced wastewater treatment sludge is a sensitive process and has high sensibility towards possible toxicity and solid materials in the influent. This paper discusses the measures to be taken under operation conditions while examining the effect of the sludge quantity and content as well as of the process conditions in digesters on the biogas quantity and methane rate. The effects of the annual changes in the feed sludge content on the quantity of biogas generated have been examined and the reasons for change have been studied. Particularly the solid materials such as oakum from organized industry facilities within wastewater basins have negative effects on the sludge equipments and they influence the biogas generation. The measures required for the protection of optimum conditions in reactors and for the continuation of the process are discussed. Keywords: Anaerobic sludge digestion, biogas generation performance. 1. INTRODUCTION Sludge digestion is a commonly used method in sludge removal and stabilization in wastewater treatment plants. The objective in sludge stabilization is to prevent odour by decreasing the pathogen bacterial contamination and to decrease the volume of sludge and the solid material quantity in sludge[1]. As a consequence of the microbiological degradation in the organic structure of sludge, biogas made up of 65-70% CH4 and 30-35% CO2 is generated. This study discusses the measures to take to enable effective operation of the process, while evaluating the effect of the wastewater characteristics and the operational conditions on the biogas amount and the CH4 rate in biogas. 2. STUDIES TOWARDS INCREASING BIOGAS GENERATION PERFORMANCE 2.1. Important Parameters ın Operatıng Bıogas Unıts The methanogen bacteria that generate methane gas from acetic acid during the anaerobic digestion process are from sensitive bacteria groups and the digester conditions have to be identified by taking these bacteria as basis [3]. Proper temperatures, pH and sufficient nutrient materials are necessary for an anaerobic digestion process. A complete mixing is required to enable full absorption of the nutrient in digesters. In the anaerobic digestion process where temperature changes are of sensitivity, the temperature of the sludge is maintained through heat exchangers. Failure to extract adequate amount of sludge from the system due to mechanical equipment breakdown, and to feed the digesters regularly have negative effects on the anaerobic digestion process that is sensitive towards density differences in sludge feeding and sometimes cause the digesters come out of order. 2.2. Studıes towards Increasıng Bıogas Generatıon Performance Materials such as oakum and oil from textile, food and glass industries coming into the Ataköy and Tuzla Advance Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants of İSKİ shorten the lives of mechanical equipment in these plants. Although they are degraded through macerator before they reach sludge digesters, oakum material even in small pieces stick together at the reactors and are turned into moving blocks, thus causing measurement failures by blocking the mixing and measurement instruments in the reactor. These oakum materials also cause blocking the recirculation pumps and exchangers, and therefore negatively affect the continuity of the process. The amount of biogas maintained through digestion of excess sludge is seen in the Figure 1 below. The improvements in influent at the Tuzla Advance Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant relatively enabled increase in the amount of biogas generated in recent years. 301 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Figure 1. Amount of biogas generated and sludge fed at sludge digestion tanks in Tuzla ABWWTP. Issues to focus on in order to increase performance of sludge digestion process are as follows: • In order to follow sludge stabilization and mixing better, the laboratory analyses and the online density meters should be monitored. The nutrient balance should be considered taking the acquired data as a basis. Pressing all the sludge extracted from the system into the digesters is a wrong act of operation, and this can only be avoided by adequate amount of interim storage capacity. • To measure whether the mixing process is complete, measurement instruments should be placed at various locations in the reactor. • Since the foam in the system and its disposal shall affect particularly the biogas lines and performance of mixing elements, it should tensely be monitored. • Considering the nutrient balance of sludge densifiers and thickeners which are designed generally to be used for 16 hours a day and six days a week, they should be designed to meet a work load of 24 hours a day, seven days a week. CONCLUSION There are discussions on developing new monitoring and control mechanisms for places where it is not completely possible to avoid industrial wastes enter the sewerage systems in wastewater basin and studies have been done on detection and prevention of industrial wastewater by placing certain systems that provide remote control (such as SCADA) in certain critical locations within the basin. Furthermore, in order to adapt to changing demographical values, enabling design flexibility to operate anaerobic digesters with thermophilic bacteria if necessary shall also enable making use of the same plant at different temperatures and capacities. REFERENCES 302 1. Veenstra, Ir. S., (2001). Sludge Management EE004/99/1, 1-1, IHE Delft. 2. Neitzel, V., Iske, U., (1998). Abwasser Technik und Kontrolle, 142, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim. 3. Mudrack, K., (1996). Schlammstabilisierung in ATV Handbuch Klärschlamm, 138, Ernst&Sohn, Berlin. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Use of Omerli Drinking Water Treatment Plant Sludge at Industrial Scale Brick Production Şenol YILDIZ1, Volkan ENÇ1, Aynur KEMİRTLEK1, Mustafa KARA2, Yasemin TABAK2 İSTAÇ A.Ş., İstanbul Çevre Yönetimi Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., Şişli-İSTANBUL syildiz@istac.com.tr, venc@istac.com.tr, akemirtlek@istac.com.tr Tübitak Marmara Araştırma Merkezi, Malzeme Enstitüsü, Gebze-Kocaeli mustafa.kara@mam.gov.tr, yasemin.tabak@tubitak.gov.tr 1 2 Summary The disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater treatment sludges are being done in Kömürcüoda Landfill Disposal facility which has been operated by ISTAÇ Co. in İstanbul. Every day about 200 tons of drinking water treatment sludge with a content of 20-30% solid substance is being disposed via landfilling. The sludge can be stored in landfill area after mixing the aqueous sludge with the additives such as clay. In this study the use of drinking water treatment sludges in brick production process as raw material is investigated. The main objectives of this study are the development of a new technology for the assessment of sludge as a raw material, to reduce the operation costs by reducing the amount of waste sent to landfill and disseminating the information obtained as a result of study with other academic studies to shed light on this issue and to contribute to the production of new projects for the future of the country is intended to respond to the needs in this regard. In this study, sludge from Omerli Drinking Water Treatment Plant is mixed in the rates of 10% and 20% clay for production of industrial scale bricks. Size, weight, dry shrinkage, shrinkage, total shrinkage and the total weight loss of the produced representative bricks are measured. In addition, the compressive strength of the samples, density, water absorption and porosity values of the bricks produced from treatment sludge and clay mixture were compared with the current produced bricks and standards. As a result of the study it has been shown that up to 20% proportion, drinking water treatment sludge can be used as raw material for production of bricks. Keywords: Treatment Sludge, Waste, Brick, Disposal, Baking. 1. INTRODUCTION Due to the legal requirements, management and disposal problems for the landfilling of the sludges, it has been vital to use the waste as a raw material of a product. In this way, the need of the disposal of sludge, as well as the recycling of these wastes brings an economical benefit. In this study the usability of drinking water treatment sludge of Ömerli Drinking Water Treatment Plant, which uses FeCl3 in its process, as raw material in production of industrial brick has been investigated. 2. METHOD In this study, the usability of drinking water treatment sludge which stored in ISTAC Co. Kömürcüoda landfill facility, as the raw material for brick production was investigated. In this study brick production using drinking water treatment sludge, has been done in a brick factory using the optimum sludge/clay ratio data derived from laboratory-scale works. Sizes and weights of the bricks produced from a raw material consist of 10% and 20% of the sludge come from Ömerli Drinking Water Treatment Plant are measured. Measurements of the same samples were also analyzed after it is cooked and dry shrinkage, shrinkage, total shrinkage, the total weight loss was found as well. Water absorption ratio, porosity and density values of cooked samples are calculated in accordance with TS EN 771-7 standards. Flue gas emission is measured during the industrial-scale production of bricks and the results were compared with the relevant standards. 303 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 3. DISCUSSION Considering industrial-scale experimental trials and the optimum values obtained from laboratoryscale experimental studies, 20% mixture ratio has been determined as the optimal rate for Ömerli drinking water treatment sludges. In addition 10% mixture ratio drinking water treatment sludge is decided to be tested to compare the physical and mechanical changes in produced bricks. Different samples consist of 10% and 20% drinking water treatment sludges come from Ömerli, are produced in the brick factory and regular industrial brick production procedure has been used. Physical and mechanical properties of samples consist of 10% and 20% sludge come from Ömerli drinking water treatment facility were measured and the results are compared with the values on TSE document expressed for the brick factories, the values of the bricks produced in regular time in that factory and with TSE 771-1 standards. Total shrinkage values of bricks produced and total weight loss of the 13.5 cm bricks are lower while the compressive strength of the bricks were close to regular bricks produced in the same factory before. Considering the comparison results Ömerli drinking water treatment sludge can be used as raw materials in the production of bricks. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this study the usability of drinking water treatment sludge of Ömerli Drinking Water Treatment Plant, which uses FeCl3 in its process, in production of industrial brick as raw material and economic benefits are been shown. Industrial-scale implementation of this study will enable to use a kind of a waste, which used to be disposed in landfills with high costs, as raw material for an industrial product. Sectoral cooperation, allowing the outputs to shed light on private sector and public works, providing raw material savings and bringing an environmentally approach to the treatment sludge management are the coachievements of this study. 304 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Treatment of Textile Wastewater with TiO2 Magnetic Nanoparticle Karim Movassaghi1, Laleh Enayati Ahangar1, Masoomeh Emadi2, Angelo Chianese3, Fahimeh Bahrami4 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran k_movassaghi@sci.ui.ac.ir, laleh.enayati@gmail.com 2 Chemistry Department, Marvdasht Branch, Azad Islamic University of Marvdasht, Iran ma.emadi90@gmail.com 3 Chemical Engineering Department, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184, Rome, Italy 4 Quality Control Laboratory, Jaber Ebne Hayyan Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran 1 Abstract Dyes are an important source of textile wastewaters contamination. In recent years, titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been effectively used to detoxify recalcitrant pollutants present in industrial wastewater. The present manuscript describes a research for removing some dyes from wastewater by TiO2 modified magnetic-nanoparticle. By using the nanoparticle properties such as high surface area, the efficiency of purification was improved and the time of treatment was decreased. Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles, Dyes, Textile dyeing wastewaterthat, TiO2 1. INTRODUCTION Nanostructure TiO2 photocatalysts have been attracting much attention for the past decade because of their potential application in the degradation of most kinds of pollutants in waste water. The dyeing and finishing of textile fibers, yarns and fabrics require large amounts of process water of suitable purity. The estimated total wastewater discharge from textile plants engaged in wet finishing is 625 million gallons and it needs to economic methods for treatment of wastewater [1]. Several methods were used for treatment of textile wastewater such as reverse osmosis, photocatalytic, ultrafiltration, oxidation and biological. Biological treatment reduces soluble organics and other contaminants in wastewater that are not removed in primary treatment [2]. Recently, TiO2 has used largely for it’s epecial properties including: high photochemical reactivity, high photocatalytic activity, low cost, stability in aquatic systems and low environmental toxicity [3]. Here we used TiO2 modified magnetic nanoparticles for removing some of dyes from textile wastewater. By using magnetic particle, TiO2 could be recover and used several times. Nano- particle by increasing the reaction surface, improved treatment efficiency and decrease the reaction time. 2. Experımental Magnetic-nanoparticles were prepared according to Massart’s method. Briefly, 3 ml of iron (II) sulfate solution (2 mol) and 10 ml of an iron (III) chloride solution (1 mol) were mixed under vigorous mechanical stirring at room temperature and 15 ml of HCl solution (2 mol) was used to dissolve the iron salts. An aliquot of 50 ml of tetraethylammonium hydroxide was added to the above solution until the solution reached a pH of 13. Immediately a black solution formed. [1,3]. An inertial layer (SiO2 or Al2O3) between TiO2 coating and magnetic material was proposed. 5 g of magnetite-nanoparticles was redispersed in 200 ml of deionized water under sonication for 20 min. The undispersed magnetic particles were separated and the suspension was transferred to another beaker. Ammonia aqueous solution (12.0 ml, 25%, mass fraction) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (9 ml) were added to the suspension. The separated SiO2 /Fe2O3 nanoparticles were washed with water and ethanol. TiO2 layer was produced by a solvothermal method. SiO2/Fe2O3 suspension in ethanol and 50 mL of n-butanol were added to a solution containing of ethanol and 0.2 ml of titanium tetrabutoxide. The mixture was stirred for 30 min. The stirring process was then continued for 12 h at room temperature. The suspension was transferred into the autoclave and maintained at 160°C for 3h. The resulting particles were filtrated, collected and washed with de-ionized water and ethanol, and then dried at 60°C. A series of this type of nano-particles with the different TiO2 tickness was obtained by using different volume of titanium tetrabutoxide [4]. 305 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations Figure 1. Magnetic-nanoparticle modification Schematic For purification process the TiO2 coated magnetic-nanoparticle was added to wastewater and mixed for some times, and then the nanoparticles were removes by magnetic field. Some parameters such as mixing time, amount of magnetic-nanoparticle and mixing method were optimized. Figure 2. Schematic of textile wastewater treatment REFERENCES 306 1. Jin, Y., Yong-kang, L., Yu, L., Jun-ping, L., (2010), Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic TiO2/SiO2/NiFe2O4 Composite Photocatalysts Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 26, 2, 278-282. 2. Mendes Saggioro, E., Sousa Oliveira, A., (2011), Use of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis on the Remediation of Model Textile Wastewaters Containing Azo Dyes Molecules, 16, 10370-10386. 3. Perkowski, J., Kos, L., (2003), Decolouration of Model Dyehouse Wastewater with Advanced Oxidation Processes, Fibres & Zibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 11, 67-71. 4. A. Morales, M., J.S. Mascarenhas, A.,. M.S Gomes, A., A.P. Leite, C., (2010), Synthesis and characterization of magnetic mesoporous particles, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 342, 269–277. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Jet-Loop Anaerobic Reactor Performance for the Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater Sonia Khoufi, Assawer Louhichi, Sami Sayadi Laboratoire des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Tunisia E-mail:sonia.khoufi@cbs.rnrt.tn Abstract Anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewater (OMW) with other natural substrates containing high level of nitrogen source such as poultry manure (PM) is a new approach for upgrading the anaerobic treatment of OMW. Batch and semi-continuous fermentations were carried out under mesophilic condition. Batch experiments revealed that the highest specific methane yield was obtained at 30% (v/v) of PM. For the semi-continuous fermentation, a Jet-Loop reactor has been successfully used for OMW and PM co-digestion. The methane yield was 0.4 L biogas/g COD introduced until an organic loading rate of 9.5 g COD/L. d. Moreover, co-digestion with 30% PM has improved the COD removal efficiency up to 85%. The results of the present laboratory study revealed that the use of PM as co-substrate in anaerobic digestion of OMW has other advantages: improvement of the balance of the COD/TKN ratio and efficient process stability. Keywords: Olive mill wastewater, co-digestion, Jet-Loop reactor, methane yield. 1. INTRODUCTION The olive oil industry is one of the most typical and economically important Tunisian agro-industries. This industry generates large amounts of OMW, which are difficult to degrade and thus cause a negative environmental impact. Anaerobic digestion is now increasingly being used to treat liquid organic effluents, particularly, for wastewaters containing medium to high levels of biodegradable organic matter. Due to the high organic load of OMW, anaerobic digestion is suitable for this kind of wastewater. However, the anaerobic digestion of OMW requires provision of an extra nitrogen source in addition to the nitrogen originally present to satisfy the C/N/P ratio (100/2.5/0.5) [1]. The high cost of non-sustainable, inorganic nitrogen sources such as urea and other compounds suggests the use of alternative organic sources of nitrogen such as pig slurry [1] and cheese whey [2]. Poultry manure (PM) contains high concentrations of nitrogen, which could be used to counterbalance the low levels of nitrogen in OMW. In this study, feasibility of using this co-substrate in order to enhance the anaerobic treatment of OMW was investigated. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The OMW and PM were obtained from local industries (Sfax-Tunisia). In order to determine the effect of co-substrate addition on the biogas production from OMW, biochemical methane potential assays were performed. The semi-continuous co-digestion was carried out in a Jet-Loop reactor with a working volume of 70 L. Analytical methods used in this study were described in previous study[3]. 3. RESULTS AND DıSCUSSıON Daily biogas productions in serum bottles were monitored for at least 65 days. The averages of cumulative biogas per batch reactor per g VS added were reported in Figure 1. The total biogas productions at the end of fermentation in serum bottles were 70, 85, 90, 20, 18, and 5 mL/g VSadded corresponding to proportions 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90%, respectively. High biogas production was observed in batch containing a mixture of wastewater comprised from 70% OMW and 30% PM in a COD/N ratio of 50.7. The enhancement of biogas production was also observed in batch containing a mixture of 90% OMW and 10% PM with a COD/N ratio of 106. However, the increase of PM proportion over than 50% leads to a reduction of biogas production. During the first 145 day of codigestion in the JLR, the feeding is composed of 10% PM and 90% OMW and the HRT was fixed to 20 days. The COD removal efficiency and biogas production is low during the initial start-up period (Figure 2b), which was attributed to the low methanogenic activity in the digester due to the acclimatisation of the microbes and the low OLR used. 307 Biogaz yield (mL/g VS) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0% 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% PM proportion (v/v%) Figure 1. Cumulative biogas production in batch fermentation of OMW in the presence of different proportion of PM (v/v %). By increasing the loading rate from 2 to 5 g COD/L. d (Figure 2a), an increase in biogas production was observed. However, low biogas yields (0.3 L/g CODintroduced) were registered. This was explained by the low biodegradability of the proposed mixture of wastewaters. For this reason, the feeding mixture was changed to 30% PM and 70% OMW. A progressive increase in biogas production was observed during the recovery period which increased with increasing the OLR. Biogas production reached a value of 260 L on day 235 (Figure 2b). Results show that at the highest OLR the yields were approximately 0.4 L/CODintroduced. The reactor responded well with COD removal efficiencies >85%. 10 COD removal (%) 250 8 Biogas (L/d) Organic loading rate (g COD/L reactor. d) Biogas (L/d) 300 6 4 2 80 200 60 150 40 100 20 50 0 0 50 100 150 Time (days) 200 0 250 0 0 a 100 COD removal (%) 12 27 55 79 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Time (days) b Figure 2. Evolutions of organic loading rate, COD removal and biogas production during the anaerobic codigestion of OMW and PM. The co-digestion process was found to be stable during the last period of fermentation without any toxicity phenomenon. The pH remained within the range of 6.9-8 throughout the experiment. This pH stability guards the digester from possible acidification and provides an optimum condition for methanogenic bacteria. Furthermore, an increase of ammonium nitrogen inside the digester has improved the COD/N ratio of OMW that has become much closer to optimum. Other researchers who carried out studies on the co-digestion of OMW with other wastes corroborate this suggestion[4]. REFERENCES 308 1. Yilmazer, G., Yenigün, O., (1999). Two-phase anaerobic treatment of cheese whey, Water Science Technology, 40 (1), 289–295 2. Martinez-Garcia, A.C., Johnson, R.T., Bachmann, C.J., Williams, A., Burgoyne, R.G.J., (2007). Two-stage biological treatment of olive mill wastewater with whey as co-substrate, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 59, 273– 282 3. Khoufi, S., Aloui, F., Sayadi, S., (2009). Pilot scale hybrid process for olive mill wastewater treatment and reuse, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 48, 643–650 4. Gelegenis, J., Georgakakis, D., Angelidaki, I., Christopoulou, N., Goumenaki, M., (2007). Optimization of biogas production from olive-oil mill wastewater, by codigesting with diluted poultry-manure, Applied Energy, 84, 646–663 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Proposal for Color and Heavy Metal Removal from Textile Wastewater by Cross-Linked Polyelectrolyte Composite Membranes Bestenur Kurtulus1, Dogan Akcan1, Lütfi Arda1, Hatice Eser Ökten2, Perihan Kurt Karakuş2, Göksel Demir2, Aslı Çoban2, İbrahim Ertuğrul Yalçın2, Ömer Lütfi Uyanık2 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey bestenur.kurtulus@bahcesehir.edu.tr Department of Environmental Engineering, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey 1 2 Abstract Textile wastewaters are known to have a very wide range of type and concentration values for dyes. Scientific literature reveals that color removal studies have focused on anionic dyes because of their relatively easy removal capacity when compared to cationic dyes. Removal of cationic dyes is problematic because of their high solubility in water. Since the membranes used in textile wastewater treatment are generally purchased from membrane companies, the cost of the configuration is high. A combined treatment process including adsorption and membrane filtration using cross-linked polyelectrolyte membranes as an alternative to commercial membranes in order to be used in dye and heavy metal removal from textile wastewater is proposed. Anionic and cationic dyes and heavy metal in textile wastewater removal capacities of the cross linked membranes, which are proposed to be prepared by the method of “sequential adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes” (Layer by Layer Deposition Technique), is going to be examined. Keywords: textile wastewater, composite membrane, cross-linked polyelectrolyte, heavy metal and color removal. 1. INTRODUCTION Textile industry wastewater poses adverse environmental effects due to extensive use of dyes in the process [1, 2]. Particularly in textile industry high flowrates of water is consumed and the discharge is known for its high values in color parameter [3]. Discharge of textile wastewater to receiving aquatic bodies results in severe aesthetic pollution and toxicity to corresponding biosphere. In the case of using commercial membrane technologies for treatment, initial investment costs along with maintenance costs are significantly high. Chemical characteristics of textile wastewater indicate that most of the pollutant load comes from process dyes, which are reactive and alkaline in nature. Furthermore dyes contain metals such as chrome (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) frequently since they form complexes with these metals in production stages. Metals also pose environmental risks in the receiving aquatic bodies such as toxicity and bioaccumulation. A membrane that is compatible with the charge type of dye must be chosen to be able to achieve a satisfactory color removal. The main purpose of such application is to obtain an ionic interaction between membrane and dye molecule, in other words; creating an electrostatical interaction between charged dye molecule and the surface of membrane resulting in dye molecules attaching to the membrane. In this study the use of novel polymeric membranes for the removal of both heavy metals and anionic/cationic dyes through adsorption and membrane filtration is proposed. Membranes that are charged accordingly would be able to remove anionic and/or cationic dyes depending on the charge density and type. Optimization parameters include charge density, membrane porosity, and permeability, monomer concentration, pH, temperature, and ionic strength. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Method is based on the electrostatic interaction between a charged surface (substrate) and an oppositely charged molecule in the solution. The films are formed by deposition of alternating layers of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes with wash steps in between (Figure 1). Polyelectrolytes are the polymers consisting of recurrent electrolyte (anionic or cationic) groups. These electrolyte groups of the polymers dissociate in aqueous solutions resulting with a charged polymer. Thus, when polyelectrolytes that those with both salt (electrolytes) and polymer properties are prepared in a way resulting linear polymers, the process produces electrically conductive viscous solutions owing to charged molecular chains. 309 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013   1)  Polyanion   solution   2)  Washing   Oral Presentations 3)  Polycation   solution   4)  Washing   Figure 1. Schematic representation of LBL deposition technique When oppositely charged two different polyelectrolyte solutions are mixed; oppositely charged polymeric chains irreversibly bind together and make a bulky polyelectrolyte complex. This group of polymers that contain both anionic and cationic groups together is called polyampholytes and such polymers have an ability to bind negatively charged and positively charged groups together simultaneously. One of the most important characteristics of the polyelectrolyte complexes is also to have diverse behaviors depending on their stoichiometry (anion/cation ratio), ionic strength, temperature and pH. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT The theory stage for this particular study is completed, whereas the experimental study is ongoing. Therefore the findings are yet to be acquired. Following the experimental study, modeling will be conducted. In order to determine dye adsorption capacity of membrane material, samples will be transferred into dye solutions with desired pH and allowed to reach equilibrium for 48 hours at 250C. Adsorption measurements will be carried out by using a UV spectrophotometer. The amount of adsorbed dye per mass of membrane material will be evaluated by using the qE = V(Co-Ce)/W equation. The amount of adsorbed metal ions will be determined by using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES) device. REFERENCES 310 1. Eren, E., Demiröz, K., Yiğit, N.Ö., Kitiş, M., Çınar, Ö., (2007). Tekstil boyar maddelerinin arıtımını gerşekleştiren karışık mikroorganizmaların anaerobik stabilitelerinin belirlenmesi, 7. Ulusal Çevre Mühendisliği Kongresi, İzmir-Türkiye. 2. Karapinar Kapdan, I., Kargi, F., (2000). Atıksulardan Tekstil Boyar Maddelerinin Adsorpsiyonlu Biyolojik Arıtım ile Giderimi, Turk J Engin Environ Sci., 24, 161-169. 3. Çınar, Ö., Kitiş, M., Demir, G., Gören, S., Yiğit, N. Ö., (2008). Ergene Havzasına Deşarj Eden Seçilen Endüstriyel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri Çıkışlarında ve Havzadaki Alıcı Ortamlarda Renk Parametresi Değerlerinin Belirlenmesi ve Verilerin Değerlendirilmesi, T.C. Çevre Ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Nihai Rapor. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Chemical Processes: Effect of Acid Cracking Pretreatment B. Hande Gürsoy-Haksevenler1, Idil Arslan-Alaton2 TUBITAK MRC Environmental Institute, Gebze Kocaeli, TURKEY (E-mail:hande.gursoy@mam.gov.tr) Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey (E-mail: arslanid@itu.edu.tr) 1 2 Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the chemical treatability of olive oil mill wastewater (COD: 150000 mg/L, TOC: 36000 mg/L; oil-grease: 8200 mg/L; total phenol:3800 mg/L) by acid cracking, coagulation, precipitation, electrocoagulation and Fenton processes. Treatment performances have been examined on the collective environmental parameters COD, TOC, oil-grease and total phenol. Experimental results have indicated that significant amount of oil-grease (95%) and particulate matter (96%) removals were obtained by acid cracking (at pH 2 with a temperature of 70oC) as a pre-treatment step. Among the alternative chemical treatments, electrocoagulation and Fenton processes (after acid cracking) were more effective especially on TPh removal. The TPh removal rates increased from 39% to %61-72 while no significant COD and TOC (10-15% removal differences) reduction was evident after OMW treatment via both processes. Keywords: Acid cracking, coagulation, electrocoagulation, Fenton’s reagent, precipitation, Olive oil mill wastewater. 1. INTRODUCTION The olive oil industry has a fundamental economic importance for many Mediterranean countries. Olive Oil Mill Wastewater (OMW) is one of the most complex effluents and its direct disposal to aquatic bodies results in environmental deterioration due to its strong organic carbon content being composed of a variety of complex and bioinhibitory polyphenolic compounds which are difficult to treat via conventional treatment methods. Consequently, integrated treatment approaches have recently been explored to alleviate this serious environmental problem. Considering recently published experimental studies, many different processes have been proposed to treat the OMW. However, the reported results identified significant drawbacks and indicated that no single technology could be applied to OMW as a stand-alone treatment option. On the other hand, most of these treatment methods are also not cost effective. For efficient treatment of OMW, oil-grease as well as particulate matter content removals are primarily necessary. Among the prevailing treatment alternatives, acid cracking at elevated temperatures, coagulation, Fenton’s reagent and electrocoagulation seem to be more promising and suitable for the treatment of OMW, since these chemical treatment processes involve multiple removal mechanisms and hence can cope with highstrength and complex wastewater matrices. 2. METHODS OMW (characteristics; pH 4.7, COD: 150000 mg/L, TOC: 36000 mg/L, oil-grease=8200 mg/L, T-Phenol: 3800 mg/L and ED50: 10% v/v-V.fischeri) was obtained from a three-phase olive mill extraction plant. Acid cracking used as a pre-treatment process, was first applied to the raw OMW by adjusting pH 2 using concentrated sulfuric acid solution. The OMW samples were then heated up to a temperature of 70oC, during 60 min. For obtaining phase separation, OMW samples were hold in a separatory funnel for 30 min. After removal of oil-grease, acid cracked OMW samples were filtered through 1600 nm pore size filters to be sure of removing particulate fraction. Samples used in all other experiments including coagulation, chemical precipitation, Fenton’s reagent and electrocoagulation (with stainless steel electrodes) treatments were carried out using acid cracked and pre-filtered samples. The experimental conditions of the investigated treatment processes were selected considering preliminary experiments and previously published scientific literature. Coagulation with FeCl3 (pH=2.0, dose: 2500 mg/L); precipitation with Ca(OH)2 (pH=11.0 corresponding to the dose of 5800 mg/L) were examined. Electrocoagulation experiments were 311 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Oral Presentations performed with stainless steel electrodes at pH 2 at and current density of 50 mA/cm2 under 65oC, for 120 min. Fenton’s reaction was accomplished at pH 2 with 20 mM Fe(II) and 200 mM H2O2, under 65oC for 120 min. The Fenton process was quenched by increasing the pH of the reaction solution to 7.0-7.5 with concentrated NaOH solution. 3. RESULTS As it is obtained from Table 1, Acid cracking resulted in 95% oil-grease and 96% particulate matter removal. Depending on removal of these parameters a significant amount of COD (58%), TOC (43%) and T-Phenol (39%) removals were also obtained (Figure 1). After subjecting acid cracked samples to treatment alternatives, only 10-15% COD and TOC removal differences were achieved. Among the investigated parameters, T-Phenol removal difference was increased from 39% to 61% and %72 by Fenton and elecrocoagulation processes. This results can be explained by the elimination of particulate form that including the main fraction of organic compounds by acid cracking. While treatment alternatives slightly increasing COD and TOC removal, a major difference was obtained for phenolic compounds that can be the reason of electrocoagulation and Fenton processes involving oxidation mechanism. Figure 1. Steps of the acid cracking process Parameter Unit Raw OMW COD TOC Oil-grease T-Phenol Absorbance at 395 nm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L 150000 40000 8200 3800 Acid Cracking 63000 (58%) 23000 (43%) 400 (95%) 2300 (39%) cm-1 131 25 (80%) Coagulation Precipitation ElectroFeCI3 Ca(OH)2 coagulation 57500 (62%) 56000 (63%) 51000 (66%) 21000 (48%) 20000 (50%) 18500 (54%) 350 (96%) 270 (97%) 325 (96%) 2000 (47%) 2000 (47%) 1065 (72%) 25(80%) 25 (80%) 25 (80%) Fenton Process 56000 (63%) 20000 (50%) 320 (96%) 1480 (61%) 25 (80%) Table1. Environmental characterization of the raw and chemically treated OMW samples 4. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, acid cracking and chemical treatment processes on OMW were examined.The following conclusions could be drawn from the present work; (i) Acid craking as a pre-treatment step, appeared to be significant in the removal of oil-grease (95%), particulate matter (96%) and parameters characterizing organic matter (59% COD, 39% TOC); (ii) Among the treatment processes, electrocoagulation and Fenton processes (after acid cracking) were more effective especially on TPh removal relating with effect of oxidation mechanism; (iii) In conclusion, acid-cracking pretreatment appeared to be an effective treatment process that served as both pretreatment and major removal of the suspended organic matter of OMW. Acknowledgements The authors thank Istanbul Technical University for their financial support under Project Nr. 36035. 312 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Electrocoagulation Treatment of Textile Wastewater Lütfiye Canan Pekel1, Sule Camcioglu1, Kamran Polat2, Hale Hapoglu1, Mustafa Alpbaz1 Ankara University Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering06100 Tandogan Ankara TURKEY Ankara University Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry06100 Tandogan Ankara TURKEY cananpekel@yahoo.com, camcioglu@eng.ankara.edu.tr, kpolat@science.ankara.edu.tr, hapoglu@eng.ankara.edu.tr, alpbaz@eng.ankara.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract The effluent of textile manufacturing process contains high amount of pollutants such as dyes, surfactants, detergents and suspended solids. Major pollution is from the various wet processing operations like scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing and the amount of composite effluent discharged from the textile mills[1]. Electrocoagulation is one of the most commonly used electrochemical method for water purification and wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove a wide range of pollutants effectively. This work is aimed to study the treatment of COD and turbidity found in a real textile wastewater. The effects of parameters such as applied current/current density, pH, electrolysis time and NaCl on the removal efficiency of the process are investigated. Keywords: Real textile wastewater treatment, electrocoagulation, pollutant removal. 1. INTRODUCTION The effluents generated by most industries can lead to serious environmental problem [2]. These effluents can contain chemicals that are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to various microbiological or animal species. Therefore, the required wastewater standards must ensure prior to discharge. Electrocoagulation is the process in which suspended in water, emission or dissolved contaminants are destabilized by an electric current. This method provides that coagulation of pollutants occurs by neutralizing ion and particle loads, the pollutant concentration falls below as possible, and expensive chemicals are not used. In addition, process parameters such as pH, particle size and concentrations of chemical components are effective in electrocoagulation. Aluminum hydroxide occurs in the electrolytic system by means of oxidation of aluminum. Aluminum hydroxide formed, and remains in solution as a gelatinous, and these pollutants are removed from wastewater by complexation or electrostatic attraction. Hydrogen gas which is produced as a result of redox reactions may fix dissolved organics or suspended solids with flotation[3]. In the present work, removal of COD and turbidity from textile wastewater is studied. The influence of applied current/current density, pH, electrolysis time and NaCl on the removal efficiency of the process is investigated. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD In the process of electrocoagulation, coagulant is produced on-site. In this process, installed ionic species from wastewater is removed by reacting with an ion with an opposite charge, or the metal hydroxide flocs produced in solution. The most commonly used electrode for the process is usually made up of aluminum. On application of electric current the electrodes corrode to give Al3+ . The efficiency of the process largely depends on applied DC current and electrolysis time. NaCl reduces energy consumption by increasing the conductivity of the solution. It is noted that the pollutant concentration falls below as possible by utilizing electrocoagulation that neutralizes ion and particle loads, and expensive chemicals are not used. REFERENCES 1. Radha K.V., Sridevi V., Kalaivani K., (2009). Electrochemical oxidation for the treatment of textile industry wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 100, 987–990 2. Guo, J., Ma, F., Chang, C-C., Cui, D., Wang, L., Yang, J., Wang, L., (2009). Start-up of a two-stage bioaugmented anoxic (A/O) biofilm process treating petrochemical wastewater under different DO concentration, Bioresource Technology, 100, 3483-3488 3. Yavuz Y., Koparal A.S., Ogutveren U,B., (2010). Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater by Electrochemical Methods, Desalination, 258:1-3, 201-205 313 314 ISTANBUL3WCONGRESS 2013 POSTER PRESENTATIONS 315 316 GENERAL TOPICS 317 318 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Calculation and Evaluation of Individual Carbon Footprint Sevde ÜSTÜN, Hanife BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 55139 Atakum/ Samsun, TURKEY sevde.ustun@gmail.com hbuyukg@omu.edu.tr Abstract Climate change is now recognized by all as a serious global environmental problem. Substantial rises greenhouse gases (GHG) arising from human activity, the main one being carbon dioxide (C02) have been shown to discernible effects on the global climate system. The term ‘carbon footprint’ has become tremendously popular over the last few years and is now in widespread use across the world. Numerous approaches have been proposed to provide estimates, ranging from basic online calculators to sophisticated life-cycle-analysis or input¬output-based methods[1]. This study focuses on the problems of carbon dioxide, and explores what you can do to lighten carbon footprint to help reduce the rate of climate change. The study also introduces calculation of individual carbon footprint. Keywords: Climate change, Greenhouse gases, Individual carbon footprint. 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change is of high concern, driving growing demand for carbon footprint information. Carbon footprint has become a widely used term and concept in public debate on responsibility and abatement action against the threat of global climate change. A carbon footprint is a measure of an individual’s contribution to global warming in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced by an individual and is measured in units of carbon dioxide equivalent. It is made up of the sum of two parts, the direct or primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption and transportation (e.g. car and plane) and the indirect or secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions from the whole lifecycle of products and services we use including those associated with their manufacture and eventual breakdown[2]. The actual footprint of any individual or household depends on the amounts and types of energy, food and other goods and services they consume. This meant that an individual’s household’s carbon footprint depends on where they live, the type of dwelling they occupy, their age, income, job values, personal circumstances and life style. Thus, carbon footprints of different individuals and household vary wide within any given country, but also across different countries, and especially between rich developed countries (e.g. the U.K), newly industrialized between rich developed countries (e.g. China) and poor, developing countries (e.g. Uganda)[3]. The calculation of carbon footprint will show you which activities (energy use, travel, etc.) make large and small contributions to your carbon load. The calculation of carbon footprint is a model of reality. But, it can give you only an approximate measure of your carbon footprint and its components. In the case, the calculation is a model based on a set of mathematical equations that enables a computer to convert the information you enter into carbon emissions per person year[3]. This study is based on the calculation of individual carbon footprint through a simple program and from this aspect is different from others. It is discussed what we can do for reduction of carbon footprintt. 2. MATTERIAL AND METHODS Carbon footprint models or calculators are widely available. Existing mmodels calcuulate the individual or househ hold primary footprint by converting the amou unt of electricity, oil, gas or coal used per year into CO O2 emissions[2]. 319 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations In this study, the ccarbon footprint calculating method of Carbon Footprint Company mmeasures individual impact on the climate change[4]. The carbon footprint calculation estim mates how many tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases upon the choices create each year. The calculations for primary emissions are based on conversion factors sourcced from: Department of Environment, Food and Ruraal Affairs (D DEFRA)-UK, US Environnmental Prottection Agency (EPA)-UUSA. The calculations for seconndary emissions are baseed on estima ates developed by carbon footprint to illustrate the impact on the ennvironment from your-day-to-day activities. The actual secondary footprint may in reality be either lower or greater than that estimated here. Total carbon footprint is the sum of your primary or secondary emissions. Carbon footprint calculations are typically based on annual emissions from the previous 12 months. 3. DISCUSSION AND RESULT Firstly, the country was selected which also allows us to compare our results with the country. Country averages in the Result table were sourced from the EPA. The country Turkey was select ted for carbon footprint calculation. The total carbon averrage was calculated as 12,543 tons. The average carbon footprint foor people in Turkey is 3, 14 tons. The average carbon footprint for the indust trial nations is about elleven tons. The average worldwidee carbon footprint is about fo our tons and the world wide target to combat climate chang is two tons. These estimated results of greenhouse gas emission are 12,543 tons of carb dioxide (CO2) equivalent per year. This value is a above the world average and Turkey average. Each individual and household is responsible for a carbon footprint based on day-to-day activities. Therefore, in order to reduce the climate impact, there are many simple things. The chancing of day-to-day behavior will make a big difference in the fight to slow climate change. The calculated individual carbon footprint is reduced some options. For example turning it off when not in use (lights, TV, DVD player, computer… etc), turning down the central heating slightly (Just 1 degree will help reducing your heating bill about 8%), turning down the water setting, car sharing to work or for the kids school run, trying to reduce the number of flights you take, buying foods that are in season locally, not buying over packaged products, reducing your consumption of meat etc… Household carbon footprints can be reduced through the modification of behaviors related to energy usage, transportation and consumption of goods. REFEERENCES 320 1. Wiedmann, T., Minx, J., (2007). A definition of ‘carbon footprint’, Ecological Economics Research Trends, Carolyn C. Pertsova, ed., 1-11. 2. Kenny, T., Gray, N.F., (2009) Comparative performance of six carbon footprint for use in Ireland, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29, 1--6. 3. http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=397984&section=1.2; 10.08.2012. 4. http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator1.html; 10.08.2012. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Assessment of Water Security Perception in Perspective of Climate Change in Balochistan Dr. Musarrat Jabeen1, Ehsan Inamullah2, Rubeena Batool Rabia Azhar3 Development Studies, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbotabad, Pakistan University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. 3 Member Migration Research Group, Islamabad musarratjabeen7@yahoo.com 1 2 Abstract The efficient use of water is of prime importance as the growing water scarcity warrants impending drought. The most affected areas would be the rangelands of the planet earth according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change organized by UN. Balochistan is 43% of Pakistan and 95% of Balochistan is rangeland. The objective of the research was to assess the water security perception in perspective of climate change in Balochistan; which may help to create a framework for efficient water management. Question of the study was: What are the existing values to perceive water security? T-Test technique has been used for this research to compare two surveys carried out in 2002 and 2012 in Balochistan in same districts. The study found the perceptions of public in perspective of climate change in Balochistan unrealistic. Keywords: Water; Water Security Perception; Climate Change. 1. Materıal and Method Water security perception based on dynamic views of non-expert citizen participants, government bureaucrats and technical experts are presented. To valuate climate change two surveys were conducted one in 2002 and the other in 2012; same questionnaire was utilized (ANNEXURE 1). The survey took sample population of 230 persons randomly from three communities (Kanak and Pashin, 35km and 30km away from Quetta, and Quetta valley) above the age of forty; males, females, farmers, government officials, social workers, academia, and politicians. Everybody established that within their age they have experienced snowstorm, water storm and now dust storm. The people evidenced the rise in temperature because of loss in precipitation and snow. In 2002 and 2012, 100% respondents opined that the change in climate has occurred. 2. FIndIngs The survey allowed participants to define locally relevant aspects of climate change and water security from their unique perspectives anchored by their own values referred to conflict situations. In 2002 survey 38% and in 2012 68% respondents opined that the situation has developed into conflict and anarchic system comprised of regimental system of conflict (Community conflictProvincial conflict-National conflict-International conflict) and spherical system of conflict (Social conflict-Economic conflict-Political conflict-Strategic conflict). Conflict perception in perspective of climate change rose from 38% to 68% because of increase in number of water based conflicts. When they were asked about their input for water security management in 2002: 67% and in 2012: 80% were embanked to determine some duty to them in this respect; they were found imbued with following perceptions as well: 1. Water droughts/floods are will of God 2. His/her contribution will make no difference 3. They can pay for water so they have the right to buy as much as they can 4. What the others are doing why he/she should take care of water! Conclusıon and Suggestıons While scaling the water security perceptions of public in Balochistan it is concluded that the water security threat in perspective of climate change is not positive, so specific education programs may envisaged through climate change impact sensitive policies. 321 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations ANNEXURE 1 Questıonnaıre about Clımate Change Tell us what effect climate change has on your life? Prompts * Has it affected you at home or at work? * What affects might climate change have on your children or grand children? * Is there something special or different about the weather in your area / country at the moment? * What kinds of things worry you about the weather in your area? Tell us what you think needs to be done to sort out conflict caused by climate change? Prompts * Do you think there are human causes? * Do you think the situation causes conflict? Tell us how you perceive the water security situation? Prompts * Do you think you can make a difference? * What do you think you can do for water security? * Are you doing anything now, if so what? Source: Adopted from London Museum of Science - Exhibition on Climate Change 2002. 322 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Evaluation of the Landfill Gas Management Options for the Reduction of Environmental Impacts of Landfills İpek Yılmaz, MustafaYıldırım, Mehmet Yurdakul, Bülent Topkaya Akdeniz University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, Turkey ipekakdeniz@yahoo.com; m.yildirim@ttmail.com; myurdakul@akdeniz.edu.tr; btopkaya@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract In frame work of this study different landfill gas management alternatives for the rehabilitation of landfills are evaluated. The main idea is to minimize the environmental impacts of these sites. Environmental performances of the alternatives are compared by using SimaPro 7.1 LCA software. The inventory data, evaluated in this study, are obtained from the EcoInvent V2 database and from field studies. The data derived from the EcoInvent database are processed with CML baseline 2000 method and implicated by SimaPro 7.1 software. The results indicate that source separation with high public participation and biodegradable waste management are the two major issues which will enhance the efficiency of waste management and lead to minimize the global warming potential. Keywords: Landfill gas management, Environmental impacts, Landfilling;, Life cycle assessment, municipal solid waste. 1. INTRODUCTION CH4 emissions from landfills can be reduced by two approaches: i) Changing waste management practices to reduce waste disposal at landfills by adding recycling-and-reuse programs and composting, ii) Capturing the CH4 and flaring it or use it for energy recovery[1]. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the possibilities, which will help to minimize the environmental impacts of landfills using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. LCA is a powerful tool and assists the decision makers to evaluate the different management systems according to their environmental performance. It is intensively used as decision support tool in comparison of municipal solid waste treatment technologies[2], [3]; comparison of the LCA models developed for solid waste management systems[4]; evaluation of solid waste management strategies and options[5],[6], [7] and in evaluating waste-to-energy systems[8]. In this study the waste management system of Antalya City with 1,2 million inhabitants, located at the Mediterranean Coastal Zone of Turkey is evaluated. In order to improve the existing situation, several landfill gas management options are developed and evaluated by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the framework of this study, the composition of the municipal wastes is determined by a field study lasted one year. For this purpose selected waste containers are collected early in the morning before the street collectors were active, transported to the landfill site and composition is determined according to the prescribed method of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Turkey[9]. Landfill gas management scenarios. In framework of this study following the composition of the municipal wastes is determined. The formula of the organic fraction of the wastes used for the calculation of the CH4 production is assumed to be the same as mentioned in[10]. In contrary to the waste management scenarios, the impact calculations are conducted for 1 kg of discharged waste CH4 production will begin within the first years of landfilling and will last 10 years. Scenario 1 (LFG-Sc.1): It represents the basic situation in which the landfill gas (LFG) containing CH4 produced in sanitary landfills is collected and discharged uncontrolled into the atmosphere. Scenario 2 (LFG-Sc.2): LFG produced in sanitary landfills are collected and flared. Scenario 3 (LFG-Sc.3): LFG produced in sanitary landfills are collected, CH4 is combusted and electricity and heat is produced. 323 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the LCA study indicate that, in the characterization phase, management of CH4 influences mainly the global warming and photochemical oxidation categories. The Scenario 1, in which the LFG are collected and discharged to the atmosphere without any precaution, represents the worst case regarding these environmental impacts. In Turkey it is mandatory to install leachate treatment and LFG collection units in the sanitary landfills. The common procedure is the collection of the LFG with vertical passive wells and discharging to the atmosphere. The second and the third scenarios represent the improvement of this option in which flaring and combustion of the collected LFG is foreseen. In both cases significant improvements are achieved in the “global warming” and “photochemical oxidation” impact categories since non-methane hydrocarbons affecting photochemical oxidation category and methane affecting global warming category in the LFG are converted to CO2 by flaring. REFERENCES 1. Cherubini, F. Bargigli, S., Ulgiati, S. (2009), Life cycle assessment (LCA) of waste management strategies: Landfilling, sorting plant and incineration. Energy, 34, 2116-2123. 2. EPA. (2006). Global Mitigation of Non¬CO2 Greenhouse Gases. Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J). 430-R-06-005. 438, Washington,. 3. Feo, G., Malvano, C. (2009), The use of LCA in selecting the best MSW management system. Waste Management, 19011915. 4. Winkler, J., Bilitewski,B. (2007), Comparative evaluation of life cycle assessment models for solid waste management. Waste Management, 27,1021-1031 5. Iglesias, J.R., Marañón, E., Castrillón, L., Riestra, P., Sastre, H. Herminio. (2003), Life cycle analysis of municipal solid waste management possibilities in Asturias, Spain. Waste Managemen Res, 21, 535-548. 6. Zaman, A.U. (2010), Comparative study of municipal solid waste treatment technologies using life cycle assessment method. Int.J.Environ.Sci.Tech., 7 (2), 225-234. 7. Özeler, D., Yetiş, Ü., Demirer, G.N. (2006Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management methods: Ankara case study. Environment International, 32), 405-411. 8. Finnveden, G., Johansson,J., Lind, P., Moberg, A. (2000). Life Cycle Assessments of Energy from Solid Waste. Stockholm Universitet/Systemekologio. Stockholm. 9. MoEF. (2007), Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Municipal solid waste characterization manual (in Turkish). Ankara. 10. Tchobangolous,G., Theisen,H., Vigil,S., (1993).Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. McGraw-Hill. 324 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics The Safety of Water and Wastewater Lines against Earthquake Ahmet GULEC, Fatih YILDIZ Metallurgical and Material Engineer (MSc), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. - ISKI Environment Engineer (MSc), Plants Department - ISKI agulec@akated.com, fyildiz@iski.gov.tr Abstract When wastewater collecting systems damage according to earthquake effect, contaminated water would be spread out near environment and therefore epidemic risk could increase dramatically. Nevertheless, water mains damage according to earthquake effect, many water leakage points could be occurred through the lines. After the earthquake, if wastewater collecting system damage to seriously, contaminated water will not be disposed effected zones. The situation will be threatened on human health and environment. In this study, it was discussed about the safety of water and wastewater mains against earthquake and explained preventing negative effect of earthquake on human and environment. It was given carried out some practices for the safety of water and wastewater mains in İSKİ Keywords: earthquake, water and wastewater mains, human health. 325 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Productivity and Efficiency in Water Management and Performance Indicators - Into the 21st Century Ahmet GULEC, Tevfik GÖKSU Metallurgical and Material Engineer (MSc), Turkish Society for Infrastructure and Trenchless Technology - TSITT Civil Engineer, Azerbaijan Water Administration - AZERSU agulec@akated.com, tgoksu@azersu.az Summary With the understanding that water is a limited source in the world, there has been increasing interest in the productivity and efficiency in water management. However, many water administrations don’t ensure efficiency in their practices. The main indicator of the not efficient water management is increasing of physical and non physical water looses. In this study, it was discussed on water administration’s organization structure and what should be water management in 21st century. It was explained what the performance indicators are to determined efficiency in water sector. Keywords: productivity, efficiency, management, NRW. 326 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Idealizing the Global and National Water Management Legislation by Comparison Faruk Dikmen1, Adem ESEN2 Environment Engineer Msc. - İSKİ Silivri Branch Directorate Prof. Dr. Instructor (Rector) - İstanbul Sebahattin Zaim University fdikmen@iski.gov.tr, ademesen@iszu.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract The objectives of water management are defining the types and description of water assets, relations of authority as well as saving and ownership control, demonstrating the manners of water use, issuing terms of water planning, conducting regulations on water administrations, identification of water registry, flood control, water management and protection. This study evaluates the water legislations around the world and in Turkey while aiming to reach a conclusion on what has to be done to demonstrate the existing conditions in Turkey in this respect. Keywords: Clean Water, Water Management, Water Management Legislation, Water Management Administrations. 1. INTRODUCTION A number of laws, legislations and statutes have been issued to organize the water legislation in Turkey. The general characteristic of this legislation is a structure with authority and duty changes between administrative bodies in a complex way. In this study prepared to compare and idealize the global and national water management legislations and administrative structuring, there is an approach on how the existing structure should be reorganized. Particularly the works taken on the national agenda through the EU harmonization laws are discussed. In the first section, information on what forms the basis of the water management legislation and administrative structure in the world and in Turkey is detailed with current qualitative and quantitative methods. International policies are also mentioned. In the following section, implementations in the world and in Turkey are compared within the framework of both the legislation and administrative structures. Under the section of findings, the ideas on how to idealize the system with the data found together with the ideas in line with the directive of the EU harmonization laws or the previous findings on how to improve the legislation in Turkey through the models and politics in the world. The final section stresses that the current studies on the new constitution should include articles that shall enable an essential change on the existing structure and the legislations on water management, considering the geography of Turkey. Furthermore a need for central management towards the provinces from one center is stressed. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD This section shall inform on Turkey’s water legislation, administrative structure, EU legislation and other international institutions. The attention shall be paid on that the current legislation and structure in Turkey is not within a framework of water policies. The current legislation and structure has been conducted by placing the new structure into the old one without modifying the older one in line with the needs. 2.1. Water Legıslatıon ın Turkey While water assets and management in Turkey should have been within a monopoly, water legislation has become very complex through legal regulations in various forms in the last decades. In a literature review, it was found that there are 126 international regulations, statutes, agreements, protocols and codes published in the Official Gazzette. This number does not include mutual agreements signed between the Turkish government and various other governments on environment[1]. 2.2. Admınıstratıve Structurıng ın Water Management ın Turkey There are many public entities and administrations in Turkey that directly or indirectly operate on 327 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations water. Since the central management is dominant in public administrations, cooperation of central and local managements is conducted during the implementations of central politics[2]. However there is no visible or clearly defined cooperation framework in Turkey between these institutions. The study covers these institutions in detail. 3. FINDINGS Crucial regulations and amendments to enable harmonizing the Turkey’s water management in legislative and institutional frameworks with the EU requirements have been provided. The required regulations are as follows: Coordination and cooperation between state institutions, transfer or authorities and responsibilities to the regional level (River basin regions), integrated water management with a focus on water bodies and users, knowledge exchange and distribution, public consultancy and stakeholders participation, economical incentives and measures[3]. In this section, positive and negative sides of Turkey’s legislation and administrative structure are evaluated. 4. CONCLUSION A framework water law has long been an issue discussed in many areas in Turkey. Institutions that will apply this water law are DSİ State Hydraulic Works, Ministry of Forestry and Water, Metropolitan Municipalities, and Water / Sewerage Administrations that operate under them, all municipalities for settlements bigger than villages, legal persons for villages, irrigation unions and cooperatives, Electric Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, General Directorate for Meteorological Affairs, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Special Provincial Administration, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The fact that all these institutions are exempt from the legal application does not prevent the complexity caused by the multi-headed water management. In the screening studies conducted together with the EU, it was mentioned a number of times that they do not want to address a single authority or institution in water issues in Turkey and that dealing with a single legislation shall solve problems more easily. Environment Agency Law and the Water Framework Law are among the laws to be issued by 2013 by the Turkish Ministry of EU Affairs. However, as mentioned above, the request of EU is a single public entity and a single legislation on this matter. For such a Water Framework Law to be applicable, a Ministry of Water Resources is necessary. However, although the water ministry issue was discussed in 2011 the Ministry of Forestry and Water was founded. The General Directorate for Water Management was also established within this ministry. This unit undertakes the duty of generating policies and coordination on a national level. Furthermore the National Platform established in 2002 should be converted into an independent institution and should be given a continuous structure so that all water management bodies which are bound to this institution should be able to receive its positive or negative feedback on their politics by such an independent and civil body. Planning, development and management of the 65% of Turkey’s water potential that requires further development cannot be achieved only through issuing laws. In other words, it is clear that a water management whose infrastructure is not defined shall be applicable even with the best water framework law available. REFERENCES 1. Türkyılmaz Atilla(2010), Dünyada ve Ülkemizde Su Yönetim Mevzuatı.Ocak 2012 2. Özçelik, C., 2008. Türkiye’de Su Hizmetlerinin ve Su Hukukunun Gelişimi. DSİ Teknik Bülten.43. (1), ss. 23-27 3. 328 Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. 2004. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçin Entegre Çevre Uyumlaştırma Stratejisi Plan Raporu. Kasım. Ankara Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Energy Life Cycle Costing of Cypriot Family Houses with Double Glazed Windows Yashar Mohamadi Eastern Mediterranean University Mhd.yashar@yahoo.com Abstract In the current study, the effect of improving thermal performance characteristics of a singlefamily dwelling in Mediterranean region, on energy life cycle costs is investigated. This enhancement is performed by substituting conventional single-glazed windows with double-glazed aluminium frame ones in a typical Cypriot residential unit, by employing Autodesk Ecotect as thermal modeling engine. Conventional construction materials which are normally being used in the residential construction industry of Cyprus were chosen for modeling the case-study. As a result, up to 70% reduction in heating load and 15% reduction in cooling load accounting for nearly 20% reduction in total annual load, was observed. By computing installation costs on one hand and the operational benefits which were due to the decrease in energy bills on the other hand, and performing net present value analysis, net benefits of such alteration were calculated during the life-span of the project. As the result, two years payback period and up to 6842 Turkish Lira monetary benefit at the end of 30th year was calculated for taking the aforementioned measure to minimize annual load demand. All cost-benefit calculations were based on prices, rates and tariffs of September 2012. Keywords: Energy Life Cycle Costing, Cypriot Dwellings. 1. INTRODUCTION There has been several literature published on thermal performance of buildings with double glazed windows in the mediterranean region. However, very few investigations carried out taking Cyprus as case-study while, the island is a perfect example of mediterranean climate condition. Substituting normal single-glazed windows with double-glazed in buildings, improves the thermal performance significantly as it is suggested by [1] as the first measure to be taken in order to reduce the heating and cooling load demand of Cypriot apartments and single family units. Enhancing building’s thermal performance leads to tangible and intangible benefits such as reducing the risk of allergies and heat-related illnesses. Monetary advantages are focus of the current research. 2. METHODOLOGY A single-family residence is modeled with Autodesk Ecotect, one of the widely used thermal modeling computer programs, considering conventional construction materials which are normally being used in the residential construction industry of the region. The floor area is considered approximately 110 square meters based on a study by [2] who performed a statistical investigation on roughly 500 residential units in Cyprus and the majority of houses were reported to be between 100150 square meters as a result. The annual heating and cooling load of the model is then computed. Subsequently, windows were substituted with double-glazed ones in the model and the analysis process repeated. A comparison is made between the two series of results to show the effect of improving thermal performance characteristics of the case-study by replacing windows. Finally, energy life cycle costing is carried out based on the net present value concept and September 2012 prices, rates and tariffs, to demonstrate the cost and benefits of such alteration on the life-span of the case-study. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Expectedly, annual heating and cooling loads were decreased as the result of replacing windows, as much as 70% and 15% for heating and cooling loads respectively (Figure 1). Overally, this reduction would save up to 446 Turkish Lira per year solely (September 2012 prices and tariffs) while, the extra initial cost of installing double-glazed windows is as little as 871 Turkish Lira for 329 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations our case-study. Therefore, the payback period of this measure is roughly two years (Figure 2) by the negligible -30TL net benefit at the end of second year of operational phase. In addition, as monetary benefits, saving attributed to decrease electricity usage accumulated to more than 6800 Turkish Lira at the end of 30th year. The figure is an additional benefit to considerable intangible advantages of improving building’s thermal performance. Figure 1. Annual Load Demand Comparison Figure 2. Net Benefits During The Life-Span REFERENCES 330 1. Panayi, P. (2004). Prioritising energy investments in new dwellings constructed in Cyprus. Renewable Energy, 789-819. 2. Panayiotou, G. P., Kalogirou, S. A., Florides, G. A., Maxoulis, C. N., Papadopoulos, A. M., Neophytou, M., . . . Georgakis, G. (2010). The characteristics and the energy behaviour of the residential building stock of Cyprus in view of Directive 2002/91/EC. Energy and Buildings , 2083-2089. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Public Awareness Campaigns in Solid Waste Management through Islamic Approaches in Malaysia AFFENDI ISMAIL Centre for Islamic Thought and Understanding (CITU) - University Technology of MARA Kelantan, Malaysia affendi293@kelantan.uitm.edu.my, affendismail226@gmail.com Abstract Low public awareness posed challenges to solid waste management in Malaysia. Improper waste management among the public can be found in all places, whether in an urban or rural area. Malaysia is also facing problems with a drastic increase in waste generation, while the current rate of recycling in Malaysia is only 5%, despite various awareness campaigns have been carried out. This phenomenon is related to the crisis of human values, hence, an appropriate method to solve the crisis of human values other than existing methods, is the religious approaches. In some areas of the Muslim world, public environmental awareness campaigns based on religious principles have proven to be effective and beneficial. Therefore, in the campaigning of solid waste management and waste prevention, Islamic communication channels should be used, especially in Muslim countries. Public awareness campaigns based on Islamic principles, can be a powerful tool to be employed along with other waste management policies. Accordingly, this paper will discuss how the channels of communication and awareness program based on the Islamic concept can increase and create deeper awareness of sustainable solid waste management, particularly among the Muslim community in Malaysia and generally in other Muslims countries. Keyword: Waste Management, Public Awareness, Islam, Malaysia. 331 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Analyses of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Pharmaceutical Product Inventories K. Louhab, S. Boughrara Laboratoire de Génie alimentaire - Faculty of engineer science University of Boumerdes, 35000 - BOUMERDES - ALGERIA louhab_ka@yahoo.fr Abstract Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is one of basic steps in life cycle assessment methodology (LCA). This paper presents the application of approach LCA for the rejections of drugs company SAIDAL, in order to determine the environmental impacts relative to this industrial activity, since it is classified among industry leader in the pharmaceutical field in Algeria, and that it takes part largely in the environmental disturbance by generating various categories of impacts. For this purpose, an ecobilan was establish by the collection of the theoretical data to the meadows of the company and of the practical data, resulting from the assay of pharmaceutical liquid Keywords: LCA, drug company, drug residues, ecosystem. 332 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 General Topics Key Aspects for Successful PPP/PFI Waste-to-Energy Projects in Turkey Dr. Tobias Faber, Dr. Alexander Stefan Rieger Hogan Lovells International LLP, Untermainanlage 1, 60329 Frankfurt/Germany alexander.rieger@hoganlovells.com, tobias.faber@hoganlovells.com Abstract Rapid population and industrial growth have led to increased consumption rates and as a result greater waste generation. Landfill sites are moving closer to human settlements as cities expand and lead to a shift in the public opinion and the national waste strategy. Driven by the waste pyramid as general recognized guideline for a forward-looking waste strategy, avoidance of waste is now being set as top priority before recycling of waste, followed by incineration of waste to generate energy and using landfills only in the last instance. Further, emerging countries have an increasing appetite for energy. Significant investments in state-of-the-art waste disposal facilities combined with latest waste-to-energy solutions can make a valuable contribution to solve these problems but requiring enormous amounts of money to be successful. In most counties, it is necessary to involve private sector capital and know-how to implement such change in the national waste strategy successfully. A major issue for public bodies, international funders, investors and contractors working on the successful realization of waste-to-energy projects is the affordability and bankability of the relevant project. Particularly for procurements comprising the construction and operation of such facilities, it has become internationally popular to structure such projects by way of PPP schemes. The purpose of this article is to introduce some of the key aspects and risks of PPPs generally, being a potential model for future waste projects in Turkey . Further, it is also intended to provide a brief overview of various associated issues and risks particularly relevant to the waste sector, based on experiences gained on projects in other international markets and in PPP generally. Keywords: PPP, Waste-to-Energy, Project Finance, Project Agreement, Contract. 1. WHAT IS PPP? 1.1. Public Private Partnership (“PPP”) is the name given to an extensive and disparate collection of constructive relationships between the public and private sectors. There is no comprehensive set of the categories of PPP. The role of the public sector is variable; it includes acting as promoter or facilitator, joint venture (possibly as shareholder or active operational participant) and purchaser. 1.2. The factors which have driven governments to promote PPP include (i) state withdrawal from commercial activities, either for political or economic reasons, (ii) a desire to improve the quality of public services and (iii) a desire to obtain better value for money (which includes managing the public sector spend over the long term). 1.3. Although PPP models have already been implemented occasionally in Turkey, particularly in the transportation sector, the Turkish government has not implemented a national PPP programme or respective legislation so far - neither in general nor specifically for the waste sector. However, a PPP law has already been drafted several years ago but has not been approved by the Turkish government yet. It is likely that the Turkish government will continue to monitor established PPP markets such as the UK, Germany and Italy closely, particularly as PPP as a procurement process usually gathers pace in emerging markets such as Turkey. 2. STRUCTURING A WASTE PPP PROJECT Historically, public sector bodies that wished to acquire or upgrade infrastructure assets had to apply for government funding. PPP fundamentally changes this approach. In an ideal world, waste PPP projects would rest on a solid financial and organizational basis, the income and expenditures would be in line with given forecasts and the quality of the services rendered would meet the expectations of all parties concerned. However, unforeseen circumstances such as insolvency, poor performance or non-performance, environmental and site related issues as well as changes in law and force majeure events (wars, earthquakes, floods or fires) may, depending on circumstances, have major adverse effects on the execution of waste PPP projects. Therefore, a detailed risk analysis is of vital 333 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations importance for structuring the project and drafting and negotiating the project related agreements. A major strength of a PPP structure is its suitability for transfer of risks, whereby the risks should be transferred to such contractual party suited best to manage or minimize them. Each party concerned considers the project from a different perspective and thus may have a different approach to risk assessment. In essence, the effect of a typical PPP structure is to convert the traditional procurement of a capital asset into the creation of a single, stand-alone business. This business usually has only one customer (the public sector client) and its only purpose is to provide a “service” to that client in return for payment. The service it provides amounts, in practice, to the design, construction and maintenance of new or upgraded infrastructure assets, such as a waste-to-energy plant or a mechanical-biological treatment (“MBT”) facility, and then making these assets available for use by the public sector client. In this way the public sector can dissociate itself from many of the risks inherent in the ownership of such plants. However, in addition to the public sector client, waste projects often (at least in most developed waste markets in Europe) comprise third parties which deliver their waste to the respective waste treatment facilities. This is mainly driven by the possibility to generate an additional income stream for the plant operator and particularly to ensure the profitability and thus the realisation of the project. 3. THE KEY ISSUES Turkey will be facing various challenges by implementing waste-to-energy and PPP structures as it also requires a change in mindset by the Turkish customers which are not used to pay for the disposal of waste. It also provides, however, a lot of opportunities to present Turkey as a well-developed market comprising the latest technology for a cleaner future. This requires a lot of efforts including the development of a transparent and fair procurement procedure, reliable PPP-laws, a standard PPP documentation which reduces the bidding costs for investors and bidders (such as the WIDP contract documentation in the UK), originating a credible and permanent waste flow and a certain ‘project flow’ which allows developing a market practice. In particular the legal structures have proven in the past that Turkey is a good place for investments. This is a great fundament for a successful future in waste-to-energy. i 334 Various contents of this article are based on a Hogan Lovells International LLP client note. SOLID WASTE 335 336 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Solid Waste Conversion and Future Promise of Environmental Management Innocent Kahigana Department of Tourism - Rwanda Tourism University College (RTUC) P.o Box 350 Kigali, Rwanda gahicent@yahoo.com Abstract Different scientific studies claim that solid waste has had diverse effects on both the natural environment and human society. Besides, lack of plausible solid waste handling systems is as well postulated to be a major challenge, mainly in developing countries. For instance, the waste handling systems found in Kigali, Rwanda, are substandard compared to those highlighted by different studies in developed countries such as Sweden and USA. In general, municipal authorities and other private companies in Rwanda, often collect and dump solid waste, mixed of organic and inorganic materials to the only municipal dump site located at Nyanza Hill in the outskirts of Kigali City. The exploratory study conducted in Kigali, Rwanda tested the plausibility of briquetting, composting, incineration, cullet pulverisation, and plasma pyrolysis systems to handle solid waste. The study surveyed 400 residents of Kigali City for their opinions. Computer software Web-Hipre was used to analyze public opinions on the five systems to handle solid waste. The results indicate briquetting as the optimal system to handle solid waste in Kigali City. Keywords: Composting, Briquetting, Incineration, Cullet pulverisation, Plasma pyrolysis. 1. INTRODUCTION Homesteads and workplaces are, worldwide, crucial for people in their daily activities to meet their needs. They are thereby producing waste, which includes non-liquid materials thrown away by the people or companies (Ngoc and Schnitzer, 2009). These materials can be categorised into two fractions, namely inorganic and organic solid waste (Dimitris and Ham, 2006). Both fractions may end up at garbage disposal sites. However, there is a need to respect environmental hygiene at these sites which receive tons of solid waste day after day from various places. Besides, residents of several developing countries still think too-little about possibilities for developing waste management systems (Drakenberg, 2008). It considers the framework of industrial ecology, built with interdisciplinary method, is comprised of plausible subsystems including composting, briquetting, incineration, cullet pulverisation, and plasma pyrolysis that handle solid waste (Pongracz et al., 2005). Composting involves the natural break down of organic solid materials into a component of soil comparable substance called compost (Bertoldi and European Commission, 1996). Briquetting is about the conversion of organic solid materials, through different processes including hydraulic pressing, piston and screw pressing, into solid fuel (Demirbas, 2010). Incineration is about combustion of solid waste into bioenergy for light and heat (Surprenant et al., 1988). Cullet pulverisation is system used to crush waste glass or cullet into small particles; thereafter are mixed with asphalt to form glasphalt for construction of road pavements (Alaska Manufacturing Extension Partnership, 2010). Plasma pyrolysis system destroys plastic waste in the absence of oxygen for bionergy or other products recovery (Vyas et al., 2011). 2. METHODS AND MATERIALS The study considered composting, briquetting, incineration, cullet pulverisation, and plasma pyrolysis systems for conversion of solid waste into valuable resources. The tools used to collect data from the field were observation, interviews, and survey questionnaires of closed and openended questions. These tools helped to obtain field data, and public opinions from 400 participants consisted of local residents, and key experts and officials. The five systems considered in the survey include composting, briquetting, incineration, cullet pulverisation, and plasma pyrolysis. Computer software Web-Hipre helped to analyse public opinions regarding plausible systems to handle solid waste. 337 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. STUDY RESULTS Solid wastes dumped at Nyanza site include non biodegradable and biodegradable solid waste. Non biodegradable consist of plastics, fabrics, glasses, metals and electronic materials. Other inorganic solid wastes include glasses mainly composed of intact and broken liquor bottles; electronics consisted of broken parts of radios, TV sets, and computer devices. Solid waste also include little steel metal scraps consist of small containers for biscuits, tinned foodstuff, and powdered milk. Biodegradable solid wastes at this site were cardboards, charcoal residues, hedge trimmings, wooden furniture, and all agro trashes. The two main types of solid waste flow, when they are mixed, at a high rate to the sole municipal dump site at Nyanza hill. The flow of solid waste, from homes and workplaces in Kigali City, to Nyanza dump site is partially regulated. This enables certain companies or individuals to collect waste using substandard techniques. They often use vehicles not specifically designed to be transporting waste, and ill-equipped staff vulnerable to waste threats. However, the surveyed respondents considered briquetting as the optimal system to handle solid waste in Kigali City. Composting was considered suboptimal; incineration, plasma pyrolysis, and cullet pulverisation systems were not considered. In addition, briquetting can be an easy system to undertake if biological solid materials are available and local communities are willing to support. Composting system can be useful if residents have to know waste materials that do not go into the compost pile REFERENCES 338 1. Alaska Manufacturing Extension Partnership., (2010). Potential recycled glass products for manufacturing in Anchorage, Alaska - USA. 2. Bertoldi de Marco., European Commission., (1996). The science of composting, 1st ed, Blackie Academic and Professional, UK. 3. Demirbas, Ayhan., (2010). Green energy and technology: biorefineries: for biomass upgrading facilities. Springer-verlag London limited - USA. 4. Dimitris, P, Komilis., Ham, K, Robert., (2005). Carbon dioxide and ammonia emissions during composting of mixed paper, yard waste and food waste. Waste Management, 26, 1, 62-70. 5. Drakenberg, Olof., (2008). Environment and climate change analysis for Rwanda. Project work, University of Gothenburg Sweden. 6. Ngoc, Nguyen, Uyen., Schnitzer, Hans., (2009). Sustainable solutions for solid waste management in Southeast Asian countries. Waste Management, 29, 6, 1982–1995. 7. Pongracz Eva., Phillips S. Paul., Keiski L. Rita., (2003). Evolving the theory of waste management – implications to waste minimization. Project report, FIN-90014, University of Oulu and University College Northampton - UK. 8. Surprenant, N., Nunno. T., Kravett. M., Breton. M., (1988). Halogenated-organic containing wastes: treatment technologies. Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey - USA. 9. Vyas, D.S., Dave. B. Urvij., Parekh. B. Hemal., (2012). Plasma pyrolysis: an innovative treatment to solid waste of plastic material. National conference on recent trends in engineering and technology, Gujarat - India. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Sources of Organic Wastes to Improve the Fertility of Degraded Soils in the Republic of Moldova Leah Tamara Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection “N. Dimo” tamaraleah09@gmail.com Abstract Are prezented the main sources of local organic wastes to restore fertility of eroded and low productivity soil of Moldova (plant waste, livestock waste, waste from manufacturing and urban management, deluvial soils, sludge accumulated in lakes) and their chemical composition and imprtance for use in agriculture. Keywords: livestok, local sources, organic waste, soil fertility, vegetal rezidues. 1. INTRODUCTION In Republic of Moldova all economy sectors take their start in agriculture. Agroindustrial complex activity is based on exploitation of soil recourses. The soil cover quality on the most agricultural land is unfavorable, on the part - critical. Continue to expand the land area affected by erosion and landslides, dehumification processes, damage to structure and compaction, sodium enrichment, salinization and soil swampy. These degraded processes lead to disruption of biological cycles, balance of nutrients and humus in the soil, land deterioration and fertility decrease. In this situation the problem can be solved only by maintaining ecological balance, conservation and protection of the biosphere, its main component - soil. All agrotechnical, agrochemical, agrobiological measures are targeted to ensure closed circuit of biofile elements and maintain an equilibrated humus balance. Restoring and conservation of soil fertility on the agriculture land can be ensured only by returning in the soil the organic sources of wastes. 2. SOURCES OF THE ORGANıC WASTES The main local sources of organic matter and substances necessary to plant nutrition consist of plant residues left on the field after harvesting, organic fertilizers, livestock and various organic wastes from the processing industry of agricultural raw materials, urban household etc[1]. 2.1. Plant resıdues Plant residues are the most important source quantitatively, but returned in the soil only the half of used humus to obtain harvests and partial nutrients used by plants. Most of the nutrients become alienated from the soil with the main production. Straw, irrespective of version to use (as forage or animal bedding, to produce compost or directly for fertilization) should reach the soil and serve to remedy the fertility. Annual straw accumulation is 1500 - 2100 thousand tons. About 25% of this mass is stored as forage reserve, that after the 1-2 years loses its forage properties. The old straw can still be used during as animal bedding, to produce compost or directly to fertilize soil - 1 tone of straw can synthesize 200 kg of humus, which is equal to the amount obtained from 2-3 tons of manure. With the dispersed straw applies 30-40 kg ha-1 nitrogen of active substance in order to optimize ratio of carbon and nitrogen. As a source of vegetal wastes accumulating on irrigated soil can serve intercropping in the stubble. As additional culture can often sow corn in dens rows, rape, peas and vetch mixed with oats or spring barley. These cultures accumulate until the vegetation end a green aerial mass harvest of 10 t ha-1. The remaining residues from cropping cultures consists 1.5 - 2.0 t ha-1 of dry mass. Plant wastes from intercropping have a high and rapidly fertilizer effect, are mineralized in 15-20 days. Intercropping have a protective action on loosening soil erosive action of torrential rains and reduce the intensity of humus mineralization. 2.2. Lıvestock wastes The cattle, swine, poultry, sheep, goats and horses manure are the most widespread local source of organic matter and nutrients for soil fertility and crop productivity. The annual volume of organic 339 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations wastes is 5.5-6.0 mln tonnes. To establish a balanced stock of humus in the soil this volume must be duplicated. Cattle manure makes up 62% of all animal waste, swine manure -14%, sheep -15%, horses -8%, poultry -1%. Total annual quantity (5.7 million t) contains 630.000 t of humus, 27.000 t of nitrogen, 14.000 t of phosphorus and 34.000 t potassium. This potential reported to 1 ha of arable land ensures the soil of 0.4 t humus, 16 kg nitrogen, 8 kg phosphorus and 20 kg potassium. The average per hectare of arable soil the application of organic fertilizers decreased from 5-6 t ha-1 to insignificant amounts -0.02 t/ha nowadays. 2.3. Sludge from urban wastewater treatment Annual sludge accumulation is about 350-400 thousand tons with 35-55% humidity. Sludge from urban wastewater treatment content is about the same for organic matter (15-18%) as manure, is 2 times richer in total nitrogen (0.85%) and 3-4.5 times in phosphorus (1.4%), but is 2-3 times as low in potassium. 2.4. Defecatıon sludge derıved from sugar factorıes The annual accumulation is over 250-300 tons of sludge defecation. The chemical composition of sludge defecation depends on the technology applied to sugar beet processing. Sludge obtained after separate technology is poor in organic matter, but contains much calcium. This sludge is suitable for calcium soil amendment. Sludge obtained after mixed technology is characterized by more favorable agrochemical indices: organic matter -3.7-4.7%, nitrogen -0.6 to 0.9%, phosphorus -0.4-0.9%, potassium -0.2-0.4%. 2.5. Deluvıal soıls Deluvial soils occupy 100 thousand hectares, are a significant source for restoring productivity of eroded and low productivity soils. Cumulative reserves of humus varies from 400 to 600-1000 t ha-1, total nitrogen -0.15 -0.20% in dependence of the thickness of deluvial layer. After total phosphorus and potassium content the deluvial soils are highly richer 1.5 times than eroded. Deluvial soils are mostly poorly carbonated; pH value varies within 7.4-7.7. The content of microelements is 1.5 times higher than in eroded soils, structure and biota condition more favorable. A hectare of deluvial land can restore fertility of 2 hectares of soil eroded by the method of binding. 2.6. Sludge accumulated ın lakes The country has over 3500 artificial water storage basins which about 1200 are excessive silt or deteriorated. In lakes stored huge quantities of silt brought by the flood waters from the surrounding slopes. Lake sludge is mainly represented by the fertile soil layer affected by erosion. They have a thickness of 2.5-3.5m, containing 2.5-5.5% humus, are rich in mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium available to plants. REFERENCES 1. 340 Andriesh, S., Banaru, A., Filipciuc, M., Tiganoc, V., (2004). Complex program of recovery of degraded lands and increase soil fertility. Part. II. Enhancing of soil fertility. Pontos, Chisinau, p.30-55. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Solid Waste Management in India Suresh Gholse Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj,Nagpur University,Nagpur, India. sureshgholse@yahoo.com Abstract Waste is any material that is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.Humans,animals, other organisms,and all processes ofproduction and consumption produce waste.It has always been a part of the Earth ecosystem,but its nature and scale were such that the ecosystem could use the waste in its many cycles. In fact ,there is no real waste in nature.The apparent waste from one process becomes an input in another. Most disposable wastes are in the form of solids, liquids,or slurries. The main categories of such wastes are: Domestic waste, Factory waste, Oil industry waste, Construction waste, Mining industry waste, Agriculture waste, Food processing waste, H azardous waste, Nuclear waste, Biomedical waste and E-wasteThe last four needs special attention for their treatment and disposal. Keywords: Solid Waste,Treatment,Management,Indian Scenario. 1. HOW ARE WASTES MANAGED? In industrialised countries, household waste is separated into two main categories i.e. biodegradable (organic) and non-biodegradable (paper,glass,metals,containers etc.) materials. This separation is often done in homes by using different bins for the disposal of different items. In developing countries, waste is not separated, though some cities are trying to persuade the public to separate waste. The simplest and most common method used in the cities is to collect and dump the waste in a landfill. These landfills are located just outside the city. There are now thousands of landfills in the world with huge piles of waste. In industrialised countries, you can also see separate mountains of used carnd tyres. Many countries and cities have run out of space for landfills. In the poorer countries, rag pickers sift through the waste, collect the reusable and recyclable material and sell it to the scrap traders. They, in turn, take the material to the recycling units. The rag pickers the majority of whom are women and children work in extremely unhygienic conditions and yet provide a great ecological serviceby manually separating thousands of tons of recyclable waste from the garbage dumps. Often, the waste in a landfill is burnt. While this reduces the volume of garbage, it releases deadly dioximes into the atmosphere. Proper incineration of waste needs modern technology and proper management. With increasing amounts of waste being generated, its management is becoming difficult and expensive. Industrialised countries have found an easier and less expensive method of exporting the waste to other countries. 2.WASTE GENERATION, TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN INDIA These aspects are discussed in this paper with reference to following points... 2.1. Major polluting industries of India 2.2. Common effluent treatment plants 2.3. Municiple solid waste handled in Indian cities and towns 2.4. 3-R Concept 2.5. Recycling of solid waste 2.6. Integrated waste management hierarchy Some useful tables including relevant data in Indian context are also presented in the paper and discussed to give status of solid waste management in India. They are enlisted as... 2.1.1. Biggest rubbish producer countries 2.1.2. Percentage of household solid waste in different countries 2.1.3. Average composition of solid waste in India 341 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2.1.4. How much time to rot different biodegradable items 2.1.5. Recyclable and Reusable items 2.1.6. A look at recyclable process for for some items like glass,plastic,aluminium,paper 2.1.7. Reuse and Recycling options adopted by Indian industry sectors for industrial solid waste (fly ash, steel and blast furnace slag, fertilizer ind sugar ind, paper ind aluminium ind, sugar ind and tanneries) 2.1.8. Waste minimisation technique flow chart 3. CASE STUDIES Two case studies about solid waste management carried out in India are also discussed in brief 3.1. Ralegao Siddhi, Maharashtra State 3.2. Surat, Gujarat State Some pictures are also given related to collection , segregation treatment and disposal of solid waste in India. Finally general guidelines to common man about what can you do to reduce solid waste for clean environment are given. REFERENCES Following internet sites are referred; www.mpcb.mah.nic.in www.envfor.nic.in/cpcb www.cpcb.delhi.nic.in www.environment.about.com www.edugreen.teri.res.in www.mcgm.gov.in www.epa.org 342 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Bioidentification of Xenobiotics as a Part of Wastewater Control Valerii D. Tonkopii Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova str., 9, 196105, St.Petersburg, Russia tonkopi@hotmail.com Abstract We have been developing non-traditional methods of the identification of pollutants, using various hydrobionts as biological objects and the study of the mechanism of toxic action of xenobiotics. The experiments were carried out with using of Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna is a Crustacean in the order of Cladocera. This aquatic animal extensively used as a test organism in aquatic toxicology due to their small size, short life cycle and amenability to lab culture. Daphnia magna is the most sensitive test-object in relation of different pollutants among all known biological objects including experimental animals. Experiments were performed with a 2-days old culture of Daphnia magna. The toxicity of xenobiotics was determined by the value of LC50, a concentration of the compounds causing death to 50% of hydrobionts during incubation with toxicants for 24 hours. In the first stage of the work, toxicity of organophosphates (Dipterex, DFP, DDVP, Paraoxon, Malathion, Malaoxon), heavy metals ions (Hg, Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, As, Al), organochlorines (Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Aroclor, DDT, Lindane, PCBs etc.), and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Allethrin, Resmethrin, Phenothrin, Kadethrin, Cyphenothrin) was determined. The effects of a number of antagonists on the toxicity of xenobiotics were studied. At the first time we discovered that in experiments to Daphnia magna some muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockers (atropine, amyzil etc.) reduced a toxic the effect of organophosphates. In the case of heavy metals the chelating agents (EDTA, Dithioethylcarbamate, Unithiolum, Sodium thiosulphuricum, L-Aspartic acid) were effective, for certain organochlorine poisonings - anticonvulsive drugs (diazepam, phenobarbital), In the case of pyrethroid’s poisonings the antagonists of glutamate receptor (ketamine), DOPA receptors (haloperidole) and blocker of calcium channel (nimodipine) reduced the toxicity of xenobiotics. As far as these antidotes have a specific treatment action only against definite classes of pollutants, we have elaborated the sensitive express-methods of bioidentification of pollutants. Keywords: Daphnia magna, alternatives, xenobiotics, bioidentification. 1. INTRODUCTION With a constant growth of the anthropogenic pressure on water bodies the development and usage of bioindication methods supplementing physical and chemical methods of xenobiotic identification acquires especial significance. In view of the fact that chemical analysis require special equipments, they are expensive to perform and do not allow to evaluate the environmental toxicity, during the recent decade large scale investigations have been performed to study various test-objects that are suitable for bioassay. At present biotesting plays an important role in the system of water quality control. On the currently used methods of bioassay provide only the integral evaluation of the pollutants effect but not the determination of the xenobiotics a origin[1]. We have been developing non traditional method for determination of different classes of pollutants using various hydrobionts as biological test-objects and our knowledges of the mechanism of toxic action of xenobiotics. Knowing the mechanisms of the specific toxic action of poisons, it is possible to use various pharmacological compounds to decrease or increase the effects of toxicants. This approach allows us to use biological objects to identify certain xenobiotics, poisoning from which can be prevented by means of poisoning’s antagonists. All above mentioned methods are widely used when employing experimental animals (mice, rats) as test-objects, but it has not been developed at all for alternative biological objects, particularly for hydrobionts. The elaboration of a new methods of bioidentification was founded on the study of Cholin-, GABA-, Dopamin- and Glutamateergic system of Daphnia magna and usage of pharmacological antagonists of xenobiotics. Such new pharmacological approach with usage of Daphnia magna as bioobject have made possible to perform the general identification of different classes of the most toxic for aquatic ecosystem health xenobiotics (organophosphates, carbamates, heavy metals, organochlorines, pyrethroids) without usage of chemical analysis. 343 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experiments were carried out with using of Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna is a Crustacean in the order of Cladocera. This aquatic animal extensively used as a test organism in aquatic toxicology due to their small size, short life cycle and amenability to lab culture. Daphnia magna is the most sensitive test-object in relation of different pollutants (organophosphates, heavy metals, organochlorines, pyrethroids etc.) among all known biological objects including experimental animals[2]. Experiments were performed with a 2-days old culture of Daphnia magna. During the experiments, hydrobionts were placed in beakers with 25 ml of dechlorinated settled tap water at 18-20°C. The toxicity of xenobiotics was determined by the value of LC50, a concentration of the compounds causing death to 50% of hydrobionts during incubation with toxicants for 24 hours. In the first stage of the work, toxicity of organophosphates and carbamates (Dipterex, DFP, DDVP, Paraoxon, Malathion, Malaoxon, Aminostigmine, Physostigmine, Sevine), heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, As, Al), organochlorines (Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Aroclor, DDT, Lindane, PCBs etc.) and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Allethrin, Resmethrin, Phenothrin, Kadethrin, Cyphenothrin) was determined. The effects of a number of poisons antagonists on the toxicity of xenobiotics were studied. Xenobiotics and their antagonists were added to the incubation mixture simultaneously. The results of the protection experiments are expressed as the protective coefficient (PC) - the ratio of LC50 value in treated and in untreated daphnids. 3. RESULTS On the base of study of mechanism of xenobiotics action to Daphnia magna and the usage of pharmacological antagonists of poisonings the new methods of bioidentification of different pollutants were elaborated. At the first time we discovered that in experiments to Daphnia magna some muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockers (atropine, glipine, pediphen etc.) reduced a toxic the effect of organophosphates and carbamates. In the case of heavy metals the chelating agents (EDTA, Dithioethylcarbamate, Unithiolum, Sodium thiosulphuricum, L-Aspartic acid) were effective, for certain organochlorine poisonings - anticonvulsive drugs phenazepam, phenobarbital. In the case of pyrethroid’s poisonings the antagonists of glutamate receptors (ketamine), DOPA receptors (haloperidole) and blockers of calcium channel (nimodipine) reduced the toxicity of xenobiotics. As far as these antidotes have a specific treatment action only against definite classes of pollutants, we have elaborated the sensitive express-methods of bioidentification of pollutants. Such new pharmacological approach with use of hydrobionts as test-objects have made possible to perform the general identification of different classes of xenobiotics in fresh water. 4. CONCLUSIONS We have been developing non-traditional express-method of the identification of pollutants/ organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, heavy metals and pyrethroids using Daphnia magna as biological object and the study of the mechanism of toxic action of xenobiotics. The new method was proposed for water pollution control. REFERENCES 344 1. Flerov, B., (1989),Ecological and physiological aspects of toxicology of aquatic animals, 205, Nauka, Leningrad. 2. Peters, R. and De Bernardi, R. (1987) Daphnia, 399, Verbania, Pallanza. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Automatic Sorting of Mixed C&DW Recycled Aggregates by NearInfrared Technology Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Schnellert, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Horst-Michael Ludwig, Dr.-Ing. Elske Linß Bauhaus University Weimar thomas.schnellert@uni-weimar.de Abstract The use of automatically sorting technique, to separate construction and demolition waste (C&DW), is motivated by environmental and economical aspects. Construction and demolition waste (C&DW) is a mixture of different materials. Such mixtures can be used only in low grade applications. If the material is used as certified material for road construction or as aggregate in concrete the concrete particles must be separated from the other building materials. With present state of the technology the resulting mixtures by the demolition of concrete, lightweight concrete, lime sandstone, aerated concrete and brick stone cannot be separated kinds-purely. With the NIRtechnology these building materials are calibrated with measuring conditions and measure technology. So this is a possibility to separate the crushed materials and to create high-quality recycled products, since with conventional separation processes an assortment of these building materials is to be done only very difficult. The NIR measurement is characterised by high sample throughput, simple handling in the laboratory, simultaneous determination of several parameters, good integrableness into the process and by a high saving potential. The spectra can be measured within the NIR range with extraordinarily high precision without destruction, which is to be owed to the temporally steady sources of light and sensors. The permeability of glass for the NIR light is just as favourable. This permits the use of bearing surfaces, which are not located in the direct contact with the measuring head. In summary it can be said that in approaching infrared range spectra of building materials can be evaluated. This paper aims at analyzing the separation of C&DW by using the NIR sorting technique. Keywords: Automatic Sorting, Construction & Demolition Waste, Recycled Aggregates. 1. INTRODUCTION Concrete and Demolition Waste (CDW) are the biggest wasteflow in Germany. Corresponding to the “Statistisches Bundesamt” there are 72,1 Mio t CDW in the year 2004. The recycling rate of this CDW amounts to 70% (49,6 Mio.T). Certainly the recycling rate depends on the composition of material and differents with the heterogeneity (Figure 1). It can be observe a significant decrease in the recycling rate with increasing heterogeneity of the recycled material. For recycled masonry aggregate (RMA) and recycled mixed aggregates (RXA) can be found the lowest recycling rates because of the high heterogeneity and the minerally admixtures, so that the rececyling rate ist low and the reuse is very difficult. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The main point „sensorbased spectral sorting method“ implies the development of an automatically pick-out-method for the sorting of main- and choosed by-components of CDW. However different in the technical types the sensorbased sorting machines with conveyer consisted always of the following assemblies: • Conveyer on which lies the isolated to separated material • Sensor with signal transmitters and detector • Software for fast processing of the sensor information • Compressed air unit for the transfer of identified particles. The method should allow the separation of a granular bulk material consisting of brick, sand- limebrick, lightweight concrete, aerated concrete, gypsum, mortar and plasters and wood in his singlecomponents. As results are expected statements to: 345 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations • the optical identification attributes and the suitable imaging technology, • the range of the attributes, • the practical algorithm for the interprating of signal, • the robustness of identification in relation to pollutions and other influences, • the limited particle size to which the method can be used,   • the effectivity and the detection rate of the method. Picture 1: Demonstration machine Figure 1. Demonstration machine 1.1. Realızatıon of the experıments The picture shows first application to get some Infrared spectra. In the analyze experiments the material 4/8 mm and 8/16 mm was tested. The prepared material was put on the Near-infraredspectrometer. Figure 2 and 3. Near-infrared-spectrometer REFERENCES 346 1. Der Bedarf an mineralischen Baustoffen. Bundesverband Baustoff Steine+Erden e.V. (Frankfurt, 2000)in German. 2. M. Arendt, “Kreislaufwirtschaft im Baubereich-Steuerung zukünftiger Stoffströme am Beispiel von Gips” PhD thesis Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Karlsruhe 2001) in German. 3. S. C. Angulo et al., “Criteria for C&D waste classification in sorting and recycling plants in Macae city” (Paper presented at XXII ENTMME, Brazil, 2007) in Portuguese. 4. Annual Reports of DGfM http://www.dgfm.de/ 5. E. Rathje, D. Trejo, K. Folliard, “Potential Use of Crushed Concrete and Recycled Asphalt” CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN (Austin March 2006). 6. Deutsche Institut fur Normung (DIN), DIN 4226-100: Aggregates for mortar and concrete: part 100: recycled aggregates (Germany, 2005). 7. Technical Rules of German Road and Transportation Research Association: Technische Lieferbedingungen für Gesteinskörnungen im Straßenbau TL Gestein-StB 04; Ausgabe 2007, FGSV-Nr. 613. 8. T.P.R. de Jong et al., “Dry density separation of mixed construction and demolition waste” (Paper presented at RecSortie Kolloquium, Berlin, 2005). 9. E. Mulder et al., “Closed Cycle Construction: An integrated process for the separation and reuse of C&D Waste”, Waste Management, 10 (2007), 1408-1415. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Feasibility Study Sustainable Material and Energy Recovery from Landfills in Europe Willem van Vossen Royal HaskoningDHV willem.van.vossen@rhdhv.com Abstract The ultimate ambition is a world without waste, which is the ideal situation according to the principle of Cradle to Cradle®. From that perspective and taking into account the scarcity of raw materials, it can be justified to examine the added value of recycling our ‘historical’ waste from landfills all over Europe in the last 50 years. Europe counts over a 150,000 landfills, representing a total volume of 30 to 50 billion m3 of waste. This study focuses on the technical and financial feasibility of landfill mining. The results show that separation techniques are available and are proved in practice. Therefore it can be stated that landfill mining is technically feasible. The cost reduction thanks to the benefits of only metal recovery can be considered as significant. Nevertheless a huge deficit remains to be covered by additional benefits to make a landfill mining project a profitable one. Benefits such as re-using the freed landfill capacity as new landfill or re-using the landfill area for urban development can make landfill mining more profitable. Acquiring these additional benefits strongly depends upon specific local conditions. These additional benefits might compensate the total costs and might generate a return on investment up to 20%. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The ultimate ambition is a world without waste, which is the ideal situation according to the principle of Cradle to Cradle®. In the meantime a transition-process is currently taking place from traditional waste management (recycling, incineration, landfilling) to sustainable material management. During this transitional process, and taking into account the approaching scarcity of raw materials and precious metals, we should try to manage our waste as sustainable as possible. From this perspective it also can be justified to examine the added value of recycling our ‘historical’ waste, which has been landfilled all over Europe in the last 50 years. In the 27 EU-member states 40% of all MSW is still landfilled. Europe counts over 150,000 landfills, which represents an estimated total volume of 30 to 50 billion m3 of waste. This huge quantity of waste also represents a huge potential of materials to be recovered. Of course a profitable exploitation of resource recovery and/or energy recovery from landfills depends on a lot of factors, which varies per EU-country. Nevertheless, in times of climate change and an approaching shortage of raw materials, it is an opportunity to deal with our existing landfills in the framework of resource recovery and chain management. The final objective is to examine the technical and financial feasibility and viability of material recovery from European landfills. This is to be based upon an extensive inventory of the number of landfills, volumes and composition of landfilled waste, recyclable waste streams and costs and benefits. 2. LANDFILL MINING AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS Landfill mining can result in the following sustainable products: • recycled raw materials and precious metals from ‘historical waste’; • recycled raw materials and precious metals in the long term from stored waste not yet recyclable; • a reduction of methane emissions at present landfills by means of sustainable aftercare; • energy recovery from additional biogas due to sustainable aftercare at present landfills; • energy recovery by incineration of energy sources, mined from old landfills; • a clean-up of old landfills (no environmental hazards, no costs of aftercare anymore); • re-use and redevelopment of former landfill sites into residential and industrial area; • no burden to next generations due to the unsolved environmental problem of old landfills. 347 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS 3.1. Waste composıtıon and waste separatıon From 60 landfill mining projects found in relevant literature, the average waste composition was calculated. The result is presented in figure 1 and shows the various waste streams in percentages, including the soil fraction. The “soil” fraction is clearly the largest.   Figure 1. Average waste composition of the standard landfill In order to be able to separate the waste as completely as possible, the following sequential separation steps are considered. Handpicking, shredder, drum sieve, magnet, drum separator, eddy current and air knife. The waste remaining after complete separation is re-landfilled and/or incinerated. 3.2. Fınancıal analysıs (costs and benefıts) Financial calculations were executed for 2 scenarios A and B. The main differences between these the scenarios are re-landfilling of the huge soil fraction (A) or not (B) and benefits from metals only (A) or benefits from metals, plastics, stones and construction & demolition waste all together (B). Table 1 shows a huge deficit remains, which means that a standalone landfill mining project is not profitable from a financial point of view. Scenario Total costs (excavation, transport and separation) Benefits from recovered materials Reduction on costs Cost minus benefits A €14 milion €2.6 million 18.6% €11.4 million B €14 million €3.1 million 22.1% €10.9 million Table 1. Cost- benefit analysis scenarios A an B Additional benefits such as re-using the freed landfill capacity as a new landfill (€ 50/ton) or re-using the landfill area for urban development (€ 250/m2) can make landfill mining profitable (table 2). Scenario A: reuse freed landfill capacity Costs-benefits Ton € 50/ton Benefit land-reuse € 250/m2 11.4 156,145 7.8 12.5 Scenario B: reuse freed landfill capacity Costs-benefits Ton € 50/ton 10.9 430,105 21.5 6 Table 2. Compensation by freed landfill capacity or land re-use (in € x 10 ) 348 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Techniques which are able to separate the excavated waste into all kinds of waste streams to be recovered are available and proved in practice. Therefore it can be stated that landfill mining is technically feasible. A relative small amount of metals to be recovered (2.5 volume %) is responsible for a significant cost reduction on landfill mining costs of ≈ 20%. Maybe this cost reduction percentage might be increase to 30 or 40% by future rise of prices of materials due to the scarcity of raw materials. Nevertheless a huge deficit remains to be covered by additional benefits to make a landfill mining project a profitable one. Acquiring additional benefits by re-using the freed landfill capacity for landfilling again or re-using the landfill area for urban development, might generate a return on investment of 10 to 50%. From this point of view it can be concluded that a landfill mining will be profitable. 349 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Valuing of Olive Pomace as an Adsorbent Sibel Aslan, E. Işıl Arslan Topal, Murat Topal University of Fırat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering sibela@firat.edu.tr; eiarslan@firat.edu.tr; mtopal@cumhuriyet.edu.tr Abstract In this study, olive pomace that is a waste generated during olive oil production was examined as an adsorbent for removal of copper. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Batch experiments were performed to investigate effects of parameters as effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial copper concentration on adsorption of copper from aqueous solution onto olive pomace. It was observed that the copper removal was significantly depended on pH, and the copper removal percentages increased when initial pH was increased. Maximum copper removal percentages were obtained at pH of 7, 120 min contact time, 0.5 g L-1 adsorbent dosage and 150 mg L-1 initial copper concentration. Adsorption isotherm model was obtained at temperatures of 30 and 35oC and equilibrium data fitted the linear Langmuir isotherm. The results obtained from this study indicate that olive pomace is an economical and effective adsorbent for the removal of copper from waters. Keywords: Olive Pomace; Adsorption; Adsorption Isotherms; Copper; Waste. 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy metals are highly recalcitrant elements with a high potential to pollute water resources that can be accumulated and concentrated in living tissues along the food chain[1]. Although copper is essential substance to human life, its excessive concentrations can cause anemia, weakness, lethargy and anorexia, liver and kidney damage, hemolysis, stomach and intestinal irritation, and fewer with influenza syndrome[2, 3, 4]. Copper is also toxic to fish like even when its content is in low amounts in natural waters[5]. Therefore, it is necessary to treat copper loaded wastewaters before discharge into aquatic systems. There are various methods for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater which include chemical precipitation/coagulation, chemical oxidation and reduction, electrochemical treatment, ion exchange, membrane technology, solvent extraction and adsorption[3, 4, 5] . Amongst the treatment processes, adsorption is one of the most popular and effective processes for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The term “olive pomace” stands for the solid residue remaining after solvent extraction from the cold-pressed olives[6]. The regarding studies usage of olive oil processing wastes for adsorption of copper are limited in the literature. Vegliò et al. (2003) studied the adsorption of copper on olive mill residues[7]. Pagnanelli et al. (2003) examined Pb, Cu, Cd biosorption onto native and treated olive pomace[8]. Pagnanelli et al. (2005) examined Cu and Cd biosorption onto treated olive pomace[9]. Fiol et al. (2006) studied sorption of Pb(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by olive stone waste[10]. Baccar et al. (2009) examined the use of olive-waste cakes, a by-product of the manufacture process of olive oil in mills, as a potential feedstock for the preparation of activated carbon[11]. Studies concerning to adsorption of heavy metals by using olive pomace are still rare in the literature. To our knowledge this study is one of the few studies examining the ability of raw olive pomace to adsorb Cu(II). In this study, it was investigated the effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial Cu (II) concentration on adsorption of copper onto olive pomace were examined. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. MaterIal The olive pomace used in the present study was supplied from one of the olive oil production facilities in Turkey. The olive pomace was dried at 105oC for 24 hours and ground in a coffee mill after it was homogenised in a blender and then ground to pass through a 60 mesh sieve for analyses. The stock solution of Cu(II) (1000 ppm) was prepared by dissolving CuCl2 in distilled water. The zero point charge pHZPC of the adsorbent was determined using solid addition method[12]. 350 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 2.2. Analytıcal Methods An ATI UNICAM Model 929 flame atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer equipped with ATI UNICAM hollow cathode lamp was used for the heavy metal determinations. pH measurements were done by Orion SA 720 pH meter. The specific surface area of olive pomace sample was determined using the multipoint BET method (N2 adsorption-desorption at 77.40 K) with a Quantachrome AUTOSORB-1. FTIR spectrum was recorded by a Perkin Elmer Spectrum one in the range 4504000 cm-1. 3. RESULTS • The optimum pH was 7 with a copper removal of 93.2%. • The optimum olive pomace dosage was 0.5 g L-1 with a copper removal of 98.24%. • The optimum contact time was 120 min with copper removal of 98.8%. • The optimum initial concentration of Cu+2 was 150 mg L-1 with a removal of 99.78%. • Langmuir isotherm model was fitted our results. • Adsorption was favourable according to the RL values those obtained from the study. • The olive pomace is an efficient adsorbent for adsorption of copper. REFERENCES 1. Mata, Y.N., Blázquez, M.L., Ballester, A., González, F., Muñoz, J.A., (2009). Sugar-beet pulp pectin gels as biosorbent for heavy metals: Preparation and determination of biosorption and desorption characteristics, Chem. Eng. Journal, 150(2–3), 289–301 2. Kabra, K., Chaudhary, R., Sawhney, R. L., (2008). Solar photocatalytic removal of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II): speciation modeling of metal–citric acid complexes, J. Hazard. Mater. 155, 424-432 3. O’Connell, D. W., Birkinshaw, C., O’Dwyer, T. F., (2008), Heavy metal adsorbents prepared from the modification of cellulose: a review-Review, Bioresour. Technol. 99, 6709-6724 4. Özsoy, H. D., Kumbur, H., Saha, B., van Leeuwen, J. H., (2008). Use of rhizopus oligosporus produced from food processing wastewater as a biosorbent for Cu(II) ions removal from the aqueous solutions, Bioresour. Technol. 99, 4943-4948 5. Bouzid, J., Elouear, Z., Ksibi, M., Feki, M., Montiel, A., (2008). A study on removal characteristics of copper from aqueous solution by sewage sludge and pomace ashes, J. Hazard. Mater. 152, 838-845. 6. Tekin, A.R., Dalgıc, A.C., (2000). Biogas production from olive pomace, Resour., Conserv. Recycling 30(4), 301–313 7. Vegliò, F., Beolchini, F., Prisciandaro, M., (2003). Sorption of copper by olive mill residues, Water Res. 37(20), 4895–4903 8. Pagnanelli, F., Mainelli, S., Vegliò, F., Toro, L., (2003). Heavy metal removal by olive pomace: biosorbent charaterisation and equilibrium modeling, Chem. Eng. Sci. 58, 4709–4717 9. Pagnanelli, F., Mainelli, S., De Angelis, Pagnanelli, F., Mainelli, S., Toro, L., (2005). Biosorption of protons and heavy metals onto olive pomace: modelling of competition effects, Water Res. 39(8), 1639–1651 10. Fiol, N., Villaescusa, I., Martínez, M., Miralles, N., Poch, J., Serarols, J., (2006). Sorption of Pb(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by olive stone waste, Sep. Purif. Technol. 50(1), 132–140 11. Baccar, R., Bouzid, J., Feki, M., Montiel, A., (2009). Preparation of activated carbon from Tunisian olive-waste cakes and its application for adsorption of heavy metal ions, J. Hazard. Mater., 162(2-3), 1522–1529 12. Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Zhang, B., (2008). Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by softstem bulrush (Scirpus Tabernaemontani Gmel.), J. Chem. Technol. Biot. 83, 1639-1647 351 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Rheological Properties of Bituminous Binder Modified with Textile Wastes Liquefied by Pyrolysis Method Osman Nuri ÇELİK1, Neslihan ATASAĞUN1, Mehmet Ali LORASOKKAY2 Selcuk University, Civil Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey Selcuk University, Higher School of Vocational and Tech. Sci., Konya, Turkey oncelik@selcuk.edu.tr, nesliatasagun@selcuk.edu.tr, mlorasokkay@selcuk.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract The amount of solid waste in our country has been increasing in parallel with population growth. This increase in the amount of solid waste leads to important environmental problems. Therefore, recycling of this waste which is increasing day by day is very important. In this study, it has been aimed to modify bitumen by adding textile wastes liquefied by pyrolysis method and to examine the effect of this additive on the rheological properties of bitumen. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation in which liquid, solid and gas products are obtained through heating the raw material to high temperatures in oxygen free environment. Distillation test was performed on the liquefied textile wastes obtained from the pyrolysis method. Then, the residue obtained after the distillation of the pyrolysis liquid was used for bitumen modification. By this means, it is aimed to investigate the effects of this textile wastes on the rheological properties of bitumen. Furthermore, it is thought that using of textile wastes in this way will make good contribution to the environmental health and to the economy. Keywords: wastes, environment, recycling, pyrolysis, modification. 352 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Improvement of Agricultural Soil by Microbial Carbonated Organic Waste Wonschik, Claus-Robert, Heilmann, Andrea Harz University of Applied Scince, Wernigerode, Germany rwonschik@hs-harz.de, aheilmann@hs-harz.de Abstract The degradation of agricultural soil, as a result of climate change and outdated cultivation technologies, leads to less storage of carbon in such soils. A reversal of this trend is a significant challenge to mankind. In reaching this aim the process of microbial carbonation could be a useful element. The inoculation and treatment of organic waste with selected strains of bacteria supplemented by a process customization of the biological degradation lead to a qualitatively higher-order substrata in comparison to conventional compost. The sequestrated total organic carbon content was found to be 20-68 wt% higher than normally treated compost, depending on input material and windrow construction. It is also worth mentioning that the end products of microbial carbonation exhibit higher water retention characteristics than those found in mineralized compost. High water retention abilities in these soils are especially favourable in dry territories such as the Mediterranean area. Keywords: microbial carbonation, organic waste treatment, carbon sequestration, water retention. 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change represents a significant challenge to mankind in the 21st century with the degradation of agricultural soil greatly contributing to the carbon footprint. Current agricultural practices lead to less storage of carbon in such soils[1]. Mitigating climate change and conserving natural resources is of significant importance for future decades to come. A report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission documents the negative effect of lowering carbon content less than 2 wt% in agricultural soil. The decline of organic matter would lead to a loss of soil fertility and associated pressures on food production, reduced water storage, a negative impact on biodiversity and reduced absorption of pollutants with subsequent impacts on water bodies[2]. Therefore, a need to create and develop alternate solutions is required to lessen this environmental impact. Today many different technologies are available to optimise agricultural soil for harvesting a greater yield. To rehabilitate the soil, artificial manure and organic fertilizers like compost, liquid manure and fermentation residues are added; however, often organic fertilizers are biologically reactive or strongly mineralized with certain elements. New substrates like biochar, produced by pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonation of organic material may be added to the soil to increase the carbon content. High temperature and energy consumption is required in the manufacture of a biochar, which in turn affect its composition (PAH, dioxin)[3,4]. 2. MICROBIAL CARBONATION An alternative process to the mentioned technologies that may be utilized to improve agricultural soil is called microbial carbonation. The main aim of the biological process of microbial carbonation is in the humification of organic material. The process is similar to open-air composting; however, it is different in process control. The table windrows are fixed and non-aerated and in contrast to conventional composting, the surface on top of these windrows is inoculated with selected strains of bacteria. Besides, the surface-volume-ratio of the fitted windrows is lower than in conventional composted table windrows. 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS For the present study the effects of several windrow constructions for the process of microbial carbonation were investigated. Moreover, different mixtures of organic materials (e.g. biowaste, lop, sewage sludge) were treated in several series of experiments by open-air composting and microbial 353 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations carbonation. The two processes were compared as to the different process parameters (temperature, pH-values), gas and odour emissions, composition of substrata and harvesting yield. 4. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION Preliminary investigations have so far shown that the temperature of the process inside table windrows lies in the range of 40-50°C. Furthermore, the process of microbial carbonation was noted to emit a lower concentration level of CO2, CH4 und H2S than normal open air composting. In addition, no odour emissions of microbial treated windrows were present after 7 days. In normal cases, open air composted windrows emit a higher amount of odour, which is caused by volatile organic compounds (NH3, H2S)[5]. The limitation of CO2 and CH4 emissions and enhanced humification caused by the applied bacteria has most likely contributed to higher concentration levels of carbon in the end product, which can be attributed to the microbial carbonation process which was used. The sequestrated total organic carbon content was found to be 20-68 wt% higher than compost treated normally, in relation to input material and windrow construction. It is also worth mentioning that the end products of microbial carbonation exhibit higher water retention characteristics than mineralized compost. High water retention abilities in these soils are favourable especially in dry territories. 5. OUTLOOK The positive findings reported in this study indicate promising attributes when using microbial carbonation as a biological treatment process; however, further research is still needed in the windrow construction (height, habitat, housing, covering), the verification of its disinfection and long-term behaviour of the end products and their effects on the agricultural soil. REFERENCES 354 1. Ruddiman, W. (2007). Plows, Plaques and Petroleum: How Humans Tokk Control of Climate, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 2. Jones, A, Panagos, P., Barcelo, S., Bouraoui, F., Bosco, C., Dewitte, O., Gardi, C., Erhard, M., Hervá´s, J., Hiederer, R., Jeffery, S., Lükewille, A., Marmos, L., Montanarella, L., Olazábal, C., Petersen, J.-E., Penizek, V., Strassburger, T., Tóth, G., Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Van Liederkerke, M., Verheijen, F., Vierstova, E., Yigini, Y. (2012). The State of Soil in Europe - A contribution of the JRC to the EEA Environment State and Outlook Report, 34, Luxemburg, Luxemburg: Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. 3. Holweg, C. (2011). Gefährdungspotenzial von Biokohle aus Landschaftspflegematerial (Gras) hinsichtlich einer Verwendung zur Bodenverbesserung, Merzhausen - Germany. 4. Verheijen, F., Jeffery, S., Diafas, I., Montanarella L., van der Velde, M. (2009). Biochar Application to Soils, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Ispra - Italy. 5. Reid Brown, M., Mulé, R., Chesbro, W., Petersen, G., Danzinger, J. (2007). Comprehensive Compost Odor Response Project, 19-27, California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, CA. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Assessment of Mixed Municipal Solid Waste Composting in Different Countries in the Arab Region Ayman Elnaas, Dr. Abdallah Nassour, Prof. Michael Nelles Rostock University,Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental sciences, Department of Waste Management and Material Flow, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg. 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany Ayman.elnaas@uni-rostock.de Abstract The composting option of municipal soild waste has showen it self to be an altenative of waste treatment. However, more than 50% of the waste generated in the Arab region is biodegradable matter sutibale for composting. Composting process is insufficiently developed in Arab countries, due to low compost quality and lack of investments in the sector. The objective of this work is to investigate the physico-chemical properties and heavy metal polluting potential to evaluate the quality of compost produced from mixed municipal solid waste in the region. For this purpose fresh samples were analyzed for moisture, Organic dry matter, pH,electric conductivity, microbial soil respiration (AT4) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg and Pb). Moisture content in the samples varied from 3.3% to 25.4, composts with very low water content may not have been fully stabilized or may have been stored for long periods leading to moisture loss, 30% of the compost samples have organic matter content higher than the value set by the German standard, 13% of the compost samples appear to be stable and considered as finished product. Generally most compost samples tested in this study had poor quality and are not recommended for soil fertilizers. Keywords: Compost, mixed municipal solid waste, heavy metals. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES In the last two decades, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management became a major concern and is presently one of the main public subjects under discussion. This is probably due to the considerable increase of MSW production. Therefore, the technological solutions to deal with MSW management must satisfy the sanitary and environmental purposes[1]. Applying the traditional approach of “collect and dispose” can hardly be considered an environmentally sustainable solution to the waste problem[2]. MSW management systems are becoming more complex with the move from landfill to resource recovery solutions following the setting of international and national targets to divert waste from landfill and to increase recycling and recovery rates[3]. The production of compost from (MSW) is an important means of recovering organic matter and an essential method of disposal. Compost quality refers to the overall state of the compost in regard to physical, chemical and biological characteristics, which indicate the ultimate impact of the compost on the environment[4,5,6]. The quality of compost depends on the presence or absence of inorganic and organic pollutants. (MSW) may contain high concentrations of heavy metals and has excess of salts content and lack of stability (‘maturity’) , these characteristics of the compost have to be controlled to avoid detrimental effects on plants and soil organisms[7,8,9]. An important point is that, in most of the cities of the Arab region, the separation at the source of material is not so common because there is an inefficient management of waste. The objective of this work is to investigate the physico-chemical properties and heavy metal polluting potential to evaluate the quality of compost produced from mixed municipal solid waste at number of operative composting plants in the Arab region. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the Arab region, many composting plants closed due to their mismanagement, some of them are even closed before they start to operate because of the inappropriate technology. (MSW) composts were collected from different cities in the region. The percentage of decomposable material in municipal solid waste is very high in the region and varies from 50 to 70%. However, composting process is insufficiently developed in Arab countries, due to low compost quality and lack of investments in the sector. The fresh samples were analyzed for moisture content by drying at 105°C (DIN EN 12880). Organic dry matter was determined (DIN EN 12879). Analysis for pH and electric conductivity were performed by (DIN EN 15937). Compost microbial soil respiration was determined by absorption of CO2 produced by microbial activity. The heavy metals were also analysed. 355 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Moisture content in the compost samples varied from 3.3% to 25.4, composts with very low water content may not have been fully stabilized or may have been stored for long. The overall median value of the pH was 7.68. Electric conductivity varied from 6.47 to 11.59 dS/m. Organic matter varied from 17% to 62%, about 30% of the compost samples have organic matter content higher than the value set by the German standard (BioAbfV). Respiration activities measurement is used to estimate biological activity in a sample. Compost respiration in the samples varied from 0.2 mgO2/gtm to 82. 1 mgO2/gtm. Accordingly only 13% of the compst samples appear to be stable and considered as finished product. The heavy metal concentration of the sample was compared with the (BioAbfV) the results show that 20% of the samples have three elements of the heavy metals more than the proposed limit and 60% have two elements more than the proposed limit, while only 15% of the samples fulfill the (BioAbfV) requirements and considered as stable compost of class (A) due to high concentration of Ni higher than the limit set by (BioAbfV) for compost class (B). Parameter Range Median RSD(%) Parameter Range Median PH 7,12-8,12 7,68 5,79 Pb mg/kg 7,35-156 101 61,49 EC ms/cm 6,47-11,59 8.945 21,13 Cd mg/kg <0,1-1,15 0.76 63,52 W/C% 3,3-25,4 18,7 39,3 Cr mg/kg 25,9-55,6 32,4 33,26 Cu mg/kg 30,4-182 104 49,91 organic matter% AT4 mgO2/gtm 17,5-62,7 0,2-82,1 37,35 21,3 35,59 101,9 RSD (%) Ni mg/kg 20,9-43,7 29,4 27,98 Hg mg/kg 0,22-0,35 0,28 18,4 Zn mg/kg 102-481 340 47,65 Table 1. Physical and Chemical Properties of MSW Compost Produced in Diffiernt Cities in the Region. 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Composting is considered a difficult task because the waste arrives in mixed form and contains increasing quantities of glass, plastics, metals and hazardous materials which can contaminate the finished compost. Separating contaminants from the raw material at the compost site is inefficient since it requires additional effort, space, and time, and it is likely that much of the contamination has already affected the organic fraction. Generally, most compost samples tested in this study had poor quality and are not recommended for soil fertilizers. Therefore, other alternatives for mixed municipal solid waste management should be evaluated and considered for the region. REFERENCES 356 1. McCarthy, J.E., (1994). The municipal solid waste problem in the main industrialized countries. In: Curzio, A.Q., Prosperetti, L., Zoboli, R. (Eds.), The Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Europe: Economic, Technological and Environmental Perspectives. Amsterdam. 2. Zurbrugg C., (2003), Markets for Compost - a key factor for success of urban composting schemes in developing countries. City Matters Magazine, online Journal of Urbanicity). 3. Official Journal of the European Communities, (1999). Directive on the landfill of waste, L182/2, p1-19, Brussels, Belgium. 4. de Bertoldi, M., (1993). Compost quality and standard specifications: European perspective. In: Hoitink, H.A.J., Keener, H.M. (Eds.), Science and Engineering of Composting. Renaissance Publications, Ohio, OH, pp. 521–535. 5. Hogg, D., Favoino, E., Centemero, M., Caimi, V., Amlinger, F., Devliegher, W., Brinton, W., Antler, S., (2002). Comparison of compost standards within the EU, North America and Australia, The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), Oxon. ISBN 1-84405-003-3. 6. Gigliotti, G., Businelli, D., Giusquiani, P.L., (1996). Trace metals uptake and distribution in corn plants grown on a 6-year urban waste compost amended soil. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ. 58, 199–206. 7. Garcìa, C., Moreno, J.L., Hernandez, T. and Costa, F., (1995) Effect of composting on sewage sludge contaminated with heavy metals. Bioresource Technol. 53, 13-19. 8. Chefetz, B., Hatcher, P.G., Hadar, Y. and Chen, Y., (1996) Chemical and biological characterization of organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste. J. Environ. Qual. 25, 776-785. 9. Flyhammar, P., (1997) Estimation of heavy metal transformations in municipal solid waste. Sci. Total Environ. 198, 123133. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Econometric Model of Estimating Economic Costs of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Tirunelveli City James Inbanathan Sacratees Manonmaniam Sundaranar University - Economics jsocrates@rediffmail.com Abstract This paper estimates welfare loss due to improper municipal solid waste management in Tirunelveli Corporation which is one of the fast developing city in down south of TamilNadu. Much of the municipal solid waste stream in Tirunelveli is generated by urban dwellers, while associated with landfills are often located in adjacent rural communities. Landfill disposal of municipal solid waste often creates external cost in Tirunelveli and adjacent areas. The loss of welfare was estimated using econometric methods like Logit and Tobit Models in order to introduce Willingness to pay to improve the quality of municipal solid waste management. The primary data collected through household surveys are used in the estimation model. Measuring external costs of municipal solid waste is very complex and the available methods of economic valuation are often rudimentary. We have analyzed how the monetary value of health benefits could be increased by adopting appropriate method of municipal solid waste management, which will be useful to policymakers to reduce vector borne diseases among urban population of Tirunelveli City. Household income, family size, years of residing, distance from the landfill sites and respondent’s education, sex and perception of health risks were significantly important in determining a household’s willingness to pay to avoid such vector borne diseases due to rampant municipal solid waste. It enables us to measure mandays loss, wage loss, number of hospital visits due to municipal solid waste management. Thus, this study addresses the current status and consequences of municipals solid waste management, which causes concern in the developing countries. Keywords: land filling sites, solid waste management, contingent valuation, vector borne diseases. 357 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Recovery of Tellurium from Waste Thermoelectric Materials with Hydrometallurgical Processes Hwa-Young Lee1, Joon-Chul Choı2 Center for energy convergence research, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P. O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 136-791, Korea hylee@kist.re.kr 2 Research Institute, Recytec Inc.,Onamri 831, Namyangju, Kyunggido 472-880, Korea joonchul1963@yahoo.co.kr 1 Abstract The recovery of tellurium from waste thermoelectric materials using hydrometallurgical processes has been investigated in this work. The dissolving characteristics of tellurium in acidic solution were examined in order to recycle the tellurium-containing materials such as Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. Solvent extraction tests were also carried out to separate tellurium in acidic solution. Experimental results showed that hydrochloric acid was found more effective than sulfuric acid and nitric acid in dissolving those materials and the presence of an oxidizing agent affected significantly the dissolution of those materials. By solvent extraction using TBP (Tributyl phosphate) as an extractant, tellurium could be separated effectively in the acidic solution. Keywords: recovery, tellurium, waste, thermoelectric materials. 1. INTRODUCTION Tellurium, a rare metal, is mainly produced as a byproduct of copper smelting, and the demand for it is increasing year by year due to development in the materials industry. Tellurium is currently widely used in the metal, catalyst, and glass industries as an additive, and its demand is expected to increase as it plays a crucial role in CdTe-type solar cells and thermoelectric materials in the future[1-2]. However, since worldwide tellurium deposit is very little and its production cannot be significantly increased, the recycling of materials containing tellurium is inevitably required[2]. In this work, the dissolving characteristics of tellurium in acidic solution were examined in order to recycle the tellurium-containing materials such as Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 and solvent extraction tests were also carried out to separate tellurium in acidic solution. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The waste thermoelectric materials used in this work were Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 scraps. Granule particles of size 1-3mm were mostly contained in these scraps as shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the dissolution apparatus for waste thermoelectric materials used in this work. After placing waste thermoelectric materials and acidic aqueous solution into a reactor, reaction temperature was regulated using a heating mantle. The content of Bi, Sb, and Te was analyzed at predetermined time intervals with an ICP Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Optima 5300 DV). Solvent extraction tests were performed by pouring a specific volume of aqueous solution and organic phase into 50 ml glass vials which were violently stirred with a mechanical shaker for 30 mins. After extraction, the glass vials were taken out for phase separation and the aqueous solution was collected for an analysis of metal content. The metal content in the organic phase was calculated using the metal content in the aqueous solution before and after extraction. TBP (Tributyl phosphate) was used as an extractant in this work and it was diluted to a specific concentration with kerosene. 358 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Figure 1. Waste thermoelectric materials. Solid Waste Figure 2. Experimental apparatus for dissolution of samples. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 3 shows dissolution characteristics of Bi2Te3 by nitric acid with and without the presence of hydrogen peroxide. As can be seen in Figure 3(a), when the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide was not added, the dissolution of Bi2Te3 by nitric acid was found to be low so that Bi2Te3 was almost not dissolved even by 30 vol% HNO3. When hydrogen peroxide was added at 10 vol% as can be seen in Figure 3(b), even with a nitric acid concentration of 10 vol%, a dissolution of almost 100% could be achieved. Figure 4 presents the variation of extraction of Te with HCl concentration. As shown in the figure, almost no extraction occurred under HCl concentration less than 1 mole/l, but it increased with an increase in HCl concentration. Eventually, at HCl concentration higher than 4 mole/l, the extraction of Te was almost 100%. 100 100 Solid Density 10 g/l Bi2Te3 Ambient Temperature Scrap of Waste Bi2Te3 60 40 Conc. of Nitric Acid 60 vol% 45 vol% 30 vol% 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Solid Density 10 g/l Bi2Te3 Ambient Temperature H2O2 Addition 10 vol% Scrap of Waste Bi2Te3 80 Extraction of Te, % Extraction of Te, % 80 140 160 180 60 Conc. of Nitric Acid 30 vol% 10 vol% 3 vol% 40 20 200 0 220 0 50 100 (a) without H2O2 200 250 300 (b) with H2O2 Figure 3. Dissolution of waste Bi2Te3 with HNO3. 100 80 Extraction of Te, % 150 Reaction Time, min Reaction Time, min 60 40 TBP 50 % Initial Conc. of Te 1,050 mg/l Phase Ratio A/O = 1/1 Ambient Temperature 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 Concentration of HCl, mole/l Figure 4. Extraction characteristics of Te. 359 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 4. CONCLUSIONS Experimental results showed that hydrochloric acid was found more effective than sulfuric acid and nitric acid in dissolving waste thermoelectric materials and the presence of an oxidizing agent affected significantly the dissolution of waste materials. By solvent extraction using TBP (Tributyl phosphate) as an extractant, tellurium could be separated effectively in the acidic solution. REFERENCES 360 1. Ha, Y. C., et al., (2000). Electrowinning of tellurium from alkaline leach liquor of cemented Te, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 30, 315-322. 2. Berger, W., et al., (2010). A novel approach for the recycling of thin film photovoltaic modules, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54, 711-718. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Factors Affecting Quality of Compost Produced from Agricultural Waste: Assessment of Risk Kostas Komnitsas, Dimitra Zaharaki, Despina Vamvuka Dpt. Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University Crete, Chania, Crete, 73100, Greece komni@mred.tuc.gr, zaharaki@mred.tuc.gr, vamvuka@mred.tuc.gr Abstract Agricultural waste (AW) have a high contamination potential usually related to their high organic load and rather low pH, affecting thus living organisms, soils, water bodies and plants when improperly disposed of. Composting of AW is the most commonly used management option and the final product (compost from treated AW or co-utilization of various treated or untreated AW) can be used as soil improver to enhance crop growth due to its nitrogen, phosphorous and trace elements content as well as minimize risk for soil, water and ecosystems. However, various parameters should be taken into consideration in order to select the most appropriate composting method and define the use of the final product. In the present paper, various parameters such as optimal conditions for compost production, application rates of compost on soil, limit values for concentrations of heavy metals in soil according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as well as risk for humans exposed to various recalcitrant compounds contained in treated or untreated AW, are discussed. Pre-treatment of AW, careful application on soils, use of standardized procedures to evaluate toxicity and determination of the fate of contaminants in soil and water will maximize sustainability in agriculture and minimize impacts on ecosystems. Keywords: agricultural waste, compost, fertilizer, soil application, risk. 1. INTRODUCTION The most important AW produced in the Med region include olive oil mill wastes (OMW), wine, swine and other animal waste, rice straw and various other AW (such as waste from handling of fruits and vegetables, horse or chicken manure, wheat straw etc). AW which have a high contamination potential and are mainly characterized by seasonal production, can cause various adverse effects when disposed untreated on soil or in water bodies. For example, application of manure on crop land can result in decrease in soil permeability and adversely affect crop growth due to inhibitory amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus or salts applied on land and may cause eutrophication of water bodies or contamination of drinking water. On the other hand, composting of AW for the production of organic fertilizer or amendment is an efficient waste management option for the maximization of sustainability in agriculture and minimization of impacts on ecosystems[1-3]. 2. COMPOST AS SOIL IMPROVER Compost is produced either aerobically or anaerobically; aerobic composting is the most efficient route and a short time is required. The main factors to be taken into consideration for a successful composting include the chemical composition of the waste used, the size and shape of the feedstocks (porosity of the pile) and the population of organisms involved. Also, pH and electrical conductivity should be considered due to their effect on physicochemical and microbiological reactions taking place in soil. Various other parameters to be determined include colour, temperature, moisture, organic matter, C/N ratio, humification index, cation exchange capacity, humic/fulvic acids ratio, COD, germination index as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr content. Organic matter is a critical soil property which is involved in all soil functions and affects physical, chemical and biological processes in soils. Increased water holding capacity may contribute to the adsorption of micronutrients after waste disposal and increase soil fertility as well as reduce its toxicity[4]. The optimal conditions for selected parameters for the aerobic production of compost are shown in Table 1 [5]. 361 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Parameter C:N ratio Moisture content, % w/w Available oxygen concentration, % Poster Presentations Acceptable values Optimum values 20:1 to 40:1 25:1 to 35:1 40-65 45-60 >5 >10 pH 5.5-9 6.5-8 Temperature, oC 43-66 54-60 Table 1. Optimal conditions for selected parameters for the aerobic production of compost 3. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FOR HUMANS DUE TO FERTILIZER APPLICATION Risk for humans and mainly farmers and their children, who are exposed to various recalcitrant compounds such as metals contained in treated or untreated AW is of high significance when compost is applied on soil. The relevant exposure routes for humans are: • Direct ingestion of the compost (fertilizer) during application • Ingestion of soil amended with compost • Inhalation of particles and vapors in the air during and after compost application • Ingestion of plant, vegetables and fruits produced on amended soil as well as animals fed in this soil • Ingestion of fish from streams located adjacent to amended fields Therefore the concentrations for each metal in soils, surface water, plant tissue (fruits, vegetables, grains and forage) and animal tissue (fish and beef and dairy products) should be determined. The estimated exposure point concentration in soils, plants and animal products should be combined with toxicity benchmarks and exposure factors such as exposure duration and ingestion rates to estimate human health risk[6]. REFERENCES 362 1. Anderson D.M., Gilbert, P.M., Bukholder, J.M., (2002). Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences, Estuaries, 25, 704–726. 2. Sarmah, A.K., (2009). Potential Risk and Environmental Benefits of Waste Derived from Animal Agriculture in Ashworth, G.S., Azevedo, P., eds, Agriculture Issues and Policies Series - Agricultural Wastes, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 1-17, New York. 3. Altieri, R., Esposito, A., (2010). Evaluation of the fertilizing effect of olive mill waste compost in short-term crops, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 64, 124-128. 4. Roca-Pérez L., Martínez, C., Marcilla, P., Boluda, R., (2009). Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil–plant system, Chemosphere, 75, 781–787. 5. Cooperband, L. (2002). The Art and Science of Composting - A resource for farmers and compost producers, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, available on line: http://www.cias.wisc.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2008/07/artofcompost.pdf. 6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and Center for Environmental Analysis (CEA) (1999). Estimating Risk from Contaminants Contained in Agricultural Fertilizers, Draft Report, available on-line at http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/ recycling/fertiliz/risk/report.pdf. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Use of Agricultural Wastes in Production of Endo Pectinase Enzyme Özlem Tepe, Arzu Y. Dursun Department of Environmental Engineering, Firat University, 23100 Elazig, Turkey otepe@firat.edu.tr, aydursun@firat.edu.tr Abstract In this study, production of endo-pectinase by Bacillus pumilus with solid state fermentation was investigated in a batch system. Agricultural wastes such as wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, sunflower tray, orange peel, banana peel, apple pomace and grape pomace were used and the maximum enzyme activities were determined in the medium containing wheat bran and sugar beet pulp. In the next step of the research, the effects of different nitrogen sources on the enzyme production were investigated. Keywords: agricultural wastes, enzyme production, Endo-Pectinase, Bacillus pumilus, solid state fermentation. 1. INTRODUCTION Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of huge amounts of wastes. Since agricultural wastes are inexpensive and exist as large deposits in many countries, they are used as by-products. Production of microbial enzymes by solid state fermentation (SSF) using agricultural wastes is a growing area of biotechnology[1]. Pectin is a complex heteropolysaccharide found in plants. Enzymes that hydrolyze pectic substances are known as pectinolytic enzymes or pectinases. Pectinases have great commercial importance for various food industries like production of fruit juice and wine, fermentation of coffee and tea and in the preparation of animal feed[2]. Pectinases are produced mainly by fungi bacteria and yeast. Specifically, the fungal genera Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Trichoderma are the chief sources of pectinolytic enzymes.. Pectinases are usually produced by solid or submerged fermentation. SSF is generally preferred because highly concentrated crude enzymes are obtained at low costs. Various agricultural wastes like fruit, potato or sugar beet pulps are often used as the traditional solid state substrates[3]. In this study, production of one of the pectinase group enzyms; endo-pectinase by Bacillus pumilus with solid state fermentation was studied in a batch system. Agricultural wastes such as wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, sunflower tray, orange peel, banana peel, apple pomace and grape pomace were used and the maximum enzyme activities were determined in the medium containing wheat bran and sugar beet pulp. In the next step of the research, the effects of different nitrogen sources on the enzyme production were investigated. In literature, production of endo-pectinase by Bacillus pumilus have no found. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Mıcroorganısm and growth condıtıons Bacillus pumilus (NRRL B-212) obtained from National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (USA) was used throughout the present study. The microorganism was growth in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing nutrient medium at, pH=7, 30oC and 100 rpm. Then it was transferred (in 1:10 ratio) into enzyme production medium. 2.2. Enzyme productıon medıum Agricultural waste materials used in the experiments were washed, dried for 24 h in oven at 60◦C grounded and screened (20-100 mesh) and stored. Experiments were carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks (working volune:100 mL) at, pH=8, 30 oC and 100 rpm. Samples were taken out at fixed time intervals, centrifuged and endo-pectinase activity was determined[4]. 363 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The previous submerged culture batch studies on production of endo-pectinase were showed that, the optimum pH and temperature values could be chosen as 7.0 and 30oC respectively for further experiments. Agricultural wastes such as wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, sunflower tray, orange peel, banana peel, apple pomace and grape pomace were used as nutrient in solid state experiments. Figure 1 showed that the maximum enzyme activities were determined in the medium containing wheat bran and sugar beet pulp. Maximum endo-pectinase activities were determined as 34.78 U/mL and 31.88 U/mL for sugar beet pulp and wheat bran respectively. In the next step of the research, the effects of different nitrogen sources on the enzyme production were investigated. Figure 1. Endo-pectinase activities determined in different agricultural wastes (%5 (w/v) solid substrate concentration, pH: 8, T: 30 OC, OP: Orange Peel, SBP: Sugar Beet Pulp, ST: Sunflower Tray, GP Grape Pomace, BP: Banana Peel, WB: Wheat Bran, AP: Apple Pomace) REFERENCES 364 1. Pandey A, Soccol CR, Rodriguez-Leon JA, Nigam P. (2001). Solid-state Fermentation in Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications, s.72-92, Asiatech., New Delhi. 2. Jayani R.S., Saxena S., Gupta R., (2005). Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: A review, Process Biochemistry 40, 2931-2944. 3. Couto S.R., Sanroman M.A., (2006), Application of solid-state fermentation to food industry- A review Journal of Food Engineering 76, 291–302. 4. Tuttobello R., Mıll P.J., (1961), The Pectic Enzymes of Aspergillus niger 1. The Productıon Of Actıve Mıxtures of Pectıc Enzymes, Biochem. J. 79, 51-57. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste A GIS Approach for Olive Mill Wastewater Evaporation Pond Selection Using Multi Criteria Analysis Moncef Zairi, Abdelwaheb Aydi and Rakia S’habou Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, BP: 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia moncef.zairi@enis.rnu.tn Abstract This paper presents a geographic information system approach combined with multi-criteria decision for olive mill wastewater (OMW) evaporation pond site selection in Sidi Bouzid region, Tunisia. This region is characterised by its outstanding contribution to the olive production in Tunisia, its olive mill capacity and the resulting OMW production. The most common practice for the management of OMW is natural evaporation in open-air lagoons constructed by using native soil or direct discharge on topsoil. The multi-criteria decision framework integrates 10 constraints and 6 factors that relate to environmental and economic concerns and builds a hierarchy model for OMW evaporation pond suitability. The preliminary assessment of the OMW evaporation pond is made by combining fuzzy sets theory to standardize factor using membership functions and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The OMW disposal site suitability is achieved by applying weighted linear combination using a comparison matrix to aggregate three scenarios associated with environmental and economic objectives. The results from the study suggested that a most suitable OMW evaporation pond area of 2.5% from the total study area is generated when environmental and economic objectives are valued equally while a most suitable OMW disposal site area of 1.0% is generated when the economic objective is valued higher. Keywords: GIS, Multi-criteria, Olive mill wastewater, Evaporation pond. 1. INTRODUCTION The olive oil production in Mediterranean countries has a turnover of 98% of the worldwide production[1]. The largest olive oil producers are Spain (36%), Italy, (24%), and Greece, (17%), of the world’s total production[2]. The next largest producer is Tunisia with about 8.5%. The annual OMW generation in the Mediterranean olive oil producing countries varies between 7×106 and 30×106 m3 [3]. Environmental impact of olive oil production is mainly due to the utilization of large amounts of water. The usual treatment and disposal practice followed in Tunisia involves disposal in passive evaporation ponds/lagoons. The suitable siting and construction of new OMW disposal site is therefore urgently needed if OMW is to be effectively and safely managed. Several techniques for waste management facilities can be found in the literature[4, 5, 6, 7 and 8]. All of the above studies used GIS technique, which is ideal for these kinds of studies due to its ability to manage large volumes of spatial data from a variety of sources. The GIS provides efficient manipulation and presentation of the data and MCE supplies consistent ranking of the potential areas based on a variety of criteria[9]. In MCE, the weighted linear combination is one of the most popular methods because of its simplicity. In the WLC procedure, analytical hierarchy process is often applied to elicit criteria weights and to better represent relationships between criteria and alternatives[10]. The study region of Sidi Bouzid is strongly vulnerable to pollution due to the presence of superficial aquifers with good groundwater quality used for intensive agricultural activities. Despite the large number of olive mill units in this area, there is no properly engineered disposal for managing such kind of wastes. Increasing groundwater demand makes the protection of the aquifer from pollution crucial. The main objective of this paper is to determine the most appropriate OMW disposal site for the Sidi Bouzid area by integrating fuzzy logic, AHP and WLC in a GIS environment. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Study area The Sidi Bouzid region is situated in the middle part of Tunisia. The Region covers an area of 7000 km2, with 76% of its area being rural and the remaining 24% being urban. The climate of Sidi Bouzid is arid, characterized by dry and warm summer, and cool and wet winter (from December to February). The average annual precipitation is 220 mm and its annual average temperature is around 16-19°C. The olive tree area covers 254, 000 hectares with 4 millions of olive trees. 365 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2.2. Sıte selectıon methodology The hierarchical structure of the OMW evaporation pond selection consists of five levels. The top of the hierarchy is the goal while subsequent levels describe objectives, criteria features, constraints and factors in increasing detail. In this study, ten constraints criteria were selected for the computation process such as: surface slope, permeability, distance from river, distance from water supply well, distance from wetland, groundwater depth, distance from forest, distance from protected area, distance from residential area and distance from road. Six factors relevant to the environment and economic concerns were analyzed. The environmental concerns include: distance from river, land use and distance from residential area. The economic concerns consider: distance from road, proximity to wastewater treatment plant and proximity to olive mill unit. The IDRISI (ver.32) software was used to buffer the constraints, calculate the weights of criteria, standardize the factors by fuzzy functions, and to combine the constraints and factors by MCE procedure. 3. RESULTS The selection of potential OMW evaporation pond for the Sidi Bouzid Region included GIS and AHP for MCE. The Fuzzy set theory enables criteria standardization by application of different fuzzy membership functions. Expert knowledge is used for the selection of the shape of the membership functions and their control points. Also, membership functions were selected to fulfill the national expert knowledge and landfill selection criteria set in the international literature. GIS is used for analyzing and displaying geospatial data. AHP methodology is applied for establishing relative importance of selection criteria and weights generation, providing an objective weight assessment. Final OMW evaporation pond suitability maps are created by WLC. The proposed method, that will aid the decision making procedure, takes into consideration constraints and factors. Depending on the defined goal, the proposed method offers a systematic way of assigning relative importance of the environmental and economic considered group of criteria. However, the aim of the paper is to illustrate the flexibility of the proposed method and demonstrate it as a tool for multi-criteria decision making process, not to present a decision by itself. REFERENCES 1. FAO, 2003. FAO STAT database. http://www.fao.org/ (accessed 29.11.2011.). 2. Lopes, M., Araujo, C., Aguedo, M., Gomes, N., Gonçalves, C., Teixeira, J.A., Belo, I., 2009. The use of olive mill wastewater by wild type Yarrowia lipolytica strains: medium supplementation and surfactant presence effect. Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology 84 (4), 533-537. 3. Kavvadias, V., Doula, M.K., Komnitsas, K., Liakopoulou, N., 2010. Disposal of olive oil mill wastes in evaporation ponds: Effects on soil properties. J. of Hazardous Materials 182, 144–155. 4. Kontos, T.D., Komilis, D.P., Halvadakis, C.P., 2003. Siting MSW landfills on Lesvos Island with a GIS based methodology. Waste Management & Research 21, 262–277. 5. Shabou, R., Zairi, M., Kallel, A., Aydi, A., Ben Dhia, H., 2009. Assesing the effect of an olive mill wastewater evaporation pond in Sousse, Tunisia. Environmental Geology 58, 679–686. 6. Gorsevski, P.V. and Jankowski, P., 2010. An optimized solution of multi-criteria evaluation analysis of landslide susceptibility using fuzzy sets and Kalman filter. Computers and Geosciences 36, 1005–1020. 7. Nazari, A., Salarirad, M.M., Aghajani, B.A., 2012. Landfill site selection by decision-making tools based on fuzzy multiattribute. Environmental Earth Sciences 65, 1631-1642. 8. Eskandari, M., Homaee, M., Mahmodi, S., 2012. An integrated multi criteria approach for landfill siting in a conflicting environmental, economical and socio-cultural area. Waste Management, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.014; 9. Sener, B., Suzen, L., Doyuran, V., 2006. Landfill site selection by using geographic information systems. Environmental Geology 49, 376–388. 10. Donevska, K.R., Gorsevski, P.V., Jovanovski, M., Pesevski, I ., 2011. Regional non-hazardous landfill site selection by integrating fuzzy logic, AHP and geographic information systems. Environmental Earth Sciences DOI 10.1007/s12665-0111485-y. 366 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Research of the Usage of Construction Rubbles in Asphalt Mixes as Aggregates İ.Sönmez, S.A.Yıldırım, A.Topcu İsfalt A.Ş. Istanbul isonmez@isfalt.com, syildirim@isfalt.com, aydintopcu@isfalt.com Abstract Wastes from any constructional activities such as roads, bridges, tunnels, subways and buildings are recyclable materials which can be used as secondary raw materials. Overhauling of a great number of houses is projected throughout Turkey in the forthcoming years. To make constuction rubble wastes be no longer a problem by means of recycling process will become an outcome of urban renewal works. Recovery of such construction rubbles before causing environmental problems, which will result from aforementioned works, and reintroducing the same to the economy will become extremely important. In the process of recycling of the wastes resulted during and after the construction works, to obtain high quality construction material, other construction materials such as plastics, woods, timbers, irons and cables should be removed and remaining construction rubbles should be subjected to crushing-sieving process. This process has environmental and economical advantages. In the study performed for this purpose, the physical properties of the construction rubbles gathered in Istac A.S facilities and obtained from recycling were identified, assessed in consideration of the criteria of the Highway Technical Specifications and its usefulness as aggregates in surface (wearing), binder and base courses of Asphalt Concrete was investigated. Keywords: Construction Rubble, Asphalt Concrete, Aggregate. 367 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Resource Management and Municipal Solid Waste Management Economical and Ecological Potential Hafner, Gerold University Stuttgart, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management Gerold.Hafner@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Municipal solid waste is a valuable resource, which should not be wasted by landfilling. Depending on the respective boundary conditions, in most cases, municipal solid waste is a mixture of valuable materials, representing an economic value. The valorization of these valuable materials reduce environmental pollution and may cause economic profit and resource preservation. Within the oral presentation cost efficient solutions for resource preservation within municipal solid waste management will be shown. Boundary conditions are named. The topic will be highlited at the example of the valorization of organic waste in Northern Morooco. Keywords: municipal solid waste, resources, organic waste biogas, environment, cost efficiency. 368 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Solid Waste Management in the Palestinian Territories 2010-2014 Taghreed Hithnawi Salah Ministry of Planning Taghreed99@yahoo.com Abstract Due to the change facing the solid waste sector in the occupied Palestinian territory and its major negative impacts on the water resources in particular, and on the environmental in general , and the implication this has on public health of the Palestinian citizen. Keywords: landfill, monitoring, evaluation system. 1. OBJECTIVES An effective legal and organizational frame work by development and update of the legislative framework support integrated solid waste management. Strong and capable institutions. Affective and environmentally safe management of solid waste services and finally developing the systems for solid waste collection and transport. 2. METHODOLOGY The strategy was grated following several stages and planning step, characterized by the extensive and effective participation of partner ministries and national institutions . The general framework was prepared .three work groups were formed to follow up on the institutional, technical and financial issues. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT Lack of effectiveness and update of legislative framework, the need to develop specifications and standards for various stages of solid waste management, the ambiguity of general institutional frame for solidwaste management. 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Developing the legislative and laws to deal with solid waste. Increasing the participation of the private sector developing effective information and monitoring systems. REFERENCES 1. Al-Khatib, I.A., Arafat, H.A., Basheer, T., Shawahneh, H., Salahat, A., Eid, J., Ali, W. 2. (2007). Trends And Problems Of Solid Waste Management In Developing Countries: A Case”Study In Seven Palestinian Districts. Waste Management” 27, 1910-1919. 3. Al-Khatib, I.A., Monou, M., Abu Zahra, A.S.F., Shaheen, H.Q., Kassinos, D. (2010). 4. “Solid Waste Characterization, Quantification And Management Practices In Developing Countries”. A Case Study: Nablus District – Palestine. Journal Of Environmental Management 91. 5. El-Hamouz, A.M. (2008). Logistical Management And Private Sector Involvement In 6. Reducing The Cost Of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Service In The Tubas Area Of The 7. West Bank. Waste Management 28, 260-271 369 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Investigations of Effects of Seed on Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fragtion of Municipal Solid Waste in Bioreactors Derya Aktaş, Osman Nuri Ağdağ Deparment of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale University, Kınıklı Campus, Kınıklı-Denizli, 20070, Turkey derya.aktas.85@gmail.com, oagdag@pau.edu.tr Abstract The effects co-disposal of seed sludge with the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) on the anaerobic treatment of domestic solid waste and the leachate characteristics were investigated in simulated landfilling anaerobic bioreactors. All of the reactors were operated with leachate recirculation. One of these was loaded only with OFMSW (control reactor-Run 1); the second reactor (Run 2) was loaded with Bio-One™ and OFMSW; the third reactor (Run 3) was loaded with anaerobic sludge and OFMSW; and the fourth reactor (Run 4) was loaded with Karahayıt sludge and OFMSW. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations in leachate samples, and methane gas productions in simulated anaerobic reactors were regularly monitored. After 90 days of anaerobic incubation, it was observed that the COD and VFA concentrations in the leachate samples of the anaerobic sludgeadded reactor (run 3) were better than in the other reactors. The COD values were measured as 8264, 1214, 1034 and 3932mg/l while the VFA concentrations were 3697, 1348, 820, and 2479 mg/l, respectively, in the leachate samples of the control, runs 2, 3 and 4 reactors after 90 days of anaerobic incubation. Keywords: Bioreactor, Seed Sludge, Anaerobic Digestion. 1. INTRODUCTION Factors affecting the treatment efficiency of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactors are leachate recirculation, recirculation volume, waste shredding, waste compaction, pH adjustment, aeration, and nutrient and alkalinity additions[1]. In addition, seed sludge addition effects treatment efficiency of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactors. The biostabilization time of organic solid waste with the utilization of inoculum decreases as much as possible. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of seed sludge on anaerobic digestion to treat organic fraction of municipal solid waste by using different seed sludges in bioreactors. BioOne™, Karahayıt sludge, and anaerobic sludge were used as seed sludges in bioreactors. Bio-One™ is a commercial product that can be bought. Karahayıt sludge is a thermal sludge where from was taken in Karahayıt in Denizli. Anaerobic sludge was taken from Pakmaya plant in Kemalpaşa in İzmir. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Operatıon condıtıons for sımulated anaerobıc landfıll bıoreactors Stainless-steel cyclindirical anaerobic bioreactors in 10 cm diameter 30 cm height were operated to treat organic fraction of municipal solid waste by mixing different seed sludges. These bioreactors were operated in batch mode at a temperature of 30-40°C (mesophilic condition) under anaerobic conditions. Leachate was recirculated with the help of a peristaltic pump(300mL/day). All the reactors were loaded approximately 1 kg solid waste. The first reactor (control reactor - Run 1) was only operated with leachate recirculation and was operated organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The second (Run 2), third (Run 3) and forth (Run 4) reactors were operated with seeding by Bio-One™, anaerobic sludge and Karahayıt sludge, respectively. 2.2. Analytıcal procedure Organic matter, water content, carbon (C), in municipal waste samples and COD concentrations in leachate samples were detected using a closed reflux colorimetric method following Standard Methods[2]. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations in the leachate samples were measured using the Anderson–Yang method[3]. Methane percentage was monitored with a digital methane meter (Drager Pac Ex). 370 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3. RESULTS COD was monitored as an indicator parameter of the organic strength of the leachate. Table 3 shows that occured COD variations and COD removal efficiency during operation period. The result of this study showed that co-digestion of OFMSW with seed sludge has a relatively positive effect in the decrease of COD concentrations in simulated bioreactors. Anaerobic sludge of seed sludge showed maximum treatment efficiency. COD (mg/l) Day 90 Day 45 Day 10 Day 90 Day 45 Day 10 Day 90 Day 45 Day 10 Day 90 Day 45 Day 10 Maximum methane percentages were 36% (day 67), 61% (day 44), 70% (day 38) and 62% (day 63) in run1, run2, run 3, and run 4, respectively. At the end of the operation period Methane percentages were 25%, 11%, 5%, and 20% in run 1, run 2, run 3 and run 4, respectively. These results showed that the degradation period continued in the control reactor after the degradation periods of the seed sludge-added reactors ended. 33713 13697 8264 30954 8654 1214 28535 5124 1034 29352 10458 3932 Efficiency (%) 75 96 96 86 Table 3. Treatment performans of the bioreactors in terms of COD REFERENCES 1. Reinhart, D.R., McCreanor, P.T., Townsend, T., (2002). The bioreactor landfill: its status and future, Waste Management Res. 20, 172–186. 2. American Public Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1992). 17th edition, Washington, DC. 3. Anderson GK., Yang G., (1992). Determination of bicarbonate and total volatile acid concentration in anaerobic digesters using a simple titration. Water Environment Research, 64, 53–59. 371 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Recovering of Construction Waste Abstract Nowadays, consumption and decrement of the natural sources by construction waste is one of the most significant issues. Structuring activities also contribute to issues by generating waste and consuming natural sources during whole life cycle. In order to prevent the situation, the most effective method is recovering of construction waste by rationalistic management. This work is aimed to have a knowledge about “recovering of construction waste” by emphasizing positive environmental effects and methods. The literature depended research introduced effective recovering methods by using potential of waste construction materials. The possibilities of present day in order to recover for each kind of constructional material and reuse for several purposes are shown at the end of the work. By the way, the important things are recovering construction waste with least environmental effects and easiest methods. However, the most essential priority should be preventing formation of construction waste or decreasing as much as possible. In order to be success about the phenomena, all actors who have role on constructional activities and architects who are primarily responsible to design and determine material should consider importance of recoving construction waste. Keywords: Construction Waste, Recover. 372 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Root Development of Cucumıs Sativus in Contaminated Soil Ederio Dino Bidoia, Jaqueline Matos Cruz, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Ivo Shodji Tamada, Renato Nallin Montagnolli State University of São Paulo (UNESP)- Av. 24-A – 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. jaquemcruz@yahoo.com.br, ederio@rc.unesp.br Abstract The study investigated the toxic potencial of contaminated soil with biodiesel and diesel to seeds Cucumis sativus (cucumber). The seeds were planted in contaminated soil and incubated for 120 hours. The biodiesel contaminated soil reduced the toxicity in 120 days of biodegradation. Despite the diesel fuel contaminated soil reduced toxicity, the diesel contaminated soil with bioaugmentation remained toxic after 120 days of biodegradation. The Cucumis sativus root is an indicator capable of reflecting the toxic effect of the contaminant during the biodegradation process. Keywords: biodiesel, seed, ecotocixity, biodegradation, root. 1. INTRODUCTION Contamination of soil by hydrocarbons is a widespread environmental problem, because some compounds are toxic and carcinogenic. Some microorganisms are capable to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, the process of biodegradation does not necessarily indicate reduction in the soil toxicity. Thus, less-polluting fuels are being sought, such as biodiesel[1]. The root elongation inhibition can be an indicator to assess the toxic potential of contaminants[5]. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the toxic potencial of contaminated soil with biodiesel and diesel to Cucumis sativus seeds (cucumber). 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Toxicity rates were evaluated by using diesel and biodiesel. Seeds of Cucumis sativus (cucumber) were used as bioindicator. The composition of the samples was prepared according to an adapted Lopes and Bidoia[2] methodology. The bags were mixed in order to establish contact with potential biodegrading microorganisms naturally present in soil. A sample of each contaminant was removed at an interval of 60 days e 120 days. The freshly contaminated soil (0 day) was tested immediately after contamination. Seeds were sown in of contaminated sand and after 120 hours the seedlings were removed and measurement for calculate the toxicity percentage according to Sobrero and Ronco[5]. 3. RESULTS The Figure 1(a) shows the percentage of root inhibition in biodiesel contaminated soil in relation to control. A toxic effect was observed in both freshly biodiesel contaminated soil. % of root inhibition % of root inhibition (a) 80 R = -0,98477 60 40 20 0 -20 0 day 60 days 120 days days of biodegradation of biodiesel contaminated soil % of root inhibition of Cucumis sativus in relation to control % of root inhibition of Cucumis sativus in relation to control (a) 100 100 80 R = -0,98477 60 40 20 0 -20 0 day 60 days 120 days days of biodegradation of biodiesel contaminated soil Figure 1. Percentage of Cucumis sativus root inhibition in biodiesel contaminated soil (a) and Percentage of Cucumis sativus root inhibition in biodiesel contaminated soil added Bacillus subtilis (b) 373 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations A negative relation was found between the percentage of root inhibition and days of biodegradation, these results demonstrated that 120 days of biodegradation reduced the contaminated soil toxicity. In 120 days, toxicity is represented by negative values, this means that compared to control test there was no inhibition. % root inhibition of Cucumis sativus in relation to control 100 R = -0,88079 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 day 60 days 120 days (a) % of root inhibition 105 % of root inhibition of Cucumis sativus % root inhibition 110 (b) R = -0,99077 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0 day days of biodegradation of diesel contaminated soil 60 days 120 days days of biodegradation of diesel with addition Bacillus subtilis Figure 2. Percentage of Cucumis sativus root inhibition in diesel contaminated soil (a) and diesel contaminated soil added Bacillus subtilis (b) A negative relation was found between the percentage of root inhibition and days of biodegradation, however, this relation is stronger to diesel contaminated soil added B.subtilis more than to diesel contaminated soil. Based on results seen in the Figure 2 the biodegradation process of diesel contaminated soil reduced the toxicity, but the root inhibition in diesel contaminated soil achieved 62% of inhibition. The PAHs in diesel oil may to alter the plants development[3]. Nevertheless, some PAHs decrease its toxicity after bioremediation process[4]. The addition of Bacillus subtilis did not help to biodegrade the contaminant. The Cucumis sativus root is an indicator capable of reflecting the toxic effect of the contaminant. Acknowledgments: CNPq, Petrobrás/ANP PRH 05 and Fapesp. REFERENCES 374 1. Lapinskiene, A., Martinkus, P. ve Rebždaite, V., (2006). Eco-toxicological Studies of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels in aerated soil, Environmental Pollution, 142, 432-437. 2. Lopes, P.R.M., Bidoia, E.D., (2009). Evaluation of the biodegradation of different types of lubricant oils in liquid medium, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 52, 1285-1290. 3. Meudec, A., Poupart, N., Dussauze, J. ve Deslandes, E., (2007). Relationship between heavy fuel oil phytotoxicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in Salicornia fragilis, Science of the Total Environment, 381, 146-156. 4. Molina-Barahona, L., Veja-Loyo, L., Guerrero, M., Ramírez, S., Romero, I., Veja-jarquín, C. ve Albores, A. (2005). Ecotoxicological evaluation of diesel-contaminated soil before and after a bioremediation process, Environmental Toxicology, 20, 100-1009. 5. Sobrero, M.C., Ronco, A., (2004). Ensayo de toxicidad aguda con semillas de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) in: Morales G.C., Ensayos Toxicológicos y Métodos de Evaluación de Calidad de Agua: estandarización, intercalibración, resultados y aplicaciones, 71-79, IMTA, Mexico. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Rhamnolipids Production by Pseudomonas from Soybean Soapstock Ederio Dino Bidoia, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Renato Nallin Montagnolli, Jonas Contiero State University of São Paulo (UNESP)- Av. 24-A – 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro-SP, Brazil mlopes.paulo@yahoo.com.br, ederio@rc.unesp.br Abstract The use of an agro-industrial residue in biossurfactant production was realized. It was quantified the rhamnose in solution until 120 h of incubation to calculate the rhamnolipid concentration. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain was able to produce rhamnolipids using soybean soapstock as carbon source. The results demonstrated a viable alternative to reduce biosurfactant cost addition to contributing as an environmentally sustainable technology. Keywords: agro-industrial, biosurfactant, residue, soybean oil. 1. INTRODUCTION Biosurfactants are secondary metabolites that exhibit surface activity and are synthesized by a variety of microorganisms[1]. The advantages of these compounds compared to synthetic surfactants are based on structural diversity, low toxicity and high biodegradability[2]. Besides, they can be produced from renewable and low cost sources such as agro-industrial residues thus contributing to environmental pollution reduction and allowing aggregate market value of these products[3,4]. Bacteria as Pseudomonas genus are noted for biosurfactant synthesis known as rhamnolipids, which are structurally glycolipids with fatty acid molecules linked to rhamnose[5]. Therefore, this work aimed to rhamnolipids (biosurfactant) production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from an agroindustrual residue. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Biosurfactant production followed optimum conditions as aerobic fermentation and hydrocarbons presence, which was evidenced the biosurfactants production by bacteria selected[6,7]. The microorganism used was Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI isolated from petroleum-contaminated site and the culture was maintained on nutrient agar at -4 ºC [6,7]. Saline broth was prepared following Robert et al.[8]. As carbon source, it was used a agro-industrial residue from vegetable oil refining: soybean soapstock provided by Cargill®. The culture was reactivated in 50 mL nutrient broth incubated for 24 h at 30 °C - 150 rpm. After bacterial growth, it was added 1.0 mL to 250 mL Enlermeyer flask cointaining 50 mL saline broth with 2.0% w/v of soybean oil as carbon source. After 24 h at 30 ºC - 200 rpm, an aliquot of 1.0 mL was added to 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 25 mL of production medium composed by saline broth and 2.0% w;v of soybean soapstock. Initial pH of broth was adjusted to 6.8–6.9 and the incubation was for 120 h at 30 ºC - 200 rpm in three independent replicates (Figure 1). Figure 1. Scheme of fermentation process for biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI Rhamnolipids were quantified in five samples (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) from the cell free broth as rhamnose[9]. Hence, rhamnolipid content was determined by multiplying rhamnose values by 3 using the correlation rhamnolipid/rhamnose[10]. 375 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS In Figure 2, it was observed the rhamnolipids production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rhamnolipids / mg L-1 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 24 48 72 Time / h 96 120 Figure 2. Quantification of rhamnolipids produced by P. aeruginosa LBI It was observed that P. aeruginosa LBI strain was able to grow in saline broth with soybean carbon sources (oil and soapstock). The biosurfactant production from soybean soapstock was demonstrated using the rhamnose concentration analysis. Initially, there was 0.165 g.L-1 of rhamnolipids at saline broth with 2.0% w/v of soybean soapstock. After 120 h incubated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI produced 3.823 g.L-1 of biosurfactant (rhamnolipids). 4. CONCLUSION Therefore, the use of agro-industrial residues such for rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas is a viable alternative to reduce biosurfactant costs. Also, renewable sources as soybean soapstock contributes to a sustainable and ecological development. Acknowledgements: Fapesp (proc. 2010/07539-4) and CNPq. REFERENCES 1. Desai, J.D., Banat, I.M., (1997). Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential., Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 61, 47-64. 2. Mullıgan, C.N., (2009). Recent advances in the environmental applications of biosurfactants. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 14, 372-378. 3. Cameotra, S.S., Makkar, R.S., (1998). Synthesis of biosurfactants in extreme conditions, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50, 520-529. 4. Mukherjee, S., Das, P. ve Sen, R., (2006). Towards commercial production of microbial surfactants, Trends in Biotechnology, 24, 509-515. 5. Nitschke, M., Costa, S.G.V.A.O., Hadad, R., Gonçalves, L.A., Eberlin, M.N. ve Conteiro, J., (2005). Oil wastes as unconventional substrates for rhamnolipd biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeroginosa LBI, Biotechnology Progress, 21, 1562-1566. 6. Benincasa, M., Contiero, J., Manresa, M.A. ve Moraes, I.O., (2002). Rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI growing on soapstock as the sole carbon source, Journal of Food Engineering, 54, 283-288. 7. Costa, S.G.V.A.O., Nitschke, M., Hadad, R., Eberlin, M.N. ve Contiero, J., (2006). Production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI rhamnolipids following growth on Brazilian native oils, Process Biochemistry, 41, 483-488. 8. Robert, M., Mercadé, M.E., Bosh, M.P., Parra, J.L., Espuny, M.J., Manresa, M.A., ve Guinea, J., (1989). Effect of the carbon source on biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 44T1, Biotechnology Letters, 11, 2, 871-874. 9. Chandrasekaran, E.V., Bemıller, J.N., (1980). Constituint analysis of glycosaminoglycans, Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, III, 89-96, Academic Press, New York, NY. 10. Itoh, S., Honda, H., Tomita, F ve Suzuki, T., (1971). Rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on n-paraffin, Japanese Journal of Antibiotics, 24, 12, 855-859. 376 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Seagull Population Control in Landfill Ahmet Emin Yıldırım, Volkan ENÇ Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trading Company eyildirim@istac.com.tr, venc@istac.com.tr Summary According to ISTAC,2010, 55% of municipal waste disposed in landfill facilities in Turkey, is consist of biodegradable food sources such as marine products, wet-dry fruits and vegetables, food products, park-garden waste. The organic content of the waste which disposed in close uncontrolled and controlled landfill sites like IBB Landfill facilites, offers a rich environment for regional birds such as gulls, starlings and crows. Field observations show that covering the landfill area with soil, workers and vehicle activities does not affect the interest of the birds to organic food source. Beside firearm in some countries which respect to animal rights, many techniques have been developed for to get rid of the health risks, crop failure and flight accident risks caused by bird flocks in areas such as landfill facilities, agricultural lands and airports. In this study, legal and humane methods for preventing the birds feeding and reducing the seagull population in Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipal Waste Landfill Facility are presented. Keywords: Seagull control, Landfill, Counting Method. 1. INTRODUCTION The studies presented in this study, which are about the uses of “liquid foam” in controlling bird populations that occupy the lanfill facility and cost analysis, determination of the ratios of different bird species in landfills by month, extended comparison tables for the different methods, evaluation of methods according to legislation of the countryand detailed feasibility statements for businesses, will be the first for Turkish literature. 1.1. Current Sıtuatıon The population of birds have been indentified as 4000-5000 in the count using “block method” done in May 2012. Starlings and migrating birds seem in certain months of the year while the native species of gulls and crows exist all year. In this study, proportions of the seasonal bird species by month have been observed and presented. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Countıng Method Suitablity of the methods used was measured by the number of birds fed in the field.”Block Method” is proper method for counting the perching and flying birds. According to ”Block Method” the number of the birds in equal size schemas are same. The population of the birds is calculated by multiplying the number of schemas with the total number of birds in one schema. 2.2. Effıcıency Analysıs Time-quantity correlation of the data obtained from the “Block Method”, which applied to photos of seagulls to monitor the performance, is calculated as % efficiency by using “index method”. 3. CHOOSING METHOD Auditory, visual, chemical, external, lethal, in the form of tactile and habitat change based methods are major methods which developed in order to fight with birds. In this study it is observed that the choice of method in figthing withd birds may depend on some factors such as type of animal, herd size, region, weather conditions (temperature, solar, wind, etc.) dietary diversity and potential of the environment, the structural environmental conditions (residential, buildings), land vegetation, human presence and legal status and the audio sources in feeding area. 377 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3.1. Fıeldworks Field applications study summary, the advantages and disadvantages of the method, time-based count data (quantity-time), percentage yield, useful life, the initial investment, operating and depreciation expenses are presented. 3.2. Method Comparıson Comparison of the methods and apparatus for use, is done by considering the operating conditions, adaption to different methods, need for external power source, legal regulatory compliance, high benefit-cost ratio. 4. RESULT However many protechnical methods (fireworks, sparklers) combined wih lethal methods (hitting, etc.) have an impact, gull is very compatible and can adapt any situation which does not harm them in physical. In addition, the protechnical methods can be effective only for a few days and gulls change behavior in a few days. In such cases, in which protechnical and lethal methods used, gulls leave the area temporarily but the presence of rich nutrient in landfill area let them to visit the area periodically. A long-term success requires to wait readily for an indefinite period. REFERENCES 378 1. Basic Counting Techniques. Coordınated Waterbırd Counts (CWAC) no. 4, 2002 2. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife USDA APHIS Wildlife Services. Manual For Gull Control At Massachusetts Landfılls, 10, 1998 3. Characterization of MSW for Istanbul, ISTAC Co., 2010 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil and Pyrolysis of Used Hyperaccumulator Plants Aysun Ozkan1, Mufide Banar1, Zerrin Cokaygil1, Alev Kulac1, Gulser Yalcın2, Kadriye Taspinar2, Abdullah Altay2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey aysunozkan@anadolu.edu.tr; mbanar@anadolu.edu.tr; zcokaygil@anadolu.edu.tr; alev.kulac@yahoo.com; 2 Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Eskişehir gulseryalcin@hotmail.com; eskadris@yahoo.com; kimyager42@gmail.com 1 Abstract In this study, phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil and pyrolysis of used hyperaccumulator plants were carried out. In the first stage of the study, rape (Brassica napus), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and corn (Zea mays) seeds were sowed in model soils which had been prepared with addition of Cd compounds in laboratory. The effect of chelate on the remediation capacity of the plants was investigated by addition of EDTA in different concentrations. After that, transportation amount of Cd from contaminated soils to plants was examined. In the second stage, initially plants compositions were determined by elemental analysis (C, H, O, N, S), moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon analysis. Contaminated hyperaccumulator plants were pyrolyzed at 500°C with the heating rate of 35°C/min in a fixed bed stainless steel (380 S) 240cm3 reactor. After pyrolysis, Cd content of solid and liquid products were determined. Also, TCLP analysis was realized for the solid product. Keywords: Hazardous Waste, Hyperaccumulator Plants, Phytoremediation, Pyrolysis, Soil. 1. INTRODUCTION Cadmium (Cd) which is defined as heavy metal can be toxic to both plants and animals even at very low concentrations. Given its potential hazard and widespread contamination, there is a high level of interest in methods aimed at cleaning up Cd at minimal costs with the fewest environmental side effects. Phytoremediation, the use of plant species to clean up soil and water, is gaining a lot of importance in recent times since it is a cost effective, promising and environmentally friendly technology. Also, many studies related to phytoremediation with different plants of different contaminated soil. Widespread phytoremediation application is inhibited due to the long remediation period required to successfully clean the soil and the production of large amounts of metal contaminated biomass, for which no suitable treatment process has been found yet. Therefore, in this study, phytoremediation was applied to cadmium contaminated soil and then, biomass was pyrolyzed. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study includes two stages: First stage of the study consists of model soils preparation, sowing, chelate addition and plants and soils analysis; second stage composes of pyrolysis process and analysis of solid and liquid products. 500 ml distilled water containing CdCl2 was added into the sample pots to form of contaminated soil models. After waiting for stabilization of the soils for five days, rape (Brassica napus), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and corn (Zea mays) seeds were sowed to 15 sample pots containing model soils, individually. After 7 weeks, chelate agents (5 mmol and 10 mmol EDTA solutions) were added to 10 pots of each plant. All plants were harvested at the end of eighth weeks. Then, they were dried in laboratory for 8 days. In the second stage, each of plant samples was individually mixed regardless of chelate application to provide sufficient amount of sample for pyrolysis. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out under atmospheric pressure at 500ºC pyrolysis temperature with 35°C/min heating rate in a fixed bed stainless steel (380 S) 240cm3 reactor. The liquid phase was collected in a cold trap maintained at about 0°C. The aqueous and oil fractions of liquid phase were separated and weighted. Solid and liquid product yields were determined in each experiment by weighting. The gas yields were determined by the mass difference. After pyrolysis, the properties of the products were determined. 379 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Cd content of the model soils was found 12 mg/kg. The Cd content of the soils and plants after the phytoremediation is given in Table 1. It was seen that rape has the best results (93.75%) for Cd removal from soils according to initial value (12 mg/kg) and final value for EDTA 10 (0.75 mg/kg). Also, when chelate concentration was increased, cadmium content of plants increased whereas the cadmium content of soils decreased. Plants Soils Sunflower Corn Rape Blank 3.39 3.50 3.39 EDTA 0 8.16 6.11 7.75 EDTA5 9.58 6.35 11.77 EDTA10 9.65 7.06 12.89 Blank 0.57 0.56 0.50 EDTA 0 2.17 1.67 1.00 EDTA 5 1.28 3.12 0.87 EDTA10 1.42 2.65 0.75 EDTA 0: without EDTA; EDTA 5: with 5mmol EDTA; EDTA 10: with 10mmol EDTA Table 1. Cadmium Content of the Soils and Plants 4. CONCLUSION In this study, high phytoremediation efficiencies were observed on phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soil by using sunflower, corn and rape. Rape was the most effective plant species for phytoremediation. Also, it was realized that the most effective phytoremediation was obtained in the case of chelate addition. As a result of pyrolysis, the heavy metal contaminated biomass species are not only reduced in weight or volume, but also their heavy metals content is fixed into the ash/char fraction (interesting for recycling), which results in heavy metal free liquid pyrolysis fractions. 380 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Adaptation of Plant Tolerance Test for Compost in Addis Ababa Lena Wetzel, Agata Rymkiewicz, Nicolas Escalante Universität Stuttgart, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, Chair of Waste Management and Emissions lena-wetzel@gmx.de Abstract Recycling of organic wastes offers the chance of reduce landfilling of waste and brings nutrients back into the agricultural cycle. Plant Tolerance Tests are inevitable to ensure constant quality of compost products from organic waste. It embodies a simple method to monitor compost quality with a single test. Both composting and plant tolerance tests can thus be conducted using basic materials and standards without the risk of soil contamination. An already existing catalogue test according to the “German Certification of Compost”[1] is used as basis of this work. However, the certified German materials and methods are not applicable in Addis Ababa where different plant species are grown on different soils. Such standardized materials cannot be found on the Ethiopian market. Therefore, the aim of this study is the identification of widely accessible materials and the development of a new guideline to perform a simple plant tolerance test on-site and with simple means applicable by everyone. The adaptation of the German test to local conditions is executed on-site in collaboration with local authorities within the IGNIS project. Keywords: Plant Tolerance Test, Compost, Substitution of Substrate and Seeds, Waste Management in Ethiopia. 1. INTRODUCTION In emerging megacities all over the world one of the biggest challenges is posed by the municipal waste management. Functioning waste collecting and processing systems are inevitable to prevent diseases and health problems as well as to maintain a certain standard of liveabilty and life quality. As the main part of municipal waste in emerging cities is organic waste, composting is identified as a simple yet effective way of recycling. Compost can be used in agriculture as a fertilizer which is equally important for food supply of a growing population. However, organic waste can be contaminated with e.g. heavy metals obstructing the use in agriculture. Plant tolerance tests have been identified as a general test of the suitability of compost as a growth substrate. Adaptation of a plant tolerance test to the local conditions of Addis Ababa is thus a key step to bigger scale composting in Ethiopia. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Plant Tolerance Test Plant tolerance tests are conducted within an environment that supplies steady light and ambient conditions. Seeds are placed in small vessels using a predefined soil composition, meaning different ratios of a standard soil and the tested compost. Defined amounts of desalinated water and fertilizers are applied. The fertilizer should also be accessible and widely used locally. The plants are then grown for about 12 days under a constant light and temperature regime. Then their visual appearance, size and weight will be measured to estimate the compost quality. By variations in material and time parameters a standardised testing process will be identified. 2.2. Substıtutıon of Materıals It is important to select materials that are easily accessible on the local market with constant conditions. Soil material should be accessible in most parts of the region and should be common and cheap. But the soil should neither contain carbonate nor absorb nitrogen. Further, plants to be used should be representative for the local agricultural market. The peat used in German standards is not common in Ethiopia. The spring barley used does not represent a local plant neither and is not available in a certified quality. Tap water standards are different as well. More commonly clay is found, as Leptosols are the most common soils in Ethiopia[2]. Sand and other structure materials should also be found. 381 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Plant tolerance tests have been carried out under controlled conditions with several local barley species and numerous combinations of standard soil materials, seeds, water, fertilizer and light conditions in order to identify representative materials to develop a guideline for Ethiopia. Following this, the tests will be replicated locally in Ethiopia to assure their validity. 3. FINDINGS Mass production differences between certified spring barley and Ethiopian barley were found to be small, as well as the difference in using fertilizer, tap water or desalinated water. Figure 1. Different substrates with spring barley None of the plants growing on the tested substrates produced as much mass as on EEO. Pure sand as a substrate can be excluded (Fig. 1). 4. CONCLUSION Controlled plant tolerance tests can be performed simply by following the guideline developped in this paper. Using locally accessible materials and adapting the process to local climate conditions in Addis Ababa ensures a simple and reliable method to control compost quality and enables a functional recycling process of organic, municipal waste. REFERENCES 382 1. Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost e.V., 1994, Methods Book for the Analysis of Compost, Chapter II, pp. 5, ISBN: 3-928179-33-0 Abfall Now e.V. Publishing house 2. FAO Homepage, Country information Ethiopia, http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/ethiopia/ethiopia.htm, accessed on 14.08.2012 3. OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Guideline 208, http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testingofchemicals/33653757.pdf, accessed on 23.08.2012 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Impacts of Biowaste Management on Environment Bülent Topkaya1, Martin Kranert2 1 Akdeniz University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, Turkey btopkaya@akdeniz.edu.tr 2 University of Stuttgart. Institute for Sanitary Engineering, martin.kranert@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Approximately 120 to 140 million tones of bio-waste are produced every year in the EU. This corresponds to approximately 300 kg of bio-waste produced per EU citizen per year. Biowastes consists of food and kitchen wastes and green wastes produced in residential areas. These wastes contribute to 50-65% of the household wastes. Throughout Europe, about 40-100% of bio-waste is still landfilled. This is not inline with the guiding principles of EU waste and sustainable resource management policy, notably the “waste hierarchy” that should underlie all national waste policies. Germany is the leading country regarding waste management which is one of the crucial challenges in Turkey as a candidate country for the EU membership. In this study the existing biowaste management system in Germany and Turkey will be evaluated from the viewpoint of their environmental impacts and proposals for sustainable biowaste management for Turkey will be introduced. Keywords: Biowaste, separate collection, Mechanical-biological treatment, municipal waste, landfill. 1. INTRODUCTION Stand of Biowaste Management in Germany Source separation plays major role in sustainable biowaste management. In this issue German experiences are especially important and leading the way. In 2011, 80% of the households are practicing source separation of the waste and contributing to the waste management of the municipalities[1]. For the separate collection of biowastes special bio-bins are used. 40 Mio inhabitants are served by bio-bin system. Organic wastes from other residents are collected in residual waste containers[2], [3]. In 2011, 9 Mio t. bio-and green wastes are collected and recycled. 99% of these wastes are valorized materially and 1% energetically. The in bio-bins collected bio waste are transported to one of the 1000 composting plants with a total capacity of 11 Mio t/a and high quality compost is produced[4]. Residual wastes are either treated in one of the mechanical-biological treatment plants or incinerated[5]. Currently there are 46 MBT plants (MBT, MBS, MPS) with 6 Mio t/a capacity in operation. These plants play an important role in the waste management strategy in Germany. In recent years anaerobic digestion and composting are applied simultaneously which leads to improvements in the environmental impacts. There are several eco-balance studies showing these improvements[6]. The studies show, that separate collection of food waste in bio-bins are more effective than treatment of the organics in the residual wastes. It is shown that anaerobic digestion of biowastes followed by composting stage is the environmental friendly option[6]. Stand of Biowaste Management in Turkey As a candidate country for the EU membership, proper solid waste management is one of the crucial challenges in Turkey. 99% of the municipalities (and/or 83% of the total population) in Turkey receive solid waste management service. Average specific waste production is in average 407 kg/ cap,a which resulted 25,28 Mio.t in year 2010. Approximately 50-65% of the municipal waste consists of organic material (food waste and green waste). Disposal is the main waste management problem in Turkey. Currently (2010) 52 sanitary landfills are under operation with the total capacity of 423 Mio.t. 13,7 million tones (54 %) of the produced waste are disposed in these facilities whereas 45% of the wastes are buried in a dumping place and only 0,8% of the collected wastes are treated in a compost plant[7]. Landfilling is not accepted as a sustainable waste disposal method and in the framework of the new re-organization of the waste management system of the country separate collection and treatment of biodegradable wastes is planned. 383 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As the organic fraction of the MSW constitutes to over 50% of the total waste, it is reasonable to evaluate this source more seriously. There are several reasons behind the benefits of the management of biodegradable wastes: 91% of all agricultural land in Turkey suffers on deficit of organic matter (in the EU 3-7% of the agricultural areas). Composting of biowaste and use of compost in the agriculture can contribute significantly to the solution of the existing problems. The environmental impact assessment studies underline also the advantages of organic matter management. The pre condition of sustainable compost usage is the assurance of a reliable and acceptable compost quality. As demonstrated in Germany separate collection of biowastes in bio-bins is the essential step for the production of compost with good quality. REFERENCES 384 1. Bergs,C.G., Jaron,A., (2011). Vermeiden, Erfassen, Verwerten- Die Zukunft der Nutzung von Bioabfällen in Deutschland. Wiemer,K., Kern,M., (Eds.). Bio-und Sekundärrohstoffverwertung Vol.VI. ISBN 3-928673-58-0. Pp. 349-359. Witzenhausen Institut. 2. Faulstich,M., Franke,M., Mocker, M., Pfeifer, S., (2011). Was kann die Abfallwirtschaft zur Energiewende 2022 beitragen. In: Wiemer,K., Kern,M., Raussen,T., (Eds.). Bio-und Sekundärrohstoffverwertung Vol.VII. pp. 25-37. ISBN 3-928673-610. Witzenhausen Institut. 3. Knappe,F., Vogt,R., Lazar,S., Höke,S., (2012). Optimierung der Verwertung organischer Abfälle. 97 p. ISSN 1862-4804. Umweltbundesamt. Dessau-Roßlau. 4. Kurth, P., (2011). Perspektiven der privaten Entsorgungswirtschaft vor dem Hintergrund der rechtlichen Neuordnung des Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallrechts. In. Wiemer,K., Kern,M., (Eds.)2011. Bio-und Sekundärrohstoffverwertung Vol.VI. pp. 45-53. ISBN 3-928673-58-0. Witzenhausen Institut. 5. Nelles,M., Scholwin,F., Dornack, C., Morscheck,G., (2011). Perspektiven der stofflichen und energetischen Verwertung von Abfallbiomasse. In: Wiemer,K., Kern,M., Raussen,T., (Eds.). Bio-und Sekundärrohstoffverwertung Vol.VII. pp. 128-141. ISBN 3-928673-61-0. Witzenhausen Institut. 6. Schneider,M., Finger,B., (2011). Zielkonflikte stofflicher und energetischer Verwertungswege von Bioabfällen in Wiemer,K., Kern,M., (Eds.). Bio-und Sekundärrohstoffverwertung Vol.VI. ISBN 3-928673-58-0. Pp. 360-375. Witzenhausen Institut. 7. TUİK. (2010). Environmental Statistics (in Turkish). www.tuik.gov.tr Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Waste Management in Petrochemical Complexes, Case Study: Petrochemical Especial Economic Zone, Iran Sajjad Karimi, Mohammad Ali Abduli, Maryam Abbasi, Alireza Noorpoor Faculty of environment, University of Tehran, Iran sajjadkarimi@ut.ac.ir, mabdoli@ut.ac.ir, maryamabbasi@ut.ac.ir, noorpoor@ut.ac.ir Abstract Valuable materials recovered from industrial waste are an important way for reducing the amount of industrialized waste. This way is also important in economical point of view as it would decrease the expense of waste disposal by using a proper technology. The major portion of generated waste in petrochemical industries is considered as hazardous waste containing valuable materials, thus recovery is important and prior to other waste management techniques like treatment and disposal. In this study, we focused on identification and classification of wastes generated in Petrochemical Especial Economic Zone (PEEZ) and evaluation of petrochemical waste recovery methods. Investigations showed that Petrochemical complexes Located in PEEZ generate different kinds of wastes such as, oily water, resins, waste adsorbents, spent catalysts, oligomer, low quality products, wax, anthracite, spent activated carbon, ceramic, fireproof bricks, Insulator, waste filter, repairing waste, oil and grease, empty containers of chemicals, Incinerator ash, Sedimentation from tanks corrosion, Industrial and municipal wastewater sludge, catalytic sludge and coke. Approximately 90% of total waste is recoverable. Main parameters of determining recovery potential are hazardous level, quantity, and having valuable materials and zones circumstances. Keywords: Petrochemical Especial Economic Zone (PEEZ), Recovery, Petrochemical waste and Hazardous. 1. INTRODUCTION Industrial processes convert raw materials and resources to different products. Since this conversion functions are not always complete, significant percentage of the raw materials change to by-products and wastes. Daily, million tons of sewage, solid waste and air pollution emitted from factories and industrial complex to the environment. One of the most important pollutants is solid waste which is a challenging problem for decision makers due to special specification[1]. The vicinity of natural resources and industrial complexes increase probability of pollution contact to the environment. This problem is more critical in Iran due to specific geographical condition[2]. Role of oil industries in the countries such as Iran is very important. Varieties of oil products, especially in petrochemical complex, are the most important demands of societies and have wide applications[3]. On the other hand, the production process in the petrochemical industry, like many other industries, even in the best process management, is unavoidably followed by waste generation[4]. These wastes require particular attention because of health and hazardous environmental problems[5]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Case study PEEZ is located in north of Imam Khomeini bay with an area of 1,700 hectares. Benefits of this zone are presence of infrastructures such as convenient access to the international waters, railways, airports, roads, energy resources including oil and gas. These advantages lead to attract investment for construction and development of petrochemical complexes. This zone is divided into five sites or restricts. At site 1, the private sectors which are not usually directly considered as a part of Petrochemical have been deployed. Rest of sites belongs to sixteen petrochemical complexes. 2.2. Results Total current wastes of the zone are about 116118 which are generated per year. However, constructing all the recycling centers are too expensive and are not economically justified as waste volumes are too low to be recycled in some cases. Therefore, among all the recyclable wastes, those can be chosen which firstly their recovering technology is available, and secondly building 385 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations of a recovery center for them is economical. In addition, some of the waste can be used as raw materials in producing other products. Table 1 presents waste recovery potential considering current policy of managing. According to Table 1, 20 types of wastes are chosen to be recovered including undesirable products, construction and demolition waste, oil, sludge of wastewater treatment, coke, ash, municipal waste, plastic, wood and resins. Moreover, hazardous sludge, oil, municipal waste, resins, coke and ash, plastic and wood respectively, are important to be recycled due to their hazardous level. Recoverable Ton/Year Row Waste Recoverable Ton/Year construction and demolition waste 10148.5 11 Rubbish 143.9 Phenol and other aromatic substances 2439.3394 12 Cement and concrete waste 80 3 Municipal waste 2255.81 13 Oil and Grease 72 4 Hazardous sludge of wastewater treatment 1299.17 14 Spent Activated carbon 56 5 polyethylene and polypropylene wastes 989.342 15 Torn or waste bags 52.26 6 Oil wastes 435.987 16 Plastic containers and barrels 51.86 7 Coke 374.08 17 Insulation waste 50 8 Low quality products of PE, PTA, CTA and TA 361 18 Agricultural wastes 44 9 Wooden pallets 228.82 19 Resins, bitumen or tarry sludge 42 Ash 220.212 20 Resins 40.35 Row Waste 1 2 10 Table 1. Waste recycling potential, considering the current waste management REFERENCES 386 1. Abdoli, M.A., Solid Waste Management in Tehran Waste Management Resource 1995. 13(6): p. 519-531. 2. Abbasi, M., et al., Forecasting Municipal Solid waste Generation by Hybrid Support Vector Machine and Partial Least Square Model. (7): p. 27-38.winter 2013 3. Almeida, S.A.S., et al., Waste management in petrochemical complexes: proceedings of the IAWPRC Seminar held in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 26-28 October 1987. 1989: Pergamon. 4. Gossman, D., The reuse of petroleum and petrochemical waste in cement kilns. Environmental Progress, 1992. 11(1): p. 1-6. 5. M. A. Abduli, M.A., T. Nasrabadi, H. Hoveidi, N. Razmkhah, Solid waste management in Tabriz petrochemical complexes. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng, 2006. 3(3): p. 185-192. 6. Tchobanoglous, G., Eliaseen, R., & Theisen, H. , Solid Waste: Engineering principles and Management, ed. 1. 1977, Tokyo: McGraw Hill. 7. Thomas, B., D. Tamblyn, and B.W. Baetz, Expert systems in municipal solid waste management planning. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 1990. 116: p. 150-155. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Ecology of Land and Climate Change: The Role of Non-Descript Lands in India M M Adhikary1, S K Acharya1, K Brahmachari2 Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India-741252 dradhikary@gmail.com, mma_bckv@yahoo.co.in 1 2 Abstract The increasing stress of population, human and animal, on the land surface, which is in elastic in nature, has laid to a situation which is near disastrous and chaotic by structure and count. The present paper has a clear focus on the proper utilization of Non-descript lands (NDL) to creating an analyzing micro farming situations by involving traditional rural people and their wisdom. Non-descriptive lands viz, nayanjuli, bandh, tanr, bill, rooftops, etc are sustaining huge floral and faunal diversity including rich Genetic Diaspora. These virgin lands have enough potential to provide a soil rich in plant nutrients along with naturally modified microclimates like partial shade, soil moisture, humus and organic substances. The methodology applied here has landed in to the valley of community knowledge, indigenous technical knowledge and snowballing networks of cross cultural communication. The study has also been unique in applying and testifying different participatory methods and tools to explore the possibility of utilizing this new goner of land mass and these are matrix ranking, scope networking, spill and grid models, time line and time trend, vectors scoring, historical transact, bio-diversity works, enthno-genological study and so on to place the entire axiom on a community knowledge foundation. Keywords: climate change, diaspora, floral diversity and faunal diversity global warming, non-descript land. 1. INTRODUCTION The civilization is supported by two basic things: the land and the life. The domination of human civilization is being contributed by land and other life forms have to make sacrifices and thanks to the rhetoric by Darwin, the survival of the fittest. Lands can be classified in broad sense, descript as well as non-descript. This is a new goner of land that has supported and sustained human habitat and their community to food, cloth and shelters. The non-descript lands have been a very recent connotation amongst the scientist and tillers and has been perceived as the mass of land which is running beyond the know utility of human interest. These are the lands found in peripheral areas, marginal locations and off- the eye situation. This ecology of non-descript land has recently been thought of to be extended for productive agriculture through economic production of seeds, vegetables etc and seed is the basic and vital input in agriculture and in all farming systems. The strength and health of an agricultural economy is ensured by the timely availability of quality seed in adequate quantities. Sustained increase in agriculture production and productivity necessarily requires continuous development of quality seed and their efficient system of production and supply to the farmers. The Indian Economy is essentially dependent on agriculture, although its contribution to the GDP is only 17%, supporting 64% of the population. Out of one billion Indian populations, over 70% people live in rural areas and 90% of their income is generated from agriculture and natural resources. The rural people spend over 85-90% of their earnings for meeting the basic needs particularly for food security and as over 40% of them are poor, they are unable to meet even their essential needs. 2. METHODOLOGY The following approaches are followed to generate classified information on the non-descript land. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): To generate triangulated views over an issue. Local History: To generate an evolutionary profile of the Non-descript land. Ethnography: To isolate ethno-historical issues and profile of the land. Time Line Analysis: To get a linear connectivity of events. Experts’ Triangulation: To validate the quality responses by using kaleidoscopic views on a single issue. Nomenclatures and Social Taxonomy: To catalogue and customize the land types by using local history and praxis. Analysis and Extrapolation: Logical analysis and inferences based on analysis on the bio-physical and agro-ecological properties of the land resource. 387 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS In West Bengal, India, net sown area is 62.48% of total reported land area (the corresponding figure for India is 46.06%); 13.48% is under forest; 0.67% is under miscellaneous trees and groves not included in net sown area; and 18.52% is under non-agricultural use. The total land use in the broad categories of barren and unculturable land; permanent pasture and other grazing land; fallow land other than current fallow; and culturable wasteland (which is 4.31% for India as against 0.40% for West Bengal), together add up to 1.02% of the total reported area (2). To feed the millions and having the reality that the availability of traditional land masses has severally been reduced to support the teeming populace, the brightest choice is now is the non-descript land. These lands have long been the sink for deposited nutrients, rich organic carbons, high level of soil moisture and abode for countless microorganisms to invite the agri-horti enterprises moves in an effective way. The following are some of the emerging potentials for introduce such innovative enterprises or up gradation of traditional crop enterprises, as well. The Problems Ahead and Strategies to Overcome: Entitlement is a problem: Ownership to this land is mostly community-based, sometimes private, and other times it goes controversial. Research inputs are very poor on the land utilization technology for this ND lands. The quality of the lands in terms of NPK status, run-off character, marketability, participatory micro planning is not endeavored yet. Social access to the economic production is not customized. Lands are sometimes very difficult to access. Beliefs and taboos related with this piece of land may create some hindrance towards opting for economic activities. Absence of proper State Policy is one of the major problems. 4. STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS Micro level policy formulation for NDL will extend a support for modernizing agriculture. In the face of climate change, NDL will provide a new abode to food security. People’s awareness needs to be created to extent participatory mentoring of this goner of land. Entitlement policy should be framed up, and, if necessary legal provision to be formulated for the protection of NDL. IPCC should incorporate ND lands as a strategic intervention for combating global worming and climate change. University research programmes should be undertaken. Agricultural research should reset its destination by incorporating NDL. Soil classification and soil map, as being done by NBSSLUP, ICAR should include this new goner of lands as an important contribution. These NDL can be upgraded as a natural repository to support and mentor rare and endangered fish and plant genera. A protective measure is a need of the hour to keep these lands refrained from being depleted otherwise. REFERENCES 388 1. Estimates of Area and Production of Principal Crops in West Bengal 2003-04 and Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2006, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 2. ICAR, Quantum jump in quality seed production to usher in farm prosperity. http://www.icar.org.in/node/402, 2009. Accessed on 05.02.2012 3. NAAS, Peri-urban vegetable cultivation in the NCR Delhi, 2012. Accessed on 04.02.2012 4. Suman, R.S, 2008, Adoption pattern of the farmers with regard to improved vegetable production technologies J. Dairying, Foods & H.S., 27 (2): 148 - 150. www.arccjournals.com/pdf/Dairying/jdfhs-27-2/jdfhs-27-2-015.pdf 5. West Bengal Agricultural Marketing Board, 2012 http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/Ninefold/11.html. Accessed on 04.02.2012 http://www.naasindia.org/PolicyPapers/pp26.pdf. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Solid Waste Management at the Samsun Carsamba Airport Asist. Prof. Dr. E. Burcu Özkaraova Güngör Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Eng. Dept., Kurupelit, 55139, Samsun gungorb@omu.edu.tr Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of solid waste generated at the Samsun/ Carşamba Airport. Additionally, the characterization of solid waste was investigated by performing inspections two times a week. The main sources of airport waste were identified to be the airlines, the terminal and maintenance facility. Wastes collected on the same day were analysed with respect to their sources. Thus, major airport wastes were determined to be cardboard/paper, handkerchiefs, plastic cups, PET bottles, textile, food residues, airplane care products (tires, metal parts, oil cans etc.). Wastes produced within the terminal were influenced by the number of staff and passengers, while those generated in the airplanes by the number of passengers, time of flight and airlines. Approximately, 60-76 % of airport wastes were produced in airplanes. The mean percentage of paper, plastic, glass, handkerchief, metal, food residues and residual wastes produced in airplanes were 37,4%, 31,1%, 0,4%, 5,1%, 1,4%, 8,8% and 5%, respectively. The airport waste generated within the terminal was composed of 36% paper, 36,6% plastic, 1% glass, 9,4% handkerchief, 1,1% metal, 13,2% food residues and 2,6% residual wastes. Keywords: Green-airport, solid waste managemant, waste characterization. 1. INTRODUCTION In order to systematically decrease or eliminate the existing or future damages of airport establishments on the environment and human health, the Ministry of Transport and Communication Directorate General of Civil Aviation contemplated a new project called “Green Airport” in 2009. Thus, airports complying with the certain requirements set by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) will be called “Green Airport”. Due September 2012 only one of the forty four airports, the Dalaman Airport, did meet the requirements[1, 2], but with ongoing efforts about nineteen airline operators and service providers, active at about seven airports (Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen, Atatürk, Izmir Adnan Menderes, Antalya, Milas-Bodrum, Dalaman and Hezarfen), obtained the “Green Company” Certificate[3]. DGCA provides the organizations and establishments that comply with the relevant requirements with a reduction in Service Tariff in order to grant them incentives and reward their sensibility. The Directorate General of State Airports Administration was also put into practice with regard to ambient noise. Within this context, it has been stated that noise rating, noise mapping, action plans and relevant precautions will be performed by Directorate General of State Airports Administration. In future the implementation of environmental management tools will increase to improve the environmental quality at airports. 2. SAMSUN CARSAMBA AIRPORT The Samsun Çarşamba Airport, which has a capacity of 2.000.000 passenger/year, entered into service in December 1998 [4]. Within the last two years, June 2010-June 2012, the passenger number of domestic flights, increased from 429.073 to 531.231, while the number of international flight passengers increased from 22.725 to 31.168 (Figure 1). Thus, the number of domestic flights increased by 23,8% and that of international flights by 39% [5]. The waste management system applied at Çarşamba airport is a partially decentralized system. The service providers for airplane or vehicle fuelling (Petrol Ofisi and OPET), the ground services (Çelebi), the Turkish Airline Office and the restaurant are responsible for their own solid waste management and removal. These wastes are collected individually by licensed companies and the municipal waste collection vehicle. All other wastes generated at the airport during airplane cabin cleaning services and within the terminal, airport authority offices etc. are collected and transferred to a solid waste storage centre. There, wastes are daily stored as domestic, recyclable and hazardous wastes within separate chambers. Recyclable and hazardous wastes are later on similarly taken by licensed companies and brought for further treatment to their facility. 389 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. SOURCES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE The solid waste generated at the Samsun Çarşamba Airport was investigated by performing inspections two times a week. The main sources of airport waste managed by the airport authority were identified to be the airlines, the terminal and the maintenance facility. Wastes collected on the same day were analysed with respect to their sources. Thus, major airport wastes were determined to be cardboard/paper, handkerchiefs, plastic cups, PET bottles, textile, food residues and airplane care products (tires, metal parts, oil cans etc.). Wastes produced within the terminal, were influenced by the number of staff and passengers, while those generated in the airplanes by the number of passengers, time of flight and airlines. In general, the main source of waste was determined to be the airplanes (~60-76%). In general, it was determined that the solid wastes generated at the airport was mainly composed of cardboard/paper (35,5%) and plastics (32,2%) flowed by food residues (12,4%) and tires (7,8%). Handkerchiefs were also present at a relatively high percentage (6,1%), whereas the percentage of metal and glass was quite low (1,3% and 0,7%, respectively) (Figure 2). 1.000.000 900.000 Passenger Number 800.000 700.000 Domestic Unknown 4% International Total Tires 8% Food Res. 12% 600.000 500.000 Card./Paper 36% Metal 1% 400.000 300.000 200.000 100.000 0 Handker. 6% Glass 1% Figure 1. Number of Passenger at Carşamba Airport[6] Plastic 32% Figure 2. Characterization of Airport Waste REFERENCES 390 1. SHGM, T.C., (2011). Yeşil Havaalanı (Green Airport) Projesi, Ulaştırma Bakanlığı Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü, http://web.shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf 2. Lojistik Haberleri, (2011). Havaalanları Çevreci Olma Yolunda, http://www.lojistikhaberleri.com/havaalanlari-cevreci-olma-yolunda/ 3. SHGM, T.C., (2010b). 2011 Performans Programı, Ulaştırma Bakanlığı Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü, Strateji Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı, http://web.shgm.gov.tr/doc3/2011pp.pdf 4. Samsun/Çarşamba DHMİ, (2012a). Genel Bilgiler, Samsun/Çarşamba Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.carsamba.dhmi.gov.tr/ havaalanlari/sayfa.aspx?hv=32&mnu=289 5. Samsun/Çarşamba DHMİ, (2012b). Havaalanında Yolcu Sayısı Arttı, Samsun/Çarşamba Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.carsamba.dhmi.gov.tr/havaalanlari/haberler.aspx?hv=32 6. DHMİ, (2012). Havaalanlarımız, Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/havaalanlari.aspx Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Upgrading MBT Plant to Produce Biodried Waste Fabrizio Adani1, Giuliana D’Imporzano1, Alessandro Forte2, Alessandro Giardilello2 Gruppo Ricicla DiSAA University of Milan fabrizio.adani@unimi.it, giuliana.dimporzano@unimi.it 2 TEC Spa Veolia Italia alessandro.forte@veoliaes.it, giardiello@veoliaes.it 1 Abstract MBT plant was used to bio-dry MSW. Water removal was considered and simple model proposed. In addition biodried material, solid recovered fuels and reject material were chemically and biologically characterized. At the end complete mass and energy balance were considered. Keywords: Mechanical biological treatment, up-grading, biodrying, solid recovered fuels. 1. INTRODUCTION Biodrying represents a relative new technology with limited research articles published on this topics (Tambone et al., 2011). Biodrying is a solid state aerobic process that substantially differs from MBT process because MSW undergoes entirely to the biological process. Biodrying process, degrading part of the easily biodegradable organic fraction (OF) contained in waste, produces heat that combined with an adequate airflow-rate, allows the fast evaporation of waste moisture content. Comparing with MBT process biodrying allow time and energy preservation, becoming an optimal alternative of classical MBT process. In this paper the full scale MBT plant upgrading to biodrying is presented and discussed. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD A full scale plant located in south Italy was studied in order to develop a full scale MBT-upgrading to biodrying plant. Seven full scale biodrying processes were performed at MBT plant varying process parameters, i.e. retention time, airflow rate, biomass temperature etc. Biodrying was performed in biocell by using around 300Mg of unsorted MSW. Processes were completely monitored for process parameters and complete mass balance performed. In addition MSW, biodryied fraction, SRF and reject were chemically and biologically characterized. 3. RESULT 3.1. Bıodryıng performances Different process performed under different condition allowed to study the effect of different parameters on biodrying process. Doing so multiple regressions were developed in order to describe biodrying process (Table 1). These regressions (Table 1 and 2) indicated that, above all, the process length, the air flow rate and the temperature influenced biodrying process, such as expected. Models well described water removal in full scale plant (Figure 1). Complete mass and energy balance and chemical and biological characteristic wil be moreover discussed. Dependent variable Regression R2 Water removed (kgH2O/Mg MSW) (process length (h)*1.037)+(air flow rate (Nm3/Mg TS)*0.303)+35.163 0.883 Water removed (kgH2O/Mg MSW) (process length (h)*0.876)+(∆T average *0.606)+85.491 0.868 Table 1. Regression elaborated to describe water removal. 391 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Signif. Media Oss Media Stime 0.90 0.00 246.00 245.52 0.88 0.00 246.00 247.94 Parameter MAE RRMSEa EFb CRMc CD Sloped Intercepte R2 Min 0.00 0.00 -inf. -inf. 0.00 -inf. -inf. -inf. Max +inf. +inf. 1.00 +inf. +inf. +inf. +inf. +inf. Best 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 Model 1 15.95 7.29 0.90 0.00 1.02 0.96 10.57 Model 2 15.45 7.97 0.88 -0.01 1.05 0.96 7.75 Table 2. Model paramters validation Root mean squared error. Modeling efficiency. cCoefficient of residual mass. dSlope of the regression equation between the observed and predicted values. eIntercept of the regression equation between the observed and predicted values. a b Figure 1. Agreement between calculated by models proposed and experimental data: water removed. REFERENCES 1. 392 Tambone F., Scaglia B., Scotti S., Adani F. (2011). Effects of biodrying process on municipal solid waste properties. Bioresource & Technology 102 (2011) 7443-7450. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste The Facilities of Using Recycled Wood Composite Materials in Urban Landscape Design E. Figen İlke1, Veli İlke2, Zeki Candan³, Erkan Avcı4, Oktay Gönültaş³ Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agricultural, Ankara University, Aydınlıkevler, 06130, Ankara, Turkey figendilek@gmail.com 2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Sariyer, 34473, Istanbul, Turkey ilkeveli@gmail.com ³Department of Forest Products Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Sariyer, 34473, Istanbul, Turkey zekic@istanbul.edu.tr, o_gonultas@hotmail.com 4 Department of Wood Works Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Kotekli, 48000, Mugla, Turkey avci@istanbul.edu.tr 1 Abstract Using renewable natural resources to produce composite materials is a great importance for sustainable environmental management. Different agricultural waste and biomaterials such as bamboo, wheat straw, corn stalk, cotton waste, bark, and rice husk etc. have been used to produce composite materials. In addition, wood products industry has been generated solid waste such as wood waste, wood dust, veneer parts, etc. These wastes can be evaluated to produce composite manufacture. Furniture is made from wood or wood-based panels which include formaldehyde based resins. People change home or office furniture in 8-10 years. After life cycle, they became solid waste. When they have been burned, they generate hazardous gasses so they can negatively affect environment. Thus, recycling wood waste into composite materials is a great importance. Using the biowaste in the manufacturing composite materials helps also protecting natural resources. These composite materials have large potentials in urban area. In this paper we have proposed a recycle model for wood based waste and we have integrated waste management to urban landscape design practices. The finding and result of this study will be guide for local governments in integration of urban solid waste management and urban landscape design. Keywords: Wood Composite, Urban Landscape Design. 1. INTRODUCTION Recyling of waste materials and manufacturing new materials with re-using these raw materials are necessary for continuity of urban life cycle. For this reason, the wood waste materials have been transformed to wood composed material. There is the use of these wood composed materials many fields. The use of wood composite in urban landscape design is the main issue that should be focused on. The wood composite materials can be used in urban landscape for constituting the ground, giving the space dimension, covering and furnishing the space. These materials can be also used in green infrastructure practices as filter, in landscape restoration as slope stabilizer and in plant production as generation environment. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The expired furniture’s, derived from wood materials, have been throw away garbage, urban voids, and streets. In this study a organization model was introduced to provide renewable use of natural resources with recycling used furniture’s (old-broken-used etc.), furniture industrial waste (sawdust, waste from planya, waste from saw), pruning and cutting etc. maintain activities products form garden and parks, lingoselulozik plant materials (sugar cane, ketene, cereal, sunflower stalk, etc. perennial plants) from agricultural activities. Using of urban derived wood wastes as recyclable material is an utmost important environment management activity. The recycling model that consist of accruing from this activity, will turn into final product in urban landscape design practices by following a way that begins from source of the wastes. 393 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations REFERENCES 394 1. Arslan, M.B., Karakuş, B., Güntekin, E., (2007). Tarımsal Atıklardan Lif ve Yonga Levha Üretimi. ZKÜ Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Yıl: 2007 Cilt:9 Sayı:12. 2. Efe, H., Kasal, A., (2007). Çeşitli Masif ve Kompozit Ağaç Malzemelerin Bazı Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, Cilt:10 Sayı: 3 s.303-311, 2007. 3. Güller, B., (2001). Odun Kompozitleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri: A, Sayı: 2, Yıl: 2001, ISSN: 1302-7085, Sayfa:135-160. 4. Karagöz, Ü., (2011). CNC ile İslemede Ahsap Malzemenin Yüzey Kalitesini Etkileyen Faktörler. Kastamonu Üni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2011, 11 (1): 18 – 26. 5. Kılıç, A., Hafızoğlu, H., (2007). Açık Hava Koşullarının Ağaç Malzemenin Kimyasal Yapısında Meydana Getirdiği Değisimler ve Alınacak Önlemler. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri: A, Sayı: 2, Yıl: 2007, ISSN: 1302-7085, Sayfa: 175-183. 6. Taşçioğlu, C., Tufan, M., (2011). Hizmet Ömrünü Doldurmuş Emprenyeli Ağaç Malzemenin Geri Dönüşüm Yöntemleri Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (1):86-91 (2011) Artvin. 7. Einwood Catalog, 2012. Wood Plastic Composite a material of the future. 8. Stark, N., M., Cai, Z., Carll, C., 2012. Wood-Based Composite Materials Panel Products, Glued-Laminated Timber, Structural Composite Lumber, and Wood–Nonwood Composite Materials. Chapter 11. Pdf, General Technical Report FPL–GTR–190. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Solid Waste Recycling Potential of Aksaray Province Melayib Bilgin, Şevket Tulun Aksaray University Faculty of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering melayib@gmail.com, sevkettulun@gmail.com Abstract The creation of waste is as old as mankind. For a very long time it has not been a problem, since all residues produced by men returned to the cycles of nature. As the centuries have passed, waste has became a problem due to population growth and the increasing consumption of natural resources. Everything we consume eventually becomes waste, maybe the same day it is consumed, maybe twenty years later. Minimize this problem by rapidly increasing, solid waste recycling methods to reduce the cost of re-acquire the economy. For this purpose, specific spaces Aksaray province selected household waste recycling potential of the measurements was determined and shown to be effective recycling methods. Keywords: Aksaray province, Solid waste, Recycling. 1. INTRODUCTION Efficient recycling of solid wastes is now a global concern for a sustainable and environmentally sound management[1] In this study, socio - economic recycling pattern of solid waste was investigated in Aksaray province which is the middle of the Turkey. The objective of this study was to carry out a field survey of the HSW generation profile in the city of Aksaray in order to have relevant data enabling better management and valorisation of household solidwaste (HSW). The city’s residential wards have been categorized in three different types (I, II and III) representing low, medium and high socio-economic groups in the city respectively. Major recycled materials were found to be iron, glass, plastic, and papers[1]. Aksaray HSW composition shows a higher content of organic matter by weight, %56,7. According to several researchers, this is the case in several cities in developing countries: Iran: 80–88% [1,2], Gaborone/Botswana: 68% [1,3], India: 40–60% [1,4], Nigeria: 52–65% [1,5] 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Aksaray, located in the middle part of Turkey between latitudes 35°33′ and 37°38 N. With its population of 378 823 people and an area of 7997 km2 the city of Aksaray, in order to determine the potential for recycling of solid waste, solid waste samples were collected from areas with different socio-economic levels. Therefore, the socio-economic level in the low region first, the socio-economic level in the intermediate region second, third in the region with a high socio-economic level was chosen to be the pilot regions. First region, the region second and third in the region 5’ other households, the number of people living in households were 69 people in total. For waste resulting from these households, the recoverable resource potential of the method to determine the allocation. The application was carried out for 7 days every seasons. The collected waste is classified and weighing performed. Accordingly, autumn, winter, spring one-week study period as a result of the ongoing calculated as percentages of amount of recyclable material.Low socioeconomic areas often used the stove to warm up. This study Hacılar Harmanı street has been identified as I. region. Intermediate socioeconomic areas used the stove and radiators to warm up. This study Taşpazar street has been identified as II. region. High socioeconomic areas used the radiators to warm up. This study Küçük Bölcek street has been identified as III. region. 395 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2.1. Hacılar Harmanı Street (1. Regıon) Table 1. Percentage of waste recycled Table 2. Percentage of solid waste Paper - Carton Plastic Metal Glass Paper - Carton Plastic Metal 52% 30% 8% 10% 20,46% 3,14% 3,90% 60,70% 11,80% Glass Organic waste 2.2. Taşpazar Street (1I. Regıon) Table 3. Percentage of waste recycled Table 4. Percentage of solid waste Paper - Carton Plastic Metal Glass Paper - Carton Plastic 41,15% 5,35% 11,76% 19,46% 42,55% Metal Glass Organic waste 20,12% 2,53% 5,56% 52,70% 2.3. Küçük Bölcek Street (1II. Regıon) Table 5. Percentage of waste recycled Table 6. Percentage of solid waste Paper - Carton Plastic Metal Glass Paper - Carton Plastic Metal Glass Organic waste 39,55% 4,38% 10,30% 17,08% 19,76% 1,89% 4,45% 56,80% 45,77% 3. RESULTS Compared to other cities in developing countries, Aksaray HSW generation is lower. Aksaray authorities simply need to design and implement a management plan that takes into account the HSW characteristics as well as the city’s particularity. Moreover these wastes have very interesting characteristics that could be exploited in a valorisation perspective. Therefore, there is need to alert the population to sort out the waste at the source. The segregation of waste at source and promotion of recycling or reuse of segregated materials reduces the quantity of waste and the burden on landfills and provides raw materials for manufacturers. The composition (56,7% of organic matter) and characteristics of Aksaray HSW is suitable for organic treatment. Composting the organic matter and using the compost as an organic fertilizer is a suitable way of managing HSW in Aksaray. Nevertheless, a specific investigation concerning the market for the composting product is always necessary before planning compost production and further studies must be conducted to determine nature and quality of the compost to be produced. Although this study was conducted in the longest season (the wet season), it is imperative that the HSW stream survey be carried out in the contrasting season, i.e. in the dry season (July–August). REFERENCES 396 1. Féniel Philippe , Marc Culot (2009). Household solid waste generation and characteristics in Cape Haitian city, Republic of Haiti, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54 (2009) 73–78 2. Moghadam MRA, Mokhtarani N, Mokhtarani B. Municipal solid waste management in Rasht City, Iran.Waste Management 2009;29(1):485–9. 3. Bolaane B, Ali M. Sampling household waste at source: lessons learnt in Gaborone. Waste Management and Research 2004;22(3):142–8. 4. Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Mahmood G, Trivedi RC. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities.Waste Management 2008;28(2):459–67. 5. Imam A, Mohammed B, Wilson DC, Cheeseman CR. Solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria.Waste Management 2008;28(2):468–72. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Adsorption of Naproxen Sodium by Clay Jale Gülen, Özlem Demir Yıldız Technical Uni. Chemical Engineering Dept., Davutpaşa Campus, 34210 Esenler - Istanbul gulenj@yildiz.edu.tr Abstract In this study, clay was used for removal of naproxen sodium. Some parameters such as concentration, temperature, pH are experienced from the point of adsorption yield. Some isotherms models such as Langmuir, Freeundlich were furnished to the experimental results. Kinetic and thermodynamic calculations were also accomplished. Keywords: Naproxen sodium, adsorption, clay. 1. INTRODUCTION Various and large amounts pharmaceuticals are extensively used in the world. Pharmaceuticals are a kind of environmental contaminants due to the increasing usage of medicines by human being for human and animal treatments. Medicines have been detected in surface waters and ground water. Some drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenance, etc. are extensively used with an estimated consumption in developed countries of several annual tonnes[1, 2] 2. MATERIALS Naproxen is a member of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs that consists of arylacetic acid group. The chemical names for naproxen and naproxen sodium are (S)-1-methoxy-α -methyl2-naphthalenacetic acid and (S)-6-methoxy-α - methyl - 2- naphthalenacetic acid, sodium salt, respectively. Naproxen and other pharmaceuticals are introduced into aquatic environment at detectable concentrations and this effluent affect water qualty and ecosystem[3]. 2.1. Experıment In this study, naproxen is tried to remove by clay. For this purpose, a stock solution was prepared and diluted with distilled water. Clay was used for adsorbent. The composition was given below. Some parameters such as concentration, temperature, pH are experienced from the point of adsorption yield. Some isotherm models were furnished to the experimental data. Kinetic and thermodynamic calculations were also done. References 1. Boyd, G.R., Reemtsma, H., Grimm, D.A., Mitra, S. (2003). Pharmaceutical and personal care products. (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters in Lousiana, USA and Ontario, Canada, Canada Sci. Total Environ., 311, (1-3), 135-149. 2. Daughton, C.G., Ternes, T.A., (1999). Pharmaceuticals and personal care product on the environment: Agent of subtle change?, Environ. Health Perspct., 107, 907-938. 3. Önal, Y., Akmil-Başar, C., Sarıcı-Özdemir, Ç., (2007). Elucidation of the naproxen sodium adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from waste apricot: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic characterization, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 148, 727-734. 397 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Characterization of Gas Emissions Resulted from Tire Derived Fuel Pyrolysis Müfide Banar, Zerrin Çokaygil, Aysun Özkan, Vildan Akyıldız Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey mbanar@anadolu.edu.tr; zcokaygil@anadolu.edu.tr; aysunozkan@anadolu.edu.tr; vildanakyildiz@hotmail.com Abstract In pyrolysis process, generally solid and liquid products are the main aim whereas the pyrolysis gases are the released emissions. Therefore, in this study, it was aim to determine the composition of gaseous emissions released during the Tire Derived Fuel (TDF) pyrolysis that was conducted to produce solid and liquid products with the maximum yield. In accordance with this purpose, firstly, waste tires were supplied from a tire recycling plant and then they were formed into TDF by crushing into the size of 1-4 mm. Proximate analyses of the TDF sample were performed according to ASTM procedures. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. The pyrolysis temperature which gives the maximum solid and liquid products yields (minimum gas product) at a fixed heating rate (5˚Cmin-1) was determined. After then, gas product was analyzed by GC-TCD (Thermal Conductivity Dedector). CH4 and CO emissions were mainly occurred. Also, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/ PCDFs) concentrations were determined by trapping the gas product with polystyrene-divinylbenzene (XAD) resin. According to PCDDs/PCDFs analyses the concentrations of these compounds were observed low levels. From the point of TEQ concentrations, OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDF had the larger amounts than others because of their high I-TEF values. Keywords: Tire Derived Fuel (TDF), pyrolysis, gas emissions, PCDD/PCDFs. 1. INTRODUCTION Disposal of the huge piles of used tires is increasingly becoming a problem all over the world. Since the disposal of these waste tires has caused many environmental and hygiene problems, scientists have put much effort in researching different ways of reusing them. It is well known that waste tires possess high volatile and low ash contents with heating value greater than that of coal and biomass. These properties make it an ideal material for pyrolysis and gasification[1]. In this study, it was aim to determine the composition of gas emissions released during the TDF pyrolysis that was conducted to produce solid and liquid products with the maximum yield. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Waste tires, mixture of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Cis Polybutadiene Rubber (CBR), used in pyrolysis experiments were supplied from a tire recycling plant. Then, they were formed into TDF by crushing into the size of 1-4 mm. Proximate analyses of the TDF sample were performed according to ASTM procedures. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor (well-swept with nitrogen) with a volume of 240cm3 made of 380 stainless steel. The experiments were carried out in two series. The first group of experiments was performed to determine the effect of different pyrolysis temperatures (350-400-450-500-550-600˚C) at a fixed heating rate (5˚Cmin-1) on product yields. In the second group experiments, pyrolysis was carried out for only one pyrolysis temperature that supplied the maximum solid and liquid product yield. In these experiments gaseous product of pyrolysis was collected in the sealed gas bags for the analysis. Gas composition was determined in a Shimadzu GC-2014 gas chromatograph (6m x 3mm i.d.; 1 µm film thickness, Carboxen column), equipped with a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD). PCDDs/PCDFs were analyzed by HP 6890 gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (GC/HRMS) (Micromass, Autospec Ultima) at the resolution 10000 with an DB-5 column with dimensions 60 m × 0.25 mm i.d.× 0.25 μm in accordance with the TS EN 1948-3 method. 398 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste 3. RESULTS Main characteristics of the TDF sample are given in Table 1. According to this table, volatile and carbon content of TDF is higher than other contents. Proximate analysis (wt.%, as received) Moisture (ASTM D-3173) Volatile (ASTM D-3175) Fixed C (ASTM D-3172) Ash (ASTM D-3174) 0.84 65.45 24.08 9.63 Table 1. Main Characteristics of the TDF Sample Compositions of the gas product at 400°C for the heating rate of 5oC min-1 (vol%) is given in Table2. Component Volume (%) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbonmonoxide Methane Ethane Others (by subtracting) 2.98 39.76 15.05 25.55 10.98 5.68 Table 2. Composition of Gas Product Total TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs are given in Table 5. Groups pgTEQ/gTDF Total PCDFs Total PCDDs 0.0013 0.0003 Table 3. TEQ Concentrations of PCDFs/PCDDs in Gas Product 4. CONCLUSION Experiments on this paper have shown that: CH4 and CO gaseous were the main pyrolysis gas products. In the congener distribution of PCDDs/PCDFs for the pyrolysis of TDF, OCDD showed the largest percentile (%25.65) with the concentration of 0.0187 pg/g. The next highest concentrations were 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDF which corresponded to the percentiles of 18.85%, 17.54% and 16.23%, respectively. REFERENCES 1. Akyıldız, V. (2011). Pyrolysis of Tyre Derived Fuels (TDF), PhD Thesis, Anadolu University, Graduate School of Sciences, Turkey. 399 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Evaluation of Some Local Material Resource Sutability in Concrete Formulation for Construction Industry in Nigeria Adebola A. Adekunle, Ibuku S. Salako Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Ogun State. Nigeria maykunle@yahoo.co.uk, ibukunsamueisalako@yahoo.com Abstract The increasing rate of quantities of non- biodegradable recyclable wastes in our environment posed a serious threat to the hygienic environment. These wastes due to their nature stay longer time in the environment without decomposing. They do not only pollute the environment but also constitute breeding place for many pathogens. The construction industries rely heavily on convectional materials such as cement, granite and sand for the production of concrete[1]. The high and increasing costs of these materials have greatly hindered the development of shelter and other infrastructural facilities in developing countries. Attempts have been made by various researchers to reduce the cost of its constituents and hence total construction cost by investigating and ascertaining the usefulness of materials which could be classified as agricultural or industrial waste. Over the last few years considerable progress has been made in the development of new building materials from waste glass. Aggregate in a concrete mix was replaced by (i) palm kernel shell and crumbed tyre rubber (ii) crumbed tyre rubber and crushed glass and (iii) palm kernel shell and crushed glass in the ratios 1:1 and percentages composition of: 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. From the results of tests carried out, the following conclusions and recommendations can be made, It is possible to replace sand and granite with Palm Kernel Shell, Crushed Glass and Crumbed Tyre Rubber in the production of light weight concrete. Notwithstanding promising results, Palm Kernel Shell, Crushed Glass and Crumbed Tyre Rubber concrete are recommended for non- structural purposes example is roadside Kerb production Keywords: Concerete, waste mangement, local material, recycling. 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last few years considerable progress has been made in the development of new building materials from waste. Some of these wastes are domestic wastes such as the polythene bags products, empty can tins form canned foods, sachets of pure water, some of these wastes are agricultural wastes; such as palm kernel shell (PKS), coconut shell (CCS), maize husks, while some of these wastes are industrial wastes products; such as slag lime, calcium carbide while some are mineral wastes. Some of these wastes if properly manage can be recycle to other products. These recyclable wastes include: glass (both plane and coloured), wood, plastic, rubber, PVC, metal containers, coconut shell, palm- kernel shell, rice husk. A number of researches are on-going towards finding an alternative to cement, gravel and sand. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Concrete cubes were produced using local materials The compressive strengths of concrete cubes were determined after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of normal curing. At 28 days the strength of the three control concrete cubes mixes is similar and exceeds the target strength. The compressive strengths of mix containing palm kernel shells and crushed glass are a little bit higher than that of the palm kernel shell with crumbed rubber and crushed glass with crumbed rubber. This is due to the wider range of aggregates sizes in palm kernel shells and crushed glass making it possible to compact the concrete with slightly lower voids content. For Palm Kernel Shell with Crumbed Rubber concrete, the results show that the addition of Crumbed Rubber aggregate resulted in a significant reduction in concrete compressive strength compared with the control concrete. This reduction increased with increasing percentage of Palm Kernel Shells and Crushed Glass aggregate 400 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Figure 1. Compressive strength of concretes with local resource materials as builder components Figure 2. Rate of change of compressive strength for the investigated concrete with time REFERENCES 1. Olutoge, F.A. (2010). Investigations on Sawdust and Palm Kernel Shell as aggregates replacement. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol. 5, No. 4. 2. Cairns, R., Kew, H., and Kenny M.J., (2004). “The use of Recycled Rubber Tyres in Concrete Construction”. The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 401 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Situation and Needs Analysis for Disposal of Biodegradable Wastes without Landfill Murat Cem Ertürk SITA Environment Waste Services Co. muratcemerturk@gmail.com Abstract Healthy development of integrated waste management at national level is inn principal dependent on adequacy of the waste sector and a systematic interaction between the regulations and implementations. Within this framework, analysis of reflection and effects of implementations in waste management is highly significant. The aim of this study is analysis of the reflection of implementation of the regulation foreseeing decrease of biodegradable wastes to be landfilled and making forecasts for the future by using existing data. With the purpose of determination of needs, the total and biodegradable waste amounts in Turkey have been calculated according to current and future conditions. It has been queried to what extent the data acquired in this direction meet the goals of the regulation, predictions were made for need of investments. A significant part of the existing facilities aimed at processing and recycling of biodegradable wastes is of pilot size or at testing stage and existing total capacity can be disposed only 10% of the total biodegradable wastes. It is required to establish biological preprocessing facilities with a total capacity of 8 million tons until year 2025 in order to meet the targets of the regulations. Additional measures are needed for meeting these needs. It is necessary to implement arrangements and renovations in implementation plans, structuring of regulations and financial policies for harmonization of goals of the regulation with the implementations. Keywords: Biodegradable Waste, Organic Waste, Waste Legislation, Waste Reduction. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Waste management in Turkey is progressing within the framework of the national regulations, which is under continuous development since 1990’s. Healthy development of integrated waste management at national level is inn principal dependent on adequacy of the waste sector and a systematic interaction between the regulations and implementations. The goal of disposal of biodegradable wastes, which have the largest share of municipal wastes in our country, with methods other than landfill require a significant change of strategy for implementations. In this context, analysis of reflection and effects of implementations in waste management is highly significant. Within this framework, monitoring the determining goals of the regulation in the waste management sector and assessments to be made from their consequences is required to establish a realistic working platform. The aim of this study is analysis of the reflection of implementation of the regulation foreseeing decrease of biodegradable wastes to be landfilled and making forecasts for the future by using existing data. It is aimed that with this aspect, the study serves the purpose of providing an updated definition of the need for development of Turkey in the field of waste management and to create awareness about the matter. 2. METHOD In this study, total and biodegradable waste formation on country basis was calculated by using official data. Then, landfill quotas and quantities foreseen for biodegradable wastes as per the regulations in effect were determined. The content that needs to be kept subject to biological process in the contents of biodegradable wastes were classified and calculated separately. The quantity of wastes that need to be kept subject to biological preprocessing on a year basis in the future in order to conform to landfill quotas were determined. The total capacity need of the biological preprocessing facilities were determined by taking as basis year 2025, which is the ultimate target in the regulations. This need was distributed to the municipality groups in the scale of their populations. As a result, estimations were made for total capacity needs and the number of 402 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste necessary facilities of different capacities. It was aimed that this estimate gives an idea and create awareness about investment needs. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT The annual capacity need of 8 million tons can be met with almost 200 additional facilities with different capacities. The number and capacities of facilities referred to here were calculated only with the purpose of giving an idea to determine investment needs and it is considered that ultimate planning will be made by taking local conditions and needs into consideration. According to updated data, 46% of municipal wastes in Turkey are disposed in landfill facilities, 51% in wild dump sites, 1% in the compost facility and the remaining by biogas and other disposal methods[1]. A significant part of the existing facilities aimed at processing and recycling of biodegradable wastes is of pilot size or at testing stage and existing total capacity can be disposed only 10% of the total biodegradable wastes. In order to meet the goals of the regulations, it is necessary to establish biological preprocessing facilities of total capacity of 8 million tons until year 2025. When the facilities planned and under construction are assessed together, it is observed that additional measures are needed for meeting these ratios. On one side, these measures are related with planning new facilities and on the other side they will be related with increasing the quantity of biodegradable wastes that can be collected separately as input of these facilities. It is foreseen that the referred findings and needs will be reflected in the investment plans by taking into consideration the local conditions. 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS With this study, the present situation of Turkey about biodegradable waste management has been analyzed and situation-goal analyses were made for the future. It is necessary to implement arrangements and renovations in implementation plans, structuring of regulations and financial policies for harmonization of goals of the regulation with the implementations. REFERENCES 1. Turkish Statistics Institute, (2012). Statistics of Municipal Waste 2010, Ankara - Turkey 2. (Abolished) Ministry of Environment and Forestry, (2010), Regulation on Landfill of Wastes (Official Gazette No: 27533, dated 26.03.2010), Istanbul - Turkey. 3. (Abolished) Ministry of Environment and Forestry, (2006). Solid Waste Master Plan Final Report, Prepared by Mimko A.Ş. İstanbul - Turkey 4. T.R. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, (2012). Draft Notification on Collection of Wastes, Annex Scheduling Table, Ankara - Turkey 5. T.C. Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Local Authorities, (2012). Annual Report of Local Authorities 2011, Ankara - Turkey 403 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Rehabilitation of Aggregate Source Area by Inert Waste Mono Landfilling Cem Avcı1, Emre Eren2, Arzu Firidin3, Ayşe Berkay4 1 Boğaziçi Üniversitesi avci@boun.edu.tr 2 Akifer Water Service Trade. Co. Ltd. EEREN@akifer.com.tr 3-4 ELC Group A.Ş. arzuf@elcgroup.com.tr, ayseb@elcgroup.com.tr Abstract The present study provides a case study for use of monofill for reclamation of small mined areas. Sludges generated from the Izmit Drinking Water Treatment Plant were planned to by disposed by mono landfilling at a former sand and gravel pit site. Analyses conducted at Tubitak-MRC showed that the sludge was inert waste according to Annex 11of the Turkish Hazardous Waste Control Regulation. The treatment sludge which has already been placed in drying ponds within the border of the treatment facility were planned to be stored in the mono landfill area. The fill area was 1.5 km. from the facility and the project life was calculated to be seven year for a total 28.800m3 volume. The reason for developing a mono landfill rather than dispose of the wastes in an existing and licensed disposal facility was due to cost considerations as well as the fact that the mono landfilling process was used to reclaim a used mining area. The project site was planned in two storage phases. The first phase is in operation as of today and will be covered with final layer and landscaped at the end of the completion of the storage capacity. The project did not require having an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study to be conducted. The present case was compared with the use of mono landfilling of inert waste landfills in EU and a general perspective has been has been provided. Keywords: Treatment Sludge, Mono Landfilling, Impermeable Layer, Sand and Gravel Pit, Rehabilitation. REFERENCES 404 1. Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, Regulation on Landfilling of Waste, Official Gazette: 26.3.2010 / 27533 2. Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, Regulation on Hazardous Waste Control, 25755 3. Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, Regulation on Water Pollution Control, Official Gazette: 31.12.2004 / 25687 Official Gazette: 14.3.2005 / Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Rehabilitation of Glycol Based Drilling Mud Wastes Pavel Spirov1, Svetlana Rudyk1, Gulraiz Khan2 Section of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Campus Esbjerg, Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Niels Bohr vej 8, spirov@bio.aau.dk 2 College of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering. Building 800. University of Dammam. P.O. Box 1982. Dammam 31451 1 Abstract This study deals with extraction of ethylene glycol from drilling mud wastes using supercritical carbon dioxide. The usage of the oil-based mud is currently forbidden in Denmark due to environmental issues. As an alternative, oil was replaced with ethylene glycol as a basis for drilling mud. However, by existing measuring system, the toxicity of glycol is evaluated as having the highest level. The drilling company would like to decrease the toxic level which will, in turn, decrease the cost ten times. The water solution of 50g of weight containing 16% ethylene glycol was used in this investigation. The operating conditions were 50 MPa and 60oC. The experiment showed that 9% of the solution was extracted: 7% of the initial amount of the solution containing 80% of glycol in a first run and pure glycol in two subsequent runs. The outgassed water was 27% totally. It is known that supercritical carbon dioxide has a drying effect and can be used to remove water from various compositions. The laboratory study has shown that the content of ethylene glycol in the water solution can be reduced but more investigations are needed to determine if this method can be economically profitable. Keywords: Glycol based drilling mud, supercritical CO2 extraction, decreasing of the hazardous level, rehabilitation of dumping sites. 1. INTRODUCTION Oil-based drilling muds have been used for drilling operations because of their (l) stable rheological and filtration properties; (2) lubricity characteristics that result in reduced bit wear and torque and drag; and (3) lack of interaction with the formation and cutting[1]. However, in Denmark, applications of drilling fluids restrictions have become stricter to oil-based muds. Current environmental regulations are forcing the oil and gas drilling industry to shift to more environmentally acceptable drilling fluids. As oil based drilling muds cannot be used for onshore applications anymore, and there is an urgent need for the drilling fluids industry to provide suitable alternatives. The variant is the finding of synthetic muds which include esters, ethers, polyalphaolefins, glycols, glycerines and gluosides. These are intended to make muds having the advantages of oil muds but with the handling and disposal characteristics of water muds and their relative biodegradability[2]. One of these alternatives is ethylene or polypropylene glycol based drilling mud. Water-based systems formulated with water-soluble glycols can effectively reduce shale swelling and maintain the mechanical integrity of hydratable shales to help prevent borehole enlargement or collapse of the borehole. These water-based drilling fluids containing glycol have replaced traditional hydrocarbon oil-based drilling fluids in a number of offshore applications. Glycols based drilling fluids are used in horizontal wells in the North Sea. Usually ethylene glycol is biodegraded by bacteria[3] but this process is very slow and takes a lot of place for degradation. There is a need to find the fast alternative method to remove glycol from drilling mud wastes. 1.1. Problem statement Already 3000 tons of drilling mud wastes and cuttings from the geothermal project in Viborg contaminated with ethylene-glycol were produced. Usually when the drilling mud is prepared, the glycol content is equal to 4 %. When the drilling wastes are exposed to the surface, the municipality authorities uses the device which measures the hydrocarbon content in the sample and according to this measurement the hazard level is established. The problem of this measurement is that the device doesn’t see the difference in drilling mud with glycol and hydrocarbons. It says there are hydrocarbons and according to the legislation this is the highest polluted level and it needs to be treated as the toxic waste by the drilling company. It would be desired to get rid or to decrease the 405 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations glycol content to lower levels of the pollution category. If to reduce pollution level from the current 4 to 2, for example, the cost of treatment will be decreased ten times. 2. PROCEDURE As used drilling mud is water based and the glycol is dissolved in the water, the experiment was done on the extraction of glycol from the water sample. 50 g of initial sample of water containing 16 % of ethylene-glycol was prepared for the experiment. To check if the extraction of glycol from the water sample is possible, the supercritical carbon dioxide extractor was used. The detailed description of the extraction apparatus Spe-ed SFE is made in works of[4, 5]. The operation temperature of the extractor was 60oC. When the extractor reached the desired temperature the sample was inserted into the extractor, the pressure was increased to the desired value, followed by 20 minutes of interaction time in static mode. After 10 minutes the sample was extracted in dynamic mode of the extractor. The second and third runs were made in the same order. The extraction was carried out in 3 runs for each sample, where interaction time was followed by collection. Soon as all 3 runs were made the content of the extractor was changed and new experiment could start over again. 3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The initial sample was 50 grams of water containing 16% of glycol. From this amount from the first run the 3,29g of the mixture of water and glycol was extracted. This is equal to 6,58 %. The water content in the extract was estimated as 20%. For the second run 0.36g which is equal to 0.75% extraction and for the third run 0.75g equal to 1.44% to the total amount. The second and third runs contain glycol only. The final result for 3 runs is 8.74% of the initial amount. The residues from the reactor were weighted and they were equal to 34.5% of the initial amount. The 25.75% of sample was lost due to outgassing where mainly water was lost. As the operation conditions were 60oC and 50 MPa this chemical has the boiling point far higher and we consider that no glycol was evaporated. The visual observation of the residues clearly shows that some glycol was removed. Initial mixture before the extraction is more viscous and has the dark yellow colour. The observed mixture after the extraction is clearer lighter. For the future investigation the spectroscopy analysis has to be investigated. Carbon dioxide can extract ethylene glycol from the given sample. REFERENCES 406 1. D. Enright, W. Dye, M. Smith, An environmentally safe water-based alternative to oil muds, SPE drilling engineering, 7 (1992) 15-19. 2. R. Caenn, G.V. Chillingar, Drilling fluids: State of the art, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 14 (1996) 221230. 3. D. Carnegie, J.A. Ramsay, Anaerobic ethylene glycol degradation by microorganisms in poplar and willow rhizospheres, Biodegradation, 20 (2009) 551-558. 4. P. Spirov, S. Rudyk, Effect of Regen-Ox oxidant as a modifier on crude oil extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide, Energy & Fuels, (2013). 5. S. Rudyk, P. Spirov, E. Sogaard, Application of GC–MS chromatography for the analysis of the oil fractions extracted by supercritical CO2 at high pressure, Fuel, 106 (2013) 139-146. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Evaluation of the Mercury Pollution, Caused by the Dental Amalgam. Cases of Dentists Rooms of El Khroub City Mohamed Salah MEDJRAM, Amina BENAISSA LGCES Laboratory, Faculty of Technology - Skikda University - Algeria. medjram_ms@yahoo.fr, mina_lok22@yahoo.fr Abstract Mercury is a toxic metal emitted into the environment throught natural and anthropogenic sources. In our study we dealt with one anthropogenic source is dental amalgam used in dentistry. Dental amalgam is composed of 50% mercury and 50% of metal powder composed of silver, copper, zinc and tin. Our work is to evaluate the environmental risks of amalgam in the city of El-Khroub. First we evaluated the concentration of mercury in liquid effluents of four dental offices. In the second place we quantified the dental amalgam waste which is discharged daily by three dental offices. Thirdly, we analyzed mercury in wastewater at the inlet and outlet of the wastewater treatment plant of Ibn Zied, as well as in activated sludge. Keywords: Dental amalgam, toxic metal, mercury, dentists rooms, wastewater treatment. 407 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Integrated Management of Solid Waste in Algeria. What Prospects for the Sanitary Landfills? Kehila Youcef Ecole Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme - EPAU Laboratoire Architecture et Environnement - LAE Address: Route de Beaulieu, BP. 177 El Harrach, 16200 Alger, Algérie kehilayoucef@yahoo.fr Abstract Landfilling of municipal solid waste in Algeria made for a few years the object of a remarkable lawful evolution. Law 01-19 of December 12th, 2001 requires indeed, a healthy and ecologically rational elimination wastes. Appropriate choice of landfills is therefore essential to mitigate nuisances brought to the environment (soil and groundwater). The underlying soil must necessarily be watertight and high capacity containment of contaminants. This implies in fact, a “technological jump” in the conception of the sanitary landfill considered as a competitive and safe technique in comparison with other wastes elimination procedures. Other recovery processes are not yet under control and incineration is not appropriate, given its relatively high cost and high moisture content of the waste. This study aims at determining the burying conditions of the urban solid wastes in Algeria. We present in first, an overview of the urban waste management, and then, method of landfilling waste disposal and conception of a sustainable system of drainage of leachate. The goal is to limit the effects of percolation of flow on soil and groundwater. Keywords: Urban solid wastes, sanitary landfill, leachate, ecological impacts. 1. INTRODUCTION In Algeria landfilling is the preferred final destination for the disposal of urban solid waste due to its low cost compared to other sectors such as incineration or composting. The survey undertaken by the services of the Ministry of Land Planning and the Environment has revealed more than 3,000 uncontrolled dumps throughout the country, occupying an area of more than 150,000 hectares and most often situated in agricultural land or along wadis[1]. The latter are in such a poor state of insalubrities that they constitute a permanent danger to the environment and public health[2]. However, the waste management sector has undergone a remarkable evolution since 2002 through the development and implementation of regulatory measures and support training and awareness towards technical services of local authorities and waste managers. Thus, like other emerging countries, Algeria has increased from illegal dumping to the sanitary landfill reflecting a real awareness of the need for better management municipal solid waste and environmental protection. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Waste management sItuatIon The quantity of municipal waste generated in Algeria is estimated in 2011 at 9.3 million tons/year (household and similar waste). Each Algerian produces between 0.5 and 0.7 kg of solid waste daily[3]. The profile of municipal solid waste is predominantly organic, despite the changing way of life and the production of more packaging materials (plastics and other products at end of life). According a study conducted between 2007 and 2009 [4], the composition of municipal solid waste showed that the fermentable material is more than 60% and humidity around 65%. Hence, adoption by public authorities of technical landfill as a strategic choice. 2.2. Strategy and actıon plan A battery of laws and texts has emerged in interval 2001-2006, including Law No. 01-19 of 12/12/2001[5] relating to the management, control and disposal of waste which defines basic principles that lead to integrated waste management from production to disposal. The implementation 408 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste of National Program Municipal Waste Management (PROGDEM) [6] which is an extension of this law is a reflection of a national environmental policy towards local authorities. This legal framework allows a better visibility in the integrated waste management and offers the possibility to sector to consider setting up a system recovery and recycling of packaging waste. 3. CONCLUSION The policy of Algeria across regulatory requirements implemented devotes the basic principles of ecologically rational management of waste, across building of Centers of Burying on the whole territory. For the period (2010 - 2014), the public authorities intend to register an ambitious program which should allow the commissioning of more than 300 sanitary landfill and rehabilitation of 14 most important rough discharges through the territory. This will make it possible to deal with more than 50% of municipal solid waste. Forward, the National Program of municipal waste management (PROGDEM) plans to achieve a sanitary landfill for all agglomerations with more than 100.000 inhabitants and rehabilitation of all illegal landfills. In this work, we approached municipal waste management in Algeria and the principle of technical burying. We attempted to describe the technique of containment by use of geosynthetics materials. It follows that this technical development has certainly evolved, but, there remains lack of recoil on their long-term behavior. Thus the concept of control is essential in these severe environments where the slightest negligence or error can have serious consequences both environmentally and economically. REFERENCES 1. Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Environnement, MATE (2003). Manuel d’information sur la gestion des déchets solides ménagers, février 2003, 240p. 2. El-Fadel. (1997). Environmental impacts of Solid Waste landfill. Journal of environmental management. N°50: 1-25 p 3. Kehila, Y., (2012). Country report on the solid waste management in Algeria, Sweep Net, 32p. 4. Kehila, Y., Mezouari, F., Matejka, G., (2009). Impact de l’Enfouissement des déchets solides urbains en Algérie: Expertise de deux Centres d’Enfouissement Technique (CET) à Alger et Biskra. Revue francophone d’écologie industrielle N°56,. «Déchets, Sciences & Techniques». 5. Ministère de l’Aménagement du territoire et de l’Environnement, MATE (2003). Programme national de gestion intégrée des déchets municipaux en Algérie (PROGDEM) - Stratégie opérationnelle. Alger, 32p. 6. Loi 01–19 du 27 Ramadhan 1422 correspondant au 12 décembre 2001, JORA No. 77, du 15 décembre 2001. 409 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Research for Preparation of Waste Management Plans and Applicability of Waste Risk Analyses in Antalya Airport According to Green Airport Management System Hande KARTAL1 Asst.Prof.Dr. Süleyman ŞAKAR2 1 2 TGS Yer Hizmetleri A.Ş. - Yönetim Sistemleri Müdürlüğü Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi - Çevre Mühendisliği hndkrtl@gmail.com, suleymansakar@gmail.com Abstract Green Airport Management System is a special management system that has been applied by the airports in developed countries. Green Airport Management System is intended to eliminate or systematically reduce environmental damages caused by the operators and businesses at airports. Antalya Airport awarded with a very important international airport award, “Europe’s The Best Airport”, in the category of 10 - 25 million passengers by ACI Europe in Lisbon in 2011. Antalya Airport is selected for research of the applicability of the Green Airport Management System. Antalya airport has an important role in Turkey’s airport transportation industry having 395 airline companies connecting to Turkey via 300 different destinations in over 60 countries, and having the appropriate areas from many landing runway facilities and capacity for future expansion opportunities in handling for both scheduled and chartered flights, and is able to accommodate aircrafts for overnight stays, etc. These issues have been effective in determination of Antalya Airport to be researched in this field. Thus, in order to study about applicability of Green Airport Management System for a ground handling company in Antalya Airport; • Studies on how communication systems for waste management between different entities can be organized • Personnel related to waste management processes how to be trained • Status of wastes resulting from airport vehicles’ activities, • Preparation of waste management plans and waste risk analyses • How to provide environmental awareness for all personnel in different entities and work groups • Evaluation of problems related to emergency situations caused by the wastes • Precautions to be taken in case of irregularity, how to be applied potential precautions and enforcements Will be discussed and an extensive research will be made. Therefore, within the scope of ground handling services in Antalya Airport, researches for the applicability and sustainability of waste management, works, proposed methods, procedures will be set a good example about preparation of waste management plans and the waste risk plans in the Green Airport Management System. Keywords: waste management, risk analysis, airports, waste management plan, ground services. 410 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Electronic Waste Management Examination and Results of Daily Activities: The World and Turkey Examples Ebubekir EKİNCİ ISTAC Istanbul Environmental Management Incorporation eekinci@istac.com.tr Abstract Electronic waste, is used, usually called hazardous waste owing to the inclusion of heavy metals. This has become an ever increasing global problem because the use of technology grows daily in all sectors, and also due to the fact that most of this waste has large volumes and is considered hazardous as a result of the harmful substances they contain. It is projected that this rate will escalate due to the increased use of advanced technology in developing countries. Electronic waste generation is directly proportional to the nation’s human development index and purchasing power. In particular, PCs and communication devices will become the leading devices found in electronic waste. Consumers are constantly directed to use new tools due to fashion requests for new functions and the development of technology and software. According to The United Nations Environment Program of Nairobi Declaration (2006), the world electronic waste market increases average 5-8% each year. Although the electronic waste is approximately 5-6% of solid waste produced in a year. If we look at the electronic waste produce sources, we estimate that it approaches to 20-50 million tones per year. This amount is approximately 5% of all the waste comes out in the world. In European Union, electronic waste emerge 14-24 kg per person and per year. The known all of the electronic waste is 24 million tones that it’s able to recycle electronic waste is part of 8 million tones in a year. As a result of this study we examined, compared and evaluated the current practices in the management of electronic waste in the world and Turkey. Keywords: waste management, industrial waste, hazardous waste, electronic waste, e-waste. 1. INTRODUCTION It will be evaluated that the current practices in the management of electronic waste on value, we will say to have to the technic and administrative requirements. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Under this topic, it is aimed to present information with practices in the management of the electronic waste and variation in the the yield results of this activities. 2.1. Electronıc Waste Recycle and Dısposal Methods There is the present all of the electronic waste recycle and disposal methods in the World and Turkey. 2.1.1. Electronıc Waste Management Worksheets In this topic, used practices worksheets in the electronic waste management to be examine. Collection Pre-handling Storage Disposal or Recycling Reporting 2.2 Statıcs Results of Electronıc Waste Management Actıvıtıes In this topic, we compare the electronic waste activities statics results of the world and Turkey. According to these results is Turkey has less electronic waste collection then the same development country. 411 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2.3. Solutıon Recommendatıons and Actıon Plan Finally, we present the solution proposals and activity plan for development of the system. Awareness Raising Encouragement Establisment Control REFERENCES 412 1. Fava, P. Contributor. (2011). New Study on E-Waste in the United States. 2. Ingenthron, R. Knight, L. Schneider, S. (2008) “Electronics Waste Management In The United States”, Office of EPA Solid Waste 3. EPA Report (2010) “Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics (2009)” 4. ICF International (2011) “Electronics Waste Management in the United States Through 2009” 5. OECD Turkey Report of Environmental Performance Examination (2008) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Biosorption of Precious Metals from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Mehmet Ali Küçüker, Kerstin Kuchta TUHH - Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics Waste Resource Management, Harburger Schloßstr. 36 - 21079 Hamburg / Germany Corresponding Author: Tel.: + 49 (0)40-42878 3254, Fax: + 49 (0)40-42878 2375 kucuker@tuhh.de Abstract Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash brings a severe environmental problem that needs to be solved urgently. MSWI bottom ash consists of many heavy metals, base metals and precious metals. Thus, in recent years, applying biotechnology in controlling and removing metal ions has been paid much attention, and gradually becomes hot topic in the field of metal pollution control because of its potential application. Alternative process is biosorption of metals from such resources with microorganism such as bacteria, fungi and microalgae which is being increasingly explored to meet the pair objectives of resource recycling and pollution mitigation. This study focusses on the biosorption of precious metals from MSWI bottom ash by means of microalgae (Chlorella Vulgaris) due to its high market prices along with various industrial applications. Firstly, the concentration of precious metals in MSWI bottom ash was investigated. Secondly, the microwave digestion method was introduced to dissolve precious metals in MSWI bottom ash. Finally, the biosorption process was used for recovery of precious metals from MSWI bottom ash. Biosorption tests at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and process load in the sorption reactor were performed. Keywords: Bottom ash, Biosorption, Precious metals, Algae. 1. INTRODUCTION The incineration process is commonly used to treat municipal solid waste (MSW) and the ash both from the off-gas (top/fly ash) and the residue (bottom ash) contains significant amount of metals causing environmental degradation due to the leaching of heavy and toxic metals from the landfill disposal. Bottom-ash although, is sometimes used as a construction material by cementation or vitrification, but large portion is disposed-off in landfill sites. The composition of the fly ash and bottom ash varies from place to place, but often contains metals such as Cu, Al, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, As, Hg, Au, Ag, Pd etc.; Al, Cu and Zn are present in sufficient amount that could be suitable for economic recovery (Ishigaki et al., 2005; Krebs et al., 1997). Biosorption studies have mainly been focusing on the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents, the detoxification of these solutions prior to disposal as the primary goal. On the other hand, biosorption is considered promising technology for the recovery of precious metal and base metals. Biosorption process is a passive physico-chemical interaction between the charged surface groups of micro-organisms and ions in solution, in which living as well as dead organisms can be used. However, limited research was carried out on the biosorption of metals from MSWI bottom ash. In this study, the microalgae (Chlorella Vulgaris) were used as a biosorbent for biosorption of precious metals from aqueous solution which is obtained from microwave digestion of MSWI bottom ash. Microalgae are of special interest in the search for and development of new biosorbents materials due to their high sorption uptake and their ready availability in unlimited quantities. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The prepared samples from MSWI bottom ash were digested with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide according to microwave disgestion method as specified in EPA Method 3050B. The digestates were analyzed in order to determine the concentration of precious metals in MSWI bottom ash by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP–OES) using EPA method 6010B. On the other hand, these disgestates were used for biosorption experiments. The green microalgae (Chlorella Vulgaris) obtained from TUHH cultivation; the species will be filled in 10 L column reactors, incubated for 15 days under continuous illumination at an average intensity of 300µE m-2 s-1 at room temperature. After the growth period, cultures were harvested 413 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations and washed thoroughly with sterile distilled water and then dried at 60°C for 24 h before used. The biosorption experiments were conducted in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of solutions from leaching process in varying concentrations. The flasks were agitated on a shaker for 5 h. The biosorption process is shown Fig.2. Samples were taken at pre-determined time intervals (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120,180, 240, 300 min) for the residual metal ion concentrations in the solution. Before analysis the samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 3 min and the supernatant fraction was analyzed for the remaining metal ions by ICP-OES. The lanthanide metals uptake by the biomass was calculated from the difference between the initial (Ci) and final concentrations (Cf) in the liquid phase qM = (CiVi - CfVf ) / m [mmol g-1] (1) 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION When precious and base metals from MSWI bottom ash were present in the same solution, the total metal uptake was distributed among these elements. The total metal uptake of metals, from the multicomponent system indicated a behavior reflecting the single component isotherms. Fig.3 shows the total metal uptake from the multi-component system at pH 4. When all elements are together, they compete for the binding sites, decreasing the individual element uptake capacity that could be obtained when other competing ions are not present in the system. 4. CONCLUSION The Chlorella Vulgaris biomass tested in this work removed precious metals from solution from MSWI bottom ash. Ion exchange was confirmed to be the main mechanism responsible for this behavior. The total number of ions removed from solution, of trivalent protons, matched the total number of calcium ions released from the biomass into the solution in terms of meq/g. In addition, the water structure parameter could be used to explain the affinity sequence observed in the multicomponent system tested in this work. REFERENCES 414 1. Ishigaki, T., Nakanishi, A., Tateda, M., Ike, M., Fujita, M., (2005). Bioleaching of metal from municipal waste incineration fly ash using a mixed culture of sulfur oxidizing and iron–oxidizing bacteria. Chemosphere 60, 1087–1094. 2. Krebs, W., Brombacher, C., Bosshard, P.P., Bachfen, R., Brandl, H., (1997). Microbial recovery of metals from solids. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 20, 605–617. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Solid Waste Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost from the Town of Chlef (Algeria) on the Soil Kheira Dahmani1, Naima Tahraoui Douma2, Djamel Saidi3 Hassiba Ben Bouali University, Institute of Agronomics sciences, BP. l51, Chlef (02000) E-mail: hanan-dah@hotmail.fr 2 Hassiba Ben Bouali University, Institute of Agronomics sciences, BP. l51, Chlef 3 Research Group for Water, Soil and Environment, University of Limoges, 16 rue Atlantis Parc ESTER Technopole 87068 Limoges, France and laboratory: Water and Environment, University of Chlef, BP 151 Hay Essalam (02000) Chlef, Algeria 1 Abstract The presented study’s purpose is to monitor the consequences of composts derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) in the town of Chlef on the soil. The physico-chemical characterization has shown that the MSW are composed of more than 70% of biodegradable waste (Tahraoui, 2013). Therefore, they lend themselves to treatment by composting. Composting could be an alternative to landfill and compost product will be led for agricultural activity at the level of the city, the town and other neighboring towns. It allows the ultimate waste in landfills controlled to minimize the generation of large volumes of leachate and air pollution of and groundwater. Agronomic trials with different composts produced during successive two years were conducted at the level of Agricultural Station of the University of Chlef (Tahraoui, 2013) are shown a change in granulometric composition (clay, silt, sand) from (40%, 34%, 26% to 40%, 32%, 28%) and chemical parameters of soil (MO% exchangeable potassium%, exchangeable phosphorus% exchangeable magnesium%, exchangeable Calcium% exchangeable Sodium %). In view of this experience composting of municipal solid waste in the town of Chlef; agricultural use of compost, and considering given results, placement of compost production could be a solution to agricultural activity. Keywords: characterization of municipal solid waste, composting, agricultural recovery, soil chemical properties. 415 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations The Effect of Soil Treatment Sludge Amendment Doses to the Corn Cultivation Yield and Crop Iron Content Bülent Yağmur*, Gorkem Akinci**, Ertuğrul Erdin** Aegean University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Plant Nutrition, 35100 Bornova, İZMİR bulent.yagmur@ege.edu.tr ** Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkiye gorkem.akinci@deu.edu.tr, ertugrul.erdin@deu.edu.tr * Abstract The municipal wastewater treatment sludges are available to be used as soil amendments if they do not contain any toxic substances that can be transmitted to the plant or can be transferred to the surface or underground waters. In Germany, sludge applications to the agricultural soils have been widely investigated after 1900 under their unique ecological conditions. Therefore, for developing the national regulations, similar studies should also be conducted in Turkiye according to local ecological circumstances and local crop types. The soil and crop iron content is important, since it has a catalytic effect on plant chlorophyll production and has tasks on plant enzymatic systems and metabolic activities. In addition, iron behaves like a coenzyme in the structure of many enzymes and it is vital for the efficiency of the respirations enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, cytochrome, and oxidase. As the plants grow, they have to uptake the required iron from their environment. In soil solution, iron concentration is generally very low. Its concentration in soil vary between 10-20 and 10-6 mg/L according to the pH and soil redox potential, while it is found in the forms of oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, and carbonates. But the iron concentration in the soils with high organic matter content is significantly higher and between 10-4 and 10-3 mg/L. Recently, it became apparent that the sludge application to the soils resulted with high crop yields (Coker, 1966, Watson et al.,1985, Utsching et.al., 1986). It is also reported that the treatment sludges are rich in micronutrients, such as Cu, Zn, Mo, Fe, and Mn (McClaslin and O’Conner, 1982, Logan and Chaney, 1983, Utsching, 1985). Furthermore, as a result of microbial degradation, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are released from the material in free forms(Epstein et al., 1978, Tester et al.,1979, Hohla et al., 1978). Here, the treatment sludge and Fe application to the soil was investigated in triplicated experimental sets by using C-955 hybrid corn. The constant doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was applied all the experiment pots. Control pots without any sludge and Fe additions are also conducted. Pots with only sludge application to observe the plant Fe uptake and growth without extra Fe addition were conducted separately. Fe was applied to the other pots in the form of FeSO4.7H2O for obtaining 2, 4, 5,10 and 15 ppm of soil concentration. References 416 1. Mengel, K., 1988. Ernaehrung und stoffwechsel der pflanze. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart. 2. Güneş, A., M. Alparslan and A. İnal. 2000. Bitki Beslenme ve Gübreleme. Ankara Üni. Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 1514, Ders kitabı: 467, Ankara. 3. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Sec.Ed. Academic Pres. Inc. 4. Römheld, V., and H. Marschner. 1986. Mobilization of iron in the rhizosphere of different plant species. In: Advances in Plant Nutrition, Volume 2, B. Tinker and A. Läuchli, editors. 5. Praeger Scientific, New York, pp. 155-204 WATER 417 418 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Integrated Water and Waste Management for the Fishing Community at Kasensero Landing Site Micheal Kuteesa MWODA E-mail: itudwa110@gmail.com Abstract Kasensero landing site is an urban centre located at the shores of Lake Victoria in Kiyebe SubCounty, Rakai District in of Uganda. The fishing community at the Lake shores is accessing water from the lake which is contaminated with the blue-grey algae an indication that there is excessive dumping of waste materials in the Lake. According the baseline survey conducted by MWODA a local NGO in Rakai district (2011), the communities at Kasensero landing site are washing, bathing, and dumping human waste in the lake. In response to the situation, Mitukula Women’s Development Association is implementing an integrated water and waste management project with the objectives of increasing access to safe and clean water for the fishing communities; improve water management through construction of shallow wells and training of the community structures for sustainability. This is one through conducting consultative meetings, feedback meetings, trainings of water and waste management on addition to construction of shallow wells and public latrines. This has resulted to reduction of poor water and waste management activities and it would reduce on the continued distribution of the blue-grey algae on the lake. Keywords: they include Intergrated, water management, waste management, fishing management, landing site. 1. INTRODUCTION In 2011, Mitukula Women’s Development Association conducted a baseline survey at Kasensero landing Site trading centre. Information was collected through interviews with the fishing community members, local leaders at village, parish and Sub-County level on addition to observations and 374 households were outreached by a team of 15 volunteers across the targeted area. According to the baseline survey, only 23.7% of the households accessed clean and safe water from the contaminated water from the Lake. Households with proper human waste management were only at 19.7%, the rest dumped both human and sold waste into the lake, while utilizing this same water for drinking and domestic use. This resulted MWODA undertake and integrated Water and waste management project at Kasensero Landing site trading centre with the main aim of improving the quality Lake waters, increase access to safe drinking water and ensure lake surroundings. 2. TITLE (MATERIAL AND METHOD) MWODA has uses a holistic approach to development where a baseline survey is conducted to identify the water and waste situation in the targeted area before intervention. This exercise is conducted by the trained community volunteer who performs this exercise with the supervision of MWODA staff. Consultative meetings are conducted at the district, Sub-County, parish and village level. The purpose of these meetings is to get first hand information concerning the targeted areas including culture, urgency of need basing on the baseline findings, on addition to identifying roles and responsibilities of MWODA and the local authorities on addition call up community participation. A memorandum of understanding is signed stipulating the roles and responsibilities of each party in the implemented project. Feedback meetings are then conducted at village level to inform the community members about the baseline findings and actions plans are done and communities are urged to contribute locally available materials. Demonstration trainings and trainings on water and waste management are conducted including; proper solid waste disposal, proper human waste disposal, proper management of the lake waters and water sheds. MWODA then constructs shallow wells and encourages rainwater harvesting for safe and clean water for the fishing communities. MWODA together with the communities constructs public latrines to ensure safe disposal of human waste. The Safe water chain is emphasized to create awareness on the community’s access water from a protected well and boil the water before drinking it. Community participation is emphasized at all the stages of project implementation and lastly, we train community structures including Water 419 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Management Committees and Watershed Management Teams for the sustainability of the water and waste management activities. REFERENCES 1. 420 Nabunya K. Harriet, (2012). A WASH Baseline survey in Bussi Sub-County, Wakiso District; Baseline Survey Report by Voluntary Action for Development. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Economic Technologic Water Supply to Istanbul Necat Özgür General Directorate of the Protection of Natural Assets, Ankara necatozgur@yahoo.com Abstract The storage and transmission structures such as dams, tunnels, channels, pipes and pumps jointly convey water to where it is needed. The water problem of Istanbul, one of World’s most populated cities, can be tackled only with such integrated solutions. However, we pay social and environmental price for solutions the sustainability of which is arguable in terms of nature and environment. Still we keep away from new technologies that diminish such drawbacks; continue to threat environment by such complex water supply projects. It is a big deficiency that Desalination technique -though it is mentioned from time to time- is not considered as a major alternative for Istanbul which is expected to have rapid population increase with several other reasons beside the normal trend. Many words have been spoken on the costliness of desalination, without thinking of the cost of water transmission from kilometres of distance. It should also be added that the main component of the cost is the environmental damages never considered. In this study, a desalination project to have a positive feasibility if accompanied by appropriate site selection, modern technology and correct management, for the solution of the water problem of Istanbul is presented. Keywords: Istanbul Water Supply, Desalination. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE After 1980ies when population, with a rapid increasing trend approached 5 millions, integrated solutions to the water supply problem of Istanbul were considered whereby physical and financial sources were highly exploited. The environmental impacts not so disturbing before, have doubled to make people give the priority to the protection of the water basins. Initially the relatively large dams, then the basin diversion projects of Istranca and Melen were realized to meet the requirements of the city of 15 millions now. Below information is just to give an idea on the dimensions of such projects: Water is collected by a diversion weir from the Melen River to be raised by a pump station in a 1.7km pressure conduit to the storage from which it will be taken in a 129.6km transmission channel and 3.8km Sile-Alacali Tunnel to be transmitted to Alacali Conduit. There is 8km Alacali/OmerliHamidiye Tunnels and 9.3km transmission channel to take water afterwards to ‘Cumhuriyet’ Treatment Plant in Beykoz to produce 35m3/s of water in the average, to be sufficient until the year 2060. This water will also be pumped across the Bosporus by means of a pipeline and a tunnel. Point loads are also to be added to the natural population increase trend of Istanbul. Three satellite towns of 1-million, two of them around the 3rd bridge pillars and one in the “Kanalistanbul” Project will arise in near future. Water supply planning of this new formation must start in the soonest, prior to the other probable problems to be encountered. The traditional water supply systems composed of storage or catchments, transmission and distribution stages should also comprise treatment phase due to the contamination of the resources ever since the carrying capacity of the geography was put under threat by the excessive population increase lately. In essence, desalination for water supply includes the necessary treatment component the traditional water supply systems as part of the process. The argument that desalination is not feasible is certainly questionable, if compared with the project given as example above. The main item of expense in desalination is the continuous power need for the process. On the other hand, same need is also valid in the basin diversion example above. It is a fact that water-rich countries are also leading in desalination for water supply. 421 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2. METHOD 2.1. Desalınatıon Technology Desalination started in 1930ies in the Arabian Peninsula by the evaporation-densification method using the energy of cheap oil. By time, desalination techniques were diversified with the developments in science and changes in the energy price. Process is identified by the analysis of the brine and energy cost incurred. Thermal systems may be advantageous in oil-rich countries. Otherwise, membrane technology, mainly electro-dialysis (ED) using the electrical potential difference and reverse osmosis (RO) using the pressure difference, which started in 1970ies, are preferred. 2.1.1. Reverse Osmosıs Osmosis is the diffusion of the water molecules through a semi-porous membrane from a dilute medium to dense as a result of chemical potential difference and entropy (tendency for disorder) without an energy requirement. Reverse osmosis is the diffusion of water from dense medium to less dense by pressurizing. Waste water can be reused in adding its pressure to the source energy. 2.2. Proposed Plant and Technology for Istanbul Location of Istanbul and the quality of its sea water which is much less salty compared to the systems in Mediterranean and in the Red Sea where there are numerous implementations, is ideal for a desalination project. The energy needed for this process is present in the flowing water of Bosporus to be desalinated for fresh water supply. Reverse osmosis technique that will use the current energy of the Bosporus for pressure generation, will be studied. Any location optimized by the current maps on the Bosporus coasts is suitable as the treatment plant site. However, best places are on the northern coasts which are not densely populated. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT 3.1. Free Energy ın Bosporus The theory of hydraulic ram will be used in order to attain the energy needed for the RO process. It is basically a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one hydraulic head and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The Bosporus is a source of current energy to be used to pump water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. It requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water. 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS The population of Istanbul is expected to increase over the estimations by the addition of three satellite cities. The membrane technology is appropriate for the treatment of the sea water to use as the clean water supply. The Northern Bosporus coasts are suitable as the location for a desalination plant. The kinetic energy of Bosporus currents is sufficient to attain the pressure needed for the reverse osmosis process for desalination to meet the increasing water supply requirement of Istanbul. This phenomenon makes the process cheaper than the traditional approaches of catchmentsdiversion-storage-pumping-transmission-treatment. The local authorities, namely the Greater City Municipality is in the positon to start immediately the feasibility studies with an understanding of modern technology, appropriate management methods and correct site selection. 422 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Application of the Simple and Crossed Wavelets Analysis of Trends in the Rainfall-Runoff Relation by Using the GR2M Model: Case of the K’sob Watershed (East Algeria) BENKADJA Rachid1,2 ,OUADAN Mustapha Lamine1 University of M’sila, Faculty of Technology - Department of Civil Engineering and Hydraulic, BP 166, Ichbilia, 28000, M’sila, Algeria Email: rbenkadja@yahoo.com 2 Research Laboratory: Characterization and Valorization of Natural Resources, University of Bordj Bou Arreridj,34000, Algeria 1 University of M’sila, Faculty of Technology - Department of Civil Engineering and Hydraulic, BP 166, Ichbilia, 28000, M’sila, Algeria Email: ouadan_oha@yahoo.com 1 Abstract The study area is the K’sob watershed, sub-watershed of the Hodna basin (Algeria). The K’sob watershed is located between longitudes 5°06′09′′E and 4°34′37′′E and latitudes 35°33′52′′N and 36°18′45′′ N and covers an area of 1,484 km2. Because of its elongated shape, the watershed is representative of the varied climates: continental regime in the North and semi-arid in the Center. The watershed is characterized by seasonal vegetation in the Center and the North and forest cover in the South. The relief is very rugged (600 to 1800 m). The main soil types are calcareous in north, limestone and humic in center and south basin. Several studies have shown that Algeria has experienced several severe droughts in the 20th century. The climate variability affected the country in varying degrees, and weakened forest ecosystems. It has had a significant impact on water resources in Algeria and particularly in semi-arid region. Given the above, the question remains: is climate variability sufficient to explain the change in the flow series? Or should we look elsewhere for an aggravating factor in the rainfall-runoff relationship? This study attempts to answer the question through the study of this relationship. As hydrological behaviour is a complex phenomenon, its description and analysis require modeling. The model presented here is based on conceptual models used by several authors to study water resources in the context of hydroclimatic variability. The parameters of the conceptual models reflect the physical behaviour of the watershed. The monthly time-step is well suited to anthropogenic and climatic changes, and rainfall-runoff modeling can reveal the hydrological nonstationarity. In practical applications of the models, the problem of identifying and especially predicting the impact on the rainfall-runoff relationship of human or natural actions in the watershed is a current concern. An ability to explain and predict the effects on the hydrological regime of natural events and anthropogenic interventions is essential for efficient water resources management. This study aims to identify trends in the rainfall-runoff relationship at the monthly time-step by means of conceptual modeling. The data used concern rainfall amounts from stations at Bordj Bou Arréridj (simplified in BBA), Medjana, Bordj Ghdir and Ras El Oued and Medjez. The data cover the period 1959-2010. A regional vector was established to reconstruct the missing data in the annual rainfall series. The average rainfall was determined by the arithmetic mean of 5 rainfall stations. The Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) data are those of the synoptic stations of BBA. The PE is calculated by the Oudin method over the period 1959-2010. The hydrometric data are from the station at Medjez and cover the period 1973-2010. All the data (rainfall, runoff and PET) were used to characterize hydroclimatic variability and study the rainfall-runoff relationship. The methodology consisted, on the one hand, in demonstrating the existence of interannual hydroclimatic variability by the wavelets method, and on the other, in applying the method of crossed simulations from the GR2M model. The wavelets method was used because of its high performance and robustness. The wavelet transform achieves a time-scale representation of any temporal phenomenon, in another way than do the Fourier or other time-frequency decomposition methods. In continuous time, but on a finite interval, we construct a basis with elementary wavelets. The main property of wavelet transform is to provide a timescale localization of processes, which derives from the compact support of its basic function. The method of crossed simulations began by cutting the series into independent subseries with a 4 year period. Then, the model calibration phase was used to characterize the hydrological behaviour of the model over the given period (sub-periods of 4 years). In this study, the period 1959-2010 was chosen. By applying the model calibrated on all other sub-periods, i.e. keeping the same parameters, we obtained the runoff which would have been produced if the basin had remained in the same conditions as in the calibration period. By repeating this operation after each control, a matrix pattern was determined. In this study, the target variable is the average monthly flow. In the simulation matrix, each value is replaced by a sign, reflecting a trend of increasing or decreasing mean flow. The GR2M model consists of a production reservoir that regulates the production function and is characterized by its maximum capacity and a reservoir of “free water” which 423 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations governs the transfer function. This model of monthly water balance is governed by two parameters to be calibrated (X1 and X2). The first parameter (X1) is the maximum capacity of the “soil” reservoir. The second parameter (X2) is the exchange parameter in the underground “free water” reservoir. The optimization criterion used to evaluate the model is the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion, which is a dimensionless criterion for judging the goodness of fit and which facilitates the comparison of the fits of various watersheds whose flows are of different orders of magnitude. The results of this study made it possible to characterize the main events of hydroclimatic variability observed over more than four decades in the semiarid region of North Africa in general and particularly in the K’sob watershed in Algeria. This study aims to identify trends in the rainfall-runoff relationship by using a monthly conceptual model. The methodology has consisted on the one hand in highlighting the existence of interannual climate and hydrological variability by using the wavelets analysis, and on the other hand, in applying the crossed simulations method by using the GR2M model, over several 4 years sub-periods. The results of the application of the method of Morlet wavelets have demonstrated the presence of a hydro-climatic variability in the K’sob watershed. The crossed simulation approach appears efficient and robust in identifying possible changes in the rainfall-runoff relationship in North Africa. The modifications of the climate and physical conditions of the flow resulted in a modification of the hydrological response of the watershed translated by a non-stationarity in the rainfall-runoff relation. Keywords: Climate variability, GR2M, trends, Wavelets, K’sob, Algeria. 424 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Supply Water Using Patterns and Health Impacts on Urban Dwellers: A Case Study of Residents Perceptions in Chittagong City, Bangladesh Morshed Hossan Molla, Mohammad Abu Taiyeb Chowdhury, Kazi Md. Barkat Ali Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh Abstract This study attempts to explore the supply water using patterns in Chittagong Metropolitan City, and its perceived health impacts on urban dwellers. This is an empirical work based on field data, obtained through a structured questionnaire survey designed for the two distinct study areas of Chittagong City Corporation. The study revels that the major using patterns of supply water in Chittagong city are necessarily those of drinking, cooking, bathing, laundry- cloth washing, cleaning- dish washing, personal hygiene, gardening, and toilet use purpose. Piped water is the main source of drinking water for majority (73 percent) of the respondents. Among the various types of pollutants present in CWASA supply water, bad odour, bad colour, bacteria, insects, bleaching powder, salt, iron etc. are prominent that were widely perceived by the respondents. Some 64 percent of the respondents are found to be aware of the relationship that exists between water quality and various water-borne diseases in the city. About 56 percent of the respondents have reported that their family members have exposed to diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid or skin diseases at least once. Female and children are found to be more affected by the said diseases than their male counterparts. It is suggested that CWASA should supply safe water and people should drink it only after further treatmentboiling, filtering etc. It is also urged that people keep water saving appliances in their houses- clean water holding pot, reservoir tanks etc., and raise more people awareness in the city. Keyword: Environment, water quality, contamination, health impacts, and coping mechanisms. 1. Introductıon Water is a vital component of the environment. The quality of supply water is closely associated with human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that approximately 80 percent of all sickness and diseases in developing countries are caused by the consumption of contaminated drinking water. Unfortunately, few people in developing countries have access to clean water supply (Gleick, 1996; (WHO and UNICEF, 2002).). According to an estimate, more than 31 million people in Bangladesh collect drinking water from unsafe sources. Some 15 percent of the urban population does not have access to improved sources of drinking water (Ahmed, 2000). So, providing safe drinking water is one of the public health priorities for most governments including Bangladesh. The provision of safe supply water means acceptable level of quality and as well as quantity for domestic uses including food preparation, drinking, dishwashing, cleaning, bathing, laundry, watering animals and plants etc.. However, being a port city, Chittagong is heavily influenced by the tidal surges and saline intrusions. Thus, the provision of safe drinking water is likely to be more acute in Chittagong city than any other areas. The city is presently inhabited by some 5 million people. Further, as the commercial capital of Bangladesh, the city is growing by leaps and bounds. CWASA is able to meet only one-fourth of the total demand of supply water of the port city. According to an estimate, the city requires some 585 million litters (ML) per day, but CWASA has the capacity of supplying only 175 ML (Amin, 2006). 2. Objectıves The main objective of the study is to identify the supply water using patterns in Chittagong Metropolitan city and its perceived health impacts on city dwellers. The underlying objective is to explore the coping mechanisms associated with supply water crisis (shortages) in the study area. 3. Materıals and Methods For the convenience of the study, the city corporation area has been divided into two broad zones: Northern /Study Area-I (treated surface water) and Southern/ Study Area II (ground water from deep tube wells). This was done in keeping pace with the Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA) current water distribution system. Secondary information was collected from 425 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations different sources including local authority, government organizations, research cells, university libraries, and NGOs to support the background of the study. The research has been largely based on primary data, obtained through a field survey (conducted during the months of February to October 2011), consisting of two components: environmental survey (laboratory based) and questionnaire survey on at household level on supply water users. In the later approach, a total of 200 representative samples ware taken from both the zones: Northern 15 samples and 70 respondents, and Southern 27 samples and 170 respondents. Sample sizes were determined on the basis of residential structure of the city. A Chi-square test was performed after cross tabulation of the data to see if there is any significant relationship between the supply water using patterns and its perceived health impacts on city dwellers. 4. Results and Dıscussıon The study revels that supply water is the main source of household water available in Chittagong Metropolitan city. The major using patterns of supply water in the city as reported include drinking, cooking, bathing, laundry- cloth washing, cleaning- dish washing, personal hygiene, gardening, and toilet use purposes. About 61 percent of the respondents utilize above 186 litters of supply water for their daily uses in the family, and only 8 percent using below 100 liters. Piped water is the main source of drinking water for majority (73 percent) of the respondents. About 76 percent respondents use up to 20 liters of supply water in the family for drinking purposes on a daily basis. Among the various types of pollutants found in CWASA supply water, bad odour, bad colour, bacteria, insects, bleaching powder, salt, iron etc. are widely perceived by the majority respondents. Some 64 percent of the respondents are aware of water-borne diseases associated with supply water quality in the city. About 56 percent of the respondents have reported that their family members have exposed to diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid or skin diseases at least once in the past. Female and children are found to be more affected by the said diseases than their male counterparts. The results of the chisquare test (Table 1) indicate that there exist a relationship between the supply water quality and its use patterns in the city, and that the relationship is significant in Zone I (treated water) than in Zone II (groundwater), at least in the cases of drinking, cooking, dish washing, kitchen sink and personal hygiene purposes. Significant relationship has also been observed between the supply water quality and various water-borne diseases such as Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera, Typhoid and Skin diseases in the city area. 426 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Source: Field Survey, 2011.* S= Significant, NS* = Not Significant, df = degree of freedom, significance level of 0.05 Table 1. Relationship between supply water and using pattern: using pattern and health impacts of Chittagong city 5. Conclusıon and Recommendatıons The overall finding of the study is that the various aspects of supply water quality in Chittagong Metropolitan City including its diverse use patterns and perceived health impacts are important factors to be considered for improved water supply management in the city. In socio-economic terms, the lower class income group is more affected (disadvantaged) by the water borne diseases than middle and upper class income groups in the study area. Although regular water supply in the city is hindered by seasonality, there are other causes such as electricity crises, load shading, system loss, and lack of network etc. that are responsible for shortage or irregularity in supply. It is suggested that CWASA should do everything possible on its behalf to ensure regular supply of adequate and safe drinking water in the city. People then should drink water after further treatment- boiling, filtering, using purifying tablet, fitcary- potassium alma etc. It is also urged that people keep water saving appliances in their houses- clean water holding pot, reservoir tanks etc., and raise people awareness in the city through campaigns. References 1. Ahmad, Q.K. (2000), Bangladesh Water Vision 2025: Towards a Sustainable Water World in Q. K. Ahmad (ed.), Bangladesh Water Vision, Bangladesh Water Partnership (BWP), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 3-32 2. Amin, M.O. (2006), “Status of water and sanitation services in Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority”, Bangladesh Capacity Building Workshop on Partnerships for Improving the Performance of Water Utilities in the Asia and the Pacific Region, UNCC, Bangkok, 25-27 July. 3. Gleick, P.H. (1996), “Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs”, Water International, Vol. 21, No. 2 pp. 83-92. 4. WHO and UNICEF (2002), Global water supply and sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, Washington, D.C..: Iseman Creative, 5. WHO (2006), Water and Sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme, USA, http//www.wssinfo.org/who_2006 427 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Views from the Frontline (VFL) Nigeria Otu, Uwem Robert President, African Youth Movement, 9 Ufeh Street, Federal Housing Estate, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Email: aymnig@yahoo.com Abstract Whilst many countries have made significant progress in disaster management legislation and institutional arrangements many national policies and plans are being weakened by a lack of resources and capacities at the local level to execute them- a massive scaling up of local action is needed. Keywords: Disaster Risk Reduction, Hyogo Framework for Action, Community Consultations, Legislation, Policies. REFERENCES 428 1. Marcus Oxley 2011: Chair’s closing remarks, 3rd Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. www.globalnetwork-dr.org 2. Margareta Wahlstrom 2010: Strengthening Partnerships for Disaster Risk Reduction between Civil Society and International Organisations: Looking to the future: Vision and Strategies. GNDR London Conference 2010, January 26, 2010 3. Ben Ramalingam 2010: Networking for maximum impact - Creating a powerful Global Network. GNDR London Conference 2010, January 26, 2010 4. UNISDR 2010: HFA’s role in informing decision making and priority setting at the national and regional level. June 28-July 02, 2010. www.preventionweb.net 5. Marcus Oxley, Terry Gibson, 2008. Handbook Views from the Frontline. 6. Stockholm International Water Institute 2002. Book of Abstracts, World Water Week 2002. www.siwi.org 7. Otu, Uwem Robert. 2001: Grassroot Participation and management of rural water-related environmental problems in Ebo Itumbonuso, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Elsevier Publishers Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Adsorption of Arsenic from Aqueous Solutions by Fe(III) Loaded Activated Carbon Aslı Özge Avcı Tuna, Ülker Beker Yıldız Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department, Davutpaşa Campus, Esenler 34210 İstanbul/Turkey asliozge85@gmail.com, ubeker@gmail.com Abstract In this study, removal of arsenic from aqueous solution on Fe(III)-loaded activated carbon was investigated. Activated carbon was produced from apricot stones (AS) which were obtained from a fruit juice factory (AROMA) in Bursa, by chemical activation with using 50% (wt.) phosphoric acid (g H3PO4/g precursor): 1.5:1 were evaluated. After impregnation of AS, one-step carbonization in the presence of nitrogen stream at 400oC for 2 hrs was carried out. Iron oxide loaded activated carbon was prepared by coprecipitating Fe3+ ions on activated carbon. Adsorption experiments with Fe(III)-loaded adsorbent (FeO-AC) and virgin activated carbon (AC) were carried out using batch equilibration techniques at 25oC, pH 3.0 and different concentrations (0.5, 4.5 and 8.5mg.L-1). Experimental results show that compared to AC, FeO-AC has an excellent capacity of adsorption As (V). Keywords: Arsenic, iron oxide, activated carbon, adsorption. 1. INTRODUCTION Decreasing usable water resources as a result of rapid industrial development and population growth has necessitated the efficient usage of existing sources and treatment of contaminated waters extensively. Arsenic contamination in water has become a serious environmental problem encountered in many countries as well as Turkey. The sources of arsenic in ground and surface water are anthropogenic activities, dissolution of minerals and rocks, combustion of fossil fuels, uncontrolled industrial wastes, use of pesticides, herbicides[1-2]. Because of its different toxic effects of living, arsenic is important on global scale in terms of human and animal health. Long-term exposure to arsenic via drinking-water causes cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder, and kidney, as well as other skin changes such as pigmentation changes and thickening[2]. Thereby, the maximum contaminant level of arsenic in drinking water is reduced from 50 μg.L-1 to 10 μg.L-1 by World Health Organization (WHO)[3]. Various arsenic removal methods such as ion exchange, precipitation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and adsorption have been developed to reduce excessive amount of arsenic below the specified limits[2,4]. Adsorption is preferred because of its simplicity in use, high efficiency and low maintenance costs and, suitable for small-scale systems. Many studies have shown that iron oxides are considerably effective on arsenic adsorption[2,4-5]. However, these tiny iron oxide particles can cause some problems in fixed-bed columns due to excessive pressure drops and poor durability. For that reason, the support matrix from cheap and widely available material should be used to overcome that problem. The activated carbon is an ideal support media for iron oxides. Activated carbon used in the current work has been produced from apricot stone using chemical activation by phosphoric acid. In this study, iron oxide has been produced and loaded on apricot stone based-activated carbon by co- precipitation method and Arsenic (V) adsorption onto this hybrid adsorbent was investigated at different initial As (V) concentrations. 2. EXPERIMENTAL In the present study, AC was produced from apricot stones by chemical activation with using 50% (wt.) phosphoric acid, (g H3PO4/g precursor): 1.5:1 were evaluated. Impregnated apricot stones samples were carbonized by one-step carbonization in the presence of nitrogen stream at 400oC for 2 hrs. FeO-AC was prepared by co-precipitating Fe3+ ions on AC. For this purpose, AC was added to aqueous solution containing FeCl3 (0.3 M) under vigorous stirring at 65oC for 24h. Then 5M NaOH was added drop-wise into the solution till pH 10 and kept at this pH for one hour. After that, the stirrer was switched off and the precipitate was settled and the supernatant was decanted. To obtain pure and neutral pH products, FeO-AC was rinsed again with distilled water. The rinsing was repeated for a third time and dried in oven at 65oC. 429 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Adsorption experiments were carried out using batch equilibration techniques at pH 3.0 and different concentrations (0.5; 4.5; 8.5). Samples were thoroughly mixed 50 mL defined concentration and the suspensions were shaken at 25oC. The As (V) concentration in the aqueous solution was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena ContrAA 700 TR). The adsorption capacities of the sorbents were calculated according to the mass balance on As (V) ions expressed as: qe = [(C0 –Ce)*V]/m (1) Here, qe is the amount of As (V) adsorbed onto unit mass of the sorbents (mg.g-1); C0 and Ce are the initial and final concentrations (mg.L-1) of As (V) ion in the aqueous solution, respectively; V is the volume of the aqueous phase (L) and m is the weight of adsorbent (g). 2.1. Results and dıscussıon Figure 1 shows the effect of initial concentration on Arsenic (V) sorption onto AC and FeO-AC. The specific As (V) uptake (qe) for both of adsorbents increased with the increase of the initial As(V) concentration. Compared to virgin activated carbon, FeO-AC has an excellent capacity of adsorption As (V). The adsorption capacities of AC and FeO-AC sorbents were specified at 8.5 mg.L-1 as 0.18 mg.g-1 and 6.49 mg.g-1, respectively. Iron oxides within the AC-Fe contain Lewisbase-type functional groups, thus, being effective for the removal of ligands and metals. Due to the electrostatic attractions between positive charged iron oxide particles (FeOH+) and negative charged arsenic species (H2AsO4-) in acidic conditions (pH 3.0), arsenic can be removed from aqueous media effectively[6]. Figure 1. Effect of Initial Concentration on Arsenic (V) Sorption onto AC and FeO-AC In this study, an efficient adsorbent for treatment of arsenic contaminated water was produced by converting of apricot stones which are solid waste of fruit juice production facilities to activated carbon and loading iron oxide on this activated carbon. Thus, both of the protection of the environment will be provided and the provision of an adsorbent material used in large quantities from domestic sources will also contribute to the economy of our country. REFERENCES 430 1. Chutia, P., Kato, S., Kojima, T. and Satokawa, V., (2009). Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solution on synthetic zeolites, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162, 440-447. 2. Kundu, S. and Gupta, A.K., (2005). Analysis and modeling of fixed bed column operations on As (V) removal by adsorption onto iron oxide-coated cement (IOCC), Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 290, 52-60. 3. WHO, 2006, World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, vol.1 Recommendations. 4. Guan, X.H., Wang, J. and Chusuei, C.C., (2008). Removal of arsenic from water using granular ferric hydroxide: Macroscopic and microscopic studies, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156, 178-185. 5. Hristovski, K.D., Westerhoff, P.K., Möller, T. and Sylvester, P., (2009). Effect of synthesis conditions on nano-iron (hydr) oxide impregnated granulated activated carbon, Chemical Engineering Journal, 146, 237-243. 6. Chowdhury, S.R. and Yanful, E.K., (2010). Arsenic and chromium removal by mixed magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles and the effect of phosphate on removal, Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 2238-2247. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Towards Sustainable Water Quality: Management of Rainwater Harvesting Cisterns in Southern Palestine Adel Alsalaymeh1, Issam Al-Khatib2, Hassan Arafat3 Hebron Municipality - Water Quality Laboratory, Birzeit University - Water and Environmental Institute, 3 An-Najah University - Water Technologies Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering adelsalaymeh@yahoo.com, ikhatib2002@yahoo.com, harafat@najah.edu 1 2 Abstract Environmental management of rainwater harvesting in southern Palestine is required to reduce the continuously increasing demand for fresh water from limited water aquifers and to reduce the adverse health impact on the people drinking harvested rainwater. This continuously increasing demand for fresh water requires the enhancement of environmental conditions surrounding the cistern owners’ awareness to tackle the mismanagement that contributed to rainwater contamination. In this study, 100 cisterns were sampled and tested for physiochemical and microbiological parameters. Most of the tested physiochemical parameters were within the acceptable limits of WHO and Palestinian standards except turbidity, calcium and magnesium where 24%, 47% and 32% of the samples were nonconforming, respectively. The pH values of the collected rainwater ranged from 7.32 to 8.97 with a mean value of 8.16. The nitrate analysis results range from 1.5 to 7.0mg/L, with amean value of 4.2mg/L. High percentage of cisterns were found to be contaminated with total Coliforms (TC) and faecal Coliforms (FC) with percentages of 95% and 57%, respectively, rendering the cistern water unacceptable for drinking purposes. 78% of samples had a severe degree of contamination for which water needs flocculation, sedimentation then chlorination to become suitable for drinking. On the other hand, based on FC data, none of the tested samples for FC was a “high risk”, but 57% of them were categorized with “simple” to “moderate risk” and 43% were “no risk” cisterns. A cistern owner’s survey was utilized to reveal the roots behind this contamination. Different remediation measures, such as cleaning cisternsand rainwater collection surfaces and discarding water from the first season storm were recommended to enhance and protect the cistern water quality. Keywords: Water resources management, Rainwater harvesting, Cisterns, Developing countries, Palestine. 431 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Development of Irrigation Management to Conserve Fresh Water Resource Nemeer M. Al-sarraf1, Mahnd A. Nayf Younis2 1 Senior chief engineer at Engineering Studies and Designs Centre Namir.alsaraf@yahoo.com 2 Chief engineer assistance at Engineering Studies and Designs Centre Mahnd.younis@student.adelaide.edu.au Abstract Scarcity of water has been a significant issue in many places all over the world, especially in the Middle East, because of (1) Unsustainable use of existing water resources, and (2) The limitation of the water resources in these places. Therefore, the efficient use of water became an essential issue. The voice in the world nowadays calls for wise use of fresh water even water may become an economical good. For the reasons above and to highlight the benefit of efficient use of water, this study adopts a comparative conversion from the traditional gravity irrigation method to sprinkler-based pattern. Furthermore, the estimation of the financial value of the gained water due to this change to supply another uses like drinking water system. However, environmental and social aspects were translated into economical forms to be fairly considered in the comparison. The methodology applied in this paper is the traditional design process applied for both open channel and sprinkler system. The case study adopted represents a real life project that is currently constructed and operated, which gives more practical overview to the paper. Moreover, the methods of designs adopted are fairly general procedures, to enable engineers with basic knowledge of designing to digest the paper. The potential benefits of this research paper are (a) to reduce the cost of the construction of the irrigation system, (b) to present an efficient way to optimize the use of fresh water in irrigation in Iraq, (c) to present a methodology that can be adopted to hold any future comparison between the two systems for any specific network, (d) to find future potential solutions to water scarcity all around the world, and specifically Middle East Keywords: Open-channel, sprinkler system, cost of construction, comparison. 1. INTRODUCTION Fresh water is a limited resource and it is a significantly challenging to use it wisely and efficiently. Efficient irrigation systems and water management practices can help maintaining farms acculturation profitability in such an era of increasingly limited and more costly water supplies. Improved water management practices may also reduce the impact of irrigated production on offsite water quantity and quality, and may conserve water for growing non agricultural demands[1]. Improved water management may also reduce expenditures for energy, chemical, labor, while enhancing revenues through higher crop yields and improved crop quality. Strategic improved water management may also enable producers to better withstand the down side risks of drought. With water increasingly depleting, irrigators will likely continue to rely on improved technologies and water management practices to conserve water and water resources. Irrigation efficiency; broadly defined at the field level, is the ratio of irrigation water beneficially used (crop consumptive use plus an allowance for leaching of salts) to that applied[2]. According to the Arab Forum for Environment and Development, the main reason of the higher consumption and loss in water, in agricultural sectors within the Arabian countries, is the use of 85% surface irrigation as a field irrigation system[3]. Because of the low efficiency of this system, the total loss in water reaches 91 MCM per year. This research adopt more efficient irrigation technology and management practice by converting gravity irrigation to proper sprinkler system with maintaining the same crop pattern and the same area and show the resulting financial benefits of this change through saving of water. Our target is to build up an efficient system that (1) irrigates maximum area (2) with minimum water quantity, (3) preserves the properties of soil and water resources, and (4) provides more water to be used for other uses. The scope of this research is to only investigate the economical benefits of water by adopting a better irrigation practice according with IRAQI climate and environmental conditions. 432 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2. Selectıon of case study The selection of the case study is subjective to the economical, environmental and social conditions in Iraq. The prices adopted in the calculation are fairly the avarage prices of materials and asets available in the Iraqi market. Furthermore, the selection of the network is based on a real life case that represnts a practical conditions. 3. Desıgn of networks 3.1. Open Channel System (gravıtatıonal) The standared design prosedures adopted for open channels is by using Maninig equations. Laying out the system map is firstly conducted, then folowed by adopting Manning equation to find the optimum design of the channels. 3.2. Pıpe System (sprınkler) The sprinkler system determined for the case study is the linear-move machine which is convenient to the topogrraphy of the land and according to the manufacturre parameters. 4. Fınancıal Analyses The basic concept of the paper is to undertake an evaluation of the gained water in comparison between the two methods. However addional values are added to these results, these values represents evaluated cost of environmental and social consequences behind the use of each system. References 1. Margot, A., 1998, Agricultural Resources & Environemntal Indicators: Irrigation Water Management, 225, DIANE Publishing Co., The United States. 2. Terry, A., H., 2003, Irrigation Efficincy, Encyclopedia of Water Science, 467-472 3. Murat, M., Tareq, E., (2008), Water Efficiency Handbook, Arab Forum for Environment and Development, Beirut Lebanon. 433 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Evaluation of Gordes (Turkey) Zeolite in Magnetic form as a Potential Adsorbent Esra Bilgin Simsek1,2, Ülker Beker2 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey esrabilgin622@gmail.com 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler Istanbul, Turkey ubeker@gmail.com 1 Abstract Iron oxide modified Gördes-zeolite has been characterized and its use as an adsorbent in arsenic removal from aqueous solution was deeply studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed that the synthesized sorbent was pure magnetite (Fe3O4) phase. Adsorption experiments with raw (RZ) and magnetic zeolite (MZ) were carried out using batch equilibrium techniques at different pH values (3.0, 5.1 and 7.1) and initial concentrations (0.5, 5.0 and 9.5 mg L-1). The results showed arsenate (As(V)) adsorption efficiency was highly pH dependent for both sorbents and As(V) removal percentages for MZ were found as 96% and 12% when the pH of the solution was 3.0 and 7.1, respectively. Compared to raw zeolite, MZ showed higher capacity on As(V) adsorption. The sorption capacities of RZ and MZ sorbents were specified at 5.0 mg L-1 as 3.59 mg g-1 and 0.02 mg g-1, respectively. Keywords: Na zeolite, Arsenic, Wastewater, Adsorption. 1. INTRODUCTION The contamination of natural waters by industrial wastewaters is a major concern worldwide and consequently much attention has been aroused in abatement of such pollutants[1]. Among them arsenic contamination has been one of the water menaces affecting millions of people all over the world and regarded as the largest mass poisoning in history. Ingestion of this metalloid through drinking water is implicated in heart disease, neurological abnormalities, as well as cancers of the skin, lung, kidney, and bladder[2]. Most international drinking water standards for arsenic were lowered to 0.01 mg L-1 as regulated by World Health Organization[3] where else many international standards for industrial waste effluent were set to 0.05 mg L-1. Worldwide awareness of the arsenic crisis has motivated researchers to develop various techniques for removing aqueous arsenic. Among the methods that appear to be efficient to address arsenic problem, adsorption offers many advantages including simple and stable operation, easy handling of waste, absence of added reagents, compact facilities and generally lower operation cost. Iron oxy-hydroxides are the most widely used classes of adsorbents for arsenic removal due to their high removal capacity and their low cost[4]. Magnetite form of iron oxides offer the ability of being magnetic separated and collected after their use, introducing lower energy consumption possibilities for the water plant setup other than the typical filtration bed[5, 6]. Moreover, filtration problems caused by occlusion and fouling of packed columns are also avoided. Zeolitic mineral can be used as a substrate in order to prepare magnetic adsorbents for water purification, thus combining the opportunity for magnetic separation with the enhancement of adsorption capacity by incorporating more active materials on structures. The aim of the present study is to investigate magnetically modified Gördes-zeolite for the removal of As(V) as a potential adsorbent. 2. EXPERIMENTAL The raw zeolite obtained from Gördes-Manisa deposit (Turkey) was pretreated with NaCl solution to have monocationic form. Magnetic zeolite was prepared by co-precipitating Fe2+ ions onto Naform zeolite. For that reason, the pretreated zeolite was placed in solution containing FeCl2 at 65oC and NaOH was added drop-wise into the solution until pH 11. Synthesized magnetic zeolite were filtered and washed with deionized water in column until neutral pH and dried at 65oC. The raw and magnetic samples were designed as RZ and MZ, respectively. The samples were analyzed via XRD and FTIR measurements and the surface and pore properties were determined by nitrogen adsorption measurements. As(V) adsorption experiments were carried 434 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water out as a function of initial As(V) concentrations (0.5, 5.0 and 9.5 mg L-1) and pH (3.0, 5.1, 7.1) in batch technique at laboratory temperature. Arsenic concentration was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 2.1 Results and Dıscussıon Nitrogen adsorption isotherms showed that the surface area of RZ was 29.36m2 g-1 and it increased to 69.62m2 g-1 (MZ) after modification with iron oxide. The enlargement of surface area could be explained by the increase of micropore volume of MZ sample. The total pore volume values of RZ and MZ were found 0.155 and 0.221cm3 g-1, respectively. The increase in total pore volume of modified samples is probably due to the higher content of iron in zeolite structure. XRD analysis revealed that the magnetic MZ sample was pure Fe3O4 phase. Sorption capacty, mg/g Experimental results demonstrate that arsenic sorption capacity increases with increasing initial concentration (Fig.1.). The sorption capacity of MZ considerably rises from 0.40 mg g-1 at 0.5 mg L-1 to 3.59 mg g-1 at 5 mg L-1. Adsorption efficiency was found highly pH dependent for both sorbents and As(V) removal percentages for MZ sample were determined as 96% and 12% when the pH of the solution was 3.0 and 7.1, respectively. Compared to raw zeolite, MZ showed higher capacity on As(V) adsorption. The sorption capacities of RZ and MZ sorbents were specified at 5.0 mg L-1 as 3.59 mg g-1 and 0.02 mg g-1, respectively. 6 4 RZ 2 MZ 0 0,5 5,0 9,5 İnitial As(V) concentration, mg/L Figure 1. Effect of Initial Concentration on As(V) Sorption Based on the results, MZ is found a suitable material for treatment arsenic from aqueous media and arsenic affinity mainly depends on the presence of iron oxide groups on zeolite surface. The evaluation of zeolite -which has deposited in Turkey in high quantities- as a substrate brings new possibilities for treatment techniques of arsenic. Also compared to conventional separation systems, the advantages of magnetic separation are attributed to its simplicity and low cost. REFERENCES 1. Chutia, P., Kato, S., Kojima, T., Satokawa, S., (2009). Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solution on synthetic zeolites, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162, 440–447 2. National Research Council (NRC), (2001). Arsenic in drinking water, National Academy Press, Washington. 3. WHO, (2006). World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Vol.1 Recommendations 4. Gimenez, J., Martinez, M., Pablo, J., Rovira, M., Duro, L., (2007). Arsenic sorption onto natural hematite, magnetite and goethite, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141, 575–580 5. Tuutijarvi, T., Lub, J., Sillanpaa, M., Chen, G., (2009). As(V) adsorption on maghemite nanoparticles, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 1415–1420 6. Simeonidis, K., Gkinis, T., Tresintsi, S., Martinez-Boubet, C., Vourlias, G., Tsiaoussis, I., Stavropoulos, G., Mitrakas, M., Angelakeris, M, (2011). Magnetic separation of hematite-coated Fe3O4 particles used as arsenic adsorbents, Chemical Engineering Journal, 168, 1008–1015 435 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Development of a Toolbox Model for Integrated Urban Water Management Case Study Area Darkhan, Kharaa Catchment, Mongolia Londong Jörg, Rost Grit Bauhaus University Weimar Grit.Rost@uni-weimar.de, Joerg.Londong@uni-weimar.de Abstract The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) of the Kharaa catchment area in Mongolia is aim of the research project MoMo. Actual there is a need for action in Mongolia regarding the water sector. Especially in urban water management deficits exist. Water supply and facilities are in insufficient condition. Furthermore the urban water infrastructure requires a management approach. The existing conditions enable the implementation of new sanitation systems into established urban water infrastructure. Those new sanitation concepts allow new aspects for management strategies regarding nutrient cycles, energy and money flows. The development of a toolbox model as this research purpose will support the implementation of concept to delineate measures and establish criteria to prioritise those measures. Therefore the objective developing a toolbox model is to create a management approach to propose measures for an integrated urban water management. With the toolbox model described in this paper recommendations based on a rating of implementation strategies will be generated. New urban water management and sanitation conceptions consider different flow of nutrient and money. Monetary ratings will take implementation time into account. Starting with a deficit analysis an implementation plan will be generated using multi criteria decision making processes. Keywords: integrated sanitation system, urban water management concept, decision making, Central Asia, prioritisation of measures 1. INTRODUCTION Integration is the main challenge when implementing a successful Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The development of an integrated management toolbox for urban water management is embedded within the Project “IWRM in Central Asia, Model region Mongolia” (MoMo). The MoMo-Project aims to ensure a sustainable IWRM in the river catchment area of the Kharaa river and the City of Darkhan in Mongolia. This particular area was chosen, because it is a representative area for the Project issues in Central Asia[1]. The main challenge lies in the sanitation services for the rapidly growing ger settlements, which currently do not have access to adequate sanitation. For several reasons there is a strong need for action in water management in Mongolia. The current situation of water supply and sanitation in the sense of mass flow-circuit is insufficient[2]. Additionally future water availability will decline because of population growth; structural change; urbanization; mining activities and climate change, which strengthen the need for water management[3]. This paper presents the toolbox model for an integrated urban water management. It will implement tools for planning and rating measures through taking several aspects of IWRM into account. 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLBOX MODEL General concepts are needed for the fast growing urban and suburban settlement area as well as for less dynamical rural settlement areas. Research objective through developing the toolbox model is the urban water management approach including the economical and efficient combination or rather the rating of urban water related measures. Therefore an approach for organisation and logistics is essential, especially with the background of IWRM. The Toolbox Model presents the approach including tools, which are necessary for managing the urban water sector. Due to the MoMo-IWRMProject basics like developing goals, environmental states, decision criteria weighting were set. A database was created and a multi criteria decision algorithm allows the rating due to reasonably selected criteria. 436 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2.1. Defıcıt Analysıs and Envıronmental States A Deficit Analysis (actual and target state) will allow the identification of Measures. Those measures can be categorised in A: scientific substantiated because of an interdisciplinary deficit analysis, B: political planned measures and C: Expert knowledge based measures. Additionally environmental states were analysed and balanced. Those are water resources condition, law settings, cultural background, technical option, climatic prognosis, water flow balances, etc. This research is the source of a Database or rather the with decision relevant information. 2.2. Management Approach and Decısıon Makıng The strength of the Toolbox model is that it is holistic approach where safe water supply, water treatment and reuse, environmental aspects, such as nutrient and water cycles as well as economic interest are addressed simultaneously. Aim of the Toolbox model is to develop a management approach which include the integration of water supply, sanitation and reuse for towns with central infrastructure as well as fast growing informal settlements. Due to that holistic approach money flow is getting a new importance in urban water management. On the one site implementation and operation needs a lot of money and on the other site reuse options and efficiency-raising offer profits. The management approach will allow measure implementation suggestion. Result will be a timescale of suggested prioritized measures justified by efficiency, cost and special conditions. Furthermore developing goals are defined to weight the prioritisation of measures. A database of measures which are created through the deficit analysis will include criteria. The criteria of each measure determine the rating of the implementation suggestion. A multi criteria decision making Process allows the rating of measures and measure bundles. This approach is going to develop for the condition of Central Asia, particularly with regard to the fast growing and developing Mongolian City Darkhan. Aim of the research is the application in Darkhan/Mongolia. Transferability into other central Asian regions is planned to enable. REFERENCES 1. Karthe, D., Borchardt, D., (2012). Integrated water Resources Management: Model Region Mongolia. 11-15, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research. 2. Sigel, K., (2010). Environmental sanitation in peri-urban ger areas in the city of Darkhan (Mongolia): A description of current status, practices, and perceptions, UFZ-Report, 2,/ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research.2010. 3. Rost, G., Londong, J., (2013). MoMo - IWRM in Central Asia – Model Region Mongolia (MoMo): Case Study in the Kharaa River Basin, Cross section module Report, not published, Weimar - Germany. 437 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Treatment of PCP from Aqueous Solutions by Medium Frequency Ultrasound and TiO2 Combined Ultrasonic Irradiation Rana Kıdak, Şifa Doğan Cyprus International University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering E-mail: rkidak@ciu.edu.tr, sifadogan@hotmail.co.uk Abstract Pentachlorophenol is synthetically produced chemical compound mostly used as a biocide to kill unwanted organisms. The aim of this study is to search ultrasonic efficiency to decompose PCP molecules and to increase the efficiency of the process by the addition of TiO2 catalyst. The effects of four parameters were studied to decompose PCP molecules from aqueous solutions: Initial concentrations of PCP (100-2.5 ppb), different ultrasonic frequencies (575-861-1141 kHz), different sound intensities (60 W - 45 W) and the catalyst addition. Experiments were performed between 8-9 pH range and at room temperature 23-27oC. Degradation efficiencies followed this order by frequencies: 575>861>1141 kHz and by power: 60W>45W. The optimum ultrasonic condition was 575kHz and 60W. PCP molecules decomposed totally after 30 minutes in all concentrations. The highest reaction rate was 0.3883 min-1 and it was observed at 2.5 ppb solution. Addition of 0.1 g/L TiO2 nanoparticles increased the reaction rate to 0.4034 min-1. TOC removal was measured 18% after 90 minutes ultrasonic irradiation. EC50 concentration of PCP was found to be 1.12 mg/L before the experiments whereas, after 90 minutes ultrasonic irradiation the toxicity value was under the limits of detection due to the low toxicity of the process. Keywords: Pentachlorophenol (PCP), US irradiation, Degradation, TiO2, TOC. 1. INTRODUCTION Pentachlorophenol is a phenolic compound that contains five Cl atoms bonded to phenol’s ring structure. PCP was applied as an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, algaecide and disinfectant to destroy the properties of target pests. Due to its stable ring structure it stays in environmental matrices long time and causes several toxic effects. Biological treatment is not always feasible because, PCP is toxic to most microorganisms. Also physicochemical treatment processes like adsorption results with toxic disposal and it is also a problem that must be eliminated. Therefore advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is the best alternative to cause decomposition of recalcitrant compounds[1]. In this study, trace amounts of PCP in aqueous medium, between 100-50-10-5-2.5 ppb concentration ranges, were totally decomposed by medium frequency ultrasonic irradiation. Optimization of the US process made between 575, 861, and 1141 kHz frequencies. Also creation and complete implosion of cavitation bubbles in an ultrasonic process usually affected by the power of ultrasonic device[2]. Therefore, 2 different acoustic power, 60-45W, was monitored to achieve an efficient degradation. Catalysts are usually added in advanced oxidation processes such as US or UV irradiation, ozonation, to produce more radicals in the medium and therefore increase the rate of reaction and degradation efficiencies[3]. TiO2 nanoparticle was selected in this work to increase the efficiency of US treatment process. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Materıals Pentachlorophenol (99,9%) was purchased from Labor Dr Ehrenstorfer.The metanol (Merck), acetonitrile (Merck), ammonium formate (Fluka), was all Liquid Chromatograhy Grade.Titanium dioxide %1 Mn doped, nanopowder, <100nm BET, >97% was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ultrapure water was supplied from Sartorius Ultrapure Water Systems.A medium-high frequency ultrasonic system (Meinhart Ultraschalltechnik) composed of a generator, an amplifier and a titanium plate type transducer operating at different frequencies (575-861-1141 kHz) was used for ultrasonic irradiation. 500 mL glass jacketed reactor was connected to transducer. 2.2. Methods Standard solutions were preapared by dissolving 50 mg PCP in acetonitrile:water (50:50) solution. After several dilutions 250 mL of samples were prepared with ultrapure water. Ultrasonic processes 438 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water were operated 90 minutes and at several time intervals 1 mL of samples were taken for the concentration measurements. LCMSMS was used for the concentration measurements. PCP was negatively ionized in mass spectrometer and the ions used for quantification and qualification was: 35 and 229.8 (m/z). LC gradient program was methanol was started 10% flow 0.4 mL/min flow rate up to 95% in 4 minutes, then hold at 95% for 2min., decrease to 5% in 10 seconds, hold at 5% for 2.50 minutes and then stop. After ultrasonic irradiation processes were finished (90minutes) TOC analysis were made by taking 15 mL of sample from the treated solution. TOC was analyzed by TOC-Analyzer. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The optimization of the ultrasonic irradiation was made by monitoring the decrease in concentrations. Degradation curves followed first order kinetics (Figure 1). 575 kHz and 60 W ultrasonic conditions showed the best degradation efficiencies and 2.5 ppb solutions of PCP showed the highest reaction rates. After 90 minutes of treatment only 18% TOC removal was achieved. More time is needed to achive total mineralization. Treated sample showed no effect on Vibrio Fischeri algae thefore, EC50 couldn’t be monitored. k2.5ppb=0.3883 min-1 Figure 1. Degradation curves of PCP solutions REFERENCES 1. Yasui, K. (2002). Influence of ultrasonic frequency on multibubble sonoluminescence, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 112, 4, 1405-1413. 2. Ince, N. H., Tezcanlı, G., Belen, R. K. and Apikyan, I. G., (2001). Ultrasound as a catalyzer of aqueous reaction systems: the state of art and environmental applications, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 29, 167-176. 3. Melero, J. A., Martinez, F., Molina, R., and Segura, Y., (2012). Role of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Sonolcatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants of in Wastewater, Taylor&Francis Group. 439 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Brass Materials Using in Drinking Water Supply and the Effect of Water Quality (Iski’s Example) Ahmet GULEC, Berkay OTUMLU, Ismet CONTAR Metallurgical and Material Engineer (MSc), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. - ISKI Mechanical Engineer (MBA), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. - ISKI Environment Engineer (MSc), Network Operating and Billing Department European 1st. - ISKI agulec@iski.gov.tr, botumlu@iski.gov.tr, icontar@iski.gov.tr Summary Leaded brasses (Copper with 60-40% Zn and 2-3% Pb) are used in plumbing components, pumps, valves, watermeter bodies and drinking fountains. Steady and flowing chemically treat water is suffeciently aggressive to leach excessive lead from the water supply system. Lead leaching from leaded brass to water has negative health effect to end users. In addition to this, during the brass processing (melting, alloying, machining, and discharging etc.) workers and environments are affected negatively by lead content. World Health Organization proposed that limit lead level in water must be less than 10mg/l (10 ppb). In this work, it was investigated the negative effect on human health and environment. It was introduced restricting lead amount in brass base fittings materials used drinkable water network as well as watermeter bodies. This is an important decision for hearty next generation and with this limitation of lead amount in brass fitting materials and watermeter bodies, human health and environment are protected against negative effect of lead and. Keywords: watermeter body, brass fittings, lead. 440 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Assessing Surface Water Quality Indicator Based on Physico Chemical Parameters Kazem Nosrati Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., 1983963113 Tehran, Iran E-mail address: k_nosrati@sbu.ac.ir Abstract Surface water assessments and sustainability considerations are of utmost importance in arid and semi-arid regions, where water is commonly of critical economical and social significance. In this study, we use cluster analysis (CA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) to identify the most sensitive indicators of surface water quality for evaluating pollution sites within the Sefidrood Drainage Basin in Iran. In view of this, ten water quality parameters were extracted from the water quality data for eleven water years at eleven monitoring stations. CA grouped the 11 monitoring sites into three clusters (less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted sites) based on the similarity of surface water parameters. FA was used to identify water quality factors, and DA was used to identify the factors and indicators most sensitive to monitoring sites within clusters. FA identified two factors that explained for 88% of the variation in water quality parameters. Both factors showed significant differences among the three clusters. DA selected sulfate, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as the most sensitive indicators of water quality at the study area. Keywords: Surface water quality indicator, Factor analysis, Discriminant analysis, Sefidrood Drainage Basin. 1. INTRODUCTION The population growth in Iran is rapidly increasing requirement of water resources. Rivers play a major role in water quantity and quality i.e., transporting municipal and industrial wastewater and runoff. Different multivariate statistical techniques are widely applied to evaluate surface and groundwater quality[1, 2]. These techniques can be used to identify important factors influencing water quality. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper were to identify the water quality factors present from a set of 10 water quality parameters, to determine water quality factors and to select the parameters that can be used as water quality indicators in the Sefidrood Drainage Basin, Iran. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Study area and data collectıon The study was performed in the Sefidrood Drainage Basin, located between 46º 27΄ and 51º 11΄ east longitude and 34º 58΄ and 37º 56΄ north latitude, in Northwestern Iran. The study area is an important region not only for agricultural production which directly depends on river water quality and quantity, but also for hydropower water supply and irrigation purposes in downstream. Water quality parameters series for 1996–2007 were obtained for 11 gauging stations in the region from the archives of Water Resources Researches Organization, Iran including electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), chlorine (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+). 2.2. Methods The monitoring sites were classified via CA, using the linkage distance, reported as Dlink/ Dmax. FA was used to reduce the contribution of less significant retained water quality variables by further simplifying the data structure resulting from PCA. Factor scores for each sample point were calculated and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (F-test) and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (P <0.05) with clustered sites as the independent parameters. The factors and highly weighted water quality parameters were selected as input dataset for subjecting to DA to select the most important discriminating factors and water quality indicator. 441 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISSCUTION CA yielded a dendrogram (Figure 1), grouping all sites of the study area into three statistically significant clusters at (Dlink/Dmax) ×100 < 30. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that the all water quality parameters except pH show significant contrasts between clusters resulted from CA that were excluded from further consideration as possible candidates to identify water quality indicator. Figure 1. Dendrogram showing clustering of monitoring sites according to water quality characteristics The results of FA showed that two principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues>1, accounted for >88% of variability in measured water quality parameters. Both factors showed significant differences among the three clusters. Discriminant analysis of the two statistical factors indicated the factor 1 (PC1) was the most poweful in discriminating among the three water quality clusters (Eq. 1). WQI1 = 1.00 (Factor 1) – 0.085 (Factor 2) Eq. 1 The discriminant coefficient for factor 1 was eleven fold larger than coefficient for factor 2 (Eq. 1). The five water quality parameters with highest loadings in PC1 were calcium, sulfate, chlorine, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Discriminant analysis of water quality parameters that comprise the factor 1 indicated that sulfate, EC and TDS were more powerful water quality parameters in discriminating among the three water quality clusters (Eq. 2). WQI2 = -0.14 (Ca2+) – 0.57 (SO42-) – 0.41 (Cl-) – 0.56 (EC) – 0.53 (TDS) Eq. 2 Thus, sulfate, EC and TDS appear to offer the greatest potential for monitoring water quality at regional scales. These results conducted with other studies[1, 2]. Thus, this study illustrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for assessing surface water quality and for identifying water quality indicators. REFERENCES 442 1. Shrestha, S., Kazama, F., (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan, Environmental Modelling & Software 22:464-475 2. Nosrati, K., Van Den Eeckhaut, M., (2012). Assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical techniques in Hashtgerd Plain, Iran, Environmental Earth Sciences 65:331–344 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water The Toxic Effetcs of 2-Chlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenol on Fresh Water Fish Development Zeynep CEYLAN1, Aysun ALTIKAT2, Zehra YAZICI3, Turgay ŞİŞMAN3 Atatürk University Engineering Faculty, Department of Environment Engineering, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey Igdir University, Vocational High School of Health Services, Program of Environmental Health 3 Atatürk University Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey 1 2 Abstract The presence of toxic agents in ecosystems increased dramatically in recent years, namely in the aquatic environment. Phenols and their chlorinated derivatives represent one of the most abundant families of industrial toxic compounds which are resistant to biodegradation and persist in the environment for long periods. 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) have both been recognised as priority pollutants by USEPA since 1976. Their use has been strictly restrained, but these compounds continue to be discharged into water from various industrial sources including pulp and paper industry effluents. 2-CP and 2,4-DCP were tested for teratogenicity and embryo mortality in a 3-day using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, the fish are fresh water fish species. Both chlorophenols caused teratogenicity and embryo mortality in the fish embryos. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for 2-CP is 8.40 mg/L; the corresponding value for 2,4-DCP is 6.75 mg/L. The main endpoints are yolk sac edema, weak pigmentation, scoliosis, delayed growth and hatching in two chlorophenols. 2,4-Dichlorophenol was found more toxic than 2-Chlorophenol. This paper is the first to describe the relative toxicity of a suite of phenols to the early life stages of the fresh water fish. Keywords: Chlorophenols, zebrafish, pollution, toxicity. 443 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Rain Water Harvesting Models for Urban and Periurban Areas in Various Ecological Zones in Nigeria Sridhar Mynepalli1, Akinwale Coker2, Popoola Musiliu2 College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Currently at Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria mkcsridhar@gmail.com 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria cokerwale@yahoo.com 1 Abstract Rain water harvesting and utilization is a neglected practice in Nigeria. The national policy on water has not adequately addressed the issue. This study developed predictive models for planning rain water harvesting system for Nigerian urban areas taking into consideration six ecological and vegetation zones and included 21 locations. Depending on the location and the available rainfall, the needed storage capacity can be planned by local government authorities and communities through the nomogram curves developed in this research to augment their available water resources for drinking, agricultural and other needs. The models were pretested in Lagos and Ibadan and are found applicable all over the country with varying rainfall ranging from 750mm to 2500mm. The study also looked at the type of housing and the roofing structures to harvest the rain. Based on these models we have been able to provide rainwater harvesting systems in seven locations serving communities and schools. Excess rain water is also diverted to ground water recharge which has additional benefit for sustained water supply at the household level. Katsina State Government has further replicated in 11 locations within the state. Keywords: Rain water, Harvesting, Nomograms, Modelling, Communities. 1. INTRODUCTION One in six persons of the world population still lack adequate water supply. Only 7 per cent of the renewable water resources are withdrawn. Rainwater catchment however is most favoured for its simplicity, environmental friendliness and relatively low cost of exploitation [Gould, 1991]. In Nigeria water development programmes have always excluded rain harvesting in spite of well spread wet season for almost six to eight months in a year. Rain water is only harvested haphazardly by individual families on a small scale with no set guidelines. Neither the researches nor the policies in the country have exploited its potentials to the extent it deserves and as a result large quantities end up in drains and ocean. The present study attempts to fill this gap through development of predictive models and guidelines for proper rain water harvesting designs in 21 locations in the country covering six ecological zones. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Study locatıon The study was carried out in Nigeria with over 167 million population people spread over a land area of 924,000 km2. it extends from Latitude 140 N & Longitude 30 E to Latitude 40N and Longitude 150E. Relief features of the country range from 0m at coastal areas, through 400m at low hinterland to 800m upland. Vegetation varies from the mangrove swamp in the far south, through the rain forest and savannah to the semi-arid zone in the far north. The mean annual rainfalls of 2500mm in the far south and 750mm in the far north; are typical of the country. The 21 Cities chosen based on ecological and vegetation belts included : Abeokuta, Akure, Bauchi, Benin City, Calabar, Enugu, Ibadan, Ikeja, Ilorin, Jos, Kaduna, Kano, Lokoja, Maiduguri, Makurdi, Minna, Onitsha, Owerri, Port Harcourt, Sokoto, and Yola. 2.2 Samplıng Procedure and Data Collectıon The spatial variation of rainfall has mainly influenced the sampling procedure and covered high and low rainfall recorded. Both primary and secondary data collection instruments were used. The primary instruments included literature survey from publiched work and available maps, and reports. Available rainfall data were collected from the National Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, 444 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Lagos. For reliability of the design charts, rainfall record of 360 months (30 years) was collected and computed from the mean monthly rainfall (with few exceptions). Rainwater Reliability, Rainwater Availability, Mass Curve and the Storage Size were calculated and computed. The reliability curves were computed based on rainfall data and expresed at 50% and 100% reliabilities. [Mays, 1999, 2001]. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the Sahel region, Maiduguri showed the 100% reliability at annual rainfal of 426.6mm while Calabar showed at 2511.3mm. On the average at 50% reliability, Ibadan recorded an annual rainfall (mm) of 1350, Onitsha, 2000, Lokoja, 1230, Port-Harcourt 2300, Yola, 950 and Sokoto, 710. Fifteen (71%) of the 21 sampled cities conform to the above trend (rainfall mm): Kaduna 509.6, Kano, 559.6; Bauchi, 744.6; Ilorin, 697.9; Ikeja, 1039.9; Akure, 976.4, Benin, 1860.8, and Enugu 1455.9. The rainfall availability curves indicated that in the southern locations, Calabar showed 45m3 of water runoff for a 20m2 roof area per person with a probability of 50%. In the northern region with Sahel and Savannah ecological conditions, Maiduguri will yield 10m3 of runoff for a 20m2 roof area with 50% reliability. Jos plateau yields 20m3 runoff while Ilorin gives about 16m3 and Yola 15m3. With 100% reliability, 14m3 of runoff in Enugu required 12m2 roof area per person while the same volume will be yielded by 7m2 roof area in Calabar. On storage potential, curves were plotted for capacities between 0.75m3 to 3.0 m3. For water demand of 0.75 m3 with 2m2 roof area, no location has sufficient runoff to meet the total demand. Calabar can meet with a low (4m2) roof area. At 20m2 roof area, all locations can meet the water demand except Maiduguri. For 1.5m3 water demand with 10m2 roof area, Calabar can meet the demand. In other locations 20m2 roof can meet the water demand exceptons being Yola, Bauchi, Kano and Sokoto. Based on the data, for a monthly water demand the following data was obtained: For 0.75m3 with 20m2 roof area over 800m3 capacity tank is required for storage to sustain annual supply to a resident in Calabar. However, in Ikeja 400m3 capacity tank, and in Onitsha 350m3 tank are required. In Northern Nigeria Jos needs 720m3, Kaduna needs 300m3 tank whereas Sokoto, Bauchi, Maiduguri, Yola, Minna, Lokoja, Makurdi and Ilorin requires no storage facilities for roof areas that are less than 10m2. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS With a high certainty, most sampled locations under study will require large roof areas to give significant roof runoffs. Having adequate storage based on the design charts, most locations will sufficiently supply a user with 0.75m3 monthly water demand. This implies that with a disciplined water use, rain catchment is a sustainable option especially for domestic needs. National water policies should recognize and address rain water harvesting as viable option. REFERENCES 1. Gould, J. 1991. “Rainwater Catchment System for Household Water Supply.” ENSIC Review No.31, Bangkok, Thailand. 2. Mays, L.W. (1999). “Introduction”, in Hydraulic Design Handbook (edited by L.W. Mays), McGraw – Hill, New York. 3. Mays, L.W. (2001). “Introduction”, in Water Distribution Systems Handbook (edited by L.W. Mays), MacGraw-Hill, New York. 445 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Temporal Analysis of Water Quality Data from the Cazones River, Mexico; Throught Statistical Methods Eduardo Santillán-Gutiérrez, Jacobo Rodriguez-Campos, Gustavo Dávila-Vazquez, Jose de Anda-Sanchez Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., México. eddy_sancol@yahoo.com.mx, rocaja07@hotmail.com, gdv@ciatej.net.mx, janda@ciatej.net.mx Abstract Rivers are natural streams where water quality is affected mainly by anthropogenic activities, however, environmental factors such as environmental characteristics, hydrological behaviour and climatic variables of the watershed also have certain effects on physicochemical and biological parameters measured in water. In consequence of these alterations, the water quality varies naturally over time and throught its riverbed. Although there are many studies on water quality, many of them do not take into consideration the temporal variation caused by environmental factors. In this sense, in this work we propose a method of statistical evaluation of the temporal behavior of the water quality parameters monitored during 1999, based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to demostrate those components that affect significantly the variability in the data of water quality parameters, and an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Multiple Range Test using the method of least significant difference (LSD), in order to know the differences in beahvior and their response to present periods, and the effects of components on water quality parameters. This analysis showed some variation in some of the water quality parameters in function of the degree of association of hydrological parameters and climatic variables present during periods of drought and rainfall. Keywords: River Cazones, PCA, water quality, temporal variation, statistical analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The human activities often alter in an irreversibly way the physical, chemical and biological characteristic of water (Chapman, 1996). However, changes may also be caused by various factors, events or conditions ocurring in the area of the basin, as the hydrological behaviour, for example, the variation of flows, and changes in weather conditions, such as temperature, precipitation and evaporation (Chapman y Kimstach, 1996). In this sense, in this paper we propose a method of statistical evaluation of the temporal behavior of the water quality parameters in function of the degree association of hydrological parameters and climatic variables present during periods of drought and rainfall in the basin. 2. METHOD Official water quality data for 1999 was collected from the Cazones River, by the Mexican Water Commission (CNA). Physicochemical parameters, taken from three monitoring stations located along the Cazones river between the coordinates 20° 18’ y 21° 15’ North Latitude and 97° 17’y 98° 32’ West Longitude. The parameters used in the statistical analysis were: chlorides, conductivity, BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total phosphorus and total dissolved solids (TDS). The information about the caudal of Cazones river was taken from Mexican Water Commission (CNA), and the climatologic data of precipitation, temperature, evaporation and evapotranspiration was collected by the National Weather Service (SMN). The first step was to obtain descriptive statistical parameters of the data. This analysis was done for two periods of drought and rain. The degree of association between water quality parameters and environmental variables, and the existence of temporal variation in the evaluated contaminants such as organic matter, nutrients and sales on the Cazones riverbed, were evaluated with a PCA, ANOVA and a Multiple Range Test using the LSD method with Statgraphics Plus 5.1 software. For the analysis were included two periods, drought and rain. This analysis allows the original variables reduce to a smaller number of linear combinations, identifying those components which mostly influence on the variability of the data (de la LanzaEspino et al., 1998). Finally, the components extracted from the PCA, we performed a comparative study between the periods of measurement by ANOVA, this analysis allows to know the differences in the behavior of water quality parameters and the response to present periods. 446 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT The statistical analysis of water quality data began with a descriptive analysis of the available data. Most exhibit symmetry parameters according to the proximity of the feature values mean and median. However chlorides, COD and TDS are asymmetrical because they exhibit a certain bias in their values, which may be due to the presence of outliers. On the other hand the PCA presented a variability accumulated in the first two components of 68%, considering that the ideal is at least 60% for events can be explained in the first two components, this value is acceptable. In this two components, the pH and dissolved oxygen is related with the hydrologic variables of runoff and caudal and the precipitation in the first component (Figure 1). Gráfica de Pesos del Componente Gráfica de Pesos del Componente a) c) 0.63 pH Dissolved oxygen 0.29 -0.11 Caudal Runoff Precipitation -0.31 -0.33 -0.13 Componente 3 Evaporation Total phosphorus DBO5 Temperature Evapotranspiration 0.09 CODChlorides TDS Conductivity 0.07 Componente 1 0.27 0.47 b) 2.5 2 EL99 1.5 1 EP99 0.5 0 -0.5 LL99 LPC99 LP99 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 Evapotranspiration 0.43 EPC99 Principal component 3 (15.14%) Principal component 2 (22.19%) Componente 2 0.49 Temperature Precipitation 0.23 COD Evaporation Dissolved oxygen pH Runoff 0.03 Caudal Chlorides TDS Conductivity Total phosphorus DBO5 -0.17 -0.37 -0.33 -0.13 0.07 Componente 1 0.27 0.47 d) 1.5 1 EL99 LL99 0.5 LPC99 LP99 0 EPC99 -0.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 -1.5 -3.5 EP99 -2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 Principal component 1 (46.11%) Figure 1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the measured parameters in the Cazones river. 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS The PCA showed the relation between pH and dissolved oxygen and the hydrologic variables such as caudal and runoff in first component. This demostrated the period of rain cause some effect in this parameters. REFERENCES 1. Chapman, D., (1996). Water quality assessment. A guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. 2a. ed. UNESCO/WHO/UNEP. Champan & Hall. London, UK. 626 pp. 2. Chapman, D., and Kimstach., V., (1996). Selection of water quality variables. In: Water Quality Assessments. D. Chapman (ed.), E.& FN SPON, 58 – 126, London. 3. de la Lanza, G., Sánchez, N., Esquivel, A. (1998). Análisis temporal y espacial fisicoquímico de una laguna tropical a través del análisis multivariado. Hidrobiológica 8(2):89-96. 447 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Water Resources Management in the Republic of Azerbaijan: Overview and Outlook Gıyasettin Güneş, Elsad Javadzade AZERSU OJSC gunesgiyas@yahoo.com Abstract Azerbaijan, the biggest of the three republics of the South Caucasus, occupies the southern part of the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The country has a total land area of 86,600 km2. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the north, the Caspian Sea to the east, the Islamic Republic of Iran to the south, Armenia to the west, Georgia to the north-west and Turkey to the south-west. The water situation in Azerbaijan for last twelve years has subjected to significant changes. After the freedom of Azerbaijan has come face to face with insoluble problems as water pollution, exhaustion of water resources of avid areas, salinization of irrigated lands, vise of the Caspian Sea level, mud flow in mountain areas, development of water erosion, etc. The main problems and constraints in the national situation regarding water are following: • Drinking water safety • Water pollution and quality • Water conservation and reducing of a water losses and leakage • Flood flow and mud flow control • Dam safety and control • Protection of coastal areas of the Caspian Sea level vising. Azerbaijan has steadily enhanced its environmental protection system. The policy, legal and institutional framework that it was left from the former Soviet Union was not designed to operate environmental protection. Much progress has now been made, particularly in updating the environmental legal framework, although further improvements are still needed. Water resources are limited and distributed unequally in Azerbaijan territory. Presently surface water sources of the country are constituted 30-31 km3, but this reserve is decreased up to 20,3 km3 in dry years.70-72% of potable water sources of Azerbaijan are formed abroad. Surface water sources resources from rivers, lakes, reservoirs and glaciers. One of the main aims of “Azersu” OJSC is to develop the management of water resources in Azerbaijan. In this paper, for the development of water resources is presented about the projects planned and implemented in Azerbaijan. Keywords: Azerbaijan, Water, Azersu, Management. 448 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water A 2D Oil Spill Model Using Radial Basis Function Collocation Method Tunay ÇARPAR ISKI General Directorate tcarpar@iski.gov.tr Abstract A two dimensional numerical advection diffusion model was developed to simulate an oil spill and to determine the fate and transport of oil on a sea surface. A meshless numerical scheme based on the Radial Basis Function Collocation method (RBFCM) was employed for solving the transport equation in the model. To evaluate the performance of the model, a benchmark problem and an application for the Marmara Sea were investigated. For the benchmark problem, several RBFCM solutions were investigated and compared to the analytical solutions. For the Marmara Sea application, only surface currents were used to drive the oil slick. Surface current profile was generated by interpolation of the data received from Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography using the Radial Basis Function Collocation method. Physical parameters of oil for diffusion, evaporation, vertical dispersion, shoreline deposition were based on literature values. Sensitivity analyses to key diffusion coefficients were conducted. Three events for each four months (January, April, July and October) were used to test the model. The results are presented in the form of contour maps of oil spills for each event. And the applicability of meshless RBFCM on solving the transport equation for oil spill problems has been shown in accordance with the main objective of this study. Keywords: RBFCM, Oil Spill, Transport Equation, Marmara Sea. 1. INTRODUCTION By the year 1992 half of the World’s crude oil production was being transported by sea. This mode of transport can cause significant amounts of oil spill into the sea from operational discharges, collisions, and grounding of tankers. In recent decades, oil production and consumption have increased rapidly due to global economic growth, and as a result more oil spills can be expected along tanker routes and in the vicinity of production facilities where crude oil contains chemicals such as benzene, toluene, heavy metals, arsenic and poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Many of these chemicals are known to cause human health problems such as cancer, birth defects or miscarriages etc. The fate and transport of spilled oil in water bodies are governed by physical, chemical and biological processes that depend on the oil properties, hydrodynamics, meteorological conditions and environmental conditions. The processes include advection, turbulent diffusion, surface spreading, evaporation, dissolution, emulsification, sedimentation and the interaction of oil slick with the shoreline. By combining all of these physical, chemical and biological processes that drive oil spills together; the governing Equation (1.1) comes out for the two dimensional solution which describes oil slick movement on the water surface (1.1) where Cs is local volumetric oil concentration on the water surface per unit surface area, Ca is the area concentration of oil which is assumed to be equal to Cs, Us is component of surface drift velocity in x direction, Vs is the component of surface drift velocity in y direction, Dx is diffusion coefficient in the x direction, Dy is diffusion coefficient in the y direction, γ is the rate at which the surface oil is dispersed and dissolved into the water column, SE is the rate of evaporation per unit area of the surface slick, Ds is the mass loss due to shoreline deposition and S is source. 2. MODELLING OF FATE AND TRANSPORT OF AN OIL SPILL The advection–diffusion equation is the basis of many physical and chemical phenomena, and its use has also spread into economics, financial forecasting and other fields. In general, the numerical solution of advection-diffusion equations has been dominated by finite difference, finite element or boundary element methods. These methods are derived from local interpolation schemes and require a mesh to support the application. It is well known that finite difference and finite element solutions 449 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations of the advection-diffusion equation present numerical problems of oscillations and damping. On the other hand, boundary element solutions seem to be relatively free from these problems (Brebbia, 1983). Secondly, since the above-mentioned numerical methods are all mesh-dependent, it is vital to construct an appropriate mesh to obtain a better approximation to the problem. However, the construction of an appropriate mesh is not an easy task and sometimes the problems cannot be solved because of the lack of an appropriate mesh structure (Boztosun, 2002). Because of the complexity of mesh-generation, considerable effort has been devoted in recent years to develop meshless methods. These methods aim to eliminate the structure of the mesh and approximate the solution using a set of quasi-random points rather than points from a grid discretization. In the present study, the mesh free radial basis function collocation method (RBFCM) is used. RBFs, which was initially devised for scattered geographical data interpolation, consists of several types like Multiquadics, Splines etc. and can be defined as a variant of artificial neural network. RBFs with A number of experiments of the method had been carried out and applied to solve a various scientific and engineering problems over the last decades; however most of these applications deal with hypothetical examples (Kansa, 1992). 3. APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS In the study, the applicability of the RBFCM on solving transport equations is investigated by using benchmark problems and the performance of several RBFs are observed. Besides these, the study also aims to build an oil spill model by using RBFCM for the Marmara Sea, which has an important role in global oil transport. The results show us that during an oil spill on any point of the tanker route on the Marmara Sea may cause significant damage on different coasts and regions of the sea rapidly (in between 48 and 192 hours). The surface current profile of the Marmara Sea is also generated by vector interpolation using RBFs from scattered data taken from the field. In the near future, development of an early warning system, which uses instantaneous data of the current and wind on the Marmara Sea, can be planned. Considering the capability, speed and accuracy of Radial Basis Function Collocation method, such a system can be developed by using RBFCM. REFERENCES 450 1. Brebbia, C. A. and L., Skerget, 1983, “Time dependent diffusion convection problems using boundary elements, numerical methods in laminar and turbulent flow”. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 889-895. 2. Boztosun, I., and A., Charafi, 2001, “RBF-based meshless schemes for advection–diffusion problems” Advanced Boundary Element Techniques, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 573-581. 3. Kansa, E. J., 1992, “A strictly Conservative Spatial Approximation Scheme or the Governing Engineering and Physics Equations over Irregular Regions and Homogenously Scattered Nodes”, Comput. Mat. Applic., Vol.24, No.5,pp.169-190. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Dependable Discharges for Lower Diayla River Basin Dr. Alaa H. Al - Shami Ministry of water resources, Study and Design Engineering Center, Hydraulic Of the physical and mathematical modeling department (Iraq) alshami_alaa@yahoo.com, gded_2004@yahoo.com Abstract The Diayala River is a major tributary of Tigris River that runs through Iran and Iraq which drains an area of 32600 Km2. The catchment area consist of four parts which are the area of the basin above Derbendi - Khan dam‘ Upper Diyala, Middle Diala and Lower Diyala . Through the last three decade the water coming to the upstream Derbendi-Khan reduced and this reduction reached to about 35%. This research focusing on the water dependable discharge reaches to lower Diyala river basin as compared to the water balance study worked by Russian. The water balance mention that the discharge can be supplied the lower basin with probability of 95% for the year (1947 - 1948). In this research consider the mean discharge up stream Hemein dam for the period (1981 - 2007) in order to find the dependable probability for discharge which can be satisfied and equivalent to water balance study. In this research considered different probability 95%, 80%, 70%, and 50%) of each month (from October to September) water year for the period (1981 2007) by using the empirical Wei Ball probability equation and was conclude that the probability 70% can consider the suitable probability for the water requirement for the lower Diyala river basin for the period (1981 - 2007). Keyword: Diayala river basin, Derbendi - Khan dam, Hemrein dam. 1. INTRODUCTION Diyala river basin is originates in Iranian and Iraqi territories. it is the last tributary for Tigris River from the left bank it is junction with Tigris 360 Km. south of Baghdad city .Diyala river has length 352 Km. from Derbendi – Khan dam to it is junction with Tigris River. just downstream the dam the river cut through narrow gorge and for twenty kilometers downstream the river is narrows and passes through a rugged area after that the river widens to about 500 m. and being to meander and some time break to lose to two Nemours small branches . the average water slope of the river in the reach is 2.0 meters per kilometer. At Balajo town downstream Derbendi - Khan dam about 80 Km. the flood plain of Diyala river about 500m. and the river downstream reaches the flood plain will be widen to about 1.0-1.5 Km. The Diyala river drains an area of 32600Km2and can divided in four Catchment area each having distinct characteristic[1]. 2. DIAYALA BASIN 2.1. The Derbendi_Khan dam is predominantly mountainous and the runoff in this area is largely snow fed. 2.2. The intermediate catchment lies between Derbendi- khan and Hemrein dam and comprise for the most part complex of rolling gravel-tapped hill with the exception of the River Wand the runoff is flashy in character. In this area the river runs in a wide gravely plan with slope of about 2.0 meter per kilometer this catchment can be divided in two parts. a - Upper Diayla River basin b- Middle Diyala River basin The upper Diayla river basin starts from downstream derbendi- Khan dam to the boundary of Balajo – Khanaqine project. The Middle Diayla river basin starts from Balajo _khanaqine project to the upstream Hemrein dam. 2.3. The lower Diayala basin starts from the downstream Hemrein dam to the confluence of Diayala river with Tigris river[1]. 3.1. Dıscharge upstream Hemreın dam wıth dıfferent probabılıtıes Study worked by the experts of water resources and land development in Iraq (1982) which may called (water balance) and referring to lower Diayala river basin they suggested a three probabilities 451 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations of discharge upstream Hemrein dam and these probabilities can covered the water requirement for the lower irrigation project located in the lower Diayala basin as mentioned in the Table 1[2]. Year Probability Mean Discharge m3/s (1947 – 1948 ) 95% 81.5 ( 1055 – 1956 ) 80% 100.0 ( 1935 – 1936 ) 50% 111.3 Table 1. Water balance probabilities for Diayala lower basin 3.2. Probabılıtıes of dıscharge upstream Hemreın dam for the perıod (1981-2007) The analysis was consider the frequency for each month (water year) by using the empirical Wei Bull probability equation (1) from October to September and find the probability of 95%, 80%, 70%, and 50%, and the average yearly flow for the probabilities are 45,75, 67.13, 84.13 and 127.8m3/s respectively. Naturally the mean flow 84.13m3/s of probability 70% are dependable mean discharge upstream Hemreein dam for the period ( 1981 - 2007) which is equivalent of discharge 81.5m3/s of probability 95% for the year (1947 - 1948). The analysis of the distribution can be shown in Figure1[3][4] Pm = m/1+n (1) Where Pm = frequency of recurrence of certain term of the series, m = Number carried by the term of the descending series, n = Number of term in the series, p = 1 / T, T = recurrence interval or return period Figure 1. Inflow to Hemrein dam with 70% probability for the period ( 1981 - 2007) 4. CONCLUSION The probability of 70% of the mean discharge upstream Hemrein dam(1981- 2007) can be equivalent to the probability of 95% for the year (1947-1948) worked by water balance (1982) for the upstream discharge of Hemein Dam. REFERENCE 452 1. M- Macdonald consulting Engineering , Diayla and middle Tigris Report No. 7River Diayla Hydrology and Flood Control (1975). 2. Selkhozpromexport USSR general Scheme of water resources and land development in Iraq(1982) Vol. III, book2 , vol. IV page 161 table 11.15. 3. Hydrological Nation Water Resources Center , Water control Dep. Data for discharge and elevation for Derbendi - Khan dam. 4. Ricard A. Jonson, Gouri K. Statistics : principle and Methods Fifth Edition (2006). Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Analyzing on Remote Access of Drinking Water Plants Orhan TOPAL1, Nurettin UMURKAN2 Ankara Special Provincial Administration, Ankara, TÜRKİYE orhan.topal@icisleri.gov.tr 2 Yıldız Technical University, Electrical Engineering Department, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE umurkan@yildiz.edu.tr 1 Abstract One of the working area of Ankara Special Provincial Administration (ASPA) maintance&repair of submersible pumps on drinking water plants in rural side. In this paper the system which is designed, installed by us, ensure protecting and remoting so we give feasibility working, cost and the other details of system. All of results are shared. We make a lot of practice so establish and introduce remote communication of those plants. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system is established by for these submersible pumps so in this paper all of the ways of these systems were explained Keywords: drinking water facilities, Motopomp, protection, control, efficiency. 1. INTRODUCTION Ankara Special Provincial Administration’s (ASPA) most important aim is making all of the base substructure facilities like road asphalt, drinking water, waste water and sewage systems so we do all of new plants and maintenance&repair available plants. In this paper all of the present situations and renovations are reported. In drinking water plants, we drill under soil and take the water by submersible pumps. After that this water is pumped to the high places which located high places into the water tank, so though to hightest, delivered village water grid. All of those systems are far away from the city center of Ankara Special Provincial Administration’s (ASPA) site because in rural side of Ankara at least 100km from the centrum so Nallıhan,Ş.Koçhisar, Evren takes 250-300km from the Ankara’s center for that the maintenance&repair facilities are take a lot of time and energy according to the normal type. For this we make an analyze for maintenance&repair facilities, we take all of the problems which are about drinking water systems in rural areas. In Table1 as you see, all of the problems which are about this topic (in drinking water systems for 9 months) and in Table2 we listed Haymana villages’ problem distributions. Table 1. According to Towns The number of Problems (in Ankara) 453 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Num Town Village Per. Distance Total Distance Problem Tipe 1 HAYMANA KARAPINAR 4+1 96,7 193,4 Motopomp arızası Ciddi 2 HAYMANA KARAPINAR 4+1 96,7 193,4 Motopomp arızası Ciddi 3 HAYMANA EVLİYAFAKI 4+1 101 202 Elektrik arızası Basit 4 HAYMANA EVLİYAFAKI 4+1 101 202 Elektrik arızası Basit 5 HAYMANA ÇELTİKLİ 4+1 105 210 Motopomp arızası Ciddi 6 HAYMANA GEDİKLİ 4+1 93,9 187,8 Elektrik arızası Basit 7 HAYMANA KUTLUHAN 4+1 97,7 195,4 Elektrik arızası Basit 8 HAYMANA DEVECİPINAR 4+1 120 240 Elektrik arızası Basit 9 HAYMANA EMİRLER 4+1 126 252 Motopomp arızası Ciddi 10 HAYMANA YERGÖMÜ 4+1 99,1 198,2 Vana ve Çekvalf değişimi Ciddi Ciddi 11 HAYMANA ESKİKIŞLA 4+1 91,2 182,4 Motopomp arızası 12 HAYMANA KUTLUHAN 4+1 97,7 195,4 Elektrik arızası Basit 13 HAYMANA EVLİYAFAKI 4+1 101 202 Elektrik arızası Basit 14 HAYMANA ÇELTİKLİ 4+1 105 210 Elektrik arızası Basit 15 HAYMANA CİNGİRLİ 4+1 70,2 140,4 Elektrik arızası Basit 16 HAYMANA KUTLUHAN 4+1 97,7 195,4 Elektrik arızası Basit 17 HAYMANA EVLİYAFAKI 4+1 101 202 Elektrik arızası Basit 18 HAYMANA CİNGİRLİ 4+1 70,2 140,4 Elektrik arızası Basit 19 HAYMANA CİHANŞAH 4+1 122 244 Motopomp arızası Ciddi 20 HAYMANA EMİRLER 4+1 126 252 Motopomp arızası Ciddi 21 HAYMANA ALTIPINAR 4+1 93 186 Elektrik arızası Basit Tablo 2. According to Towns Analize of Problems The base problems in this system are about electrical equipment in submersible pump electric panel and these takes %60 all of total problems This report is very important because, the problems which like this, we go to this village with 5 person and travel a lot. For example, Haymana Devecipınar village take 240 km from the city center as you see it is too distance so wasting a lot of time and energy.. In this situation, for these problems which is base types, we make a remote control and commanded from the center with wireless communication on submersible pumps systems. For doing this we take a lot of profit like time, energy… Firstly me make a pilot working SCADA on Haymana’s villlages after taking good results, now we increase this number so there are 40 drinking water plants in Ankara with SCADA In this paper we would give all of the details this working with cost. Also we are the first government organizations which executed except ındustrial plants. So this is very important example all about the other organizations whose facilities like us. REFERANSES All of the analyzes is belong to Ankara Special Provincial Administration, Department of Water and Sewage. 454 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Marine Pollution:Plastic Debris Merve KOPUZ İSKİ Bahçelievler Şube Müdürlüğü Bağcılar Cad.No:77 Bahçelievler/İSTANBUL msevimlikurt@iski.gov.tr Abstract Solid materials, typically waste, that has found its way to the marine environment is called marine pollution.Marine pollution is a growing environmental issue. Marine is huge but this doesn’t mean that they are immune to pollution and they are certainly in need of more protection.And the most serious threats to our marine is plastics pollution.Plastics are the most common type of pollution and cause the most problems from marine animals and birds. Keywords:Marine, Plastics, Pollution. 1. INTRODUCTION Marine debris consists of plastic litter washed or blown from land into the sea, fishing gear abandoned or lost by recreational and commercial fishers, and solid non-biodegradable floating materials (such as plastics) disposed of or lost by ships at sea. Plastic materials are defined as bags, bottles, strapping bands, sheeting, synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, floats, fibreglass, piping, insulation, paints and adhesives.Seven billion tonnes of various types of litter enter the world’s marine every year. Plastics,which generally make up about 60 percent of rubbish,are the worst offenders and can last for 10-20 years on the marine flor before decomposing. 2.METHODS Almost 80% of the plastic found in the marine is dumped by humans. They come from ships, cargo containers, off shore companies and oil rigs. The United Nations estimates that each one of us uses nearly 140 kilograms of plastic each year. At least 6.4 million metric tons of that plastic has ended up in the oceans. About 44 percent of all seabirds eat plastic, apparently by mistake, sometimes with fatal effects. And 267 marine species are affected by plastic garbage-animals are known to swallow plastic bags, which resemble jellyfish in water.[1] Plastic poses a significant threat to the health of sea creatures, both big and small.Over 100,000 marine mammals and one million seabirds die each year from ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic.[2] It takes 500-1000 years for plastic to degrade. Even if we stopped using plastics today, they will remain with us for many generations, threatening both human and marine health. Photo 1. Albatross ( by Chris JORDAN) 455 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Photo 2. Sea Turtle (by www.karumbe.org) 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Marine pollution threatens the health of our coasts and ocean and it comes in many different forms. Marine pollution can mean plastic litter, other litter such as glass bottles and cans, oil and chemical spills or polluted stormwater drains and rivers flowing into the sea. The effect of these have on the marine environment depends on the type of pollution, the size of the pollution and where the pollution occurs. Some marine environments and types of marine life are more sensitive than others to pollution. The pollution may damage individual sea creatures or plants, or it may damage whole communities of different living things. Every year about 300 billion pounds of plastic is produced in the world and not even %5 of it is recycled. So where does the remaining %95 goes? Well most of it finds safe haven in landfills and the remaining is thrown in the water;the action of the sun,water and temperature breaks it into small pieces which helps the spreading of plastic even more. 4.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION The problem of plastic pollution in the marine is very serious and requires attention. People should make sure that they limit the use of plastic bags and items. Every piece of plastic being made today is going to remain in the environment for a long time.As a result we all should understand the responsibility of cleaning our marine, before it becomes a dump. REFERENCES 456 1. 2008 study in the journal Environmental Research by oceanographer and chemist Charles Moore, of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation 2. savemyoceans.com/plastics Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water The New Vision in Sustainable Urban Water Management Canan KARAKAŞ ULUSOY canhal_kar@yahoo.com Abstract Today we face to face very importance problem which must be developed different approaches for urban water management. It is needed urgent changes because of the climate change, population grow, the increasing of deficiency of source, being of gradually worsening natural and unnatural environment, rapidly expanding metropolitan areas and for sustainable urban area at competition among regions, and also needed new fund for all these. We can encounter not only to deal with these subjects but also incalculable risks. It is estimated that the earth’s population will reache 9 billion by the middle of this centry and by 2050, urban residents will account for 80 per cent of all people on the plant (Mayor Panel, 2011). The developed countries also claim that the sustainable supplying of urban water necessity at the proportion which will be enough for this population can be not supplied any more with nowadays the central conventional water infrastructure systems which involve the nineteenth and twentieth century ideas and technologies that emerged from water rich countries 120 years ago (Hiessl, 2005) and only focus on physical engineering structures in related to water supplying and transmission, the gathering and disposing of waste water and rain water. The view that will be enabled only through the developing of economic, social and envirenmental sustainability of the conventional man product infrastructure systems of 21. century sustainable urban water management is accepted (Ray, David and Regan, 2009) by the day. The way of this making real is possible to be advanced the approach of scenarios based on green infrastructure every urban area. Keywords: Urban water management, urban water infrastructure, sustainability, green infrastructure approach, scenario approach. 1. INTRODUCTION The population of the urban area increase rapidly in the world. To increase rapidly urban population in the metropolitan areas, to carry sufficent quantity and quality water from long distance basins tend to increase the cost of the providing healty water service. When there were merely two big city whose population was bigger than 10 million (Tokyo and New York), the number of big cities reached 4 in 1975. It is predicted this number to reach 22 in 2015 (Stren and Cameron, 2005). Together with population grow, global climate change is also very important problem. The effects on rainfall of global climate change are seen either very heavy and strong rain and snow or excess drought. If urban water infrastructure systems is continued to construct with conventional view, it will be seen unavoidable heavy precipitation to cause permanent big flood disaster in the urban area. This problem can be only solved urban planner and water experts taking into consideration local climate models to add water to urban planning in the early stage (developing water friendly urban areas, certainly not opening water basin to construct, permitting green areas that rain can be infiltrate underground in the urban areas and that surrounding all urban area down stream, increasing forest range in the urban area), to enhance different approachs for rain water flow ( for example; green roof, rain barrels, rain gardens, bio retention). In addition, it is going on to be contaminated world fresh water that is only in the ratio of 1 per cent with point and non point pollutants. Consequently, not possible purification of water including more heavy metal and radiactive contamination of the existing conventional systems cause to improve new membrane technologies. Hence the requirement of development of new technologies for more contaminated water and exporting this technologies from developed countries to developing ones bring about increasing the cost of water purification. 2. THE CRITICAL APPROACH UPON CONVENTIONAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS While the developing countries accelerate metropolitan urbanization for competitive at economies of scale, they continue to solve water service of this urban area by means of central conventional infrastructure systems. The urban water infrastructure systems must not only be planned to provide 457 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations sufficient water for urban users, but do so in a manner that insures the sustainability of the resource. Can current central conventional infrastructure systems be provided sustainable urban water management? Is it possible this systems manage to sustainable financial management? Are this systems effective, efficient and sustainable systems? Conventional infrastructure systems are the process to emerge from holistic plan and design in order to supply changing needs in terms of public health and environmental concerns. However, they present important deficiencies that can not be overcomed easily anymore: Technological innovations can not be integrated ( to pipe line and treatment plant)( Hiessl, 2005), amount of water can not be increased, much water must be carried from so far away basins, between water quality of end of purification plant and of reached to houses can be changed, the hydrologic and SCADA models adapted city information systems are necessary to use for constant maintenance and repair and control, and it is seen that must be taken very critical measures against any terror (Brumbelow, Torres, Guikema, Bristow and Kanta, 2007) . 3. NEW VISION The view that will be enabled only through the developing of economic, social and envirenmental sustainability of the natural infrastructure systems integrated with the conventional man product infrastructure systems of 21. century sustainable urban water management is accepted by the day. The way of this making real is possible to be advanced the approach of scenarios based on green infrastructure every urban area. REFERENCES 458 1. Mayor Panel, 22.08.2011, Stockholm International Water Institue (SIWI). 2. Hiessl Harald, 2005, ”Options for Sustainable Urban Water Infrastucture Systems: The AKWA-2100 Scenaios”, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhei Germany ,Publ. By Institue of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development Korea University, Seoul, Korea, s. 1-13. 3. Ray Bolger, David Monsma, Regan Neolson, 2009, “Sustainable Water Systems: Step One-Redefining The Nation’s Infrastructure Challenge”, The Report of The Aspen Institute’s Dialogue on Sustainable Water Infrastructure in the U.S., May, s.1-36. 4. R.Stren ve R. Cameron, 2005, “Metropolitan Governance Reform”, Public Administration Development, 25, s.275-284. 5. Brumbelow Kelly, Torres Jacob, Guikema Seth, Bristow Elizabeth and Kanta Lufthansa, 2007, “Virtual Cities for Water Distribution and Infrastructure System Research”, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress: Restoring Our Natural Habitat. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Usage of Cuo for Degradation of Humic Substances Ozge TURKAY, Hatice INAN Gebze Institute Of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering oturkay@gyte.edu.tr, inan@gyte.edu.tr Abstract Humic substances (HS), which are an important component of natural organic matter (NOM), are high molecular weight compounds of a complex nature. They are precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs). These chlorinated compounds formation occur when chlorine that used for a disinfectant for water reacts with these organic composition. They are responsible for imparting color to water and fouling membranes. So it is necessary to remove HS from drinking water. The goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of CuO as a catalyst in ozonation system. Ozonation and catalytic ozonation experiments were carried out in constant HS concentration and ozone dosage in a semibatch continuous stirred reactor. For catalytic experiments, the same dosage of nanopowder CuO was used. Degradation level was determined by measuring UV254, VIS400 and DOC parameters. The results show that degradation of humic acid by catalytic ozonation in presence of CuO were found to be more efficient than merely ozonation process. Keywords: Catalytic ozonation, Copper oxide, Humic substances. 1. INTRODUCTION Humic substances (HS) are an important component of natural organic matter (NOM) and have high molecular weight compounds of a complex nature. The complex nature and chemical composition of HS makes them to be resistant to the oxidants that commonly used in water treatment technology. If chlorine is added to water aiming disinfection, reactions with aqueous humic substances can cause disinfection by-products which are likely dangerous for human health [Yang et al., 2007]. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation is used to improve the oxidation of organic compounds by generating free radicals, mainly hydroxyl radicals of high oxidation power by adding metal oxides such as TiO2, MnO2, CuO. In the literature, limited number of studies [Ben-Moshe et al., 2009; Kim and Metcalfe, 2007] were performed with copper oxide upon catalytic ozonation. The aim of this study was to evaluate degradation efficiency of humic substance by CuO as a catalyst in ozonation system. Ozonation and catalytic ozonation processes were applied for humic acid degradation respect to time, separately. The results were compaired in terms of the parameters that are specific to organic matter content such as dissolve organic matter (DOC) and UV absorbances at 254 nm (UV254) and 400 nm (VIS400). 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1.Humıc acıd solutıon Humic acid used in this research is commercially available and was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. 25 mg/L humic acids are dissolved with ionized water and are filtered with 0.45 μm membrane filter. 2.2. Copper oxıde The nano-powder copper oxide was provided from Sigma Aldrich. 0.25 g/L of CuO was used as a catalyst without further modification. 2.3. Experımental Methos Ozone and catalytic ozone experiments were performed with humic acid solutions at a concentration of 25 mgL-1, at natural pH (5.5-6.0) and room temperature. Ozone was produced from pure oxygen and fed into the reactor through a porous glass diffuser located at the bottom of the reactor. Samples were withdrawn at different intervals to determine the residual concentration of humic acid during 15 minutes. All samples filtrated by through 0.45 µm membrane and analyzed for DOC and UV254, VIS400. 459 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. Ozonation and Catalytic Ozonation Affects on Humic Acid in Terms of UV254 ,VIS400 and DOC In the presence of CuO, the percentages of UV254 removal was 76% even after 5 min, whereas it was just 18% for ozonation alone as can be seen in the Figure 1.a. On the other hand, figure 1.b shows VIS400 absorbance. Reduction of VIS400 was determined as 25% for ozonation, 68% for catalytic ozonation process after 15 min of reaction time. Figure 1.c indicates that the catalytic ozonation processes are more effective than ozonation alone to remove DOC from aqueous solution containing humic acid. There is a significant difference between ozonation and catalytic ozonation processes in the first 5 minutes. In that time, reduction of DOC was determined 14% for ozonation alone, 80% for ozonation with CuO. As can be seen in the figures, the organic molecules can desorb from catalyst surface along the time. From the experimental results, catalytic ozonation showed to provide better UV254, VIS400 and DOC removal efficiency by comparison with ozonation alone. REFERENCES 460 1. Ben-Moshe, T, I Dror, and B Berkowitz. (2009). Oxidation of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Solutions by Nanosized Copper Oxide Catalysts, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 85, 3-4, 207-211. 2. Kim, J. K., and I. S. Metcalfe. (2007). Investigation of the Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals and Their Oxidative Role in the Presence of Heterogeneous Copper Catalysts, Chemosphere, 69, 5, 689-696. 3. Yang, Y, J Ma, Q Qin, and X Zhai. (2007). Degradation of Nitrobenzene by Nano-Tio2 Catalyzed Ozonation, Journal of Molecular Catalysis. A, Chemical, 267, 1-2, 41-48. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Access to Adequate, Safe Drinking Water for Vulnerable Communities in Opt Majeda A. Alawneh Palestinian Water Authority malawneh@msn.com Abstract Lack of access to clean water has been a longstanding problem for Palestinians living in Palestine. The problem arises principally because of Israeli policies and practices which resulted in widespread violations of rights to adequate living standards, includes right to water and adequate sanitation. Severe water deficit faced Palestinians in terms of accessing adequate quantities of water compelling them to purchase water from use unsafe resources. This made them increasingly vulnerable to WASH services and facilities. Some180,000-200,000 [1] inhabitant in the West Bank remain unconnected to the water network the majority in Hebron, Jenin, Nablus and in area C are paying 5-10 Euro/m3 for purchasing unsafe tanker water. Transport cost by tankers, lack of water sources contributed in the high price. Adverse impacts on health and hygiene conditions in these communities are feared if no immediate measures taken. In A multicategorial approach response to water scarcity; reservoirs have been built, water networks rehabilitated, agricultural roads maintained, storage capacity increased, tanker water from monitored resources delivered and tested. Palestinian Ministries, I/LNGOs and stakeholders have been effectively incorporated in the process providing adequate water quantities at subsidized prices (2 Euro/m3) and Work towards a sustainable national strategy that secure water to all. Keywords: Water Quality, Water Scarcity. 1. INTRODUCTION In the West Bank, Israel restricts the amount of water Palestinians can abstract from the shared aquifers 20% of the “estimated potential[2], leading to water shortages in Palestinian communities, particularly during the summer months. In Area C, where 60% of the West Bank[3] under full Israeli military control, infrastructure built without permits are subject to demolitions. As a result, some communities in unserved and vulnerable areas who receive less than 30 l/c/d and pay more then 5 Euro/m3 have to rely on water delivered by tankers which mostly unsafe for domestic use, besides, these communities spend t 30-40% [4] of their household income on water purchasing through the private sector market. International financial support was required to implement the response and to strengthen the position of the PNA in formulating and implementing water scarcity response strategy for more sustainable solution for these vulnerable communities. The objectives of the response is to deliver water for the most vulnerable communities specially in area C with a subsidized price, and to work towards a sustainable system / PNA strategy that secure water to all Palestinians who has the right to get water for an affordable price. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD WASH Agencies, ACF, ACPP, CISP, DanChurchAid and GVC together with local partners PHG, RCSD and YMCA and the Joint Service Councils of Bethlehem, Dura and Yatta, Village Councils of the respective geographical regions, have been distributing water through a newly initiated water scarcity mechanism under the guidance of the West Bank Water Department (WBWD) and Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) and co-funded by ECHO, OCHA-HRF. 2.1. Joınt Assessments - Joınt Mappıng Actors took part in all stages of the initiative starting from the problem identification, and later throughout the follow-up and implementation. Joint Need assessment was conducted, results were summarized and joint mapping of who is doing where and what was done in order to achieve good coordination and to avoid overlapping and assuring that all target communities are covered where some indicators for the response where identified as Availability of water for drinking and domestic consumption, Affordability, water quality and resilience. Assessment shows that about 251,438 461 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations people in 200 communities [4] can be considered at medium risk, where 112,000 inhabitant in the West Bank remain unconnected to the water network[5]. 2.2. Joınt Implementatıon A system for targeting the most vulnerable was put in place and a water distribution plan developed for the provision of water using a subsidized voucher approach in full participation of all stakeholders and at all levels. Intensive monitoring conducted by the Palestinian Water Authority and the Cluster during all the steps of the project was an important factor to assure the success of this solution. 3. FıNDıNGS AND ARGUMENT Water scarcity is a chronic problem in many Palestinian Communities, for the time being and in the absence of water networks water trucking is the only way communities un-served and under-served can get water. The price of the water was unified all over the West Bank (2 Euro/m3), Controlling the private sector for water tankering and the involvement of the syatemised PNA approch has resulted in securing water for the Vuluanable communities in a good quality throuugh the monitored tankered and water resources as well as reducing the time frame that the tanker driver used to deliver the water to the household. The right to water of the population should be addressed by the PNA / public sector taking responsibility and by regulating the private sector. The need for subsidized water trucking for un-served and under-served communities is acknowledged and a multi-year program has to be implemented. REFERENCES 462 1. Amnesty International, (2009), Troubled Waters – Palestinians Denied Fair Access to Water, 3, MDE 15/027/2009. 2. World Bank. Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development. Sector Note, April 2009. Report No. 47657-GZ (2009). 3. EWASH Advocacy Task Force Factsheet 5, 2011, Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Area C. 4. Wash Cluster Situation Report, ( 2010). WSTF Scarcity Response Framework for West Bank. 5. Palestinian Water Authority, (2011), Annual status Report on water resources, water supply and wastewater in Palestinian State, 38. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Extraction of Mercury(II) from Aqueous Samples by Anion Exchange on Silica Phase Mirna Daye1, Baghdad Ouddane1, Jalal Halwani2, Mariam Hamze1 University Lille 1, Géosystèmes, UMR - CNRS 8217, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France. Lebanese University, Water & Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Lebanon 1 2 Abstract A simple and rapid analytical technique was developed for the measurement of Hg(II) in aqueous samples using atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Mercury ions are retained on silica phase as ion pair in the presence of iodide ions and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The bonded mercury ions are stripped off from silica phase using minimal amounts of HNO3 and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average recovery of mercury ions by anion exhange on silica phase was found to be 90%. Keywords: Solid phase extraction, Anion exchange, Silica, Mercury, Atomic fluorscence technique. 1. INTRODUCTION Mercury is ubiquitous element and is one of the most toxic environmental global pollutants[1]. In natural waters, mercury concentration is found to be at trace levels, where total mercury concentration ranges between 0.2-100 ng/L [2]. Most modern analytical techniques, often fail in the direct determination of Hg at trace levels due to matrix interferences and very low concentration. Subsequently, a separation/ preconcentration step is indispensable. There are many methods used for the preconcentration of mercury such as co-precipitation, liquidliquid extraction. However, solid phase extraction is among the various preconcentration techniques most suited for trace analysis. The objective of this work is to develop a rapid and reliable method for the extraction of Hg(II) ions in water samples via anion exchange mechanism on silica phase. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Mercury ions are adsorbed as ion pair on silica matrix in the presence of iodide ions and cetyltriammonium bromide. Several parameters are being optimized such as, pH of complexation, flow rate of the sample through the column, concentration of the complexing agent, volume of eluent, preconcentration factor. Mercury ions are eluted with appropriate volume of nitric acid and the quantified by Atomic Fluorescence spectrometry. 3. RESULT The optimized conditions under which the extraction gives an average recovery of 90% of Hg(II) ions are represented in Table1. pH 4 Flowrate (mL.min ) 2 [I-] mol.L 0.01 -1 [CTAB] mol.L -1 0.00005 [HNO3] mol.L-1 5 Volume HNO3(mL) 10 Breakthrough volume (mL) 500 Table 1. Optimized conditions of mercury extraction 4. CONCLUSION The developed method is simple, selective and rapid for the preconcentration of Hg(II) ions in water samples. Mercury ions are retained on silica column as ion pair in the presence of cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). This method is proven to be selective for the extraction of 463 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Hg(II) ions in the presence of high concentrations of interferent ions. More over, it is simple and rapid because it does not require any modification or ligand immobilization on silica phase, which is considered as exhaustive and time consuming procedure. REFERENCES 464 1. Li, Z., Wei Q., Yuan X., Liu H., Shan H., Song Q., (2007). A new room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3trimethylsilylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as a solvent for extraction and preconcentration of mercury with determination by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 71, 1, 68-72. 2. Cossa, D. , Sanjuan, J., Cloud, J., Stockwell ,P.B., Toms, W.T.,(1995). Automated technique for mercury determination at sub-nanogram per liter levels in natural waters, Journal Analytical Spectrometry, 10,3, 287-291. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Ship Waste Management in the Port of Igoumenitsa, Greecetext Paraskevi E. Beza Technological Institution of Epirus, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries bmpeza@teiep.gr Abstract Port of Igoumenitsa Greece is one of the most important Ports in European Union and enjoys a privileged position being located at the starting point of Egnatia Motorway The Port is one of the largest passenger ports in the East Mediterranean Sea basin, which, handles around 1000000 passengers per year for international destinations. The paper investigates current waste management and disposal options for ship generated waste and the associated impact of the waste for port. Data about the ship traffic were provided by the Port Authority and about the amount and characteristics of the wastes by the of contractors for the disposal of the ship generated waste. It was concluded that all vessels should be encouraged to use the reception facilities and should pursue a waste reduction strategy and the port authority to provide adequate recycling facility. An electronic recording data system has to be adopted for better evaluation of the performance of the system. This system must record the deliveries for every ship in the port, the amount and the type of wastes are generated. Also must provide information about the maximum storage capacity of waste on board and about management of waste treatment options by the ships. Keywords: Ship, waste, reception facilities, port, waste management plan. 1. INTRODUCTION Igoumenitsa is a coastal city in northwestern Greece. The port of Igoumenitsa is geographically well located, as the starting point of Egnatia Motorway, and it is going to be the ‘tank’ of evolution for international transport in Southern Balkans and by extent to the countries of the Black Sea and Asia The new port of Igoumenitsa is one of the most important ports of the European Union as a category A port, which includes all ports of international importance. It is also the second largest Greek passenger port after the Port of Piraeus. In 2010 a total of 14092 dockings were registered at the Port, with a 34% percentage was attributed to passenger/car ferries international routes and a percentage of 60% to the passenger/car domestic lines. Ships generated waste is one of the main causes for the pollution of the marine environment. The scope of this study is the quantification and classification of wastes generated in the port area from the ships. The critical examination of the environmental management of the port as regarding the waste of the ships and the improvement of the waste plan. 2. METHODOLOGY The methodology consisted of data collection by cooperation by local authorities, contractors of waste management and stakeholders. The data included vessel characteristics, vessel traffic and amounts delivered by ships the last years. 3. WASTE MANAGEMENT-PORT OF IGOUMENITSA According to the International Convention Marpol 73/78 for the Prevention of the Pollution from Ships which is adopted by the Directive EU 2000/59 in European level and placed in force in the Greek Law with Decree Law 3418/07/2002. European Ports are obliged to develop and operate waste reception facilities for receiving wastes generating from ships which are approaching them. Igoumenitsa Port Authority S.A. is responsible for the running of Port and has developed an environmental policy which supports “sustainable developed for both our business and the environment. The most common type of facility of every category of waste is the use of contractors to collect and dispose the wastes. Types and volumes of waste collected by contractors are listed in Table 1 and Table 2 and are shown under their MARPOL Annexes. 3.1. Wastewaters Hellenic Environmental Center S.A is a major contractor for the disposal of ship generated.liquid waste 465 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Category 2008 2009 2010 2011 Annex I oil bilge, oil sludge 554.93m3 596.65m3 466.25m3 636,75m3 Annex I Used lubricants 6,94 tn 7,03 tn 3.53 tn 7,06 tn Annex IV Sewage 14,00m3 6.30m3 - - Table 1. Quantities of Ship generated liquid waste 3.2. Solıd waste Antipollution SA. is responsible dot the collection and disposal of solid wastes (Annex V) Annex V facilities does not operate a system to segregate and recycle waste. Much of this waste is currently bagged and placed in skips or bins which are then emptied by contractor. There is very little information available at the current time on the actual volumes of waste generated on ships and how much of this waste could be recycled in ports. The amount of collected waste are carried to the nearest landfill site in the region “Koritiani”, 22 km at the east of Igoumenitsa, where is disposed. Solid waste from the whole area of the Municipality of Igoumenitsa with 14611 residents was amounted to 14099 tn in 2011. Category 2010 2011 (Annex V) Solid waste in m3 4225 4031 Deliveries 843 706 Table 2. Quantities of solid waste 4. CONCLUSIONS-SUGGESTIONS All solid were being land filled because the wastes were not segregated and the amount of recyclable/ reusable wastes was not estimated.. Total solid waste amounts for any waste type were remarkable in comparison to the overall waste generated from the municipality of Igoumenitsa. They have to be implemented measures in regarding documentation and operational control, monitoring and measurement and corrected measures. REFERENCES 466 1. Carpenter A., Macgill S.M., (2005). The EU Directive on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues: The results of a second survey on the provision and uptake of facilities in North Sea ports. Mar. Pollut. Bull.50,1541-1547. 2. Butt N., (2007). The impact of cruise ships generated waste on home ports and ports of call: A study of Southampton Marine Policy 31,591-598. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Quantitative Determination of Nine N-Nitrosamines at Nanogram Per Liter Levels in Water by SPE-UPLC/MS/MS Yassine Kadmi, Lidia Favier, Dominique Wolbert Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226; Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France Université européenne de Bretagne E-mail : yassine.kadmi@ensc-rennes.fr Abstract The aim of this study is to develop a simple, very fast, sensitive and specific analytical method for routinely analysis of nine N-Nitrosamines at relevant disinfected drinking waters concentrations. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method preceded by a solid phase extraction was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these molecules in water. Chromatographic separation was carried out onto a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column. The analytes were detected under Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. N-Nitrosamines were extracted, purified, and concentrated from water samples in one step using a solid-phase extraction (Off-line SPE) method. The obtained instrumental detection limits (LODs) for the nine analytes ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 ng.L-1. The chromatographic separation time was 2 min. With high mean recoveries (ranging from 81% to 100%) of analytes the SPE-UPLC/MS/MS developed method offers an interesting analytical approach for determination of the nine N-Nitrosamines at ultra-trace levels in drinking waters. Keywords: disinfection by-products, drinking water, N-Nitrosamines, solid phase extraction, UPLC/MS/MS. 1. INTRODUCTION Chlorination is the primary method used to disinfect water for human consumption. Oxidation by chlorine is largely justified by its effectiveness in the inactivation of infectious pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and cysts), its persistence, its ease of use and low cost. However, the major disadvantage of this method is the formation of emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) by reaction with dissolved organic matter naturally present in waters. The DBPs are the subject of increasing concern because of the potential human health risk[1]. Currently, about 600 disinfection by-products have been reported in the literature and many of them are regularly found in the distributed water. Among these molecules, only trihalomethanes (THMs) are regulated in some countries. Recently, N-Nitrosamines were shown to be a class of DBPs formed during the chlorine based drinking water treatment. Risk assessement studies showed that these compounds could cause significant health effects for consumers even at low concentration levels. Many of these compounds are classified to be probable human carcinogens. N-nitrosamines include nine major compounds: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosopirrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) and N-Nitroso-diphenylamine (NDPHA). Presently, there are no standard analytical methods for the determination of N-Nitrosamines in drinking water at ng.L-1 levels. Future regulation, monitoring developments as well as research into formation reactions of N-Nitrosamines in water, increase pressure to develop an improved analytical method. In the last few years, tandem mass spectrometry detection (MS/MS) coupled with liquid chromatography has become a very valuable technique for the environmental analysis. İn this context, the purpose of this work was to develop simple, fast and accurate SPE-UPLC/MS/ MS technique for the analysis of the nine N-Nitrosamines in aqueous matrixes at environmentally relevant concentrations. The used approach combines the extraction efficiency of SPE with the convenience and selectivity of LC/MS/MS detection. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD For this study an Aquity UPLC system equipped with an autosampler and coupled to a Quattro Premier triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a electrospray ionization source (ESIZ-sprayTM) (Waters, Milford, MA,USA) was used. Separation was achieved on a Waters Aquity 467 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations UPLC BEH C18 column (100mm × 2.1mm, 1.7µm particle size; Ireland) precedes by a guard column of the same packing material using an isocratic elution mode. The development of the analytical method has initially been done by testing the mobile phase composition (additives and addition of acid) and flow rate. In addition, the influence of pH of the mobile phase on the signal intensity was also studied. Optimisation of the various parameters influencing the MS signal, in addition to the specific cone and collision energies for each analyte and detection mode was performed by on-column injection of only 5µL of standard solution of individial compounds and of mixtures of all of them. To reach detection and quantification limits of the ng.L-1 of magnitude a solid phase extraction SPE method was also developed. This technique requires a specific optimization of the preconcentration steps. Several adsorbent phases were tested to extract the molecules from their matrix, to purify the extract in order to reduce interferences and to concentrate the selected compounds in the most suitable solvent. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Study of the mobile phase composition has shown that : acetonitrile yielded better sensitivity and peak shapes than methanol. A mobile phase flow rate of 0.4 mL.L-1 was used to separate the considered analytes. Moreover, addition of formic acid (0.1%) to the mobile phase had a positive impact on the ionization of these molecules. ESI positive ionization seems to be more sensitive for the analysis of the investigated compounds. Two different precursor ion-production ion transitions were selected for each analyte and monitored under time scheduled Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) conditions. For sample pre-concentration an SPE method was developed. Sep-Pak(R) AC-2 cartridges (400 mg; Waters, Milford, MA) were finally chosen because of high extraction efficiencies (exceeds 81%) for all investigated N-Nitrosamines. The developed SPE extraction procedure allowed to achieve concentration factor of 1250. The developed SPE-UPLC/MS/MS method gave linear results for all compounds with coefficients of regression > 0.996 and detection limits in the range of 0.08 - 0.32 ng.L-1. CONCLUSION The obtained results showed that SPE-UPLC/MS/MS is an appropriate technique for the determination at ultra trace level, of the nine N-Nitrosamines in water. Satisfactory extraction efficiencies were obtained for all compounds (between 81% to 100%). In the near future this method will be applied to analyse different types of water samples. REFERENCES 1. 468 Hebert, A., Forestier, D., Lenes, D., Benanou, D., Jacob, S., Arfi, C., Lambolez, L., Levi, Y., (2010). Innovative method for prioritizing emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water on the basis of their potential impact on public health. Water Research, 44,10, 3147-3165. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in the Region of Marrakech Morocco S. El fadeli¹ˉ², R. Bouhouch², M. Chaik¹, Y. Barkouch¹, A. Aboussad³, N.Lekouch¹, R. F. Hurrell², M.B. Zimmermann², A.Sedki¹ Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie, Ecotoxicologie et Assainissement, Bd Moulay Abdellah BP 2390 - 40001 Marrakech - Maroc. Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 3 Section Pediatric Pubic Health, Community Health and Epidemiology, Medical University Hospital Ibn Tofail, Marrakech, Morocco. 1 2 Abstract Mine wastes of treatment in Drâa Lesfer have multiple impacts on the environment. In addition to the negative impact on the landscape, various other impacts resulting from a combination of mobility in the space after erosion of wastes and the chemical polluting capacity of its components. Sampling was conducted in two different villages near the mine area (District Draa Lasfar) which is located in the northwest area Mrabtine, located about 13 km west of Marrakech Morocco. The prospected site includes zinc, lead and copper sulphide deposits. This site is located in an agricultural area where ground water is used both for irrigation and drinking. Eco-toxicological investigations have been undertaken in order to asses the tailings impact on water quality in nearby wells. As compared to standard wells, waters from the wells located in Village 1 (downstream of the mining site) have high hardness (caco3) 940,4 mg/l and high major ions contents, which can reach:, in Cl-, 316,66 mg/l, in No2 0,4 mg/l, in Ca2+ 284,2 mg/l, in Pb 0,012 mg/l, in Zn 18,8 mg/l and in Cu 3,4 mg/l. It is likely that these biological differences are due to water quality alteration induced by the mining activity. Keywords: Groundwater, Mining activity, wells water, physicochemical quality, Morocco. 469 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations A Rapid UPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Chlorophenols in Water Samples Yassine Kadmi, Lidia Favier, Isabelle Soutrel, Dominique Wolbert Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226 ; Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université européenne de Bretagne E-mail: lidia.favier@ensc-rennes.fr Abstract Determination of trace pollutants such as chlorophenols in water samples was carried out by utilizing a solid phase extraction method (off-line SPE) for sample pre-concentration coupled with an ultra pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) with isocratic elution and photodiode array detection (DAD). In our study the target analytes were: 2-monochlorophenol (MCP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). For the development of the quantitative method the effect different parameters influencing the analyte separation such as: eluent composition, flow rate of the mobile phase and temperature of the column were studied and optimized. In addition, the influence of pH of the mobile phase on the signal intensity was also investigated. Sample enrichment of water sample was achieved by a solid phase extraction procedure. The obtained results showed that SPE combined with UPLC/DAD is a fast simple method for the determination of CPs in water samples. Under the optimum conditions good recoveries results (in the range of 92-100%) were obtained when the developed method was applied. Keywords: water samples, mobile phase, chlorophenols, solid phase extraction, UPLC/DAD. 1. INTRODUCTION Chlorination is the most widely used strategy for the drinking water disinfection. Nevertheless, it was revealed from the 1970s that the use of chlorine lead to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), with potential health concerns, by the reaction with natural organic matter (NOM). Epidemiological studies have shown that the exposure to chlorinated drinking water is associated with an increase in the risk of cancer. More than 600 DBPs have been reported in the literature. Among them, chlorophenols (CPs) formed during the disinfection treatment of water with chlorine, are considered as highly toxic and carcinogenic[1]. These compounds are also known to cause undesirable organoleptic effects (taste and odour) in water at thresholds below the corresponding toxicity levels. They are included in the priority pollutants list of both European Union and Environmental Protection Agency. Moreover, European Union legislation has set a maximum allowed phenol concentration of 0.5 µg.L-1 in tap water[2]. CPs are among the by-products detected in tap water at low concentrations, the low microgram per liter and even nanogram per liter. The majority of CPs found in water are: 2-monochlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. Many analytical approaches have been developed for the trace level of phenols. Among the different techniques developed for the analysis of chlorophenols in aqueous samples gas chromatographic methods (GC) preceded by derivatization reactions (acetylation for exemple) are most often employed[2]. However, the derivatization procedure requires more time and effort. Previous studies also demonstrated that HPLC could be used for the determination of some of these molecules. Because of the low concentration of CPs and the complexity of environmental simples an enrichment step is usually needed prior to instrumental analysis. The aim of this work was to develop a simple, fast and sensitive analytical method to simultaneously determinate the four chlorophenols in water samples. We chose to assay the compounds mentioned above by an ultra pressure liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (DAD). SPE the most effective method for the extraction of most organic compounds was employed in this study for the pre-concentration of the analytes. 470 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The UPLC equipement used was an AcquityTM (Waters, France) system equipped with photodiode array detector (UPLC-DAD). Chromatographic separation was carried out using an Acquity BEH C18 chromatographic column (100 x 2.1 mm ID x 1.7 µm; particles, Waters, Ireland) preceded by a guard column of the same packing material using an isocratic elution mode. The oven temperature was set to 30°C and the injection volume was 5µL. All devices were controlled by the Empower Software. The development of the analytical method was done by testing various parameters influencing the separation of CPs such as: the composition and flow rate of the mobile phase and temperature of the column. Moreover, the influence of pH of the mobile phase on the signal intensity was also studied. For the pre-concentration of the samples an off-line solid phase extraction was used. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chromatographic conditions were optimized to ensure that all the analytes of interest could be satisfactorily separated from one another. The use of DAD allowed the acquisition of all analyte spectra and the selection of the optimum detection wavelength for each compound. The different results found in this study have clearly shown that improved retention of the four selected molecules was obtained with an ACN/water mixture of 55:45 (v/v). It was also demonstrated that the addition of formic acid in the mobile phase significantly increases the response of considered target compounds. Moreover, it was also showed that, a mobile phase flow rate of 0.4 mL.min-1 decreases the analysis time without affecting the response of all of analytes. A complete separation of these compounds was obtained in 4 minutes. A good linearity of response was obtained with an external calibration over a wide range of 5-100 µg.L-1. Moreover for the SPE method, after the investigation of the relative parametres that affect the extraction efficiency the optimum pre-concentration conditions were established. It was showed that, high recoveries (in the range of 92-100%) for all chlorophenols were obtained with Oasis HLB cartridges, Waters (6cc, 200 mg). 4. CONCLUSION A quick and simple procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination chlorophenols this study. The SPE–UPLC method allow the analysis the 2-monochlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol in less than 5 min and with a detection limit of all analytes of 12 ng.L-1. Furthermore, the developed procedure will be applied to the analysis of real water samples collected from drinking water treatment plants from Rennes, France. REFERENCES 1. Ribeiro, A., Neves, M.H., Almeida, Alves, A., Santos, L., (2002). Direct determination of chlorophenols in landfill leachates by solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Journal of chromatography A, 975, 267-274. 2. Directive Insa, S., Salvado, V., Antico, E., (2004). Development of solid-phase extraction and solid phase-microextraction methods for the determination of chlorophenols in cork macerate and wine samples, Journal of chromatography A, 1047, 15-20. 471 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Pricing of Water in Terms of Protection of Water Resources and its Significance Mehmet GÖKSU1, Adem ESEN2 Chief for Water Channel and Licences, İSKİ Esenler Branch Manager mgoksu@iski.gov.tr Prof.Dr. Instructor (Rector), İstanbul Sebahattin Zaim University ademesen@iszu.edu.tr Abstract When evaluating the water and water resources in the world, it is necessary to acknowledge that there is no substitute resources for water and that it is a limited and exhaustible source, to take certain measures to protect and maintain this resource, and to identify a fair, efficient and social pricing for water within these measures. The objective of water pricing is based on the fact that water on land is only 2,59% compared to 97,41 of the ocean bodies. Most of this water is at the poles. As can be seen, while pricing the water besides supplying and looking at its demand, it is important to consider that it is such a valuable material. This study focuses on water supply, cost, pricing and tariff types particularly at İSKİ. Keywords: Water, Water resources, water pricing, drinking water tariff, packed water sector. 1. INTRODUCTION Water is crucial as it cannot be substituted with another material and as it is a natural resource. Water has to be accepted as a common public entity and be protected due to its being a natural resource. It has a significant role not only for living organisms, but also for social interactions. It has great contribution in establishment of cities, development of civilizations and interaction of societies. When civilizations in different parts of the world are observed, we see that the social life is always dependent on water. However, this life source with no alternatives has become an economic value in Turkey and in the world. In Turkey, water is one of the largest income items. On water resources management, serious efforts have been conducted in UN, OECD, EU and World Bank, etc. Furthermore, various meetings, symposiums and forums are organized by these institutions on generating new politics on water[1]. These institutions have close policies to other global institutions and mention a need on pricing the water. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Water conditions and prices of metropolitan municipalities from Turkey and the globe are discussed in this section, together with examples of comparison. Information on how pricing in Turkish water and sewerage administrations under the metropolitan municipalities is conducted shall be stated. Direct and indirect costs that affect water unit price shall be discussed. 2.1. Drınkıng Water ın Turkey and ıstanbul Annual rainfall in Turkey is approximately 643 mm and amounts to an average of 501 billion m3 of water. 274 billion m3 of this amount returms back to the atmosphere through evaporation in plants soil and water surfaces, 69 billion m3 feed the underground water resources, and 158 billion m3 flows into lakes in closed basins and seas through rivers. 28 billion m3 of the underground water feed flow into surface waters through springs. Furthermore; 7 billion m3 of water flow from neighbouring countries into Turkey. This makes the total gross water potential reach 193 billion m3. Considering the underground water feed 41 billion m3, the renewable total water resources potential is calculated as gross 234 billion m3. However; the consumable surface and underground water potential of Turkey, considering today’s technical and economical conditions, is an average amount of 112 billion m3, 44 billion m3 of which is being consumed[2]. 98% of water resources in İstanbul are surface water resources. Water from rainfall collect in reservoirs and collected through regulators to be transferred to water treatment plants. There are 17 surface water resources with different capacities that provide water to İstanbul. Annual yield of water resources is 1 billion 370 million m3. 472 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 2.2. Water Prıcıng and factors that affect the prıce Almost all water resources in Turkey are managed through public utilities. Only natural spring waters are given to companies for certain durations through leases or contracts. Management of surface and underground water resources in Turkey is conducted by General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). DSİ constructs reservoirs to meet the water need in provinces. And İller Bankası (Provinces Bank) hands over these water resources to the cities upon constructing their infrastructures. Municipalities in cities and towns conduct the management part through their related departments. In province municipalities the Directorates for Water and Average, and in metropolitan municipalities, Water and Sewerage Administrations handle the duties related to water. The supply and pricing of water in Turkey is conducted by public entities in Turkey. The most obvious reason for different pricing among municipalities in Turkey is their consideration of water as a continuous and good income item. Provincial municipalities often conduct a single type of pricing. Metropolitan municipalities have varieties of subscribers therefore different tariffs. The consumption figures are also identified for the pricing procedures. Amounts between 0-10 m3, 10-20 m3, 20-30 m3, etc. have been identified and priced accordingly. These two factors are considered during the pricing procedures. 3. FINDINGS There have been different implementations applied while identifying the water price. Furthermore, other factors are found to affect water unit price and water cost. When defining water prices, municipalities rely on the subscriber types or consumption prices. This section includes evaluations on these applications. 4. CONCLUSION When defining the water tariff, it is crucial to consider water as a necessity for human life, not a profitable item, and price accordingly while identifying it as a good for all humanity. Municipalities maintain low prices in water with political concerns and some municipalities do not conduct tariffs. This often leads to wasting water resources. Using water without meters is common in small municipalities and in slums of greater cities. Lacking the knowledge on real water consumption amounts causes failing to price consumed water in a realistic way. REFERENCES 1. TMMOB, Küresel Su Politikaları ve Türkiye, TMMOB Su Raporu,Mart 2009, Sayfa 17 2. http://www.dsi.gov.tr/toprak-ve-su-kaynaklari [erişim tarihi: 19.04.2012] 473 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management Breakdown Follow up of CRM Customer Relations Management Records Over GIS Geographical Information System Çetin Çibuk İSKİ Head of Directorate for Data Processing ccibuk@iski.gov.tr Abstract Increasing the service quality while using the information technology infrastructure for water services in order to make İstanbul viable city shall contribute satisfaction for those given service in related areas and enable efficient service processes. Keywords: Citizen, Geographical Information Systems, Breakdown, GPS. 1. INTRODUCTION All breakdown complaints for wastewater, storm water and drinking water systems within İstanbul are reported to İSKİ through call centers from citizens and the CRM System and these complaints are recorded the same way. These complaints are then used for the generation of density maps through map positioning of the complaints, matching the related infrastructure staff for the complaint and conducting This system to be developed on a GIS base shall enable better planning on investment priority, thus giving priority to regions with chronic complaints. The staff continuously mobile on field shall monitor the GOS based coordinate data on web based maps in their manual terminals and this accelerates the services in various applications (opening a flow meter, address collection, accurate detection of buildings fed by the network, new subscriber surveillance, controlling the flow meters for accrual complaints, etc). Figure 1. Geographical Information System 2. ACTIVITIES 1) Developing GIS application software to monitor breakdowns over a web based map a) Monitoring on map the water, storm water or wastewater pipes that cause more than a number of breakdowns within a limited amount of time, b) Monitoring on map daily breakdown complaints according to their the recording date and work order numbers, c) Monitoring the records of breakdown complaints with open and closed work orders, 474 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water d) Appointing breakdown complaints directly to infrastructures (pipe shaft, valves, pipes, building connection, etc.) and investigating the complaints according to these elements e) Conducting the inquiries according to the frequency of breakdown complaints and the infrastructure elements maintained, f) Monitoring the locations of the staff in field over web based maps online, 2) Location the breakdown complaint taken from the CRM system over the map, matching them with related infrastructure elements and forming their density maps a)Generating the density maps for the breakdown complaints according to district, neighborhood, road/streets in given time periods. b) Mapping the density on breakdown according to the breakdown types and activities, c) Density mapping for houses where septic withdrawal was conducted, d) Mapping complaints such as open shafts, houses with broken flow meters, tanker requests, water pollution, etc. 3) Taking the coordinate data of on-field staff moving on the site and transferring these data to ABONE and ISKABIS databases. 4) Developing application software to enable the field staff by combining Geographical Information System - and the Subscriber System as well as increasing the applications over time in line with the demand, a) Rapidly conducting all services of any work order done within the Subscriber System and CRM System, b) Gathering addresses and updating them for address integration c) Developing applications for accurate detection of buildings fed by the network d) Conducting new subscriber surveillance e) Controlling the flow meters for accrual complaints 5) Developing the decision support system to enable proper use of resources in planning, construction and operation units, Figure 2. CBS transfer of the location data over GPS When handled as an issue of solid, water and wastewater; the project contributes to the subscriber relations management, water and wastewater network management and financial planning. 475 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Technology of Management in WasteWater Mineralization Dr. Shuhrat Muradov Chair, Department of Environmental Protection and Ecology, Karshi Engineering Economic Institute m.oikos@mail.ru Abstract All existing demineralisation wastewater can be classified into two large groups. The first is based on the removal of water polluting components and, the second is based on removing molecules of pure water. First method is preferred, particularly where the share of polluting components is insignificant. The second method is the most preferred technique in demineralization of ground, drainage, lake and mine waters containing higher concentrations of chloride, sulphate, carbonate or other inorganic salts. Currently existing technologies are characterized by very high consumption of energy and therefore not sustainable. With help of state-of-the-art science and technology, sewage demineralization technology is using hydration method, which has no the aforementioned shortcomings. There is a variety of gas usages, but not all of them are suitable to implement the hydro sewage demineralization process. According to our study, carbon dioxide is the most closely match of all criterias selected. The final resulting product of demineralization is pure water: pH 6, 8 ÷7, 5; with dry remaining – no more than 1, 0-1, 5 g/l. Remaining waste of demineralization can be used in obtaining of gypsum and lime. Keywords: Waste Water, Waste Technology, Waste water technology, Waste Water Technology Management, Central Asia. 476 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water The Optimum Alum Dose Based on the Zeta Potential Moharram Fouad1, Saad Amer2, Kassim El-Alfi3 Assistant professor of sanitary Eng, Faculty of Engg. Mansoura, University e-mail:m123f12317@yahoo.com 2 Scholar of environmental Eng, Faculty of Engineering Mansoura, University moharramf2001@yahoo.com 3 Professor of hydraulic Eng, Faculty of Engg. Mansoura, University mf12317@gmail.com 1 Abstract The optimum alum dose of turbid water treatment has been adjusted electrically by estimating the value of the electrical charges of the suspended particles. Direct measurement of the electrical charges was carried out for natural water having different turbidity levels and different alum concentrations. It was found that, each specific type of raw water has electrical charge value related to its turbidity level. The electrical charges measurements of the turbid water has been amplified and used instantaneously to control the discharge of the alum feeding rate. This technique archived accuracy more than 95%to fix the optimum alum dose instead of the conventional alum jar test .further additional feedback signal has been putting after settling process to ensure there is no charges residual in the settled water. As a result, dynamic and instantaneous control of the alum dose has been achieved accurately. Further, the jar test will no longer consider the main test for alum dose. This technique can be used for such water resources having variable turbidity levels through the day or accurate most practical mistakes associated with alum feeding. The electrical properties method was demonstrated to be an appropriate approach for the optimization of alum dose electrically. Keywords: water, treatment, alum, optimization, Zeta, potential, charges. 1. INTRODUCTION Generally, jar test is the most common test for optimization coagulant dose for water treatment plants (WTPs) ( Zainal.M, et al, 2012). However, Jar test still suffer from several drawbacks (Anthony.S, (1997) include small volume of water increases the margin of error when scaling up to full plant scale, the water will rotate with the paddle in the jar reducing the effective rate of mixing very difficult to develop good settling data in a 1 litre jar, very little supernatant water to analyse if several tests are required it may give a dummy value, need expert persons ,has static outcomes , it is a manual process with manual control, has very slow response to turbidity change ,need periodical calibration and correction procedures. So another method to control and optimize the coagulant is still needed. As a result, a new method is proposed on measuring the electrical properties of the water, consequently the optimum dose which estimated by using electrical measurements in water will be used directly to control coagulant process. The theory of the new techniques is based on the following fact. The value of the electrical charge of the water will be vanished or minimized at the optimum coagulant dose (Gertig, K.R. 2009). So the optimum coagulant dose is found when the water electrical voltage approaches zero value. At this point the colloidal particles become uncharged and more attractive to each other (Gertig, K.R. 2009). Estimating the optimum dose based on the electrical measurements will possess the following advantages simple and easy to work ,more economic, dynamic and can be monitored,has very high response ,automatic adjustment and more human safe. The main aim of the present work is get a relationship between the optimum dose of the used coagulant and the electrical discharge of the water. Based on this curves continuous monitoring and automatic control of the coagulation dose can be done. As results, chemical injection pump will be controlled. Further, full control of the coagulant dose and quantity will be obtained. The main results of the present study will be useful to operate most water treatment plants which use the conventional coagulants. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experimental program has been executed in five large scale water treatment plants in five towns located in Dakalia Governorate, Egypt. These WTPs were Mansour (Mit Kamis), Gamalia, Manzala, Senblawin, Mit Fares and Talka. The experimental was carried out inside the laboratory of each plant 477 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations using jar test procudires. Aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride were the selected coagulants in this study since these are the most popular coagulants used in Egypt. Several factors such as turbidity, pH, total Alkaline, coagulant dose, and voltage were measured with each dose. 3. RESULTS A direcrrt relashinship was obtqained between the resulted turbidity after ading the coagulant nad the electical dicharge of the water. Very close result for the optimum dose was obsered based on the the alum trest and the electical test. Alum dose (mg/lit) Water voltage (mV) Figure 1. The relation between dose (mg/lit) and water voltage (mv) Water turbidity (NTU) Water voltage (mv) Figure 2. The relation between the water turbidity and its voltage References 478 1. Afshin .A , Hossein. M, Bujang B. K. Huat, Farsad. Z, Alireza .P,Sahar. S, 6 (2011) “ Prediction of Zeta Potential for Tropical Peat in the presence of different Cations using Artificial Neural Networks”Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 6 (2011) 1146 1158 2. Bonekamp, B.C., Hidalgo Alvarez, R.H., de las Nieves, F.J., and Bijsterbosch, B.H. (1987). “The Effect of Adsorbed Charged Polypeptides on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Positively and Negatively charged Po-lystyrene Latices, Journal of Colloid and Interface”, Science, 118,2, 366-371. 3. Chen .S, Chang. T, Lin. C. (2006) “Silica pre-treatment for a RO brackish water source with high magnesium”. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 6, 179-187. 4. Elimelech. M., Chen, W.H., and Waypa, J.J. (1994). “Measuring the Zeta (Electrokinetic) Potential of Reverse Osmosis Membranes by a Streaming Potential Analyzer.” Desalination, 95,269-286. 5. Gertig, K.R. (2009) “Role of zeta (ζ) potential in the optimization of water treatment facility operations. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research” 48 5,2305–2309. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management Data Warehouse Decision Support System Zekai Hayrioğlu İSKİ General Directorate, Department of Data Processing zhayrioglu@iski.gov.tr Abstract Since data generation at İSKİ increases day by day, the data warehouse has been efficiently used since 2009 to interpret these data properly and contribute to the solution of complex problems. İSKİ Support Decision and Report System has provided easy, fast and secure reporting medium, supported the decision makers in their work and enabled them to prepare reports their staff needs while being attached to the institutional hierarchy. Keywords: Information, Decision, Support, Fast, Report. 1. INTRODUCTION This system is an internet-access system that relates and combines data, information, methods, complicated initiative models, model support, information support, software support, calculation support, initiative (analysis) support and similar support on administrative decisions. Levels of decision making • Strategic decision making level (Strategic Planning) • Tactical decision making level (Administrative Control) • Operational decision making level (Operational Control) Aspects of the Decision Support System; • It is towards planning the future. • It is used in semi-structural and non-structural decisions. • Instead of replacing the decision maker, it assists him / her on the decision making. • It supports all stages of decision making process. • It is under the control of the users. • It has access to data and model bases. • Analytic models are used in data examination and solution making. • It is user-interactive. Therefore the decision maker can use it with little or no help from a management information system expert. • It provides decision support by contributing to the integration between levels if required for managers particularly on strategic and tactical levels. • It may provide support for more than one decision that is independent or interdependent. • It provides support on deciding individually and in a group-based manner. • It provides easy use. • It is flexible to adapt changing conditions and decision situations. • It can be used in irregular or unplanned time ranges. 479 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. Reporting System The Data Warehouse and reporting software infrastructure was established to meet the reporting requirement of operation units and to generate reports that shall support the administrative staff at İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration in decision making. The licensing, one year maintenance and update purchase was realized to provide the infrastructure required. 2. DECISION SUPPORT AND REPORTING SYSTEM The decision support system includes hardware infrastructure, a database server on the server side (Oracle), an application server (OBI) and a data transfer server (ODI). Since the system platform is independent on the end user side, any computer with an internet browser that supports flash player can use the system. In the first stage the data is directly transferred from the source media to the ODS layer with the ETL. In the second stage it is transferred from ODS layer to DWH layer in line with the required shape and size. 480 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. PRESENTATION OF THE DATA The data warehouse systems have been established to collect all data from operational systems and external resources of units within İSKİ where the authorized staff can swiftly and comfortably reach to information. A data warehouse that covers sub-processes of transferring data in a common data pool during the process of turning data into meaningful information, of converting them into usable information and presenting them to users has been opened to use. Furthermore more than 2000 reports that were required at units of İSKİ have been prepared. With the Data Warehouse medium, it was possible to integrate the required data for analyses and reports to let the end users form or receive these analyses. These analyses aim to take more accurate and timely decisions in the administration. The project contributes to valorizing the data that is converted into information on customer relations management, network management and financing management for all partners to be able to use when considered in terms of solid waste, waste water and water. 481 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management Use of Mobile Signature Asuman Akyıldız Elmalı, Taner Mutlu İSKİ General Directorate, Department of Data Processing aakyildiz @iski.gov.tr, tmutlu@iski.gov.tr Abstract The purpose of this study is to enable the works that have service provision and that require signature in law be conducted more effectively and rapidly in line with the Electronic Signature Law No. 5070. No. Keywords: Electronic signature, mobile signature, web service, SIM card certificate. 1. INTRODUCTION Mobile signature is a signature method that is conducted by using personal gadges as a type of electronic signature in electronic communication platforms. Thanks to certiticated SIM cards provided by GSM operators, the regular signature is not a necessity for signing procedures. 2. MOBILE SIGNATURE 2.1. Aspects of Mobıle Sıgnature • Credibility: The electronic signature should represent the private or institutional individual it belongs in an accurate and credible way. • Inimitability: The electronic signature should be inimitable enough to prevent malicious copying by other people. • Uniqueness: The e-signature infrastructure made by use of password generation or other methods should be particular to the individual and same passwords should not be available for another user. • Undeniability: To prevent the denials of individuals on their operations they conducted in electronic medium. • Inconvertibility: To prevent changing, deleting or adding up to the data with no permission or by accident. • Usability with no assistance: The user of the electronic signature should be able to use the system and conduct necessary operations with no help from third persons. 2.2. Advantages of Usıng Mobıle Sıgnature Since e-signature shall enable a secure medium for electronic communication, it will bring along positive impacts for individuals, institutions and in free market as well: • A credible identification and approval mechanism shall enable operations to be conducted securely in electronic media. • The operations and transactions can swiftly be conducted (various protocols disappear and resultoriented operations can swiftly be conducted online). • Operational costs shall decrease while efficiency shall increase (with e-signature, costs for public notary, stationary items, transportation etc. extremely decrease). • Pursuit of operations shall become easier (it shall be possible to monitor operations conducted in electronic media and see what state operations are). • It may prevent security challenges and vulnerabilities that may occur within the electronic media. • Improvement or removal of paper based operations and the processes that follow these operations 482 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. ELECTRONIC CERTIFICATE In order to validate the electronic signature, an Electronic Certificate is given for the electronic records that include the identity information of the owner of the signature and the data required. These certificates are available at a certain fee from electronic certificate service providers (ECSP) that operate in line with the related laws. The electronic signature of the electronic certificate service provider guarantees the unity and accuracy of the certificate. These certificates are necessary to confirm the accuracy of the signature used. When handled as an issue of solid, water and wastewater; the project contributes to the subscriber relations management, staff management and decreasing the delivery duration of operations. 483 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Use of Information Technologıes for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management GSM and 3G Communication on Rental Lines (Over L2TP) Mehmet ÜNAL İSKİ General Directorate, Department of Data Processing munal@iski.gov.tr Abstract The project includes SCADA systems connecting computers operating on terrestrial lines at branch offices and distant terminals of İSKİ over satellite together with 3G lines over L2TP-APN through mutual access ability. It became possible to establish Wide Area Networks by using 3G devices in this project. Keywords: 3G, L2TP, APN, Terrestrial Link. 1. INTRODUCTION The project stands out with its details such as the user having the end-to-end control like G.DAT current with 3G connection over L2 connection, the redundancy of terrestrial connection of average 2 Mbps at 7.2 Mbps capacity, which can be variant, the relatively low cost, and having no equivalent in Turkey. 2. COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS BASIC STRUCTURES 2.1. 3G Network Topology Data sim cards are inserted to modems in cashier desks, pumping stations and manual terminals and the GSM operators are accessed over 3G base stations. Communication between the GSM operator and İSKİ is conducted via APN connection. Figure 1. 3G Network Topology 2.2. L2TP – APN Cırcuıts Similar to other APN’s, a virtual tunnel is formed between the GSM operator and İSKİ. Unlike other APN’s, the connection made is conducted at the second network layer. The packages do not rise up to the IP layer. Therefore the security and isolation at the lower layer is maintained. 484 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water 3. AREAS OF USE FOR THE PROJECT AT İSKİ 3.1. SCADA System The SCADA system enables access to lake levels on field, occupancy rates, storage levels, water flowing through lines, line pressures, valve opening rates, pump information, meteorological information (precipitation, temperature, vaporization), chemical information (Ph, chlorine, turbidity). Valves on field can be opened or closed to direct the water flow from the control center. 3.2. Manual Termınals This system is used for the communication between İSKİ and manual terminals used for invoicing for water through accrual at the location of subscriber’s water meter. 3.3. Land Lıne Redundancy ın Branch Offıces There are 30 main regions in the administration. The lines used in these regions are F/O, LL or GHDSL. In regions where there are no F/O lines, L2TP APN is used as a redundant for territorial data lines. 3.4. Dıstant Locatıons In distant locations with few users the WAN connection should be L2TP. Certain advantages such as initial assignment, operation, use, process and costs can be attained through such a connection. Connection to İSKİ Center for locations where terrestrial lines cannot access is also enabled this way. The project contributes to customer relations management and financial management, disaster management and network management when considered in terms of solid waste, waste water and water. 485 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Monitoring of Seasonal Variations of Trihalomethane and Haloasetic Acid Formation in Istanbul Drinking Water Şenay Soylu1, Tufan Topal1, Vedat Uyak2, Kadir Özdemir3, Şahin Özaydın3 Pamukkale University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 20020, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkiye Istanbul University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34230, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkiye 3 Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration, 34060, Eyup, Istanbul, Turkiye uyak@istanbul.edu.tr 1 2 Abstract Chlorination of raw water with chlorine results in formation of disinfection by products (DBP). Among DBPs found in chlorinated water, trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids have been the focus of particular attention for 30 years. In January 2005, Turkish Ministry of Health published a new Regulation Concerning Water Intended for Human Consumption, including a rule for THMs inspired by EU countries. Since THM was not legally enforceable in Turkey in the past, the release of this new regulation enforces water utilities across Turkey to evaluate their water supplies and treatment practices more closely in order to assess their ability to comply with 100 µg/l total THM standard for next 10 years. On the other hand, the three biggest cities of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir supply their raw water from surface water sources. These surface water supplies contain dissolved organic matter which prompts the formation of DBP under chlorination conditions. THM and HAA parameters were monitored at three distribution system of Istanbul city between the treatment plant and the system’s extremity. The results showed that THM and HAA concentrations vary significantly at seasonal basis and the highest and the lowest THM levels were detected to be 80 and 38 µg/L, respectively at Kumburgaz and Umraniye districts. For HAA concentrations within distribution network, Kumburgaz and Kasimpasa sampling points were determined to be maximum and minimum HAA values points with 60 and 25 µg/L. Keywords: Trihalomethanes (THM), Haloasetic acids (HAA), Disinfection By Products (DBP), Istanbul. References 486 1. M.J. Rodriguez and J.B. Serodes, Water Res., 35 (2001) 1572–1586. 2. J.J. Rook, Water Treat. Exam., 23 (1974) 234–243. 3. J.M. Symons, T.A. Bellar and J.K. Carswell, J. AWWA, 67 (1975) 634–647. 4. P.C. Singer, Formation and characterization of disinfection by-products, in: Safety of Water Disinfection: Balancing Chemical and Microbial Risk, G.F. Craun, ed., ILSI Press, Washington, 1993. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Use of Information Technologies for Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Management ISKI Water Management Online Information Sharing (WS Technology) Turgut ÖZCAN İSKİ General Directorate, Department of Data Processing tuozcan@iski.gov.tr Abstract The study includes basic information on the scope of infrastructure of data flow, type of the technology adopted and security with the aim of regaining the time lost in official correspondences and document works as well as of fast access to services that are commonly provided, with the vision of establishing an interoperatable e-state structure that is efficient in information sharing between İSKİ and other institutions. Keywords: Information Sharing, Web Service, XML, Jax-WS 1. INTRODUCTION Interoperability is also defined as “the ability of a system or process to use the information and/or functions of another system or process within common standards”[1]. When this process is examined in all its aspects, the quality and quantity of the technology to be used for such a sharing at technical level is important. Business processes of institutions are observed under the light of software engineering, need analysis and modeling at organizational level. Thus the information shared is used efficiently and a common pool is maintained for institutional structuring. Through process management in interoperability and information sharing; crime and prevention of crime, intelligence sharing, document tracking, water use behaviors and billing operations are accelerated and facilitated between İSKİ and institutions that have requested information sharing. 2. TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT Web service Technologies are used in efficient information sharing between institutions. WS Technology is a system integration method that provides adaptation and interaction over net between XML messaging based server- client. It is the most commonly preferred method used for realizing communication systems today. The method does not require software or platform adaptability between institutions that shall exchange information. The information services include XML, SOAP and WSDL Basic protocols and are coded in Java language with JDeveloper IDE to operate at the JAX-WS standard in middle layer application server architecture. 3. SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE The web service NAT (Network Address Translation)[2] is presented in the internal network and it is converted to a single IP address known commonly. The capsuled IP address is directed towards Load Balancer and relieved from harmful content while going through WAF. At this stage the data package that is filtered is directed over CITRIX. All this communication process is realized with the IPSEC connection between İSKİ and the related institution is a totally secure manner simplified at the internet cloud via encrypting the preshared key. 487 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. Security Infrastructure Furthermore, each method at the coding stage is given a rule. This provides a user code and a unique key. All querying within information sharing are recorded and maintained on the log table for future retroactive querying. 4. INSTITUTIONS THAT JOIN DATA SHARING 28 different web methods have been submitted to five different institutions at the middle layer architecture by using the Customer Information System infrastructure. Information sharing is conducted for monthly invoicing of 1.502 primary and secondary education institutions together with 2.973 IMM organizations as well as 4.434.956 active subscribers to be examined by Ministry of Justice and the Law Enforcement Agency. Furthermore, a debt inquiry service was prepared for daily invoices of Ministry of Finance and it enabled acceleration of institutional payment process. Figure 2. Information Sharing with Institutions 5. CONCLUSION and EVALUATION The following are among those achieved through information sharing via the common pool made by using web technologies: • Monitoring of financial planning, monthly, periodical and 12-month invoices and payment channels • Specific intelligence gathering through address, phone, ID no or name of parents. • Rapid responses to official documents coming from labor courts • Unifying and managing payments of schools, courses and other educational institutions Water management planning was conducted via efficient use of subscriber system web technologies to enable sharing of required amount of the information pool formed between requesting institutions. 488 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water The project contributes to customer relations management and financial planning when considered in terms of solid waste, waste water and water. References 1. Kay Principles of an Interoperability Architecture (2004) http://europa.eu.int/idabc/en/document/3591/5671 2. P. Srisuresh and M. Holdrege (1999). IP network address translator (NAT) terminology and considerations, RFC 2663. 489 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations The Impact of Pollution on the the Bouregreg Estuary (Morocco, Atlantic Ocean): the Molluscs as an Indicator of Metal Contamination Essediya CHERKAOUI, Abderrahman NOUNAH, Mohamed KHAMAR Laboratory: Energy, Materials and Environment, Graduate School of Technology (UM5A) essediyacherkaoui@hotmail.fr, abnounah@yhaoo.fr &m_khamar@yahoo.fr Abstract On the Morrocan Atlantic coast, the Bouregreg estuary was submitted to many anthropic effects. After the dam Sidi Mohammed ben Abdellah was built in 1974, the flow became almost null. The estuary is bordered by two cities, Rabat and Salé in which the process of urbanization and industrialization has continually increased, affecting the water quality. The waters of the estuary are meant for recreational activities, fishing, but at the same time they receive water collecting domestic and industrial wastewater. The waste in old landfills was not treated and leaked into the river water. The matter gets worse with the action of tides which make it difficult to escape the pollution load (physicochemical, bacteriological, heavy metals…). In the Bouregreg estuary, the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cu and Cr) recorded in the sediments are higher than those found in the two molluscs. However, we have found out that Mytilus has accumulated more heavy metals (Cr, Pb and Zn) than Solen marginatus. The Zn makes an exception: it presents a greater concentration in the molluscs (63.015mg/kg w.d. for Mytilus and 232.736mg/kg wd for Solen) than in the sediments (57.639mg/kg wd).The amount of these metals exceeds the standard values. Keywords: Bouregreg estuary, heavy metals, Molluscs indicators. 1. Introductıon An estuary is the place of transition between salt water and fresh water. The historical importance of these geographical areas is due to the existing shops and to the shipping of products. The estuary of the Bouregreg was submitted to many anthropic effects. the use of Bivalve molluscs are good indicators of the metal contamination of the aquatic environment and provide the possibility of monitoring the coast area and of evaluating the quality of marine species in terms of nutrient intake. These mussels act as filter feeders that eat plankton and organic waste, thus accumulating contaminants at significant levels, especially heavy metals. 2. Materıal and Methods The molluscs were sampled on the Bouregreg estuary of the region of Salty a few meters away from the side right of the mouth of the estuary of Bouregreg. The station was chosen by taking into account a certain number of parameters (access facility, the abundance of mussels and their consumption of these molluscs by the waterside population) (Figure1). Ten induvidus of each species (mytilus and Solen) is rinsed with tap water after and distilled water in plastic containers. Soft parts of individuals are extracted and washed extensively shells, jet spray, with distilled water. They are then drained and dried at 60°C until reaching a constant weight.[1] 490 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Figure 1. Location of the sampling site 3. Results and Interpretatıon The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cu and Cr) recorded in the sediments are higher than those found in the two molluscs. However, we have found out that Mytilus has accumulated more heavy metals (Cr, Pb and Zn) than Solen marginatus. (Table 1) The Zn makes an exception: it presents a greater concentration in the molluscs (63.015mg/kg wd. for Mytilus and 232.736 mg/kg wd for Solen) than in the sediments (57.639 mg/kg wd).The amount of these metals exceeds the standard values. According to analyses realized on mussels by the coast of El Jadida, The copper contents (Cu) and zinc (Zn) remains higher that those registered (recorded) in Bouregreg estuary.[2] The strong concentration of the molluscs in the Bouregreg estuary returns to the existence of the industrial discharges and especially to those of pottery and of the transport (existence of bridges along the estuary) (Table 1). Concentrations in Cu, Pb and Fe in this present work are very high with regard to the values given in the standards of CODEX) (Table 1). The contents of Cu, Pb and Fe are respectively 11, 14 and 42 times at solemn and 20, 19 and 155 times in mussels exceed those set by the CODEX standards. Therefore, the consumption of these mussels present a hazard may lead to several problems on human health. Similarly, the concentration almost doubled between 2005 and 2012 except for Cr, which suffered a decline.[3] Cu Pb Cr Zn Fe Solen mg/kg 12,566 4,666 1,443 63,015 662,502 Mytilus mg/kg 12,435 8,318 1,932 232,736 416,74 eau mg/l 0,122 0,04 0,005 0,022 0,147 sédiment mg/kg 24,96 44,087 21,872 57,639 20599,149 NC [6] 0,400 0,100 - - 1,500 FM= Solen/ NC 11,665 14,430 - - 42,010 FM= Mytilus/ NC 20,795 19,320 - - 155,157 Table 1. Variation of heavy metal concentrations in Molluscs, water and sediment (FM : Multiplication factor) (NC: standards of CODEX) 491 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 4. CONCLUSION The bioaccumulation of heavy metals studied (Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn) in molluscs harvested in the estuary of the Bouregreg have very high levels. Through the comparison of heavy metal concentrations there was an overload of these metallic elements in the mollusc flesh analyzed in a remarkable manner by the standards NC. These high levels posing health problems for the consumer, these substances accumulated effect does not degrade by biological as some organic pollutants. REFERENCES 492 1. Cheggour. M. (1989). Bioaccumulation de quelques éléments métalliques (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fr et V) chez un mollusque bivalve, Scrobicularia plana, dans l’estuaire du Bouregreg (cote atlantique marocaine). Bull. Ins.Sci., nº 13, pp. 125-133 2. Merzouki M, Talib N. & Sif J. (2004). Indice de condition et teneurs de quelques métaux (Cu, Cd, Zn et Hg) dans les organes de la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis de la cote d’El Jadida (Maroc) en Mai et Juin 2004. Bull. Ins.Sci., Rabat, section Sciences de la Vie, 2009, n°31 (1), 21-26. 3. Tahiri L, Bennasser L, Idrissi L., Fekhaoui M, El Abidi A & Mouradi A, (2005). Contamination métallique de Mytilus galloprovincialis et des sédiments au niveau de l’estuaire de Bouregreg (Maroc) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Lead Contamination in Soil, Drinking Water and Plants from Marrakech Area, Morocco S. El fadeli¹ˉ², R. Bouhouch², A. El abbassi4, M. Chaik¹, A. Aboussad3, N.Lekouch¹, R. F. Hurrell², M.B. Zimmermann², A.Sedki¹. Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie, Ecotoxicologie et Assainissement, Bd Moulay Abdellah BP 2390 - 40001 Marrakech - Maroc. Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 3 Section Pediatric Pubic Health, Community Health and Epidemiology, Medical University Hospital Ibn Tofail, Marrakech, Morocco. 4 Food Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences – Semlalia, Bd Moulay Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, 40001 Marrakech, Morocco. 1 2 Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate lead contamination in food chain and evaluate the consequent health risks to local residents in three different sites. Samples were collected from three compartments: drinking water, soils and plants (edible part). The levels of lead contamination in these compartments were measured. Transfer factors of lead from soils to plants and the eventual health risk of this metal were calculated. The results showed that the concentration of lead in drinking water in all sites was below the safety limit in drinking water. However, soils and plants from mining site were heavily contaminated compared to the other sites. Consequently, the oral intakes of lead through plant pose a high health risk to local residents in mining and El Azzozia sites. Keywords: Lead contamination, Health risk, drinking water, soil, plants. 1. Introductıon The undesirable health effects caused by low-level exposure to lead, particularly in children the most sensitive target group, have been extensively studied and documented[1, 2]. Environmental lead exposure can come from a wide variety of sources including air, water, food and housing. Lead contamination in the soil can usually be attributed to one of the three main processes: industrial activities such as mining and smelting processes, agricultural activities such as the use of insecticide and municipal sewage sludges, and finally, urban activities such as the combustion of gasoline containing the anti-knock additives tetraethyl- and tetramethyl-Pb, and uncontrolled disposal of lead containing materials such as paints[3]. Furthermore, plants can take up lead from the soil and under certain conditions high levels can be accumulated in the leaves and other edible parts of the plant[4]. 2. Methodology The sampling sites were located in regions of Marrakech city. Three regions and a reference region were outlined. The monitoring regions were as follow: Medina region (RMd), an old water pipe site; El Azzozia region (RE), lands irrigated from untreated wastewaters; Drâa Lesfer region (RD), a mining site and finally a reference site (RR), far from any source of lead contamination. All sampling sites are shown in the Figure 1. The water, soil and plant samples were collected during September 2009 and June 2011. 493 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. localisation of sampling site in Marrakech region. 3. Maın results The results showed that the concentration of lead in water was below the limits and does not represent a health risk. However, concentrations of Pb in soils and plants especially in mining region were in most cases higher than those in El Azzozia region. Preliminary environmental risk assessment showed that the irrigation with urban wastewaters in El Azzozia region and contamination of soils and plants with mining wastes in mining region, could lead to the high health risk. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thanks, Swiss National Science Foundation (#404740-117325), Bern and ETH Zürich, Switzerland for the Financial Support. References 494 1. Li H.B., Yu S., Li G.L., Deng H., Luo X.S., 2011. Contamination and source differentiation of Pb in park soils along an urban–rural gradient in Shanghai. Environmental Pollution, 159, 3536-3544. 2. Miller J.R., Villarroel L.F., 2011. Bolivia: Mining, River Contamination, and Human Health. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. 421-441. 3. Markus J., McBratney A.B., 2001. A review of the contamination of soil with lead II. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of soil lead. Environment International, 27, 399– 411. 4. Yongsheng W., Qihui L., Qian T., 2011. Effect of Pb on growth, accumulation and quality component of tea plant. Procedia Engineering, 18, 214–219 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Water Types of Pipelines Used in Water Supply Transmission Lines and Field Applications of State Hydraulic Works Burak Yusuf Özel General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Water Supply Department byozel@dsi.gov.tr Abstract In field applications of State Hydraulic Works four different types of pipes used which can be stated as steel, ductile iron, GRP(Glass Reinforced Pipe) and HDPE pipes. Besides unit price of materials, criteria like long term usage, easiness of installation, low operation and maintenance cost, topographical and geological conditions are also considered in selection of the pipe type. Previous experiences show that selection of the type of the pipe based on the first investment cost turns out to be uneconomical due to failures occurring and high operation costs. If we are to consider the re construction of a transmission line that is no further operable it is better to prioritize and consider the technical properties of the pipe besides the first investment cost. Keywords: Pipe, water supply, transmission line. 1. INTRODUCTION In design of transmission line projects carried out by State Hydraulic Works Water Supply Division different types of pipes are used. Steel pipes are used in areas in which high operating pressures are seen and large diameters are required, and ductile pipes are frequently used where smaller diameters are required, for design. HDPE pipes are used in transmission lines where more elbow usage is required. On the other hand GRP pipes are not preferred due to their lower resistance to inner and outer pressures and due to failures occurred and operational difficulties in GRP pipelines constructed in the last years. 2. PIPES USED IN TRANSMISSION LINES 2.1. Ductıle Iron Pıpes Ductile iron pipes are produced with an application called as centrifuge casting in which after heat treatment pipeline surface is covered with zinc particles and after testing , inner surface of the pipes are covered with cement mortar and outside of the pipes are covered with bitumen, after completion of these processes pipes are ready to use in the field .Ductile iron pipes are durable under heavy traffic and earth loads. But in case pipeline is under high internal pressures the pipeline connections should be made as locked-type. Also these pipes shows high resistance to corrosion. 2.2. Steel Pıpes Steel pipes are produced by forging steel plates into spiral shapes and welding. Tensile strength of steel pipes are very high. Since the connection pipes are done by welding these pipes are convenient to use under earthquake zones, landslide areas and tough field conditions. These type of pipes show high performance under high external loads and high operating pressures. The main disadvantage of these pipes is the corrosion effect in the field. For this reason cathodic protection should be applied and maintenance should be prioritized during operation. 2.3. HDPE Pıpes HDPE is a high density polyethylene material produced from petroleum. 1 kg of polyethylene material is produced from 1.75 kg of petroleum on average. High flexible characteristics of HDPE pipes makes installation easier in the field. Most of the time, it allows the installation without any elbows in transmission lines. These type of pipes are not affected from under earth movements and have high impact resistance. Installation under sea is applicable for these pipes since HDPE pipes are resistant to under sea conditions. They show resistance to corrosion there is no need to make cathodic protection and any covering system 495 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2.3 GRP Pıpes GRP pipes are produced by combining polyesther, resin and fiberglass. Since the raw material of GRP does not include metal, there is no need for cathodic protection and covering. These pipes are approximately ¼ of steel pipes by weight. Also they can be transported one within the other. The internal surface of these pipes are very smooth which makes internal friction loss is low. GRP pipes are inadequate to use in transmission lines with high operating pressures and in earthquake zones, because of the weakness of muff connections in this type of pipes. As they have low resistance to point and distributed external loads, these pipes should not be used in tough field conditions and under high traffic loads. REFEENCES 496 1. AWWA M 11 2. AWWA M 41 WASTEWATER 497 498 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Usability of Trout Restaurant Wastes to Adsorp Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions Murat TOPAL, E.Işıl ARSLAN TOPAL, Sibel ASLAN University of Firat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Elazig, Turkey mtopal@cumhuriyet.edu.tr Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the usability of trout restaurant wastes for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions. Maximum Cu2+ removal over 99% was achieved. Langmuir isotherm model was fitted the results (R2= 0.9977). The maximum adsorption capacity of raw fish bone was 58.82 mg/g. It could be said that the trout restaurant waste used was an efficient adsorbent for adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Adsorption, Copper, Heavy metal, Trout, Waste. 1. INTRODUCTION The presence of elevated concentrations of heavy metals in rivers, lakes, seawater and other natural waters represents a toxic risk to plants and animals and potentially to human health[1,2]. Heavy metals may originate from industrial, commercial and domestic sources. The heavy metals identified to be of particular concern include chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenium, silver, mercury, cadmium and nickel[3]. In our study, the optimum pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial Cu2+ ions conditions were examined and the isotherm model was determined. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Fish bone was supplied from a trout restaurant which located near a trout production facility in Turkey. The crystalline structure of the adsorbent was determined by Rigaku DMAX IIIC model X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The surface area of the adsorbent was measured by multipoint BET surface area measurement by using Quantachrome Instruments Nova 4000E surface area equipment. The adsorption of copper ions on fish bone adsorbent was studied by batch method. An ATI UNICAM Model 929 flame atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer equipped with ATI UNICAM hollow cathode lamp was used for the heavy metal determinations. pH and EC measurements were done by using Orion SA720 pH-meter and Delta OHM HD2106.2 conductivity-meter, respectively. The erlenmeyers were shaken in orbital shaker. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Effect of pH on Cu2+ adsorptıon Cu2+ removal percentages increased with the increase in initial pH value, except the value of 8. The removal percentages were similar to each other at pH values of 7 and 8. 3.2. Effect of a adsorbent dosage on Cu2+ adsorptıon The removal percentages of Cu2+ ions were similar to each other especially after 0.3 g/L. The optimum trout bone dosage was determined as 0.6 g/L with a Cu2+ removal of 99.73%. 3.3. Effect of contact tıme on Cu2+ adsorptıon The percentages of the adsorption of Cu2+ ions by trout bone were closed to each other (between 99.43-99.73%) for all contact times and a maximum removal (99.73%) is reached at 90 min. 3.4. Effect of ınıtıal concentratıon of Cu2+ on Cu2+ adsorptıon The removal percentages of initial Cu2+ concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L were closed to each other (99.32 and 99.62%, respectively). Although, the percentage decreased at the initial Cu2+ ion concentration of 150 mg/L, the removal percentage was very high (93.07%). 499 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3.5. Adsorptıon ısotherms The experimental data were applied to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The constant parameters of the equations were calculated by regression using linear form of the isotherm equations. In our study, the maximum adsorption capacity for Cu2+ was 58.82 mg/g. The analysis of the experimental data led to the following results: • The results show that Cu2+ adsorption onto fish bone was highly dependent upon pH. The optimum pH was 7 with Cu2+ removal of 99.68 %. • The optimum fish bone dosage was 0.6 g/L with Cu2+ removal of 99.73 %. • The optimum contact time was 90 min with a maximum Cu+2 removal of 99.73 %. • The optimum initial concentration of Cu2+ was 100 mg/L with a maximum removal of 99.62%. • The adsorption isotherm data can be well fitted by the Langmuir equation. Langmuir isotherm model was fitted our results at 35oC (R2= 0.9977). • The trout restaurant waste, fish bone, is an efficient adsorbent for adsorption of Cu2+. REFERENCES 500 1. Nies, D.H., (1999). Microbial heavy metal resistance: molecular biology and utilisation for biotechnological process. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 51: 730-750. 2. Lu, S., Gibb, S.W., (2008). Copper removal from wastewater using spent-grain as biosorbent. Bioresource Technology, 99: 1509-1517. 3. Jin, P., Bhattacharya, S.K., Williams, C.J., Zhang, H., (1998). Effects of sulfide addition on copper inhibition in methanogenic systems. Water Res., 32: 977-988. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Removal of Heavy Metals from Metal Plating Wastewater by Fish Bone Adsorption Sibel ASLAN1, Murat TOPAL1, Erdal ŞİMŞEK2, E.Işıl ARSLAN TOPAL1 University of Firat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Elazig, Turkey mtopal@cumhuriyet.edu.tr 2 University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sivas, Turkey erdalsimsek@cumhuriyet.edu.tr 1 Abstract In this study, it was investigated the removal of heavy metals such as copper, nickel, chromium, iron and zinc from metal plating facility effluents through adsorption process by using fish bone as an adsorbent. It can be concluded that fish bone was an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from metal plating wastewater. Keywords: Adsorption, Copper, Fish bone, Heavy metal, Metal plating. 1. INTRODUCTION Metal plating requires a combination of several deposition and finishing operations. Chromium and zinc-plating, passivation, phosphatising and metal colouring operations are generally used to obtain o good substrate for further painting and deposition of organic agents in order to provide corrosion protection and decoration[1]. Because each step is followed by rinsing with water, it is produced high volumes of liquid effluent containing a variety of pollutants, mainly heavy metals and inorganic anions[2]. In this study, it was aimed the removal of heavy metals from metal plating industry wastewater by fish bone adsorption. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The trout fish bone supplied from a trout production facility located in Turkey was used as an adsorbent in this study. The wastewater used in this study was obtained from a metal plating industry located at Gebze, Turkey. 2.1. Adsorptıon experıments Adsorption experiments were carried out at two different temperatures (25oC and 35oC) and contact times (90 min and 48 h) by adding 0.6 g l-1 of adsorbent to erlenmeyers containing wastewater, with and without adjusting pH. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pH and the EC of adsorbent were 6.04 and 936 mS cm-1, respectively. XRD pattern confirmed that crystallographic structure of adsorbent was apatite (Ca5(PO4)3((OH), F, Cl)). The surface area of adsorbent was found to be 35.416 m2 g-1. 3.1. Effect of pH Since pH of solution is one of the most important parameters affected adsorption process, adsorption experiments were performed by adjusting and no adjusting of pH of wastewater. 3.2. Effect of Temperature and Contact Tıme In Figure 1 and 2, it was illustrated the heavy metal removal efficiencies depending on temperature and contact time. 501 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Poster Presentations Removal (%) Removal (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cu Ni Cr Fe Heavy Metal Zn Cu Ni Cr Fe Heavy Metal Zn (a) (b) Figure 1. Removal efficiencies of heavy metals at 25oC : (a) 90 min and (b) 48 h 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Removal (%) Removal (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cu Ni Cr Fe Heavy Metal Zn (a) Cu Ni Cr Heavy Metal Fe Zn (b) Figure 2. Removal efficiencies of heavy metals at 35oC : (a) 90 min and (b) 48 h 4. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the removal of heavy metal ions from metal plating wastewater by using fish bone as an adsorbent is fairly efficient and economically feasible option. REFERENCES 502 1. J. M., Magalhães, J. E., Silva, F.P., Castro, J.A., (2005). Labrincha, Physical and Chemical Characterisation of Metal Finishing Industrial Wastes, J. Environ. Manage., 75, 157-166. 2. J., Viguri et al., (2001). Cement-waste and Clay-waste Derived Products from Metal Hydroxides Wastes, Trans.I.Chem.E. 79, 38-44. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Integrated Automation Applied to Wastewater Treatment Plant SCADA System Armin Müller1, Eduardo Poupard2 Festo AG & Co. KG, Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg (Germany), Dept. Process Application Management Water/ Wastewater, Ruiterstr. 82, 73734 Esslingen, (Email:amll@de.festo.com) 2 FESTO Pneumatic, S.A., Department of Solution Engineering Centre (NAFTA Region), Av. Ceylán No. 3, Tequesquinahuac District, Tlalnepantla Estado de México 54020, México (Email: eduardo.poupard@mx.festo.com) 1 Abstract This paper illustrates and defines best practice automation technology with pneumatic control components and pneumatic actuation technology. The advanced system approach using single fieldbus and additional networks has become fully established in water applications. A customized and integrated decentralized automation concept from the process valve to the process control level is assuring a smooth operation. The implemented SCADA system is controlling and monitoring the main operating parameters of the digesters within the wastewater treatment plant, like PH-value, conductivity, flow, temperature, gas analysis, status of electric motors. All those variables, inside of the SCADA are used to generate operational reports and charts. Within the digester zone 25 pneumatically automated process valves ensure the safe operation of the Biogas injection. Keywords: Automation; SCADA; valves, actuator, remote control, wastewater treatment, operation and control, condition monitoring. REFERENCES 1. Bredau, J.; Bauer, F.; Winter, A.; Post P., Condition Monitoring in Fluid Technology - A Comprehensive Approach–, 6. Intern. Fluidtechnisches Kolloquium (6. IFK), Dresden, 31.03.- 02.04.2008. 2. Obradović D., Modern water supply, informatics and process control, Udruženje za tehnologiju vode isanitarno inženjerstvo, elgrade, 1999. (in Serbian) pp 71. 3. Robert Lewis, Programming Industrial Control Systems Using IEC 1131-3 , Published by The Institution of Electrical Engineers in the UK, pp 5-6. 4. Modular electrical terminal CPX, written by FESTO, pp 2. 5. M. S. Ahmad; Biological Treatment of Tannery Wastewaters, M.Sc Thesis,Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, UET, Lahore, 2002. 6. Radgen, P.; Blaustein, E., Compressed Air Systems in the European Union, 7. LogX Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001. 8. User Manual for PLC Programming with CoDeSys 2.3, 3S - Smart Software Solutions GmbH, Last update 17.12.2007, pp 1-1. 503 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Recovery of Copper in Wastewater from Electroless Plating Process Hwa Young Lee1, Hyun Baek Ko2 1 Center for energy convergence research, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P. O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 136-791, Korea hyleekist@hanmail.net 2 Research Institute, Sehwa EnsTech Co., Seoknamdong 223-376, Seogu, Incheon 404-220, Korea gogoback@chollian.net Abstract An attempt to recover copper from electroless Cu plating wastewater has been made through evaporation and electrowinning method. The Cu content in electroless Cu plating wastewater used in the work was found to be 582 mg/l. The Rochell salt contained in the wastewater led to a very high COD of 9,560 mg/l and TOC of 13,100 mg/l, with the content of formic acid which was the oxidized form of formaldehyde being 7.73%. As a result, in the electrowinning of copper, current efficiency was decreased with increase in current density. It was also found that current density should be kept at lower than 40 mA/cm2 during the electrowinning of copper for obtaining a current efficiency more than 80%. The average Fe content in the Cu obtained in the work was 0.021% and 0.01% at sulfuric acid concentrations of 2% and 10%, respectively, which indicated the inclusion of Fe could be avoided with an increase in sulfuric acid concentration. Keywords: recovery, copper, wastewater, electrowinning. 1. INTRODUCTION An electroless plating, unlike in conventional electroplating method, has the feature of metal coated on the insulation materials, such as plastics or ceramics[1-2]. Electroless plating is performed from a chemical reaction between metal ions and reducing agents presented in the solutions. These electroless plating applications are considerably expanded in Korea due to recent development in material industries. Electroless Cu plating is particularly used as an essential process in the production of printed circuit board (PCB) applicable to various electronic products. In order to remove copper in electroless Cu plating wastewater by precipitation method, a de-complexing agent such as sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) is required to break the bonding of copper chelating compounds[2-3]. As an example, DTC is added in electroless plating wastewater and then a precipitation agent like ferric chloride is added for removal of copper by precipitation. However, since an excessive amount of DTC has to be added in this method, residual DTC would be retained during the process. In this work, an attempt has been made to overcome the problems in conventional treatment methods of electroless Cu plating wastewater and to recover copper as a highly purified copper metal, through evaporation concentration and electrowinning method. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The major components of electroless copper plating wastewater used in the work are given in Table 1. Components CODMn T-N TOC TDS NH4+ HCHO HCOOH Cu Fe Content 9,560 16.1 13,100 57,800 0.73 194 77,300 582 6.6 Table 1. Chemical analysis of electroless Cu plating wastewater used in the work (unit: mg/l). Electrowinning of copper was performed with a constant current Power Supply (Jisang Electric Corp., Model: CC350A). Electrolytic cell was made with an acrylic plate. A platinum electrode sized 50x50mm was used as an anode while a stainless steel electrode sized 50x50 mm was used as a cathode. Metal concentration in aqueous solution was determined using ICP Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Model: Optima 5300 DV) and the pH of the solution was measured with a pH Meter (Fischer Scientific, Accumet Model 20. 504 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 shows the variation of current efficiency with copper concentration in aqueous solution. As can be seen in Figure 1, current efficiency was affected considerably by copper concentration. With a copper concentration more than 6,000 mg/l, a current efficiency more than 95% could be obtained and it gradually decreased with decreases in copper concentration. Figure 2 shows the SEM photos of Cu surface deposited on the cathode, which indicates the surface morphology of copper is affected by current density to some extent. At a current density of 20 mA/ cm2, copper surface shows as sphere-shaped particles, whereas at a current density of 80 mA/cm2, particles of polyhedron with smooth surface are mostly formed. Current Efficiency, % 100 80 60 40 Concentration of H2SO4 2 ~ 10 vol% Addition of Na2SO4 40 g/l Ambient Temperature Current Density 40 mA/cm2 20 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Concentration of Cu, mg/l Figure 1. Current efficiency vs Cu conc. (a) 20 mA/cm2 (b) 80 mA/cm2 Figure 2. SEM photos of Cu electrodeposited on cathode. 4. CONCLUSIONS An attempt to recover copper from electroless Cu plating wastewater has been made through evaporation and electrowinning method. Cu concentration in electroless Cu plating wastewater was 582 mg/l and the content of formic acid, which was oxidized form of formaldehyde, was very high rather than the formaldehyde content itself. Also, a high content of COD and TOC was observed due to the Rochell salt contained in wastewater. As a result, in the electrowinning of copper, current efficiency was decreased with increase in current density. According to the SEM photos of Cu surface deposited on the cathode, it was found that the surface morphology of copper was affected by current density to some extent. 505 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations REFERENCES 506 1. Robert, S. C., Robert, K. G., (1989). Wastewater treatment for electroless plating, Products Finishing, August, 45-53. 2. Li, C. L., et al., (1999). Recovery of spent electroless nickel plating bath by electrolysis, Journal of Membrane Science, 157, 241-249. 3. Mahmoud, S. S., (2009). Electroless deposition of nickel and copper on titanium substrates, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 472, 595-601. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Development of a Flow Rate Sensor for Open Channels with Smaller Dimensions Solliec Laurent1, 2, Vazquez José1,3, Dufresne Matthieu1,3 NIVUS GmbH, Im Taele 2 75031 EPPINGEN E-mail: Laurent.Solliec@nivus.com 2 Engineer Sciences, Informatics and Imaging Laboratory (ICube) Department Mechanics, Fluids Mechanics team - 2 rue Boussingault 67000 Strasbourg France 3 National school for water and environmental engineering of Strasbourg (ENGEES), 1 quai Koch 67070 Strasbourg France; E-mail: jose.vazquez@engees.unistra.fr, matthieu.dufresne@engees.unistra.fr 1 Abstract Agglomerations install flow rate measurements in sewer systems (mainly open channels) to comply with the European Water Guidelines. They installed flow meter using level and velocity measurements. The present document presents the different thematic of development of a flow meter using measurements of level and velocity for small open channels. It defines the type of technology i.e. the technology to measure the water level and the velocity of tracking particles in the fluid. A development of the sensor requires competences in mechanics, electronics, signal theory and hydraulics. The developed sensor was tested in a laboratory with different dimensions and geometries. It results in acceptable readings (less than 3-4 %). Regarding the laboratory tests, the extension to field measurement can offer expected accuracies for proper installation (10-12 %). Keywords: Discharge, open channels, ultrasound measurement technique, CFD. 1. INTRODUCTION Most cities use flow rate measurements in sewer systems (mainly open channels) to comply with the European Water Guidelines. Most of flow meters are installed in smaller dimensions where the levels and geometries are small (low aspect ratios[1]). Actuals devices can’t achieve acceptable accuracy for lower level. The objective of the document is to present a flow rate meter sensor development (different steps) using ultrasound technology to evaluate the velocity profile measurement (more accurate as a simple CW Doppler[2]) and the level associated to the cross section. 2. FLOW METER DEVELOPMENT The level measurement associated to the cross section offers the water section. It can be evaluated by different technologies. The most common techniques are the air ultrasound measurement and the pressure measurement. The choice was the use of two air ultrasound measurement whose one is using a reflector to reduce the dead zone (ringing time). The measurement method of the velocity is based on the evaluation the particles moving through an ultrasonic beam. Two pulses are sent into field with a delay TPRF characteristic from the pulse repetition frequency. Two signals are backscattered (from tracking particles) to the sensor and the distance realized by the particles (delay in ultrasound) is measured. The ratio between the distance d and the TPRF offers the velocity. The evaluation of the delay between the two pulses is done by the cross correlation method[1, 3]. The sensor housing conception concerns 4 aspects of a sensor: the electronic system structure, the ultrasound frequency (1 MHz), the sensor form (Dolphin) and the sensor angle (20°). The frequency and electronics choices are related to the measurement geometry size and the concentration of the fluid[4]. The dolphin form of the sensor reduces the intrusive nature of the sensor but doesn’t skip it. A statistical function based Computational Fluid Dynamics[5] was developed to take the influence into account. Nevertheless the discharge is the issue. An accurate value requires an accurate evaluation of the water section depending on the geometry and an adequate flow model to convert single velocity measurements into a mean velocity. No official requirement is suggested for a flow model[1]. We proposed a phenomenological model [6, 7, 8, 9, 10] integrating the phenomenon involved in open channels (dip phenomenon, secondary currents … [1]). 507 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS The tests were conducted in one rectangular channel (B=0.35 m, Hmax=0.60 m) and two different pipes channels (DN 300, DN 500). The sensor were installed in each case 7 m downstream the entry. The sensor was installed at the centre of the channel or pipe. Asymmetric flows were skipped from the results (the maximal velocity was not at the centre). h 0,05<h<0,5 B 0,35 m Q 4 l/s<Q<130 l/s Error Absolut Error= 2,0% Std Dev Std Dev =0,9 % Table 1. Results in the rectangular channel h 0,05<h<0,25 DN 0,30 m Q 1 l/s<Q<100 l/s Error Absolut Error= 2,5% Std Dev Std Dev =0,8 % Table 2. Results in the pipe channel (DN 300) 4. CONCLUSION In acceptable hydraulics conditions (closed to fully developed conditions), the sensor can achieve excellent results. Meanwhile, a careful installation of the sensor and precise measurement of the cross section have been done for these tests. The transposition from lab to field measurements creates additional errors (especially for the cross section and the sensor position) even if the installation is realized properly. It can result however in acceptable values (10% of accuracy from the expected values). REFERENCES 1. Nezu I. & Nakagawa H., (1993), Turbulence in open channels flows, 281, IAHR. 2. BS ISO 15769, (2010), Hydrometry, Guidelines for the application of acoustic velocity meters using the Doppler and echo correlation methods, 66, 15769:2010. 3. Teufel M.: (2006) Durchflussmessung mit Kreuzkorrelation (Flow rate measurement with the cross correlation); KA Abwasser, Abfall (53) Nr. 7. 4. Larrarte F., Francois P. (2008), Supended Solids and attenuation of ultrasonic beam, 11th ICUD, Edinburg Scotland. 5. Solliec L. & al., (2012), Impact of an intrusive sensor on discharge determination in open channels, UDM 2012, Belgrade, Serbia. 6. Solliec L., Vazquez J., Dufresne M., (2012) Modélisation à partir d’un profil de vitesse en canaux non perturbés, JDHU 2012, Strasbourg, France 7. Guo J. & Julien P.-Y. (2008), Application of the Modified Log Wake Law in Open Channels, Journal of applied fluid Mechanics Vol 1, N°2 pp: 17-23. 8. Chiu C.-L. & Chiou, J.-D. (1986). Structure of 3D flow in rectangular open channels - Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 112, N°11, pp: 1050-1068. 9. Yoon J-I., Sung J. and Lee M-H (2012), CVelocity profiles and friction coefficient in circular open channels, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol 50, N° 3 pp 304-311. 10. Yang S-Q (2010), Depth average shear stress and velocity in open channels flows, Journal of hydraulic Enginnerring Vol 136, N°11 pp 952-957. 508 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Grey Water Recycling System to Aid Sustainable Water Management Nuray ORUÇTUT Aktif Çevre ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Teknolojileri nuray.oructut@aktifcevre.com.tr Abstract For reducing water demand by increasing the effeciency of water use alternative sources must be considered. Among the new sources of supply is grey water. Any water that has been used in the home, except water from toilets, is called greywater. Dish, shower, sink, and laundry water comprise 50-80% of residential waste water. This may be reused for other purposes, especially landscape irrigation. Greywater can replace fresh water in many instances, saving money and increasing the effective water supply in regions where irrigation is needed. Grey water may contain food particles, detergent or soap residue, and possibly some human pathogens. But as a general rule, grey water does not require extensive chemical or biological treatment before being used for landscape irrigation. Grey water can be put to other uses such as tiolet flushing. When stored, filtering the water is more important, to reduce the growth of any pathogens. In Turkey, grey water recycling has applied in many projects such as housing projects, office buildings, hotels and shopping malls. Grey water treatment should match with local reuse standards. The quality and the quantity shoul be appropriate end-uses. Grey water policy is necessary for the expansion of greywater reuse. Keywords: Grey water recycling, grey water implementation, grey water policy, grey water treatment technologies, sustainable water management. 1. INTRODUCTION Water shortage is increasing dramatically every day. Although Turkey sounds a water-rich country, freshwater resources are limited and the demand is steadily growing. Freshwater is a precious resource. We must preserve our freshwater resources. For reducing water demand by increasing the effeciency of water use alternative sources must be considered. Among the new sources of supply is grey water. Any water that has been used in the home, except water from toilets, is called greywater. Dish, shower, sink, and laundry water comprise 50-80% of residential “waste” water. This may be reused for other purposes, especially landscape irrigation. Greywater can replace fresh water in many instances, saving money and increasing the effective water supply in regions where irrigation is needed. Residential water use is almost evenly split between indoor and outdoor. All except toilet water could be recycled outdoors, achieving the same result with significantly less water diverted from nature. Grey water is not waste, it should be used. Grey water recycling reduce energy consumption and demand for water need, and meet economic needs. With appropirate treatment technology, grey water can be replaced with potable water such as toilet flushing (double plumbing) and landscaping. Grey water end-uses, technologies and policies are very widely around the world. Unfortunately, Turkey has not legal framework about grey water reuse. The paper will provide overview of grey water implementations in Turkey and proposals to legal framework with world wide grey water policies. 2. GREY WATER IMPLEMENTATIONS AND TREATMENT WITH MBR In Turkey, grey water recycling has applied in many projects such as housing projects, office buildings, hotels and shopping malls. Grey water is treated with different technologies. To choose appropriate technology, intended use is improtant topic. Grey water treatment should match with local reuse standards. The quality and the quantity shoul be appropriate end-uses. 2.1. Grey Water Treatment wıth MBR Grey water may contain food particles, detergent or soap residue, and possibly some human pathogens. But as a general rule, grey water does not require extensive chemical or biological 509 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations treatment before being used for landscape irrigation. Grey water can be put to other uses. Soap and detergent are the components in grey water, which could adversely affect plants the most.. Grey water may be immediately directed to landscaping, or it may be stored for later use. When stored, filtering the water is more important, to reduce the growth of any pathogens. The most efficient systems for the treatment of greywater are biological systems in combination with physical treatment processes. The membrane bioreactor is a suspended growth activated sludge system that utilises ultrafiltration membranes for solid/liquid separation. MBRs also require less space than traditional activated sludge systems since less hydraulic residence time (HRT) is needed to achieve a given solids retention time (SRT). Figure 1. Grey Water Treatment with MBR 2.2. Grey Water Implementatıons ın Turkey and around the world Turkey has a lot ofnew green building projects and the projects mostluy have grey water recycling systems. One of the leading grey water recycling system has applied Zincirlikuyu, Zorlu Center Project, Istanbul-250 m3/d. Eser Holding green building,Ankara; Istanbul Hilton Hotel, Istanbul 16-9 Housing Project are one of the most common projects grey water recycling has applied. 2.3. Grey Water Polıcy-Overvıew of Regulatıons around the world Grey water policy is necessary for the expansion of greywater reuse. The policies shoul be matched with WHO standards and local reuse legistirations to protect public health and prevent environmental risks. Public instutions, universities, policy makers and developers should be in cooperation. REFERENCES 510 1. Greywater Recycling Planning Fundementals and Operation Information, fbr-Information Sheet H 201, 2005. 2. World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Retrieved September 7, 2010 3. Karahan, A.,(2009). Gri suyun değerlendirilmesi, 9. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi,MMO, İzmir-Türkiye. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Fungal Bioremediation of Contaminated Water by Phenol Using Aspergillus Niger: Application of Full Factorial Design Amina Hellal, Latifa Tebbouche, Dalila Hank Laboratory of Sciences and Environmental Techniques, Environmental Engineering Department, National Polytechnic School, 10 Avenue Hacen Badi, BP182, 16200 El Harrach Algiers, Algeria. hellami25@gmail.com Abstract Phenol is widely distributed as environmental pollutants due to its common presence in the effluents of many industrial processes such as oil refineries and phenolic resin industries. Therefore, the removal of phenol from industrial aqueous effluents is of great practical significance for the environmental protection. By contrast with physical and chemical methods, biological treatments are preferable in wastewater treatment process as it commonly leads to complete mineralization of phenol and the relatively low processing costs. Aspergillus niger was used to test its ability in phenol degradation under different operating conditions. The results show that A. niger could degrade fully 1000 mg/L phenol as a sole carbon and energy source within 140h and degraded 100 mg/L of phenol in acid medium pH 2.5.Two level Full Factorial Design (23) has been employed to study the effect of different experimental variables on the biodegradation of phenol by this fungi . Three variables of pH (2.5- 8.5), temperature (25°C - 35°C) and initial phenol concentration (2001000 mg/L) were used to identify the significant effects and interactions in the batch studies. The factorial design expressed by a polynomial of first degree, shows that the biodegradation was strongly affected by initial phenol concentration and pH. Keywords: phenol, Aspergillus niger, biodegradation, factorial design. 1. INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution with phenolic compounds derived mainly from chemical industries such as coal refineries, phenol manufacturing, etc. They are present at different concentrations in the wastewaters (Busca et Stotzky, 2008). Due to their acute toxicity and carcinogenic properties phenol and its derivatives are listed as priority pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The biological treatment of the phenolic compounds is often unsatisfactory because of the proper toxicity of phenol for the microorganisms. The use of fungi has attracted little attention since most researches has focused on biodegradation using bacteria. However, recently, extensive studies have shown the enormous potential of some filamentous fungi which can exert an important role in degrading aromatic compounds of their resistance to a great number of xenobiotics toxic to the most of the microorganisms[1-4]. A statistical experimental design, which uses factorial experimental design and response surface methodology, involves a minimum number of experiments and covers a large number of factors. These methods have also been employed to improve the biodegradation of many compounds, in this context[5]. The aim of present study was to test the ability of Aspergillus niger in phenol degradation under different operating conditions. In order to maximize this process full factorial design for three independent variables was adopted. The variables were initial phenol concentration, temperature and pH, were submitted for the analysis in the design. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Aspergillus niger LSTE-AH1 was obtained from the “Laboratory of Sciences and Environmental Techniques, Algiers” collection. Batch mode shake flask experiments were conducted in liquid mineral medium (MSM) and phenol was analyzed by spectrophotometric method using 4-aminoantipyrine at 510 nm in Shimadzu UVvisible spectrophotometer according to the standard methods[6]. 511 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS The most influential factors are the initial concentration of substrate and pH. The phenol concentration (a1) had the greatest effect on Y with a negative effect (- 45.54), followed by initial pH of the solution (a2) and phenol concentration-pH interaction (a12), the third factor. The variation of incubation temperature has a negligible effect on the response. The positive values of these effects reveal that the increase of these parameters increased Y. Conversely, negative values of the effects decreased the response Y. The diagram of interactions fig.1 shows that: Interactions a13, a23, a123 seem to be insignificant, the lines representing the effects are parallel in most of the squares of the diagram. Figure 1. Diagram of simple effects (a) interaction (b) All the results show that A. niger fungus has a great potential for biodegradation of phenol. The variation of temperature was found to have insignificant effect on biodegradation of phenol whereas initial pH exerted the greatest influence on the rates of phenol degradation. The factorial experiments demonstrated significant interaction between pH and initial phenol concentration. It appears that the acid pH increases the toxicity of phenol and inhibits its degradation. From this study it can be concluded that the investigated strain A. niger could be considered as a potential candidate for its possible utilization on industrial effluent treatment and decontamination industrial wastewater. However, further researches are necessary for identification of generated metabolites and to elucidate the enzymatic pathways used in the biodegradation process. REFERENCES 512 1. Jones, K,H., Trudgill, P.W., Hopper ,D.J., (1995). Evidence of two pathways for the metabolism of phenol by Aspergillus fumigates. Archives Microbiology, 163,176–81. 2. Santos, V.L., Linardi ,V.R., (2004). Biodegradation of phenol by a filamentous fungi isolated from industrial effluentsidentification and degradation potential. Process Biochemistry, 39, 1001–06. 3. Stanchev,V., IStoilova,I., Krastanov,A., (2008). Biodegradation dynamics of high catechol concentrations by Aspergillus awamori. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154, 396–402. 4. Husaini, A., Roslan, H.A., Hii K.S.Y, Ang ,CH., (2008). Biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbon by indigenous fungi isolated from used motor oil contaminated sites. World Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology, 24, 2789–97. 5. Yugui, T., Yaoming, W., Shilei,Y., Lianbin, Y., (2008). Optimization of omethoate degradation conditions and kinetics model. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 62, 239-43. 6. Rodier,J. , (2009). L’Analyse de l’eau 9e édition, Dunod, Paris. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Evaluation of the Firms Operating in the Field of Electrolytic Metal Plating in Istanbul in Terms of Industrial Wastewater and Environmental Impacts Yüksel ACAR1, Ali ÇOBAN2 Branch Manager -Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority İkitelli Drinking Water Treatment Branch Manager yacar@iski.gov.tr 2 Industrial Engineer - Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority European Region Wastewater Control and Licensing Branch acoban@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract Today, industrialization is regarded as one of the most important elements of socio-economic development. Countries are assessed according to the development level of their industry and technology. Without any doubt, industrialization makes significant contributions to today’s world. However, ignoring the environmental dimension in the process of the industrialization leads to the emergence of certain negative effects. The distribution of the industry firms over territorial land, the density and the nature of the industry, amount and diversity of production wastes are very important data in terms of guidance to authorities in creation of sustainable environmental management and the execution of the services in a planned, programmed and effective way. In this study, in accordance with the information that gathered during the activities towards inspection of industrial pollution by detection of the industrial wastewater sources within the area of authority of Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority (İSKİ) and control in terms of wastewater, we will focus on the firms which operate in the field of electrolytic metal plating and we will examine these businesses in terms of industrial wastewater and its environmental impacts. Keywords: Industrial wastewater, metal plating, İSKİ, OWDS. 1. INTRODUCTION Business and operations related to detection of the industrial wastewater sources and control studies are carried out by “İSKİ Department of Environmental Protection and Control” in accordance with “İSKİ Ordinance of Wastewater Discharge into Sewage” (OWDS). All businesses that produce domestic and industrial wastewater and all public institutions and organizations within İSKİ’s area of responsibility are covered by this ordinance. According to the provisions of this ordinance, such persons are obliged to take all necessary measures related to wastewater for protecting the sewerage network, urban wastewater treatment plants and, in general, protecting the environment. [1] 2. EVALUATION OF THE FIRMS OPERATING IN THE FIELD OF ELECTROLYTIC METAL PLATING IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 2.1. The Sıtuatıon of Electrolytıc Metal PlatIng Sector WIthIn All Sectors According to the data for 16/01/2013, in responsibility area of İSKİ in İstanbul, there are 5998 firms that generate industrial wastewater. Petrol Sector (fuel sales, car wash stations etc.) ranks first with 2160 facilities, metal ranks as the second sector with 1212 facilities. Except for the organized industrial zones in Tuzla, the industrial wastewater flow rate in the metal sector is 5860 m3/day. 2.2. Analysıs of Electrolytıc Metal CoatIng Industry In terms of wastewater character and wastewater precautıons 1212 firms operating in electrolytic metal plating generate industrial wastewater and the firms that have a flow of 0-10 m3/day make up around 95% of the total number. 743 of the firms operating in this field possess treatment plant and 85 firms were requested to establish a treatment unit as a requirement of the regulations. The remaining firms either transfer the wastewater to other firms with treatment plants or take internal measures within their facilities. 513 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 711 firms operating in the metal sector have chemical pre-treatment, 11 chemical + biological pretreatment and 21 firms have physical pre-treatment plants. Today, cost of establishing a treatment plant required for electrolytic metal plating branch is between 10000 and 15000 Turkish Liras (TL). When the average cost is calculated as 12 000 Turkish Liras for each such enterprise, establishing wastewater treatment plants for 1212 enterprises would cost 14.544.000 TL and the 85 pre-treatment plants that are required but not profitable shall cost 1.020.000 TL. Various parameters can be examined over the samples taken from wastewater pre-treatment plants at metal industry companies in line with their area of activity. In this respect, for instance, 1866 samples were taken from these outlets of chemical treatment plants to analyze the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameter, 119 of them had higher figures than İSKİ’s discharge limits upon the analysis. According to statistical data on sample analyses conducted between 01.01.2012 and 30.11.2012, in metal sector, the highest rates exceeding the limits come from parameters of Sulphate, COD, Copper, Nickel, Cn parameters. 2.3. Envıronmental Impacts Firms operating in metal sector often work in areas that are not proper for occupational health and security. Although enterprises operating in the field of electrolytic metal plating are small-scale enterprises, their wastewater has high negative impacts on the receiving environments and the wastewater discharge channels. In areas where they operate intensely, they often cause channel collapses. The untreated wastewater discharged into the sewerage system damages the sewerage network and the urban wastewater treatment plants (particularly biological wastewater treatment plants). The utilization of intermittent treatment facilities in this sector emerges as a factor that makes the monitoring and inspection processes more difficult. Firms generally don’t run the treatment plant due to failures in engines, pumps and switches, etc. In this sector, industrial wastewater flow rate of the firms is low. Therefore, sanctions are not deterrent. These companies can be prohibited from activity temporarily. In the channel monitoring, maintenance and repair, renovation works conducted by İSKİ, damages, corrosion and collapses in channels are detected and the companies that cause such damage are identified and the necessary enforcements are conducted. REFERENCES 1. 514 “İSKİ Ordinance of Wastewater Discharge into Sewage” dated 24.01.2013, İstanbul - Turkey Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Determination of the Occurrence and Elimination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCS) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) Claudia Lange, Bertram Kuch, Jörg W. Metzger Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart Department of Hydrobiology and Analysis of Organic Micropollutants, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) claudia.lange@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, bertram.kuch@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, joerg.metzger@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Many research and development activities in recent years have focussed on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in rivers, lakes and surface waters as the proximate cause of reproductive disturbances in different aquatic organisms e.g. fish and mollusk. The effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one main source for EDCs in the aquatic environment. The purpose of the present study was to determine the estrogenic activity and the elimination efficiency of different purification steps of various WWTPs using the E-Screen assay. In contrast to expensive and time-intensive targeted instrumental single substance analysis, an effect-related biological analysis provides a sum parameter for the entirety of compounds contributing to the total estrogenic activity (agonists and antagonists, anti-estrogenic and also toxic compounds) present in the sample in concentration units of the reference substance 17b-estradiol (17b-estradiol equivalent concentrations, EEQ). Keywords: 17b-Estradiol, Endocrine disruptors, E-Screen assay, Estrogens, Wastewater treatment plant 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years research and development activities have focussed on the water quality of our lakes and rivers. In previous studies EDCs have been linked with phenomena like disruption of reproduction, shifting in gender ratio, deformations of gender organs and others observed in fish and amphibians[1-7]. Since the WWTP-effluents are one main source for EDCs in the aquatic environment, their fate, transport and elimination during WWTP has become a subject of intense research. Instrumental analysis are expensive and time-intensive and due to the very low concentrations of EDCs in environmental samples the analytical limits are reached quickly. Since only several substances can be determined the sum of all potential estrogenic compounds cannot be detected sufficiently. Various biological test systems are able to detect the estrogenic activity in complex mixtures as a sum parameter. In addition to in-vivo tests, which detect the biological effects directly in living organisms, in-vitro test systems are suitable for an initial assessment and evaluation of the estrogenic activity of substance mixtures. These in-vitro assays are quick, easy to use and inexpensive. Due to the low concentration levels of the respective compounds in environmental samples the E-Screen assay is a reliable method for the determination of estrogen active substances. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The applied E-Screen assay is based on the increasing proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in response to the presence of hormonal effective substances, thus belong to the cell proliferation assays. The quantitative evaluation occurs via the inflection points of the doseresponse curve (EC50) of the sample and that received by the reference standard 17b-estradiol. The load and elimination of EDCs was determined in various WWTPs which posses different advanced purification techniques. For this purpose the total amount of EDCs in wastewater samples, expressed as estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ) in ng/L relating to the reference compound 17b-estradiol (E2) was determined. In this case the estrogenic activity reflects a sum parameter of the individual activities of all compounds present in the sample. Samples were taken from all important purification stages in several sample series and time delayed, if possible, to consider the retention time of the wastewater. The samples were solid-phase extracted and dilution series were investigated in the E-Screen assay. 515 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Generally, influent concentrations are in the range between 10 ng/L to 150 ng/L EEQ. Mechanical purification showed no significant elimination, but the biological treatment steps (activated sludge process, oxidation ditch and rotating biological contactor used in parallel) reduced the estrogenic activity to a great extent. The conventional activated sludge stage achieve the highest rate of elimination (average 95%), closely followed by the oxidation ditch (92%) and the rotating contactor (75%). Thus, results from other studies - partly on the basis of instrumental analysis - that showed also a very good elimination of hormones in these stages, were confirmed [8, 9]. Furthermore, these studies showed that the estrogenic activity of wastewater is based primarily on the presence of synthetic and natural hormones. In the final clarification and during subsequent passage through the microsieves of the reunited wastewater stream no further decrease of pollution could be detected. It becomes apparent that the current standard purification methods of biological wastewater treatment, especially the activated sludge process significantly reduce estrogenicity. Furthermore the results show that a constant low entry of about 1 ng/L - 5 ng/L occurs in the receiving water. To examine wether advanced purification techniques have an influence on the elimination efficiency two WWTPs, which use the adsorption flocculation filtration process (AFF) as an additional purification step since several decades, were investigated. These analysis showed significantly better elimination efficiencies for the compounds that contribute to the estrogenic activity of the effluent. The sorption on activated carbon and subsequent precipitation thus leads to a further reduction of the overall estrogenic activity (up to 99%). Additonal studies on WWTPs using a membrane system (ultrafiltration) followed by activated carbon filtration unit showed a significantly increased elimination of estrogenic activity up to 99% as well. This elimination efficiency is achieved by the downstream activated carbon filtration, the membrane system applied for particle reduction eliminated not significantly. This indicates that according to the low particle concentrations in this final treatment steps the remaining EDCs are mainly dissolved in the water phase of the wastewater. REFERENCES 516 1. Purdom, C., E., Hardiman, P., A., Bye, V., V., J., Eno, N., C., Tyler, C., R., Sumpter, J., P., (1994). Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works, Chemistry and Ecology, 8, 4, 275-285 2. Folmar, L., C., Denslow, N., D., Rao, V., Chow, M., Crain, D., A., Enblom, J., (1996). Vitellogenin Induction and Reduced Serum Testosterone Concentrations in Feral Male Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Captured near a Major Metropolitan Sewage Treatment Plant, Environmental Health Perspective, 104, 10, 1096-1101 3. Harries, J., E., Sheahan, D., A., Jobling, S., Matthiessen, P., Neall, P., Routledge, E., J., (1996). A survey of estrogenic activity in united kingdom inland waters, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 11, 1993-2002 4. Routledge, E., J., Sheahan, D., Desbrow, C., Brighty, G., C., Waldock, M., Sumpter, J., P., (1998). Identification of Estrogenic Chemicals in STW Effluent. 2. In Vivo Responses in Trout and Roach, Environmental Science & Technology, 32, 11, 1559-1565 5. Metcalfe, C., D., Metcalfe, T., L., Kiparissis, Y., Koenig, B., G., Khan, C., Hughes, R., J., (2001). Estrogenic potency of chemicals detected in sewage treatment plant effluents as determined by in vivo assays with japanese medaka (oryzias latipes), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 297-308 6. Kloas, W., (2001). Effects of endocrine active substances (endocrine disruptors) on fish and amphibians, Wasser und Boden, 1+2, 16-21 (in German) 7. Mills, L., J., Chichester, C., (2005). Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations, Science of the Total Environment, 343, 1-3, 1-34 8. Spengler, P., Körner, W., Metzger, J., W., (2001). Substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany. 1. Chemical analysis, 20, 10, 2133-2141 9. Körner, W., Spengler, P., Bolz, U., Schuller, W., Hanf, V., Metzger, J., W., (2001). Substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany. 2. Biological analysis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 10, 2142-2151 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Green Infrastructure Practices for Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management Aydın Özdemir Ankara University Department of Landscape Architecture aozdemir@agri.ankara.edu.tr Abstract Stormwater management is the use of specific practices, constructed or natural, to reduce, slow down and remove pollutants from surface runoff. The optimal way to reduce stormwater runoff is onsite source control of stormwater by using green roofs, rain gardens, street trees, vegetated swales, wetlands, and porous pavements, which are referred to as “green infrastructure.” Green infrastructure practices, the content of this paper, are urban stormwater management techniques that rely on natural systems to retain more stormwater on-site through infiltration, evapotranspiration and harvesting for reuse. Green infrastructure can also involve protecting sensitive headwaters regions and groundwater recharge areas. In spite of its evident benefits, green stormwater infrastructure is still an innovative and new approach for most urban environments which have relied on conventional stormwater infrastructure. The use of green infrastructure to control stormwater runoff should become more widespread in Turkish cities and communities. To this aim, this paper describes the benefits of green infrastructure, examines challenges, and provides examples of how to implement design principles. Keywords: green infrastructure, stormwater, green roof, street tree, landscape design. 517 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations The Water Quality of the Izmit Gulf and Marmara Sea is Increasing with Wastewater Scada System İlhan Bayram, Osman Dalkılıç, Murat Sönmez Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality Water And Sewage Administration ibayram@isu.gov.tr, odalkilic@isu.gov.tr, msonmez@isu.gov.tr AbstractThe Wastewater Scada System is going to be described as high level operating, controlling and monitoring system which is usually used in developed industrial societies within the scope of this study. Hence, our aims are supplying sustainable living conditions in İzmit Gulf, better enterprise with high efficiency waste water management and transferring the results of the tests with online controls and monitoring by using high level software on wastewater scada system by waste water and treatment process tracking with scada system in Kocaeli City. Keywords: Wastewater Scada System, Online Measuring. 1. INTRODUCTION Sea pollution increasing destroys the living areas of the sea livers day by day. Contaminant carrying waters reach into the sea by rivers or directly. Wastewater is everlasting pollution source that the flows show differencies periodically or randomly. Stopping the waste in it source (to prevent reaching to sea), re-design, reclamation, recycling, lowering the wastewater is possible with the Scada system that uses high level technical substructure and technology allows us online control and monitoring. As the İzmit Gulf is the end of the Marmara sea in east that is very hard to be cleaned the sea by own because of the stable condition of the Gulf. Therefore, Wastewater Scada System is developed to supply very close monitoring of the discharges of wastewater treatment plant and factory discharges to the Gulf to prevent sea pollution and manage the future investments around the Gulf.In addition, the system allows us to access all information from the center and this provides us determining the source of the pollution easily. In accordance with the determination of the plants and the companies, warning or fining procedures are applied to prevent facing these kinds of illegal situations. 2. WASTEWATER SCADA SYSTEM Within the scope of this study, measuring equipments are installed into the 32 wastewater pumping stations, 6 rainwater pumping stations, 33 main lines, 10 wastewater treatment plants and 25 industry discharges. So, measurements can be monitored with the help of this 106 measuring equipments and can be controlled in Scada System Center. 2.1. Wastewater ıs constantly beıng monıtored very close As this system is settled firstly in Turkey by ISU, whole the wastewater system, that consist of Wasterwater Treatment Plants, Wastewater Pumping Stations and Main Lines, can be controlled and monitored by the Scada system. On the other hand, measuring equipments allow us online wastewater analyses. Analysed parameters are; • pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, color, phosphate, nitrate and oil 518 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Figure 1. Wastewater Pumping Station Control and Monitoring Panel Accordingly, if one of these parameters exceeds the identified limit value, settled special equipments automatically take sample from the wastewater line and this sample will be stored in special coolers until maintenance team comes for taking the sample. By this way, if any plant discharge exceeds the identified limit values, it is observed online and will be taken precautions at the same time. Figure 2. Industry and Treatment Parameter Panels with Online Measuring Equipments 2.1.1. CommunıcatIon Infrastructure of the Future Communication infrastructure of the Scada system is based on Microwave technologly to communicate with the stations. Microwave technology is used firstly for this kind of widely communication area within this project. 73 stations are getting high-speed Ethernet-based communication by Scada system. By this way, camera views that are taken from these stations can be transferred very fastly and continuously to the control center. The other important innovation Camera Monitoring System allows us monitoring the plants day or night with settled 72 cameras. Online Monitoring allows us high degree security and monitoring possible in plant problems instantly. Consequently, wastewater scada system provides the control of the wastewater system and the wastewater inlet of the treatment plants. If any industrial plant or factory discharge exceeds the identified limit values in the “Regulation of Wastewater Discharges to the Canal System”, the source of the improper water can be identified easily. Plants and the companies will be warned or fined accordingly to stop making it again. By this study, operating system of our treatment plants getting better and industrial waste pollution of the İzmit Gulf is prevented. 519 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations REFERENCES 520 1. Ramadhan, A. F., “Development & Implementation of a SCADA System”, A.N.F. Press, Dhahran, 56-57 (2004). 2. Boyer, S. A. , “SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 2nd Edition” IS-The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, New York, 38-84 (1999). 3. Telvent, “Telvent Automation S/3 User Manual”, Telvent S/3-2, Canada, 1.1-5.15 (1999). 4. Telvent, “Telvent Automation S/3 Manager Manual”, Telvent S/3-1, Canada, 5.1-5.35 (1999). 5. Kurt, C., “Web SCADA Systems”, Power System Technology POWERCON’98, Beijing, 926-927 (1998) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Dye Removal from Wastewater by Adsorption on Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Developed from Nanoporous Silica: Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics Afsaneh Shahbazi1, Alireza Badiei2, Arghavan Mirahsani3 Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran a.shahbazy@gmail.com School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran abadiei@khayam.ut.ac.ir 3 Civil Department, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran arghavan67@yahoo.com 1 2 Abstract The adsorption characteristics of malachite green hazardous cationic dye from synthetic wastewater were investigated using organic/inorganic hybrid based on functionalized of SBA-15 nanoporous silica by barnched-aminoethyl ligan. The prepared materials were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorptiondesorption, TGA, and FT-IR analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the adsorption characteristics of malachite green on synthesized adsorbent. Three adsorption isotherms were used to model the equilibrium adsorption of malachite green on adsorbent. The result indicates that the Freundlich ans Sips isotherm models describe the adsorption of malachite green extremely well. Adsorbent exhibited an excellent multilayer adsorptive capability of 2387 mg/g (6.5 mmol/g) and adsoprtion was proceeded favorablity (nF>1). The adsorption process was approximately fast and kinetic modeling showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The effect of temperature on adsorption rate showed that the kinetic rate constant increased with temperature. The high adsorption capabilities of barnched-aminoethyl functinalized SBA-15 nanoporous silica and its relatively low cost make it potentially attractive adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution. Keywords: Wastewater treatment, Dye removal, Nanoporous silica. 1. INTRODUCTION Malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane, belonged to the most frequently industrial used and also its potential carcinogenicity was considered as a dangrous class of the pollutants in industrial wastewater[1]. Dyes removal from wastewater via adsorption method is a very promising technique because of its simplicity, reversibility as well as the availability of a wide range of adsorbents. Nonostructural materials such as nonoporous silicas (SBA-15, MCM-41, MCM-48, and etc.) recently were found to be as suitable adsorbents for dye removal from aqueous solutions. due to their high surface area, large pore volume, and good performance as effective adsorbents[2]. A comparative study showed that the adsorption on modified nonoporous silicas by amine, carboxylic, amonium, and etc. which introduce organic/inorganic hybrid adsorbents were more effective than unmodified ones due to more interactions[2, 3]. İn this study, as a continuation of a wider study related to dye removal using functionalized nanoporous silica, is include the synthesized and functionalized of SBA-15 by barnched-aminoethyl ligand and would thus introduce new and high effective adsorbent for MG removal from wastewater. Equilibrium and kinetic models were tested to examine the sorption behaviors. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Synthesis of SBA-15 is similar to that described in the literature by using Pluronic P123 nonionic surfactant and tetraethyl orthosilicate under acidic condition[3]. Surface modifications over nanoporous silica are performed by two stages grafting method. Firstly, the chloropropyl functionalization of SBA-15 was carried out using chloroporyl as the silylation reagent by refluxing at 110ºC for 24 h. Second, the obtained material was refluxed by the three barnched-aminoethyl organic compound under argon condition to obtain organic/inorganic hybrid sorbent. The prepared materials were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TGA, and FT-IR analysis. Batch adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out by agitating 0.02 g adsorbent in 40 mL MG dye solution having concentrations ranging from 50 to 300 mg/L with the pH of 7. Adsorption kinetic 521 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations experiments were conducted by agitating 0.01 g adsorbent in 100 mL dye solution at an initial concentration of 250 mg/L at various temperature of 20-40oC. 3. RESULTS AND DISSCUSTION The reflections of 100, 200, 210 in XRD patern and also “type IV” N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms with “H1-type” hysteresis loops in pore analysis confirmed the hexagonal ordered mesoscopic nano-structured SBA-15 silica. The observation of absorption bands at 1548 and 2836cm-1 in FT-IR analysis well-described the anchoring organic ligand onto silica surface. The organic loading on the silica framework was estimated 0.95 mmol/g by TGA analysis. Equilibrium isotherm data were characterized by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips models (Fig. 1-A). The data well fitted with Freundilch and Sips models (R2>0.97), confirms the multilayer coverage of MG onto adsorbent surface with a finite saturation limit which is heterogeneous in adsorption affinity. A very high maximum sorption capacity of 2387 mg/g which was calculated by Sips model makes this adsorbent potentially attractive for the MG removal from wastewater. The results reveal that the sorption kinetic well-described by the pseudo-second-order model (R2>0.994) (Fig. 1-B). The rate constant (k1) increased from 0.4 to 0.8 L/min with increasing in temperature from 20 to 40oC. It can be concluded that the MG molecules competition for the occupying adsorption sites increased with increasing the temperature. 2000 2500 B 1500 qe(mg/g) qe (mg/g) 2000 1500 Experimental data 1000 Langmuir model Freundlich model Sips model 500 20 40 Ce (mg/L) 60 20 oC ....... Pseudo-second-order 30 oC Pseudo-second-order 40 oC ----- Pseudo-second-order 500 0 0 1000 80 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (min) Figure 1. (A) Adsorption isotherm of MG fitted by Langmuir (dashed line), Freundlich (solid line), and Sips (dotted line) isotherm models; (B) Adsorption kinetic of MG at different temperature REFERENCES 522 1. Srivastava, S., Sinha, R., Roy, D., (2004). Toxicological effects of malachite green, Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 319-329 2. Fu, X., Chen, X., Wang, J., Liu, J., (2011). Fabrication of carboxylic functionalized superparamagnetic mesoporous silica microspheres and their application for removal basic dye pollutants from water, Microporous Mesoporous Material, 139, 8-15 3. Shahbazi, A., Younesi, H., Badiei, A., (2011). Functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous silica by melamine-based dendrimer amines for adsorptive characteristics of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) heavy metal ions in batch and fixed bed column, Chemical Engineering Journal, 168, 505-518 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Methodology to Develop Reference Substances for Measurement of Organic Micropollutants in Wastewater Systems and Surface Waters Heidrun Steinmetz, Asya Drenkova-Tuhtan, Bertram Kuch, Claudia Lange Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) heidrun.steinmetz@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, asya.drenkova@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, bertram.kuch@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de, claudia.lange@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract The occurrence of anthropogenic organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and industrial chemicals in the aquatic environment is of growing public concern. Preventing the entry in the environment premises an accurate knowledge about the entry pathes and the fate of the substances. Various studies are dealing with the topic micropollutants, indeed, but the selection of the target analytes hinders a complete fundamental understanding regarding the source of pollutants and their behavior in different compartments. Since it is not possible to determine the entire range of the substance cocktail, which consists of compounds with completely different physico-chemical properties, it is being necessary to define reference substances, which describe the overall behavior adequately. Keywords: Micropollutants, Wastewater treatment, Reference substances, Assessment. 1. INTRODUCTION A multitude of studies and investigations shows an increase in the environmental contamination with anthropogenic substances and pollutants. The spectrum of considered compounds varies from pharmaceutically active agents through ingredients in personal care products up to industrial chemicals. With the combination of ecological approaches and precautionary aspects, such as ensuring safe drinking water supply in the future, efforts are being made to reduce and prevent the contaminants entry into the environment. A basic prerequisite for the introduction of targetoriented and sound measures to reduce the environmental presence of these trace contaminants is a comprehensive knowledge about their sources in the aquatic environment, their behavior and impact in natural and technical systems, as well as the interactions in complex mixtures of substances. 2. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE The current state of knowledge about the occurrence and behavior of organic micropollutants can be described as inadequate. A major reason for that is the large variety of substances which are subject to constant change, together with the extremely different behavior of the individual substances (e.g. phase distribution, degradation, etc.). Furthermore, carrying out measuring campaigns in highly dynamic systems with complex matrices is very difficult and oftentimes subject to errors. The problem starts already with planning the goal-oriented sampling strategies and the sampling itself (homogenized or filtered samples, grab- or composite samples) and propagates further from the sample preparation (extraction, digestion) to the analytical measurement. So far there is no complete fundamental understanding regarding the source of pollutants and their behavior in different compartments. Due to the tremendous efforts in terms of time and costs, the entire range of substances cannot be considered at the same time, but based on a well thought-out evaluation scheme, only certain reference substances should be defined, which can serve as indicative parameters and represent the behavior of the entire group of substances with similar chemical and physical properties, and in addition also the behavior of new, so far not analyzed substances can be assessed. Comprehensive observations to trace compound loads and input sources in combination with various pilot plants for advanced wastewater treatment were conducted in Switzerland (framework of project “Strategy MicroPoll” 2006-2011) [1-7]. There e.g. five indicator substances are proposed that are representatives for a larger group of chemicals, distributed throughout Switzerland and measurable with standard analytical methods. 523 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. METHODOLOGY The Swiss studies show the need to establish reference parameters that can describe the behavior of entire substance groups representatively and can ensure the comparability of studies, which are customized in Switzerland exclusively on the assessment of advanced wastewater treatment technologies. In our own selection further evaluation methods such as the influence of combined overflows and also the particle bounded transport of trace compounds are considered in order to provide an extensive presentation of the behavior of micropollutants. In order to determine the pathways, as well as the transport and degradation mechanisms of organic micropollutants, it is necessary to use a combination of different criteria in order to define these indicative parameters. Based on numerous own preliminary investigations, extensive literature review and well-known chemical and physical substance properties, a methodology was developed to derive these reference parameters. One of these substances could be caffeine, which is easily degradable in the biological wastewater treatment process. The concentrations in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-influents are in the range of several 100 µg/l, the effluent concentrations are between 0,05 µg/l and 0,1 µg/l. Higher concentrations of caffeine in surface water indicate either sewer overflow or inadequate performance of the biological treatment process caused by rain events or first flushes. The increased occurrence of PAHs (strongly particle-bounded) may be caused by first flushes or surface runoff. 4. CONCLUSION Desirable for future research programs would be a “total package” that assesses both pathways and different types of entries, as well as the entry into the environment via purified municipal sewage or sewer overflow and additionally describe the efficiency of wastewater treatment techniques. A possible “total package” could be composed of the following substances: Caffeine, Ibuprofen, Carbamazepine, Diclofenac, Naproxen, N,N´-Diethyltoluamide, organophosphorous compounds (TCEP, TCPP), Bisphenol A, synth. fragrances (AHTN/HHCB), Triclosan, Terbutryn, EDTA, NTA, Benzothiazole(s), PAHs, optional biological test systems for the assessment of estrogenic activity. REFERENCES 524 1. Abegglen, Böhler, M., Hollender, J., Zimmermann, S., Zwickenpflug, B., Thonney, D., von Gunten, U., Siegrist, H., (2010). Micropollutants - Technical procedures for the elimination of organic trace compounds, GWA, 7, 587-594 (in German) 2. Götz, C., W., Kase, R., Kienle, C., Hollender, J., (2010). Assessment of micropollutants from municipal wastewater: combination of exposure and ecotoxicological effect data, GWA, 7: 575-585 (in German) 3. Götz, C., W., Abegglen, C., McArdell, C., S., Koller, M., Siegrist, H., Hollender, J., (2010). Micropollutants - Assessment of further wastewater treatment process by means of indicator substances, GWA, 4, 1-9 (in German) 4. Götz, C., W., Stamm, C., Fenner, K., Singer, H., Schärer, M., Hollender, J., (2010). Targeting aquatic micropollutants for monitoring: exposure categorization to the Swiss situation, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17, 341–354 5. Hollender, J., Zimmermann, S., G., Koepke, S., Krauss, M., McArdell, C., S., Ort, C., Singer, H., von Gunten, U., Siegrist, H., (2009). Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant with a full-scalepost-ozonation foolowed by sand filtration, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 7862 – 7869 6. Ort, C., Hollender, J., Siegrist, H., (2009). Model-Based Evaluation of reduction Strategies for Micropollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Complex River Networks, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 9, 3214-3220 7. Hollender, J., McArdell, C., S., Escher, B., (2007). Micropollutants from municipal wastewater in waters of Switzerland: occurrence and assessment, GWA, 11, 843-852 (in German) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Elimination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Treatment Effluent Using UV/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation Treatment Eduard Rott, Claudia Lange, Bertram Kuch, Ralf Minke, Heidrun Steinmetz Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Germany eduard.rott@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract Effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant was treated with UV/chlorine (UV/HOCl) advanced oxidation process (AOP) in technical scale on-site using a medium pressure UV lamp with an adjustable performance of up to 1 kW (Siemens AG, Germany). Results, obtained from parallel experiments, where state of the art UV/H2O2 AOP was applied, were compared especially regarding the elimination of emerging contaminants (e.g. carbamazepine), the total estrogenic activity and hygienic aspects (bacterial count). By variation of oxidant dosage at constant UV radiation as well as constant oxidant dosage at variation of UV radiation several process settings were tested. Additional experiments examined the influence of COD and concentration of ammonium on the UV/chlorine AOP performance. It could be shown that the UV/chlorine AOP is more effective concerning the elimination of emerging contaminants and hygienic aspects compared to the UV/H2O2 AOP. Keywords: UV/chlorine, UV/H2O2, AOP, wastewater treatment, EC. 1. INTRODUCTION Emerging contaminants (ECs) still can be detected in municipal wastewater, which is treated by state of the art wastewater treatment plants. Some of the substances, for example, are xenoestrogens and can possibly cause serious damage to environment and human. A way to reduce these ECs is to treat the wastewater by adding an oxidant and activate this oxidant with UV radiation to obtain highly reactive OH radicals[1] - the so called advanced oxidation process (AOP). In this study the UV/chlorine AOP was examined in comparison to the state of the art UV/H2O2 AOP, since former studies attested that the UV/chlorine AOP has advantages in EC elimination and, therefore, energy saving potential[2]. Yet there are not many publications that deal with UV/chlorine AOP applied on real wastewater, which is why this study shall supply more informations. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS As on-site treated wastewater the effluent of the municipal mechanical-biological Treatment Plant for Education and Research (LFKW) on the grounds of the ISWA (2,000 m³/d) was used. In a continuous flow pilot plant (Siemens AG, Germany) free Cl2 from a NaOCl solution was dosed continuously to 1 m³/h wastewater treatment effluent (WWTE). The WWTE passed a UV chamber. Subsequently residual free Cl2 was eliminated by adding H2O2 as quenching agent. In a first experiment the dosage of oxidant (once with free Cl2 and once with H2O2) was succesively increased from 1 to 6 mg/l while the UV lamp was operated at consant 0.4 kW. In a second experiment the oxidant dosage was kept constant at 3 mg/l and the UV performance was adjusted to 0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 kW. This experiment was also performed without the UV lamp switched on to solely examine the influence of oxidant without being activated by UV radiation. The determination of the ECs was performed via high resolution gas chromatography directly coupled with a mass selective spectrometer (GC/MS). To determine the total estrogenic activity the extracts obtained by solid-phase extraction were inserted in the E-Screen assay. The bacterial count was obtained by pipetting 100 µl of sample onto an agar medium and incubating it for 5 days at 37 °C. 3. RESULTS 3.1. Emergıng contamınants In figure 1 exemplarily the results of one experiment, comparing the effect of UV/chlorine AOP and the UV/H2O2 AOP on the elimination of ECs, can be seen. For each of the shown substances a more 525 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations effective elimination was achieved by using the oxidant free Cl2, while the effect of UV/H2O2 AOP for most substances couldn’t even be distinguished from the effect of UV radiation itself. Figure 1. Elimination of ECs found in WWTE using the UV/chlorine AOP and the UV/H2O2 AOP. 3.2. Total estrogenıc actıvıty and bacterıal count The total estrogenic activity could be reduced up to 75% by using the UV/chlorine AOP. This result fits with the good elimination rate of estrogens shown in figure 1 (e.g. bisphenol A) and could easily be foreseen, since xenoestrogens lose their estrogenic activity when being chlorinated. Using the UV/chlorine AOP the bacterial count could be reduced by at least 3 log stages (< 10 CFU/ml), while in with UV/H2O2 AOP treated samples more than 100 cell forming units (CFU) per ml could be counted. Figure 2. Effect of the UV/chlorine AOP at several process settings on the total estrogenic activity of WWTE expressed in concentration of the equivalent reference substance 17β-estradiol (EEQ) (left). Influence of using the UV/chlorine and the UV/H2O2 AOP at 0.4 kWh/m³ UV energy consumption on the bacterial count (right). Acknowledgement: For this study a pilot plant by Siemens AG, Germany, was provided. REFERENCES 526 1. Jin, J., Gamal El-Din, M., Bolton, J.R., (2011). Assessment of the UV/chlorine process as an advanced oxidation process, Water Research, 45, 1890-1896. 2. Sichel, C., Garcia, C., Andre, K., (2011). Feasibility studies: UV/chlorine Advanced Oxidation Treatment for the removal of emerging contaminants, Water Research, 45, 6371-6380. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Management of Waste Sludge at Pasakoy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Mehmet SERT1, Celil ASLAN2, Harun TÜRKMENLER3, Mustafa AYDIN4 Head of Department - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Head of Department of Wastewater Construction msert@iski.gov.tr 2 Branch Manager - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration Branch Directorate of Wastewater Treatment Plant Constructions ceaslan@iski.gov.tr 3 Environment Engineer, Msc. - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration Branch Directorate of Wastewater Treatment Plant Constructions hturkmenler@yahoo.com 4 Civil Engineer, Msc. - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration Branch Directorate of Wastewater Treatment Plant Constructions maydin@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract This study discusses the management of sludge that is generated as an outcome of the treatment process at Paşaköy Advance Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant that has a daily urban water treatment capacity of 200.000m3. The excess sludge generated through the process in the plant is stored in the sludge storage tank over the return line and is taken from process pools if required. The excessive sludge in the system is processed through direct dewatering without thickeners. Furthermore, the excessive sludge can also be transferred directly to dewatering unit without being taken into the storage pool. This enables transforming the sludge with dry solid rate of 1% average in the system into 25% sludge cakes and transferred to sludge drying unit. In this unit, the biological sludge with 25% of dry material content is turned into 98% cake, granules or dust, a daily disposal amount of 200 tons of harmful sludge is turned into 50 tons of useful material and the dried sludge can be used as secondary fuel in cement factories. Consequently, the problems concerning transporting and storing the wet wastewater sludge which is both an environmental and economical problem in many ways are avoided while a new dried and valuable product is maintained to be used as fertilizer or fuel. Keywords: Domestic wastewater, sludge dewatering, sludge management, sludge drying, treatment sludge. 1. INTRODUCTION Rapidly growing technology and population increase bring along certain environmental problems in adapting the globalizing world. Collection, transfer and disposal of treatment sludge that is generated during treatment of wastewater produced by human and industrial activities on drinking water, which is the indispensable life source of living things. Waste generated as liquid or half solid material with odour and solid materials between a rate of 0.25 and 12 % of the total weight depending on the treatment process conducted is called waste sludge[1]. The processing and disposal of the sludge extracted in high volumes causes a complex problem in waste water treatment. Particularly since the organic material content of sludge from biological treatment processes is higher, such sludge tends to decay and putrification. Main reasons for the complexity of the sludge problem are putrifying materials in treated wastewater, decay and putrification aspect of the biologically treated disposal sludge that is different in structure than organic materials in raw wastewater, majority of it being water, little solid material, therefore large volumes, and inability to prevent its expansion due to its fluidity. Significant amount of odour materials in untreated wastewater, inclination sludge towards putrification and decay with a different structure than organic materials in raw wastewater, majority of the sludge consisting of water, therefore maintaining large volumes as well as pathogeneous microorganism in the sludge require untreated wastewater to be treated before disposal[2]. 2. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PLANT Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant was put into service with a treatment capacity of 200.000m3/day to prevent wastewater pollution in Ömerli Dam, which is one of the main water resources of İstanbul. The plant treats wastewater collected from Ömerli water basin, including Sancaktepe (Sarıgazi, Samandıra, Yenidoğan) Sultanbeyli, Alemdağ and Sultançiftliği 527 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations areas and flowing into streams that pour into Ömerli Reservoir. Wastewater treated here with an advanced biological treatment system is transferred to Riva stream through a wastewater tunnel of 6 km and then discharged to Black Sea through this connection. The treatment plant shall be able to treat a capacity of 500.000m3/day coming from a population of 2.500.000. Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant consists of inlet structure, thick and fine filters, grit chambers, process (bio-p and aeration) tanks, final sedimentation unit, sand filter and disinfection unit, sludge storage tank, sludge dewatering unit, sludge drying unit, cogeneration and biofilter unit. 2.1. Management of Sludge Generated ın the Plant The sludge generated through the process in the plant is stored in the sludge storage tank over the return line and is taken from process pools if required. This sludge is drawn into dewatering structure. Furthermore, the excessive sludge can also be sent directly to the dewatering unit without being transferred to storage tanks. 1% of sludge is transformed here to sludge cake of 25%, then transferred to sludge drying unit. In the sludge drying unit, the biological sludge with 25% dry material content is transformed into cake of 90 %, granules or dust. Excessive humidity in dewatered sludge is evaporated through the sludge dryer’s heat transfer aspect. Upon drying, the problems of transporting and storing the wet wastewater sludge which is an economic and environmental problem disappear while an economically valued material to be used as fertilizer and secondary fuel appears. 3. CONCLUSION Due to the fact that the majority of the treatment sludge is water, their volume is high. Particularly since the organic material content of sludge from biological treatment processes is higher, such sludge tends to decay and putrification. While decreasing the sludge volume, beneficial materials are generated by drying sludge for the removal of bacteria and decay inside the sludge that is an economic and environmental problem in many aspects. Consequently the 200 tons of harmful sludge that needs daily disposal can be dried into 50 tons of usable material at Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant. The dried product is consumed as secondary fuel at cement factories. references 528 1. Filibeli, A., Arıtma Çamurlarının İşlenmesi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakultesi Yayınları, İzmir, 2002. 2. Akça L., “Arıtma Çamurlarının Düzenli Depolama Tesislerinde Bertarafı”, Katı Atık Düzenli Depolama Sistemleri Eğitimi, 09-12 May 2005, İstanbul Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Characterization of Inlet Water of Ataköy, Tuzla and Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants Osman Yıldız1, Bedia Kurtuluş1, Esra Hallaç2 İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration Yıldız Technical University osyildiz@iski.gov.tr, bkurtulus@iski.gov.tr, esra.hallac@hotmail.com 1 2 Abstract Upon measurement of daily BOD5, SS, TKN, TP and COD values in the inlet water at Ataköy, Tuzla and Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants, their rates over the COD value were calculated and annual average rates were identified. Moving from these results, solely COD analysis can be conducted as the only main parameter and the inlet water characteristics can be identified over this rate. This shall also enable less frequent identification of other parameters and maintaining the chemical analysis costs at a certain limit. Furthermore, peak factors for nitrogen and carbon loads were identified and better results that fit the plant conditions were achieved by conducting air calculations with parameters peculiar to these plants. Inlet load and concentrations for the plants were identified for three different temperatures. Keywords: COD, TKN, BOD5, TP, SS, Waste Water Characterization. 1. INTRODUCTION In this study, upon measurement of daily BOD5 (five-day biological oxygen demand), SS (suspended solids), TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) values in the inlet water of Ataköy, Tuzla and Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants, their rates over the COD value were calculated and annual average rates were identified. Moving from these results, solely COD analysis can be conducted as the only main parameter and the inlet water characteristics can be identified over this rate. This shall also enable less frequent identification of other parameters and maintaining the chemical analysis costs at a certain limit[1]. 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF INLET WATER OF ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 2.1. Characterızatıon of Inlet Water TKN/COD, TP/COD, SS/COD and BOD5/COD rates were calculated from the annual COD, BOD5, TKN, SS and TP values from the laboratory analyses of inlet water at Ataköy, Paşaköy and Tuzla Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants, and annual average rates were identified for each plant. Figure 1 shows monthly CBOD5/CCOD values taken from data between June 2011 and May 2012 from Paşaköy, Ataköy and Tuzla Wastewater Treatment Plants. When the trends are examined, no outstanding seasonal difference was identified. Annual CBOD5/CCOD averages for Ataköy ABWWTP was identified as 0,59, 0,43 for Paşaköy ABWWTP and 0,50 for Tuzla ABWWTP. Rates below 0,45 are seen in industrial wastewater. 529 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 2. Monthly CBOD5/CCOD values taken from data between June 2011 and May 2012 from Paşaköy, Ataköy and Tuzla Wastewater Treatment Plants. The foundation objective of Paşaköy Wastewater Treatment Plant is to prevent wastewater from Paşaköy Wastewater Basin to flow into Ömerli Reservoir. Since industrial activities within drinking water basins are prohibited, characteristics of wastewater at Paşaköy Basin should totally be domestic. However; when the inlet water BOD5/COD rates are considered, other two treatment facilities are seen to have higher rates (Ataköy, Tuzla), which necessitates research to find out whether the inlet water here at Paşaköy is solely domestic. Work has begun to resolve the BOD5/ COD rate. 2.2. Identıfıcatıon of the Peak Factors of Nıtrogen and Carbon Loads The determination of Kjeldahl Nitrogen was conducted by taking daily inlet water samples for 14 days during the hours stated in the literature (10.00, 12.00, 14.00) in order to calculate the peak factor of the nitrogen in inlet water of Tuzla Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant, and the peak factor was calculated by recording the water flow of the given moments. According to this method, the result for Tuzla Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant was calculated as 0,93 and was seen that the peak hours do not coincide with the hours 10:00 and 16:00 mentioned in the literature[1]. Therefore hourly samples were taken for two days for the COD identification and peak hours were detected. Consequently the sampling hours will be re-identified and the nitrogen load peak factor assignment will be re-conducted. 3. CONCLUSION The Characterization of inlet water at advanced biological wastewater treatment plants within İSKİ has been conducted with data of one year. The rates that were identified are crucial in evaluating the performance of these treatment plants designed particularly for domestic wastewater treatment. REFERENCES 1. 530 Kayser, R., Meissner, E., Schmidt, H., Schmitt, Th., Schrödetr, M., Willems, G., (2003). Standard ATV-DVWK-A 198 E Standardisation and Derivation of Diemensioning Values for Wastewater Facilities, German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste, 36-48, Hennef. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Colour Remove System Based on Ozone Technology TOLGA BOZDAĞ Pikotek Mekanik ve Kontrol Sistemleri tolga@pikotek-tr.com Abstract In accordance with the circular dated 24.Nisan.2011 and numbered 27914 by the Ministry of Environment, color parameter control of wastewater discharge points have been noted. For solving the problem an ozone based, mechanical system is designed. After the pilot tests, the system was implemented on the textile companies; which are important for the environment next to the colour parameter of COD, nitrogen, sulfur, sulfide levels well below the legal limits as well as the parameters were obtained. Keywords: Colour remove, nitrogen, sulfur, ozone. 1. ENTRY Ozone-based color removal system, with respect to color removal wastewater is a project developed in accordance with the circular prepared by the ministry. Coloured waste water is not acceptable even if the other chemical contents below the legal limits. Colored water, making it difficult for the exchange of oxygen in the discharge environment and harm the ecosystem of the receiving environment. Various technologies have been tested for solving the problem in question. With the use of chemical decolorization of the most well-known methods, both in terms of monthly expense for consumables, as well as many who are not preferred due to the density of sludge generated. Another method of membrane technologies. The operating and investment costs of this solution are very high. Activated carbon method appears to be a system that is difficult to implement. All the advantages and disadvantages of these systems are compared, based on color removal ozone is a more feasible solution. Ozone, generated from ambient air and electriciy, fed onto the waste water with different methods. So, the colour of waste water is removed succesfully. Technical performance is high and operating costs are very low compared to the technical alternatives. 2. APPLICATION DETAILS Major equipment of the ozone system are as follows: • Air Preparation Unit - Compressor - Air Dryer (chemical or cooled type) • Oxygen Generator • Ozone Generator • Ozone Diffuser - porcelain • Filter Units • Control System 2.1. Ozone Productıon and Applıance Method Raw materaila for the production of ozone gas are air and elecricity. Air provided through the compressor is fed onto the air dryer for decreasing the dew point between +3 and -50. Dried air is fed onto the oxygen generator for eliminating the nitrogen or any other contaminant and the output of the oxygen generator is pure oxygen (%96). Pure oxygen passing through around 15.000 V high voltage is converted into the form O3. Ozone gas is fed into the ozone reaction tank containing the waste water by means of diffusers. The aim of this process is maximize the transfer performance of ozone into the water. Ozone reaction tank can be reinforced concrete, steel,PVC, polyethylene, etc. material. Dimensions of the reaction tank is determined by the capacitiy. Ozone generator capacity is determined by the waste water capacity, temperature, chemical parameters, pH and conductivity of water. 531 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2.1.1. Chemıcal Reactıons wıth Ozone Ozone gas is best known oxidizer. Oxidize chemical substances in the water up to a certain level. Thus, the conversion of harmful chemical substances provides less harmful or harmless form. The harmful substances are hold with filters. Ozone gas is also a very good disinfectant. It is also used for odour removing in waste water treatment plants. Figure 1. Ozone dose effect for colour removing of metal complex stainer Figure 2. Colour and COD removing from unified waste waters Table 1. Colour Removing with 25 mg/lt Ozone 3. CONCLUSION Pilot application was implemented in the first stage. Following the successful pilot projects; 700 m3/day and 3500 m3/day capacity systems are implemented for the textile industry. The results are successful. The outputs of the systems will be shared in the forthcoming documents. RESOURCES 1. 532 Tekstil Endüstrisi Atıksularından ozonlama ile Renk Giderimi ve Ozonlamanın Biyolojik Arıtabilirliğine Etkisi- Faik Sevimli - İTÜ - Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Treated Textile Effluent Effect on Periphytic Biofilm Ederio Dino Bidoia, Mariana Lopes de Sousa State University of São Paulo (UNESP)- Av. 24-A – 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro-SP, Brazil maree_mitsu@yahoo.com.br, ederio@rc.unesp.br Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate the differences between periphyton composition in aquatic micro ecosystems polluted by a textile effluent containing the dyes Acid Red 151 and Acid Blue 40 and electrolytically treated. It was used an electrolytic system in order to treat the effluent for 5 or 30 min. These effluents, and also a non-treated effluent, were used to make Winogradsky columns, which are microecosystems where periphyton growth can be observed. Results showed that in the columns containing treated effluent, a lower number of genes were identified, so the treatment can also cause a kind of harm in the aquatic ecosystems. Keywords: electrolysis, cyanophyceae, winogradsky, acid red 151, acid blue 40. 1. INTRODUCTION Textile industries are responsible for many ecological problems, due to their not properly treated effluents. The rivers contaminated by textile effluents can be toxic as for human being, as smaller species. Algae are the basis of many food chains in the role of primary producers, but in excess can also seriously affect water quality because some species produce toxic substances[1]. Azo dies, as Acid Red 151 and Acid Blue 40 are largely used in textile industry[2], and have a have high concentration in wastewater discharge[3]. Therefore, effective methodologies for treating these effluents are necessary, one of them the electrolytic process. This study evaluated the effect of an electrolytically treated textile effluent on periphyton composition of Winogradsky columns, which are microecosystems in a glass container composed of soil, water and nutrients[4]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The electrolytic system used was composed a reservoir, hydraulic pump, pipes and a 70% TiO2/ 30% RuO2 anode. It was made a simulated textile effluent with 50 ppm of each dye - Acid Red 151 and Acid Blue 40, 10 g/L of NaCl and 1.32 g/L of Na2CO3 [4]. The amount of simulated wastewater used was 4 L per essay; it was put on the reservoir of the electrolytic system, from where it was pumped through electrode. Samples were taken on 0, 5, 30 minutes for analysis of absorbance and for the Winogradsky columns. Four Winogradsky columns were prepared using glass containers measuring 50 cm X 20 cm X 20 cm. As substrate for these columns was used Ribeirão Claro river soil (Rio Claro, SP – Brazil). First column was labeled as “control” containing 500 g of soil, nutrients and 7.0 L of water. The other columns contained the same soil, 6.5 L of water and 0.5 L of effluent (without treatment, and treated for 5 or 30 min). The columns were kept under illumination using an incandescent lamp. After 6 weeks samples were collected close to column walls using a spatula and conditioned in test tubes. Algae were identified using the taxonomic keys by Bicudo and Menezes[5]. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was observed that the periphytic biofilm compositon was completely different between the four columns, as can be seen on Figure 1. Even proportioning color degradation, the treatment caused changes on the microecosystms. The number of genuses identified decreased with the electrolytic treatment. As the treatment time increases, a higher dominance of Cyanophycea algae occurs. Also, Chlorophyceae algae disaperead when the effluent was treated for 30 min. 533 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. Periphyton composition of Winogradsky columns Thus, the electrolytic process need to be improved. Dispite its efficient and fast color removal, the treated effluents are still problematic to the microbiota, and this change of ecological parameters in species which are essencial for food chain, could cause damages to aquatic ecosystems. Acknowledgements: Fapesp (proc. 2011/03877-5) and CNPq. REFERENCES 534 1. Beyruth, Z., Sant’anna, C.L., Azevedo, M.T.P., Carvalho, M.C. ve Pereira, H.A.S.L., (1992). Toxic algae in freshwaters of São Paulo State, in Cordeiro-Marino, M., Paiva-Azevedo, M.A., Sant’anna, C.L., Tomita, N.Y., Plastino, E.M., eds, Algae and the environment: a general approach, 53-64, Sociedade Brasileira de Ficologia, São Paulo. 2. Catanho, M., Malpass, G.R.P. ve Motheo, A.J., (2006). Photoelectrochemical treatment of the dye reactive red 198 using DSA1 electrodes, Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 62, 1, 193-200. 3. Al-Degs, Y., Khraisheh, M.A.M., Aleen, S.J. ve Ahmad, M.N., (2000). Effect of carbon surface chemistry on the removal of reactive dyes from textile effluent, Water Research, 34, 927-935. 4. Sousa, M.L., Moraes, P.B., Lopes, P.R.M., Montagnolli, R.N., Angelis, D.F. ve Bidoia, E.D., (2012). Textile dye treated photoelectrolytically and monitored by Winogradsky columns, Environmental Engineering Science, 29, 3, 180-185. 5. Bicudo, C.E.M., Menezes, M. (2006). Gêneros de algas continentais do Brasil – Chave para identificações e descrições, 502, Editora Rima, São Carlos. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Biodiesel and Petroleum Derived Diesel Biodegradation Kinetics in Wastewater Compared by Respirometric Assays Ederio Dino Bidoia, Renato Nallin Montagnolli, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes State University of São Paulo (UNESP)- Av. 24-A – 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. ederio@rc.unesp.br, renatonm3@gmail.com Abstract Environmental behavior of contaminants assessment is important when deciding the correct bioremediation strategy. This study compared petroleum derived diesel and biodiesel biodegradation kinetics based on CO2 production profiling by respirometry in wastewater. Toxicity analysis in seedlings was also conducted. The process kinetics was then modelled according to biodegradation rate. Biodiesel had a high initial CO2 production. The increased biodegradation rate did not remained constant throughout the course of experiments and ceased afterwards. Petroleum derived diesel presented continuous CO2 production profile. The microbial consortium was unable to degrade biodiesel in long term. It was observed that, compared to diesel, biodiesel presented high biodegrability values, whereas biodegradation also yielded intermediate compounds more toxic than original compound. Keywords: bioremediation, CO2 production, toxicity, kinetics. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Diesel fuel is a petroleum-derived oil, composed by a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Its composition depends on the origin of crude oil used in distillation process and the mixtures added to the final formulation. Diesel oil worldwide transportation and consumption causes a huge hydrocarbons release into the environment. Hence, biodegradation of diesel oil and its environmental behavior is a much-debated topic. Vegetable oils have been identified as a potential alternative to diesel engine fuels supported by interest in a cleaner environment, as well as countering increased costs of petroleum deposit based energy reserves worldwide. Whenever used as a fuel, the term “biodiesel” is applicable to these vegetable oils. It consists primarily of long chain fatty acid esters, produced by transesterification reactions of vegetable oils with short chain alcohols. Above all, biodiesel is supposedly considered as a non-toxic and highly biodegradable substance[1]. Feasibility studies and characterization environmental behavior of contaminants are a prerequisite for any planned strategy in bioremediation of contaminated environments to predict remediation performance and thereby rule out technologies for the cleanup. Thus, this study aimed to compare petroleum derived diesel and biodiesel biodegradation kinetics, based on CO2 production profiling. In addition, biodegradation products underwent standard germination toxicity analysis. 2. METHOD This study used a respirometric methodology by Bartha and Pramer[2] to determine CO2 concentrations from the micro-atmosphere created inside a respirometer flask. A pre-selection of oil degrading microorganisms were obtained by simulating a soil contamination. Respirometry allows monitoring weekly CO2 production. The CO2 evolved during microbial respiration process can be captured in a solution of KOH located in the side arm connected to the respirometric flask. The absorbed CO2 amount was then analyzed by titration. The whole process kinetics was modelled according to biodegradation rate. Thus, by measuring CO2 produced by microorganism, it was possible to plot the biodegradation profile of both diesel and biodiesel. Furthermore, toxicity tests were conducted in Lactuca sativa seeds, by evaluating germination and growth inhibition ratio when exposed to respirometric media before and after a 120 days biodegradation time span. 3. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT The kinetics was then evaluated through selected models with a reasonable fit to experimental data. Differences in biodegradation profile within diesel and biodiesel are shown in Figure 1. 535 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. Diesel and biodiesel biodegradation kinetics Assays containing biodiesel had a initially very high CO2 production, peaking at 35.2 ± 2.3 mg. However, an increased biodegradation rate did not remained constant throughout the course of experiments. After 60 days, weekly production of CO2 presented a decrease and ceased afterwards. Petroleum derived diesel, on the other hand, presented a continuous CO2 production profile, sustaining a mean 17.8 ± 3.8 mg of CO2 throughout the entire processes, with a reduced decreasing trend. The models fitted to data in each of these assays demonstrated different biodegradation rate profiles, accurately describing their environmental behavior along time. The microbial consortium was unable to degrade biodiesel in long term, since production of CO2 has ended after 120.12 days. This may be due to the probable formation of secondary metabolites not biodegradable[3]. According to toxicity, both diesel and biodiesel presented less than 80% germination percentage before biodegradation. However, after 140 days biodegradation, diesel oil kept its germination percentage, whereas no germination occurred in biodegraded biodiesel. Toxicity assays indicated some interference in plant growth that may come from intermediate metabolites with low molecular weight substances with intense acute toxic effect. 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Petroleum derived diesel oil and biodiesel compositions are very complex and their biological properties vary widely. Biodegradation profiles hugely vary between each compound, as well as their toxicity along time. It was observed in this study that there is a wide variety of behaviors in the environment for different substances released into the environment as the biodegradability. Both high biodegradability as low toxicity characteristics are important and must be considered both in the environmental impact. In biodiesel, even though a high biodegrability had been reported, biodegradation also yielded intermediate compounds more toxic than original compound. Acknowledgments: CAPES, Petrobrás/ANP PRH 05, Fapesp and CNPq. REFERENCES 536 1. Kapilani, N., Ashok, B.T.P. ve Reddy, R.P., (2009). Technical aspects of biodiesel and its oxidation stability, International Journal ChemTech. Research, 1, 2, 278-282. 2. Bartha, R., Pramer, D., (1965). Features of flask and method for measurement of the persistence and biological effects of pesticides in soil, Soil Science, 68, 100-102. 3. Zhengkaı, L., Wrenn, B.A., (2008). Effects of ferric hydroxide on the anaerobic biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil in freshwater sediments, Water Research, 38, 3859–3868. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Investigation of Fate of Tetracycline in Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Murat TOPAL, Gülşad USLU, E.Işıl ARSLAN TOPAL, Erdal ÖBEK University of Firat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Elazig, Turkey mtopal@cumhuriyet.edu.tr Abstract In this study, the fate of tetracycline which is one of the most consumed antibiotics was investigated in Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. According to the analyses’ results, tetracycline concentrations were 0.033 and 0.010 mg/L in influent and effluent of the treatment plant, respectively. Tetracycline removal efficiency of the treatment plant was approximately 70%. Keywords: Tetracycline, Antibiotic, Treatment plant, Removal, Fate. 1. INTRODUCTION The term `antibiotic’ is normally reserved for a very diverse range of compounds, both natural and semi-synthetic, that possess antibacterial activity[1]. Antibiotics are considered among the most commonly sold drug classes in the developing countries[2,3]. The commonly used antibiotics in human medicine are synthetic penicillin, tetracycline and macrolides. The antibiotic classes commonly used in veterinary are tetracycline and sulphanomides[4]. Tetracycline is an extremely important group of antibiotics having broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, some large viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes and mycoplasmas[5,6]. In this study, because of the common usage of tetracyclines and their negative effects in the receiving environments, the fate of tetracycline was investigated in Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Wastewater samples which were used as material in our study were obtained from Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tetracycline concentration was 0.033 mg/L in influent of Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. It could be said that tetracycline antibiotics are used in Elazig city. Tetracycline concentration was 0.058 mg/L in influent of primary clarifier of Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. The concentration of tetracycline increased 43% according to the influent of the plant. Tetracycline concentration was 0.144 mg/L in influent of aeration tank of Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Tetracycline concentration was 0.064 mg/L in effluent of primary clarifier of Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Tetracycline concentration did not decreased in the primary clarifier. Conversely, it increased from 0.058 to 0.064 mg/L in primary clarifier. Tetracycline concentration was 0.028 mg/L in effluent of aeration tank of Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Tetracycline concentration was decreased from 0.144 to 0.028 mg/L in aeration tank. Tetracycline concentration was removed approximately 81% in aeration tank. When influent of the plant and effluent of the aeration tank is considered, tetracycline concentration was decreased from 0.033 to 0.028 mg/L with a removal of approximately 16%. Tetracycline concentration was 0.010 mg/L in effluent of Elazig Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. When effluent of the aeration tank and effluent of the plant is considered, tetracycline concentration was decreased from 0.028 to 0.010 mg/L. This situation states the removal performance of secondary clarifier with a percentage of approximately 65. Tetracycline concentration was removed approximately 70% when the general efficiency of the treatment plant is considered (influent of WWTP= 0.033 mg/L, effluent of WWTP=0.010 mg/L). 537 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 4. RESULT As a result, tetracycline concentration is discharged in the levels of mg/L with effluent of the treatment plant. Therefore, alternative treatment methods for the removal of tetracycline residues must be investigated. REFERENCES 538 1. Kennedy, D.G.,McCracken, R.J., Cannavan, A., Hewitt, S.A. (1998). Use of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of antibiotics in meat and milk, Journal of Chromatography A, 812, 1-2, 3 77-98. 2. Buke, A.C., Ermertcan, S., Hosgor-Limoncu, M., Ciceklioglu, M., Eren, S. (2003). Rational antibiotic use and academic staff, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 21, pp. 63–66. 3. Shehadeh, M., Suaifan, G., Darwish, R.M., Wazaify, M., Zaru, L., Alja’fari, S. (2012). Knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding antibiotics use and misuse among adults in the community of Jordan. A pilot study, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 20, 2, 125-133 4. Kemper, N., 2008. Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecological Indicators, 8, 1-13. 5. Blackwood, R.K., Beereboom, J.J., Rennhard, H.H., Schach von Wittenau, M., Stephens, C.R., (1963), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 3943–3953. 6. Joshi, S. (2002). HPLC separation of antibiotics present in formulated and unformulated samples, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 28, 5, 795-809. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Nutrient Removal from Domestic Secondary Efflunts by Lipid Containing Microalgae, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Chlorella Emersonii Yusuf Saatçi, Sibel Aslan, Demet Kılınç, Esra İlhan Fırat University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23119, Elazığ, Turkey ysaatci@firat.edu.tr; sibela@firat.edu.tr; demetk23@hotmail.com; esra__44@hotmail.com Abstract It was investigated the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of two lipid-containing microalgae species, Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella emersonii, from synthetic wastewater simulated domestic secondary effluents in this study. At 26 day, the nitrogen removal efficiency more than 98% and the phosphorus removal efficiency more than 94% were obtained for two microalga species. Keywords: Microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella emersonii, nutrient removal. 1. INTRODUCTION Microalgae, recognised as one of the oldest living organisms, are photosynthetic organisms that are able to use the solar energy to combine water with carbon dioxide to create biomass [1, 2, 3]. Microalgae are the most primitive form of plants[2]. Because most wastewaters are usually hazardous to human populations and the environment, they must be treated prior to disposal into streams, lakes, seas, and land surfaces. Secondary treatments of domestic and agro-industrial wastewater still release large amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen. These nutrients are directly responsible for eutrophication of rivers, lakes, and seas[4]. Microalgae have received much attention for the nutrient removal in tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater in recent years and it was demonstrated with many studies that microalgae have a great potential for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus[5, 6]. The main mechanisms in algal nutrient removal from wastewater include uptake into the cell and stripping ammonia through elevated pH. There are many advantages of using algae for nutrient removal such as the low cost of the operation, the possibility of recycling assimilated nitrogen and phosphorus into algae biomass as a fertilizer avoiding a sludge handling problem, and the discharge of oxygenated effluent into the water body. In addition, the process has no carbon requirement for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, which is attractive for the treatment of secondary effluents[6]. The most widely used algal species for nutrient removal are Scenedesmus, Chlorella and Spirullina[5, 6]. It was aimed to investigate the nutrient removal efficiency of two lipid-containing microalgae species, Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella emersonii, from synthetic wastewater simulated domestic secondary effluents in this study. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Bıoreactor 6 L four lab-scale cylindrical flexiglass bioreactors were used in the experiments. Bioreactors were illuminated with led lights that its light intensity was 57-78 mmol photon m-2.s-1. The light/dark period was 12:12 h and the cultivation temperature was 25-28oC. 2.2. Wastewater The reactors were feed by synthetic wastewater that simulated to domestic secondary treatment effluent. The synthetic wastewater consisted of: 0.045 g L-1 glucose, 0.518 g L-1 NH4Cl, 0.178 g L-1 KH2PO4, 0.013 g L-1 MgSO4.7H2O, 0.043 g L-1 CaCl2.2H2O, 0.005 g L-1 FeSO4.7H2O and 1 ml L-1 A5 solution. The initial pH of wastewater was adjusted to 7.0-8.0 and sterilized at 120 0C for 20 min. The initial N-NH4+, ortho-phosphate (O-PO4) and COD concentrations were 153, 19, and 170 mg L-1, respectively. 2.3. Mıcroorganısm Chlorella emersonii (CCAP 211/11A) and Scenedesmus obliquus (CCAP 276/10) were purchased from Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), Scottish Marine Institute. Scenedesmus 539 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations obliquus was cultured in Detmer’s Medium[7], while Chlorella emersonii was cultured in Watanabe Medium added A5 solution[8]. Cultures were cultivated into 200 ml medium and they were maintained at 27oC on an orbital shaker. 2.4. Analytıcal methods COD, PO43−, NH4+, NO3− and NO2− concentrations of synthetic wastewater were determined according to Standard Methods[9]. pH, DO and TOC measurements were done using Mettler Toledo pH meter, WTW Oxi 340i DO meter and TOC-VCPN analyser (Shimadzu), respectively. 3. RESULTS 3.1. NH4-N and NO3- Removal The N-NH4+ and NO3- removal efficiencies of two algae strains increased with time for 26 days of operation. At Day 4, the N-NH4+ and NO3- removals were 92.01, 75.49% and 72.94, 51.51% of Chlorella emersonii and Scenedesmus obliquus, respectively, while Day 26 the removal efficiencies increased and they were 99.41, 98.75% and 97.97, 100%. 3.2. O-PO4 Removal Similarly nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal was also increased with time. The ortho-phosphate removal efficiency of Chlorella emersonii and Scenedesmus obliquus increased to 93.55 from 80.11% and 98.92 from 72.04%, respectively. 3.3. TOC and COD Removal TOC removal efficiency of Chlorella emersonii and Scenedesmus obliquus increased to 79.01 from 1.97% and to 84.87 from 21.71%, respectively. COD removal efficiency of two microalgae species was about 94%. REFERENCES 1. Dragone, G., Fernandes, B., Vicente, A. A. and Teixeira, J., A., (2010), Third generation biofuels from microalgae, Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1355-1366. 2. Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., Benemann, J. and Roessler, P., (1998), A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-580-24190. 3. Widjaja, A., (2009), Lipid Production from Microalgae as a Promising Candidate for Biodiesel Production, Makara, Teknologi, 13 (1), 47-51. 4. de-Bashan, L. E., Bshan, Y., (2010), Immobilized Microalgae for Removing Pollutants: Review of Practical Aspects, Bioresource Technology, 101, 1611-1627. 5. Xin, L., Hong-ying, H., Ke, G., Jia, Y., (2010), Growth and Nutrient Removal Properties of Freshwater Microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1 under Different Kinds of Nitrogen Sources, Ecological Engineering, 36, 379-381. 540 6. Aslan, Ş., Kapdan, İ., K., (2006), Batch Kinetics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Algae, Ecological Engineering, 28, 64-70. 7. Ho, S. H., Chen, W. M. and Chang, J-S., (2010), Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N as a Potential candidate for CO2 Mitigation and Biodiesel Production, Bioresource Technology, 8725-8730. 8. Illman, A. M., Scragg, A. H. and Shales, S. W., (2000), Increase in Chlorella Strains Calorific Values When Grown in Low Nitrogen Medium, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27, 631-635. 9. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater High Purity Recovery of Water and Organic Compounds from Industrial Wastewater Filiz Ugur Nigiz, Derya Unlu, Nilufer Durmaz Hilmioglu Kocaeli University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 41380, Kocaeli,TURKEY filiz.ugur@kocaeli.edu.tr, derya.unlu@kocaeli.edu.tr, niluferh@kocaeli.edu.tr Abstract In chemical industry recovering and using the raw and intermediate waste water as process and boiler water is important as raw material quality and production efficiency. The research and cost analysis show that the purification stages take a large portion of facility set-up and operating costs. As well as the simply physical and thermal wastewater separation methods, complex chemical and biological methods are used for treatment. It is required serial of expensive stages to separate water from organic compounds which are able to mix at the level of ppm. At this point, more efficiency and economical membrane processes can be used for the separation of heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, ionic compounds. The aim of this study is the high-purity purification and recovery of isopropanol which is used in agricultural and pharmaceutical industry with pervaporation method. Hydrophilic structured poly (vinylalcohol) (PVA) and wt. %5,7,10 of zeolite 3A which has high water holding capacity were used as membrane materials and the water was separated from the mixture. Keywords: Waste water treatment, pervaporatin, poly (vinylalcohol). 1. INTRODUCTION Organic compounds and heavy metals found in industrial waste water are hazardous materials both for the environment and human health. Economical policies and environmental regulations lead the industrial facility to recover and recycle the waste water as pure as possible. Recycled waste water must not contain organic compounds especially if it is used for process and boiler water. However it is hard to recover the low water soluable materials such as benzene, chloroform, toluene, phenol and azeotropic materials such as alcohols in terms of cost and recover yield[1,2]. Isopropanol (IPA) is a chemical raw and intermediate material used in agricultural and plant support, vitamins and pharmaceutical industry. In addition it is used as cleaning solvent in electronics industry. It needs to separate high purity water and IPA as well, in such these processes. After physical and thermal treatment steps, the remaining aqueous alcohol solution at a concentration of 12% water forms an azeotrope, and it is not possible to separate this mixture by conventional methods. Azeotropic distillation and liquid-liquid extraction methods are suitable to separate azeotropic solutions but require high cost and more stages. Pervaporation is an efficient membrane process which separates azeotropic, thermal sensitivity compounds. There are lots of isopropanol separation plants worldwide. It is generally established as hybrid process with distillation stage. In this process, polymeric, inorganic or composites membranes are used for separations. During the operation, the vacuum pressure which is applied from the bottom side of the membrane causes a phase change through the membrane. The selected liquid compounds pass through the membrane as vapor phase. Therefore, separation is achieved without a thermal stage or an additional azeotrope breaker solvent. In literature, hydrophilic polymers such as poly(vinylalcohol) and polyimide or hydrophobic polymers such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) have been used as membrane material. In most commercial facilities NaA based zeolite membranes are used[1-4]. A representative pharmaceutical process for waste water treatment has been shown in Figure1. The waste water which contains HCl, NaCl, wt. %17 of IPA and wt. %77 of water is sent to pervaporation after the neutralization and distillation processes. As a result, in sub-stream of the membrane, the purity of water has been obtained as wt. 90% and top-stream contains wt. 99.7% of IPA[5]. 541 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. Pharmaceutical waste water[5] In this study, pristine and wt. 5,7,10 % of 3A loaded membranes were prepared and performed to separate IPA/water mixtures in different concentrations. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Membrane Preparatıon For the pristine membrane; wt. 7% of PVA was dissolved in water at 90C for three hours and then it was poured onto glass petri dish. For the composite membranes; wt. 5, 7, 10% of 3A (with respect to the dry polymer weight) was added to the polymer-water solution and mixed at 90C for three hours and then it was poured onto glass petri dish. Membranes were cross-linked in HCl, gluteraldehyde, acetone and water bath. 2.2. Pervaporatıon Tests Membranes were used as pervaporation membrane for the high purity separation of water from alcohol-water solution in different concentration at room temperature. The volume capacity of the membrane cell was 500 ml and the active membrane area was 28 cm2. Pervaporation test was carried out for five hours. Pervaporation performance was calculated as a function of flux and selectivity. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, it was seen that the PVA and 3A zeolites were easily formed as membrane film. The affinity of the membrane to the water was investigated with the swelling test. It was seen that as the content of 3A in polymer increased the swelling degree increased too. In pervaporation test, the water selectivity increased as the water concentration in water decreased. The zeolite content in polymer matrix was increased both flux and selectivity. REFERENCES 542 1. Mosleh, S. Khosravi, T., Bakhtiari, O., Mohammadi, T., ( 2012). Zeolite filled polyimide membranes for dehydration of isopropanol through pervaporation process, chemical engineering research and design 9 0,433–441. 2. Yu, C., Liu Y., Chen, G., Gu, X., Xing, W., (2011), Pretreatment of Isopropanol Solution from Pharmaceutical Industry and Pervaporation Dehydration by NaA Zeolite Membranes, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 19, 904-910 3. Edit, C., (2009), Membrane operations in the green technology:Solvent recovery and process water treatment, Ph.D. Thesis, Budapest. 4. Hoof, V.H., Abeele, L.V., Boukenhoudt, A., Dotremont, C., Leysen, R, (2003)., Economic Corparation Between Azeotropic Distillation and Different Hybrid Systems Combining Distillation with Pervaporation fort he Dehydration of İsoprapanol, Seperation and Purfication Technology 37, 33-49. 5. Urtiaga, A.M., Gorri, E.D., Ortiz, I., (2006).Pervaporative recovery of isopropanol from industrial effluents, Separation and Purification Technology, 49, 245–252. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Membrane Process Derya Ünlü, Filiz Uğur Nigiz, Nilüfer Durmaz Hilmioğlu Kocaeli University, Chemical Engineering Department, Kocaeli, 41380 derya.unlu@kocaeli.edu.tr Abstract Pervaporation is a membrane technology utilizing a dense, non-porous, homogeneous polymeric film as a selective separation barrier. In recent years, pervaporation using dense membranes has emerged as a promising remediation method for trace organic removal from dilute aqueous solutions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in industrial wastewater. Among the most toxic VOCs are benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene which are important to remove these harmful organics from wastewaters because of environmental reasons. Conventional separation techniques, such as distillation and liquid-liquid extraction can not be considered as an optimal solution in the removal of VOCs from water. In this work’s purpose; different ratio of ZSM-5 filled EPDM membranes were prepared and removal of toluen from diluted aqueous solutions. Flux and selectivity are analyzed how effecttiveness at different concentrations of ZSM-5 from membrane and different feed concentrations .When the hydrofobic ZSM-5 concentration was increase, selectivity was increased. The toluene flux increases with increase in toluene concentration at feed, but selectivity was decreased. Keywords: wastewater, membrane, pervaporation, toluene. 1. INTRODUCTON Nowadays, industrial wastewater which was contain volatile organic compounds is one of the most important environmental problems. Water is a vital substance for human and other living creatures. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a category of important pollutants for drinking water sources and industrial wastewater. At present, processes such as biological treatment, adsorption by carbon actives, and air stripping are used at industrial scale for VOCs removal. Carbon adsorption process is economical only at low VOC concentration. Practice these methods come across some of the restrictions[1]. Membrane separation technologies have advantages over conventional mass transfer processes, such as high selectivity, modular design. Pervaporation have been applied to wastewaters and waste gases containing VOCs, removing the VOCs from the contaminated streams and their recovery or elimination[2]. Pervaporation is a membrane process used to separate liquid mixtures. The liquid feed contacts one side of a membrane, which selectively permeates one of the feed components. The permeate, enriched in this component, is removed as a vapor from the other side of the membrane. The driving force for the process is the difference in concentration gradient between the feed liquid and the permeate vapor[3]. In the last few years pervaporation has become a developing separation technique. Pervaporation so-called “clean technology” it is now a promising separation method for azeotropes, close boiling point substances, isomers or compounds sensitive to high temperatures. The basic factors which describe the effectiveness of the process are flux, separation factor and enrichment factor. Flux: V J= r S m .t Separation factor: Ya Y �= b xa xb Enrichment factor: Y â= a xa Vr is the amount of the permeate, Sm the membrane area, t the time unit, a the component of the mixture diffuse through the membrane, b the second component of the mixture, X the concentration of the component a or b in the feed, and Y is the concentration of the component a or b in the permeate. 543 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations To achieve high selectivity or high flux for specific compounds membranes modified by filling, grafting or coating[1]. It improves physical properties such as increased stiffness or reduced creep and improves thermal stability. Most preferred is addition of filler materials. Filled membranes show a lower permeability than pure membranes. Organophilic pervaporation membranes mostly three types of fillers have been used: zeolite, silicate and carbon sieve. In this work ZSM-5 filled EPDM membranes were prepared. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. MaterIals EPDM, ZSM-5, chloroform, Dicumyl peroxide, toluene, water, liquid nitrogen. 2.2.Method 2.2.1. EPDM Membrane PreparatIon EPDM was prepared 10 wt.% solution at 60oC in chlorofrom.The resulting polymer solution which was addition of dicumyl peroxide 5% solution of the polymer mass was stirred at same temperature.The different percentages ZSM-5 were added.Before ZSM-5 was added to membrane, they were calcined at 550oC and cooled.Then the solution was poured into petri dish for drying at room temperature.When membrane was formed, it took from there.Later, it put in teflon plate.For crosslinking, membrane was placed in pre-heated oven.After crosslinking, membrane is ready for use. 2.2.2. Pervaporatıon Experımental wıth EPDM Membrane Different concentration of toluene-water mixtures were prepared and feed to pervaporation unit. Different ratio of ZSM-5 filled EPDM membranes used for pervaporation. The liquid permeate concentration was determined by UV spectrometer. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Different concentration of toluene contain toluen-water mixtures were feed pervaporation unit for purified. EPDM membrane separation performance was viewed.When toluene concentration increased at feed, total flux was so increased. When toluen percentage was increased, selectivity was decreased. Amount of ZSM-5 was led to increase selectivity. REFERENCES 544 1. Ghoreyshi A.A., Jahanshahi M., Peyvandi K., (2008). “Modeling of volatile organic compounds removal from water by pervaporation process”, Desalination, 222, 410–418. 2. Oliveira T.A.C., Scarpello J.T., Livingston G.A., (2002). “Pervaporation-biological oxidation hybrid process for removal of volatile organic compounds from wastewaters”, Journal of Membrane Science, 195, 75–88. 3. Baker R.W., Wijmans J.G., Athayde1 A.L., Daniels R., Ly J.H., Le M. (1997).“The effect of concentration polarization on the separation of volatile organic compounds from water by pervaporation”, Journal of Membrane Science, 137, 159–172. 4. Panek D., Konieczny K., (2007) “Prepration and applying the memrbane with carbon black to pervaproation of toluene from the diluted aqueous solutions”, Separation and Purification Technology, 57, 507–512. 5. Meuleman E.E.B., Willemsen J.H.A., Mulder M.H.V., Strathmann H. (2001)“EPDM as a selective membrane material in pervaporation”, 188, 235-249. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Pretreatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Tugba DINCER, Hatice INAN, Anatoli DIMOGLO, Ozge TURKAY Gebze Institute Of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering tdincer@gyte.edu.tr; inan@gyte.edu.tr; dimoglo@gyte.edu.tr; oturkay@gyte.edu.tr.com Abstract The electrocoagulation (EC) is a suitable pre-treatment for the biological processes. Iron electrodes were used in the reactor. Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) was diluted four times, the current density (CD) was 17.7 mA/cm2 and duration varied in the limits of 2-20 min. At the 20 minutes electrolysis time, 63% COD, 58% total phenolic compounds, 75% lignin-tannin, 39,5 BOD and 80% color were removed from OMWW. Keywords: olive mill wastewater, electrocoagulation, pretreatment. 1. INTRODUCTION Olive mill wastewater is a serious enviromental problem. Annual production of olive oil is around 3 million tons in the world and it is estimated that around 30 million cubic meter of OMWW are generated annually in the Mediterranean area during the seasonal extraction of olive oil. It is highly polluted and organic based wastewater. Since it is characterized by a high organic load; among the different organic substances found in OMWW, including sugars, tannins, phenolic compounds, polyalcohols, pectins and lipids, the toxicity, the antimicrobial activity and the consequent difficult biological degradation of OMWW [De Marco et al., 2007; Khoufi et al., 2007; Khoufi et al., 2008]. Biological processes are used for treatment of wastewaters because it is considered to be environmentally friendly, reliable and, in most cases, cost-effective but OMWW has high phenolic substances that have inhibitory effects to microorganisms. Therefore it not easy to use biological processes for treatment of OMWW. Due to its high performance in decontamination, EC is a basic and effective electrochemical process used in treatment of industrial wastewaters. Some characteristic features of this process such as, compact size of the required equipment, fast rate of pollutant removal, low operating costs and simplicity in operation, and make it attractive. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD OMWW was provided from an olive oil processing plant placed in Çanakkale (Aegean Region, Turkey). Olive oil extraction method was the three-phase decanter process. EC process was carried out in a Plexiglas reactor. The electrochemical cell has 4 anode and 4 cathode iron electrode and electrodes were connected to a digital DC power supply. For each run, 300 mL of 25% (v/v) of OMWW were placed into the cell and a gentle stirring rate of 250 rpm. Samples of 5 mL were taken at certain intervals for up to 20 min. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At the 20 minutes electrolysis time, 63% COD, 58% total phenolic compounds, 75% lignin-tannin, 40% BOD and 80% color were removed from OMWW. Figure 1. Changes on biodegradability of the OMWW 545 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 2. UV spectrum of influent and effluent of EC process 4. CONCLUSIONS EC can be a good pretreatment alternative for, highly toxic olive mill wastewaters. Biodegradability was increased two fold only 20 minutes (figure 1) and toxic phenolic compounds and complex organics (lignin-tannins) significantly reduced as seen figure 2. REFERENCES 546 1. De Marco, E., M. Savarese, A. Paduano, and R. Sacchi. (2007). Characterization and Fractionation of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters, Food Chem, 104, 2, 858-867. 2. Khoufi, S., F. Feki, and S. Sayadi. (2007). Detoxification of Olive Mill Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Sedimentation Processes, J Hazard Mater, 142, 1-2, 58-67. 3. Khoufi, S., F. Aloui, and S. Sayadi. (2008). Extraction of Antioxidants from Olive Mill Wastewater and Electro-Coagulation of Exhausted Fraction to Reduce Its Toxicity on Anaerobic Digestion, J Hazard Mater, 151, 2, 531-539. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater TiO2 Degussa P25 Photocatalytic Activity Azo Dye, Water Purification Gülhan Köneçoğlu, Şafak Toygun, Yasemen Kalpaklı, Mesut Akgün Yildiz Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department, Davutpasa Campus, No:127, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey gulhankonecoglu@hotmail.com, safaktoygun@hotmail.com, kalpakli@yildiz.edu.tr, akgunm@yildiz.edu.tr Abstract Ecological balance is face to face with the danger of disruption by the result of growing industrialization. Waste water pollution is one of the environmental problem which has not exactly solved. Waste waters of textile industry cause high volume colour and harmful substance pollutions. Therefore, in this study photocatalytic degradation of a textile industry azo dye, C.I. Basic Yellow 28, is chosen. Photocatalytic degradation is a method which gives opportunity of reduction of organic pollutants either transfer them to another phase. Degussa P25 is a commercial product which has been used in photocatalytic degradation processes and it can show different activities according to complexity of structure. Three different azo dye concentrations had been used with Degussa P25 and for this a photocatalytic reactor which has UV-A lamb with 40 W and 365 nm light source chosed. Azo dye efficiencies were examined with TOC and UV-vis measurements. As a result of experiments, maximum degradation efficiency was obtained 50 mg/L BY 28 concentration as 100% for 2.5 hours reaction time. Keywords: Textile waste waters, Basic Yellow 28, Photocatalytic degradation, Degussa P25. 1. INTRODUCTION Synthetic dyes which are widely used and cause serious environmental problems by destroying many life forms, consume dissolved oxygen and prevent the sunlight penetration into the stream. In addition it reduces photosynthetic activity[1]. Several methods can be used to purify the azo dyes whichs are resistant to biological dissolution[2]. Physical methods do not degrade the pollutants but they only transfer them from the liquid phase to the solid phase, and this causes secondary pollution. With chemical treatments the pollutant is not being transferred, in the ideal conditions mineralized[3]. TiO2 photocatalyst is largely available, inexpensive, non-toxic and show relatively high chemical stability. Finally, TiO2 photocatalytic process is receiving increasing attention[4-5]. For all these reasons the aim of the present study is to investigate photocatalytic decomposition and removal of textile dye (BY28) in the presence of Degussa P25 irradiated by the UV-A light. Initial dye concentration, mixing in the dark for adsorption-desorption balance which rarely investigate and irradiation time were the parameters investigated. 2. MATERIAL and METHOD Basic Yellow 28 were supplied by Alptekin Boya ve Kimyevi Maddeler A.Ş. with commercial names Astrazone Goldgelb GL-E. Degussa P-25, titanium dioxide which was used as photocatalyst was purchased from Evonik. All experiments carried out in a commercial photocatalytic reactor supplied by Luzchem EDU which has five UV-A lamps, each one having 8 W light power and 365 nm wavelength. The photocatalytical degradation tests were carried out with 25 mL of aqueous solution of BY 28 dye and 0.25 g Degussa P25. Photocatalytic irradiation efficiency determined by the analyses of the total organic carbon (TOC) contents. TOC analyses were performed by total organic carbon analyzer (HACH-LANGE IL550 TOC-TN). UV-vis Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 spectrophotometer was used for analysis of the removed colour performance. For initial dye concentration study, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L solutions were prepared. Firstly, that solutions stirred in the dark (400 rpm) during 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes to understand if adsorption process has contribution to oxidation. After that for oxidation, investigated illumination times are 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes. 3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION The highest TOC removal efficiency which has 100% degradation rate was obtained at 50 mg/L BY28 aqueous solution after 2.5 h irradiation time. After 3.5 h illumination, 96.5 and 66.60% 547 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations mineralization were found for 75 mg/L BY28 and 100 mg/L BY28, respectively. Results of TOC removal can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1. TOC removal for initial dye concentration at different irradiation times Irradiation time in the dark, UV- vis and COD efficiencies are also investigated. 4. CONCLUSION As can be seen from the results, catalyst activity which shows high efficiency at low concentrations decreased with the increasing initial dye concentration. Treating in the dark for adsorptiondesorption balance didn’t show significant effect on oxidation period. After all, photocatalyst had high efficiency on the colour parameter. COD analysis were done for some samples, too. According to this, 100 mg/L BY 28 solution has 425 mg O2/L COD value and this decrease to under limitations in a very short irradiation time. In oxidation processes, some methods like O3, H2O2 or NaOCl addition and Fenton process can be used and with this definite degradation for high concentrations colud be possible, too. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the YTU Office of Scientific Research Project Coordination (Project Number: 2011-07-01-KAP04). Authors are also thankful to the YTU Centre Laboratory for their contribution. REFERENCES 548 1. Vandevivere, P.C., Bianchi, R., Verstraete, W., (1998). Treatment and reuse of wastewater from the textile wet-processing industry: review of emerging Technologies, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 72, 289–302. 2. Kusvuran, E., Gulnaz, O., Irmak, S., Atanur, O.M., Yavuz, H.I., Erbatur, O., (2004). Comparison of several advanced oxidation processes for the decolorization of Reactive Red 120 azo dye in aqueous solution, J. Hazard. Mater. B, 109, 85–93. 3. Silva, C.G., Wang, W., Faia, J.L., (2006). Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of mono-, di- and tri-azo dyes in aqueous solution under UV irradiation, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 181, 314–324. 4. Fujishima A., Rao, T.N., Tryk, D.A., (2000). Titanium dioxide photocatalysis, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1, 1–21. 5. Fujishima A., Rao, T.N., Tryk, D.A., (2000). TiO2 photocatalysts and diamond electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, 45, 4683– 4690. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Nutrient Removal from Human Urine Elif Alaydin1, Hatice Inan2, Anatholy Dimoglo2 Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering Incivez, Zonguldak, Turkey elif.alaydin@gmail.com 2 Gebze Institute Of Technology, Faculty Of Engineering, Department Of Environmental Engineering, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey inan@gyte.edu.tr, dimoglo@gyte.edu.tr 1 Abstract Source-separation (NoMix-technology) of human urine is one promising technique for improving the municipal wastewater system and urban water management. Urine treatment might be necessary to produce an alternative fertilizer, but it might also be a suitable method to prevent the pollution of the environment. In this study, the effect of the electrochemically generated iron ions on the nutrient removal from human urine was investigated. As a result of the pH adjustment, nitrogen and phosphorus, which are present in the human urine and react with electrochemically generated iron solution, are accumulated in the sludge by precipitation. Also different nutrient removal technologies were compared and nutrient removal efficiencies have been exhibited. Keywords: Nutrient removal, ecosan, human urine, electrochemical processes, iron electrode. 1. INTRODUCTION Increase in the manufacturing sector as a result of the rapidly growing world population and the occurrence of environmental problems cause danger for all living creatures. Domestic wastewater treatment process is being implemented in developed countries and these countries gain an economic advantage with wastewater treatment and recycling. Human urine constitutes an important part of domestic wastewaters and an alternative nutrient source due to high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. Nutrient recycling from human urine has a global importance because of nutrient resources running out and pollution of the water resources needs to reducing. In recent years, investigations of separate collection and treatment of human urine received increasing attention. Mostly, human urine has been collected and used as a fertilizer in agricultural applications because of the high costs of chemical fertilizers. Pollutants can occur in human urine such as pharmaceutical compounds, hormones and pathogens. As well as pharmaceuticals, human urine includes about 80% of the nitrogen and 50% of the phosphate. If all the toilet waste water is recirculated to agriculture, between 75% and 85% of the nutrient from the municipal wastewater will be used as a nutrient source [Vinneras and Jönsson, 2002] and if all nutrients in domestic waste are recycled, the use of commercial fertilizers can be reduced by 35–45% [Lind et al., 2001]. Mixing of the human urine and faeces, lead to hygienic and environmental problems in treatment plants [Heinonen-Tanski et al., 2007]. This study gives an overview over the possible technologies for nutrient removal from human urine, compares them with the removal efficiency. 2. NUTRIENT REMOVAL METHODS Several nutrient removal techniques have been investigated for human urine. Some methods such as struvite precipitation and ammonia stripping have been tested and widely used. On the other hand volume reduction or reverse osmosis have only been tested [Maurer et al., 2003]. The results of Thörneby et al. [1999] study it is possible to reduce the volume of urine by 75-80% and the retention of environmentally hazardous substances was greater than 98% for all compounds except ammonia by reverse osmosis. Biological processes require complicated operating conditions and chemical precipitation requires chemical and can increase the cost of the treatment [Yang et al., 2010]. As a result of chemical usage the pH can be raised and a source of magnesium be added so that phosphorus can be precipitated in the form of struvite. Struvite is consisting of ammonium, magnesium and phosphate and 6 hydration molecules (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Phosphorus removal was about 62%, and form of struvite occurred when magnesium was added to the synthetic human urine after ureolysis [Tilley et al., 2008]. Struvite precipitation has some disadvantages such as operational problems in 549 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations sewage systems. The other method is adsorption that combination with struvite crystallization about 60 - 80% of the nitrogen was recovered as crystalline or adsorbed ammonium [Lind et al., 2000]. Electrocoagulation is the other treatment technology for nutrient removal from human urine. Experiments shows that phosphate removal efficiency was 100% for all initial phosphate concentrations by using aluminum electrodes [İrdemez et al., 2006]. From obtained results in these experiments, it was found that optimal system pH is 7. Electrochemical methods have some advantages over chemical treatment methods, e.g. less coagulant ions is required, no addition of chemicals is needed, relatively low area demand, low investment cost and small volume of sludge produced, comparing with those in classical chemical process [Bektaş et al., 2004; LinaresHernández et al., 2007]. According to study [Alaydin, 2012], used iron solution produced by electrocoagulation method (EC) for nutrient removal from synthetic human urine. With different nutrient and iron concentration and pH adjustment we have about 100% phosphate and about %20 nitrogen removal efficiency at pH =8. The P removal efficiency increased, but TN removal efficiency decreased with the increase of iron concentration generated during the EC process. 3. CONCLUSIONS In this present work, efficiency of nutrient removal methods from human urine has been investigated. Effect of electrochemical method was compared with the other removal processes that are chemical, biological and struvite precipitation. From obtained results in experiments, it is seen that nutrient removal from human urine by iron solution produced by electrochemically is an effective process. The effective parameters on the nutrient removal from human urine by electrocoagulation are initial nutrient concentration, current density and initial pH of the solution. Our study has shown that electrochemical processes are efficient process for the removal of phosphate from urine. REFERENCES 1. Alaydin, Elif. “Elektrokimyasal Metod Ile İnsan İdrarından Nutrient Giderimi.” Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, (2012). 2. Bektaş, Nihal., Hilal. Akbulut, Hatice. Inan, and Anatoly. Dimoglo. (2004). Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions by Electro-Coagulation, J. Hazar. Mater., 106, 2–3, 101-105. 3. İrdemez, Şahset., Nuhi. Demircioğlu, Yalçın Şevki. Yıldız, and Züleyha. Bingül. (2006b). The Effects of Current Density and Phosphate Concentration on Phosphate Removal from Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum and Iron Plate Electrodes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 52, 2, 218-223. 4. Linares-Hernández, I., C. Barrera-Díaz, G. Roa-Morales, B. Bilyeu, and F. Urena-Nunez. (2007). A Combined Electrocoagulation-Sorption Process Applied to Mixed Industrial Wastewater, J. Hazar. Mater., 144, 1-2, 240-248. 5. Lind, Bo-Bertil, Zsófia Ban, and Stefan Bydén. (2000). Nutrient Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Crystallization with Ammonia Adsorption on Zeolite and Wollastonite, Bioresource Technology, 73, 2, 169-174. 6. Maurer, M., P. Schwegler, and TA Larsen. (2003). Nutrients in Urine: Energetic Aspects of Removal and Recovery, From Nutrient Removal to Recovery, 48, 1, 37-46. 7. Thörneby, Lars, Kenneth Persson, and Gun Trägårdh. (1999). Treatment of Liquid Effluents from Dairy Cattle and Pigs Using Reverse Osmosis, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 73, 2, 159-170. 8. Tilley, E., J. Atwater, and D. Mavinic. (2008). Effects of Storage on Phosphorus Recovery from Urine, Environ Technol, 29, 7, 807-816. 9. Vinneras, Björn, and Hakan. Jönsson. (2002). The Performance and Potential of Faecal Separation and Urine Diversion to Recycle Plant Nutrients in Household Wastewater, Biores. Technol., 84, 3, 275-282. 10. Yang, K., Z. Li, H. Zhang, J. Qian, and G. Chen. (2010). Municipal Wastewater Phosphorus Removal by Coagulation, Environ. Technol., 31, 6, 601-609. 550 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater The Payback Period of an Anaerobic Treatment Plant in a Pharmaceutical Industry T. COSKUN1, H.A. KABUK1, K. VARINCA2, E. DEBİK2 Yildiz Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department Esenler_Istanbul / TURKEY 2 Adiyaman University Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department Adiyaman /TURKEY 1 Abstract Pharmaceutical wastewaters have very high organic content and should not be discharged to the environment without controlling to protect the environment and public health. Industrialists make payment for discharging to sewer channel wastewater which product in their facility. Discharge payments are high because of the high organic compounds of wastewater. This phenomenon reduces the profitableness of the pharmaceutical industry. Keywords: pharmaceutical industry, anaerobic treatment, payback period. In this study, pharmaceutical wastewaters were treated by a pilot UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor. The schematic diagram of the pilot plant was showed in Figure 1. The profit/cost items in the waste facility of the industry after the instruction of the anaerobic treatment plant were showed in Table 1. In the case of direct discharge, while the profit item is absent, the cost item is wastewater discharge payment to local authority. In the case of discharge after the anaerobic treatment, while the profit item is biogas production, the cost items are investment and amortization, operational cost and wastewater discharge payment to local authority. With anaerobic treatment, both discharge payment decreases because of reducing wastewater’s organic content, and the produced biogas has an economic value. So, the profitableness of the pharmaceutical industry can be increased with the anaerobic treatment. Removal efficiencies and methane production rates were determined in the pilot anaerobic reactor. Then, take into consideration of the characteristics (flowrate, wastewater characteristics etc.) of the facility from which the wastewaters obtained, the profit/cost accounts made for both direct discharge and discharge after the anaerobic treatment for large scale facility. In the view of this information the payback period of the anaerobic treatment plant in the pharmaceutical industry was evaluated. The period Profit/cost items Profits Before the anaerobic After the anaerobic treatment Costs - Wastewater discharge payment to local authority Profits - Biogas Costs - Investment of the treatment plant and amortization - Wastewater discharge payment to local authority - Operational costs Table 1. Profit/cost items in the waste facility of the industry after the instruction of the anaerobic treatment plant 551 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Figure 1. Reactor configuration. 552 Poster Presentations Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Sludge Accumulation in Oxidation Ditch Plants: Large Scale Study Moharram Fouad1, Ahmed El-Morsy2 Assistant professor of sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mansoura, Egypt, e-mail:m123f12317@yahoo.com 2 Assistant professor of sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tanta, Egypt e-mail:m123f12317@yahoo.com 1 Abstract The accumulation rates and patterns of sludge as well as their effect were studied in four different oxidation ditch plants (ODPs) in north Egypt. The other impacts of sludge accumulation have been revealed. The accumulation patterns along the ditches and the critical zones were also determined. In addition, the velocity profile and the removal efficiency as well as sludge production and its characteristics were observed against the accumulated sludge. Finally, a large-scale oxidation ditch was upgraded to illuminate the accumulation of sludge. The observed results indicated that, the velocity range between 0.30 to 0.60 m/s is inadequate in several extreme conditions. The microorganisms inside OD act as biological coagulant increasing the sludge settleability inside the ditches. The present study increased the agitation power at these critical points to overcome the sludge accumulation inside ODs. This solution was easy, simple, and effective to eliminate the solid accumulation and allow operation of ODs at extreme solid content. This solution was effective in case of combined sewer, wet weather conditions, or under stormwater conditions with high solid content. Keywords: Wastewater, oxidation ditch, solid, accumulation, patterns, stirring. 1. INTRODUCTION The development of the Oxidation Ditch started in the Netherlands in the 1950’s and the first reports on its performance was presented by Pasveer (1959). Typical OD systems consist of a single or multichannel configuration within a ring, oval, or horseshoe-shaped basin (racetrack type). Generally, oxidation ditch is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circulation. Thus, mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) moves through the ditch at 1.0 to 2.0 ft/s (0.30- 0.60 m/sec) with typical values between 0.25 to 0.35 m/s [1]. A minimum velocity of 0.275 m/s is usually recommended to prevent the organic particles from settling on the channel surface[2], whereas the velocity is restricted to a maximum of 0.60 m/s to avoid excessive erosion, hydraulic jump, or other undesirable non- uniform flow phenomena[3]. In Egypt and other counties, ODs have recently been widely used in relatively small wastewater treating plants. In Egypt, wastewater is screened and pumped into the ODs directly, i.e. no sand or grit removal is provided prior to the ditches. Grit removal and primary settling prior to an oxidation ditch are not typical in this design. Despite the high velocity value of MLSS, solids commonly settles inside the OD. More settling is occurs specially in case of combined sewer, wet weather conditions, or stormwater with high solid content. This study provided a comprehensive evaluation of the mechanism and performance of ODs with combined sewer or under wet weather conditions. The accumulation rates of sludge and its distribution along the OD was determined. 2. EXPERIMENTAL Results and observations were taken from four different oxidation ditch plants (ODs) with various capacities in north Egypt. In each plant, the sludge accumulation rates and patterns as well as the sludge effects were studied. In some plant, the sludge accumulation cases in and the corresponding velocity profile were observed. In same plant, the present study increased the agitation power at some critical points to overcome the sludge accumulation inside ODs. 553 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS Ditch depth, (m) 2.00 1.80 Wet weather 1.60 Light to moderate rain 1.40 1.20 Hot weather 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 Fixed sludge with high density Moveable sludge 0.20 0.00 Mar 1998 April 1998 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec 1998 Jan 1999 Feb 1999 Mar 1999 Time, (month) Figure 1. Volatile sludge and high-density sludge distribution, in an oxidation ditch against monthes 0.33 m/sec Stream depth MLSS 0.22 m/sec Moveable sludge Velocity, m/sec Stream depth 0.34 m/sec MLSS 0.05 m/sec Moveable sludge Velocity, m/sec Stream depth 0.44 m/sec MLSS 0.21 m/sec Moveable sludge Fixed sludge with high density Velocity, m/sec 0.61 m/sec Stream depth Moveable sludge 0.37 m/sec Fixed sludge with high density Velocity, m/sec Figure 2. sludge accumulation cases in the oxidation ditch and the corresponding velocity profile 554 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 4. CONCLUSION The observed results indicated that, the velocity range between 0.30 to 0.60 m/s is inadequate in several extreme conditions. The microorganisms act as biological coagulant increasing the sludge settleability inside the ditches. Its coagulation action increases with the increase of its sludge age. Therefore, the solid and sludge accumulate inside the ditches decease the recirculation velocity, dissolved oxygen profile and the ratio of volatile solids. As results, the removal efficiency of the ODs is continuously coming down. So, a reduction factor is strongly recommended to predict the removal efficiency of ODs, which run without grit removal or without primary treatment. Finally, more solid accumulation inside the ODs may vanish its removal efficiency and lead the system failure. There is a typical pattern for the sludge accumulation inside the OD with two critical zones. The present study increased the agitation power at these critical points to overcome the sludge accumulation inside ODs. This solution was easy, simple, and effective to eliminate the solid accumulation and allow operation of ODs at extreme solid content. This solution was effective in case of combined sewer, wet weather conditions, or under stormwater conditions with high solid content. The observed results indicated that, the velocity range between 0.30 to 0.60 m/s is inadequate in several extreme conditions. The microorganisms inside OD act as biological coagulant increasing the sludge settleability inside the ditches. The present study increased the agitation power at these critical points to overcome the sludge accumulation inside ODs. This solution was easy, simple, and effective to eliminate the solid accumulation and allow operation of ODs at extreme solid content. This solution was effective in case of combined sewer, wet weather conditions, or under stormwater conditions with high solid content. REFERENCES 1. Gillot, S., Capela S. and Heduit A. (2000), Effect of horizontal flow on oxygen transfer in clean water and in clean water with surfactants, Wat. Res. 34(2):678-683. 2. Papadopoulos A., Parisopoulos G., Papadopoulos F., and Karteris A., ( 2003), “Sludge accumulation pattern in an anaerobic pond under Mediterranean climatic conditions” Wat. Res. vol. 37, No. 3, 634-644. 3. Nelson K, J-Cisneros B., Tchobanoglous G. and Darby J., (2004) “Sludge accumulation, characteristics, and pathogen inactivation in four primary waste stabilization ponds in central Mexico” , Wat. Res. vol. 37, No. 1, 634-644. 555 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Flow Quality Management of Wastewater Lines İsa YILMAZ1, Bahattin ALİŞAN2, Ramazan SARITEMUR3 İSKİ - Head of Sewerage Department iyilmaz@iski.gov.tr 2 İSKİ - Director of European Side Sewerage Operations balisan@iski.gov.tr 3 İSKİ - Director of Asian Side Sewerage Operations rsaritemur@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract The general objective is to increase flow quality in wastewater lines and enable flawless flow of wastewater with no challenge of blockage and odour formation that shall negatively affect the urban life. The study examines the effect of waste and sludge collected through the wastewater lines on the flow rate and friction as well as the contribution of sand filters. Operational experiences and research is used for operating these network line structures at maximum efficiency with existing wastewater line operational technologies. Keywords: Sand Filters, Wastewater management, wastewater odour, flow rate, wastewater sediment. 1. INTRODUCTION Today the swift increase of the world population and the tendency of people to live in large cities either for social or economical reasons bring along population density. This increase in population caused by urban growth that is not based on the calculations and anticipation of engineers, architects and city planners but on migration load forces urban designers to prefer design that fit the conditions most than optimum designs. As a requirement of comfort conditions sought within urban life, these wastewater infrastructure systems are obliged to provide service with minimum negative impact on the urban residents’ lives. Faults on wastewater line operations may cause severe negative effects on human life. People living in big cities already bear the high cost of living in such cities and demand a healthy and comfortable environment from water and wastewater utilities. 2. FLOW QUALITY Wastewater lines might carry unforeseen waste besides wastewater. In İstanbul where urbanization and constructions are always ongoing, wastewater pipelines often work mixed with rainwater collectors and sand as well as other materials may enter to the wastewater lines due to the incomplete separate wastewater lines and stormwater infrastructure. Lack of awareness in public and construction sector hinders the operation of wastewater lines. Biggest cause of sand in wastewater lines are the random piling of sand used in constructions over roads and empty spaces where it flows down with rain. The lack of awareness on such an issue causes carriage of excessive sand to treatment plants. During a wastewater line project, a flow rate and flow plan is prepared considering the slope of the location however unexpected decreases in flow rate occur due to challenges throughout the entire use of the line. Unforeseen earth movements and other external factors that affect the flow hinder the cross-section and slope of the line or bring along unintended forms of pipelines due to collapses or blockages of sand settling down inside the pump. When the cross section of the pipe is narrowed, the wastewater flow might cause pressure in the line and this leads to a faster pollution in underground water. With the decrease in the flow rate, the materials that settle down cause odour through reactions that form within sediments in wastewater. 2.1. Impact of settled materıal ın wastewater lınes to the flow rate When considering the project criteria in wastewater lines, the impact of the material used for the channel is included yet the material that collapses during the operation of the wastewater line significantly affects the roughness coefficient. Table 2.1 shows changes in “n” depending on conditions and Equation 2.1 shows its impact on flow rate (Equation 2.1) 556 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater ) (Cowan equation) (Equation 2.2) A significant amount of the conditions that shall effect the flow rate negatively can be reduced with measures. Depending on the operational experiences, the sharpest decrease in flow rate is the low slope areas. Low flow rates in such areas cause collapse of material. Planning of wastewater treatment plants are based on sand filters that are in grid shapes to catch floating and drifting materials in wastewater. However; the operational side requires local solutions. Table 2.1 2.2. Sand fılters Sand filters should be planned in regions with low slopes of lines and easy operation options, and should enable periodical cleaning. The cleaning process on sand filters on the pipeline shall decrease the material level in lines with harder cleaning options and shall minimize the odour formation. Withdrawal of materials that shall block the line can be conducted at these sand filters through structures such as grids under the control of the operational unit. This study aims to provide a model for sand filters that fits to our operational criteria and easy to manufacture. The sand filter needs to have a simple geometry and no energy consumption. It should enable continuous operation of the line by avoiding blockage and any congestion by decrease of flow and thus sedimentation of the sand. The design shall prevent discomfort for the environment as the odour will mainly be within the sand filter that shall be reinforced with filter chimneys. The material congestion amount shall be transmitted to the center continuously over the GSM infrastructure and this sand and waste material congestion shall be recorded according to variables such as time and rainfall via the data provided by the sensors for better planning. 3. CONCLUSION Advantages provided by urban flow quality aim at comfortable lives for the public. Structures like sand filters shall increase the flow quality and increase this life quality through wastewater. Problems that may still arise despite efforts can be diminished with the feedback of wastewater operators. As 557 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations long as the manufacturer operators do not make use of the feedback and the experiences, problems shall continue and problematic structures shall continue to be manufactured. It is a duty for all designers to find approaches that shall minimize operational costs with sustainable designs. REFERENCES 1. 558 B., Atıl, Y., Ertan (2002). Serbest Yüzeyli akımlarda pürüzlülük katsayısının belirlenmesi, Türkiye Mühendislik haberleri SAYI 420-421-422/2002/4-5-6 , 79-80 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Flood Risk Management İsa YILMAZ1, Bahattin ALİŞAN2, Ramazan SARITEMUR3 Head of Department - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Head of Sewerage Department iyilmaz@iski.gov.tr 2 Director - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Director of European Side Sewerage Operations balisan@iski.gov.tr 3 Director - İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) Director of Sewerage Operations on Asian Side rsarıtemur@iski.gov.tr 1 Abstract Floods have a potential that shall lead to certain reductions in economic development, environmental damage and replacement of human populations as well as casualties. Particularly the fact that floods has negative impacts on human health, life, environment, cultural heritage, economical activities and infrastructure makes it necessary and desirable to mitigate the risk it brings. This study examines the environmental impacts and challenges faced during the implementations conducted under flood risk controlling activities which are connected to the stream dredging activities under the responsibility of İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Keywords: Flood, stream, risk, hill flow. 1. INTRODUCTION Flood is an unpreventable natural phenomenon. However; certain activities (such as settlements in flood plains, increasing economical activities in these areas, and decrease of natural water catchment) and climate change increase flood risk and negative impacts. Particularly the fact that floods has negative impacts on human health, life, environment, cultural heritage, economical activities and infrastructure makes it necessary to mitigate the risk it brings. Considering the impact of climate change on formation of floods, flood risk management plans need to be periodically reviewed. 2. CAUSES FOR FLOODS 2.1. Meteorologıcal Factors The recent climate changes cause sudden rain. 2.2. Aspects of the Ground Cases of floods caused by sudden, severe and short duration rainfall are directly related to “the water basin area, slope of the riverbed, drainage intensity, topographic structure of the soil, its saturity, geology and geomorphology of the surface the water flows through, vegetation, usage”. 2.3. Socıal Factors Although floods are natural events, factors such as “unplanned and irregular urbanization, slums, and illegal settlements in riverbeds that lead to insufficient hydraulic flow areas for streams” also have roles in the formation of floods. 2.4. Zonıng Status Unplanned settlements are caused by deficiencies in infrastructure, and the failure to maintain or implement the rehabilitated riverbed flow areas proposed by The State Hydraulic Works during the zoning plan processes and flood surveys prepared by General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. 2.5. Physıcal Factors Debris that collects at the stream mouths hinder estuary conditions. Lack of foresting also contributes to flooding. Insufficient bridges and cross sections over riverbeds as well as structures that block the flow through transmission lines laid by various administrations add up to the increase of the problems encountered during floods. 559 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. SHORT AND LONG TERM MEASUREMENTS TO BE TAKEN WITHIN PROTECTION FROM FLOODS • Floods and landslides should be considered while issuing construction license in urban and rural areas. Riverbeds need to undergo rehabilitation and the existing settlements should be replaced while critical facilities need to be reinforced. • Structural approaches like replacing or elevating the buildings under flood risk should be evaluated to be conducted at proper locations. Rivers that are covered from above should be converted into open channels. • Periodical maintenance and repair works concerning rivers should be conducted. • Early warning systems should be developed. • Final filling fields need to be prepared and any fault (such as material transfers extracted from streams that flow in submersed and mixed way) during such a process should be avoided. • Destruction and collapse of protective structures like bridges upon a change of river bed flow or decrease of river base altitude due to uncontrolled material withdrawal from riverbeds should be prevented. • Leaving the sewerage, garbage and earthwork materials alongside riverbeds should be prevented. • Applications that hinder transfer of flood water coming from outlets to the sea due to harbor, highway, etc. should be avoided. • During cadastral surveys riverbed that was formed naturally should be left for natural flow and the width of the river bed should be identified in line with the opinions from State Hydraulic Works. • Civilian authorities, Municipalities and all other related institutions should continuously be inspected and legal procedures should be followed. • Authorities and institutions related to streams should clearly be identified with legal documents, the assignments should be conducted and complexities should be cleared on such matters. • Vehicle, construction vehicle and staff lists for assignments at risky locations should be identified and maintained in line with AKOM (Disaster Coordination Center) reports and warnings in local administrations. 4. CONCLUSION Floods are natural phenomena that seriously affect human life by causing casualties and economical damage. By enabling adequate cooperation between institutions, education and awarenessraising activities should be conducted on floods and flood protection facilities, non-governmental institutions should actively take part in such formations. The flood challenge shall exist despite all anticipations and efforts, yet the damages caused by floods can be minimized through measures considering certain risk groups and scientific prediction models. REFERENCES 560 1. 23 Ekim 2007 tarihli ve 2007/60/EC sayılı Avrupa Parlamentosunun ve Konseyi’nin “Sel Risk Değerlendirilmesine ve Yönetimine İlişkin” Yönergesi 2. 29 Eylül 2009 DSİ II. Bölge Müdürlüğü -İzmir İl Taşkın Koordinasyon Toplantısı 3. Prof.Dr. Miktad Kadıoğlu, (2011). Sel, sel afeti sorunları, çözüm stratejileri ve eylemleri: Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Heyelan ve Taşkınları Sempozyumu İstanbul-Türkiye Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Treatment of Textile Dyehouse Wastewater by Immobilized Enzymes Mithat Celebi1, 2, Mehmet Arif Kaya1, Melda Altikatoglu3, Huseyin Yildirim1, 3 Yalova University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering, Yalova, Turkey, 77100. mithat.celebi@yalova.edu.tr, marifkaya@gmail.com, husyil@yalova.edu.tr, 2 Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Chemistry Metalurgy, Department of Bioengineering, Davutpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey, 34210. 3 Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Davutpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey, 34210. maltikatoglu@yahoo.com 1 Abstract In this study, covalent immobilization of the Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) onto different polymer supports was investigated. For this purpose, firstly various polysulfones and unsaturated polyester resin supports have been modified appropriately. In order to expand the efficient surface area, modified polymers have been applied to non-woven fabrics. HRP enzyme was applied to support materials (modified polymer + non-woven fabric system) for covalent immobilization. Structural analyses of enzyme immobilization onto polymer supports were confirmed with FT-IR and 1H-NMR. It was determined enzyme activities of immobilized systems and also compared to free enzyme activities at different conditions. After enzyme immobilization, different textile dyes were decolorized by immobilized enzymes at repeating usage. Keywords: decolorization, dyehouse, polysulfone, unsaturated polyester resin, immobilization. 1. INTRODUCTION Textile industries use a huge amount of water in desizing, bleaching, mercerization and dyeing processes. Colorful wastewater generally cause from in dyeing processes. These wastewaters are harmful for living in the aquatic life and people. Because of legislative reguirements for discharge of wastewater from municipalities, industrial wastewaters require treatment, recycling the waste effluents and reusing of treatment materials (chemicals, enzymes etc.) and developing new methods[1]. Enzyme immobilization has different advantageous. These are mainly reusing of enzyme, low costs, easy application, storage stability and thermal stability. Aim of this study is preparation of low cost polysulfone and unsaturated polyester based support materials for enzyme immobilization that suitable for usage in decolorization process of textile dyehouse wastewater. Unsaturated polyester can be used in polymer industry at different areas such as casting, coating, moulding and gel-coats. However, there is no study in decolorization of dyes with unsaturated polyester. Also, polysulfone supports generally can be used in membrane technology. But, there is no study for dye decolorization with this support. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD Methanol was technical grade and distilled before use, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), (N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF), chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, triethylamine and methacryloyl chloride were reagent grade and used without further purification. 4,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (DCDPS), 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisphenol A) and 2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (Bisphenol AF) were recrystallized from toluen and dried in vacuum overnight before use. Horseradish peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.7) (Mw ~ 40.000 Da) (Fluka), Naphthol Blue Black (C.I: Acid Black 1) (Mw: 616.50 g/mol), Remazol Brillant Blue R (Mw: 626.54 g/mol) (C. I. Reactive Blue 19), o-dianisidine and H2O2 (30 %) were used as received. Decolorization of textile dyes was investigated by UV Visible Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV 1700). Synthetic dye solutions were prepared in destiled water. Dye decolorization experiments carried out at optimum pH (pH: 5.0) of Horseradish peroxidase enzyme according to our perivous study[2]. The activities of free HRP and immobilized HRP were determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the oxidation of o-dianisidine at 30°C and 460 nm[2]. In order to increase the active groups (hydroxyl) per polymer chain for covalent immobilization, stoichiometric imbalance approach was applied in the polysulfone syntheses. For this purpose, monomer that contains hydroxyl groups was taken little excess in comparison to other monomer in synthesis recipe. Hydroxyl terminated polysulfones were modified via acrylation. 561 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Solid unsaturated polyester resin were dissolved in proper acrylate monomer, and then cured. Polysulfones and polyester resins that contain acrylate functionalities were used for enzyme immobilization. Polymer 1 Polymer 2 Reactive Blue 19 Acid Black 1 Reactive Blue 19 Acid Black 1 Decolorization (%) Decolorization (%) Decolorization (%) Decolorization (%) Reusing Time (day) 1 1. 84,33 86,09 85,85 87,04 2 4. 63,66 78,66 73,58 79,39 3 12. 62,21 70,15 52,05 66,97 4 21. 27,48 28,88 27,21 28,44 5 42 22,77 25 18,66 25,37 6 49 20 21,54 17,48 19,38 7 63 12,54 17,93 11,76 15,15 Table 1. Decolorization of Reactive Blue 19 and Acid Black 1 dyes by using two different immobilized enzyme on modified polysulfone based polymer supports [3]. As can be seen in Table 1, same immobilized enzymes (Horseradish peroxidase enzyme immobilized onto polymer 1 and polymer 2 - polysulfone based supports) were reused seven times for different days (1., 4., 12., 21., 42., 49. and 63. days) after storage in +4oC in the refrigerator. After three times reusing of immobilized enzymes, dye decolorization values decreased remarkably. REFERENCES 562 1. Lau, W.J., Ismail, A.F, (2009). Polymeric nanofiltration membrane for textile dying wastewater, Desalination, 245, 321–348 2. Onder, S., Celebi, M., Altikatoglu, M., Hatipoglu, A., Kuzu, H., (2011). Decolorization of Naphthol Blue Black using the Horseradish Peroxidase, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 163, 433-443. 3. Celebi, M., Kaya, M.A., Altikatoglu, M., Yildirim, H., (2012). Enzymatic Decolorization of Anthraquinone and Diazo Dyes Using Horseradish Peroxidase Enzyme Immobilized onto Various Polysulfone Supports, (Submitted) Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater An Investigetion on Submarine Tailings Disposal of a Copper Mine Into the Black Sea Anoxic Zone Naim Sezgin, Semih Nemlioglu Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey nsezgin@istanbul.edu.tr, snemli@istanbul.edu.tr Abstract Most of metal producing mines have mine tailings, which discharge mine effluent into a receiving water environment. Because of high amount of metallic substances in its ingredient, typically mine tailings is denser effluent than receiving water. As a consequence, mine tailings effluent is a kind of density current, which directly sinks bottom of water body. Sinking feature of density current gives a very limited effluent mixing in the receiving ambient. Because of this feature, very deep marine environment with an anoxic zone could be selected as receiving water for mine tailings such as Cayeli Copper Mine on the coast of North Eastern Black Sea in Turkey. However, to protect the water environment especially from heavy metal content of mine tailings, the mixing level of density current in the receiving water must be known. In this study, an example copper-zinc mine submarine tailings disposal effluent jet behavior in the marine environment was investigated by using experimentally created equations in the literature considering dense jet mixing and other characteristics. Cayeli Copper Mine tailings and its horizontally discharged effluent characteristics in the anoxic zone of the Black Sea at 275m depth were selected for this research. Flow rate of the effluent was 0.1667 m3/s and its density range was between 1030 and 1370 kg/m3 according to related literature. The main concept of the submarine tailings disposal was to stay the effluent only in the anoxic zone below 150 m depth. In order to prove this aim effluent jet densimetric Froude number should be negative, which is negatively buoyant and directly sinks to the bottom, and impact point dilution in the dense jet impingement point should be very low level. Densimetric Froude numbers (F) were found in the range of -5.547 and -0.787; and impact point dilutions (Si) were calculated as 2.986-3.619 range. These results show that Cayeli Copper Mine Submarine Tailings Disposal effluent safely stayed under the anoxic zone boundary and dilutions are very limited to keep toxic substances away from out of anoxic zone of the region. Keywords: Black Sea, Copper Mine, Marine Disposal, Mine Tailings, Slurry Discharge. 1. INTRODUCTION Metal production directly related metal mines. There are many operational processes in metal mines such as excavation, cracking, grinding, washing, separation, and condensation, etc. During these processes, some of wet waste residual, which is named as slurry, is produced. Mainly mining wastes can disposed in tailing dams. But this method has some of problems in the environment such as leaking, breaking, or seeping. Because of the toxicity of mining wastes, they should be disposed properly in the environment. In order to remove slurry from mining site environment, mainly two removal methods are commonly applied: Back fill to the mine and/or discharge as mine tailings. Mine tailings also has two discharge applications into the receiving environment: Surface discharge, and submarine tailings disposal (STD). STD can also applied as deep submarine tailings in order to decrease toxic effects on marine organisms and their exposure risk with slurry. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD In this study, Cayeli Copper Mine tailings was selected an example case of copper-zinc mine submarine tailings disposal (STD). Cayeli STD has a horizontal discharge from a circular port as an open end of a HDPE pipe, which has internal diameter 0.49m [6]. The effluent is a kind of dense jet, which means the effluent is denser than the receiving water density. The effluent of Cayeli STD has four different densities, which were given in literature as 1030, 1170, 1250 and 1370 kg/m3, and the receiving water density was 1016.7 kg/m3 [5],[6],[7]. The original maximum effluent density is approximately 1370 kg/m3 without any dilution and all solid parts included. The moderate density value is 1250 kg/m3 with no solid separation at the source again. The effluent density is 1170 kg/m3 under the condition of 50% of solids sent to solid separation and pastefill unit. The effluent density is 1030 kg/m3 after all solids separated from mine tailings. 563 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Figure 1. Dilutions of wastewater according to effluent flows REFERENCES 564 1. Jones, S., Gwyther, D., (2000). Deep sea tailing placement (DSTP). Aust. J. Min. December, 38–42. 2. Ellis, D.V., (2000). Effect of mine tailings on the biodiversity of the seabed: example of the Island copper mine, Canada. In: Sheppard, C. (Ed.), Seas at the Millenium. An Environmental Evaluation, vol. 3. Elsevier Science Press, The Netherlands, pp. 235–246. 3. Burd, J.B., (2002). Evaluation of mine tailings effects on benthic marine infaunal community over 29 years. Mar. Environ. Res. 53, 481–519. 4. Bakan, G., Buyukgungor, H., (2000). The Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 41 (1–6), 24–43. 5. SUMAE, (2000). Tailings discharge into the Black Sea and Buyukdere environmental observation program’s measurement and evaluation reports. Trabzon Central Fisheries Research Institute (in Turkish). 6. Berkun, M. (2005). Submarine tailings placement by a copper mine in the deep anoxic zone of the Black Sea, Water Research 39, 5005–5016. 7. Kayhan, H. (2008). Determination of the Effects and the Distribution Modeling of Tailing Discharge done by the Deep Sea Discharge System Belonging to Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri on the Marine Ecosystem. Ph.D thesis, Karadeniz Technical University Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Protecting and Managing Urban Water Sources Azadeh Rezafar PhD Student at Istanbul Technical University, Department of Urban and Regional Planning Azadeh_Rezafar@yahoo.com Abstract Water is an important substance for human beings and all livings to actualize their living activities and for the development and well being of human societies. Urban population increase originating from industrialization has resulted in the increase in the demand on natural water sources. On the other hand, water sources will be reducing day by day as a result of climate change and global warming and thus sustainable life will be prevented. So, Freshwater resources will be finite resource in the future due to rising individual and national demands. Water sources should be used to meet present and future requirements for the protection of ecological balance and sustainable development of human communities. And this requires an environment, community and economy component sustainable water management system. Urban water management are discussed under three headings: Sustainable Development, Integrated Urban water Management, Ecohydrology. Keywords: water, urban water management, sustainable development, ecohydrology. 1. INTRODUCTION More then 54% of the world’s population of about 6.5 billion people currently live in urban areas. The United Nations estimates that, at present, the world’s urban population grows at a rate of around 180,000 evrey day[1]. While urban population increases, the use of water will turn into urban use from agricultural use and problems will arise in sharing water among sectors. The consequences of water shortage will take effect in arid and semi-arid areas, rapidly developing coast regions and metropolitans in developing countries more prominently. Hydrologists predict that these cities will not be able to provide their citizens with safe, clean and hygienic water in sufficient quality currently or in the future[2]. According to the International Water Assosiation, this is a consequence of a combination of intensive human population growth, rural-to- urban migration on a scale exceptional in the history of civilisation, and the annexation of rural areas by cities, and is one of the major causes of the world’s water crisis. Water sources especially urban water sources should be managed to be used to meet present and future requirements in order to protect ecological balance and provide sustainable development of human communities. Urban water sources management means the systematic use of water within natural cycle by human beings in the most efficient way in terms of both quantity and quality, in economic, social and environmental benefits. This management should provide not only the multipurpose use but also the consistency of water[3]. And nongovernmental, local and special departments are also needed besides governmental ones for this management. Creating and using alternative water sources by the use of rainwater, treated water and reuse of water should be a part of this management. New and up-to-date technologies should be exploited to that end. Public education is important in urban water management just like other ecological and environmental matters. Urban water management requires the participation of all relevant regions. Evaluation of water supply-demand relationship and making researches in this respect are other important matters for urban water management system. 2.URBAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2.1. Sustaınable Development The United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa, Agust 2002, defined these priorities among the peoples of the poorest nations: agriculture, water, energy, health, and preservation of biodiversity. Discussed in this summit that; if you get the water management right at the village level, it will improve land management, fisheries, biodiversity, energy, and poverty. Water connects all the areas of sustainable development. The U.S. Department of State WSSD (World Summit on Sustainable Developmen) delegation, jointly with Japan, launched the “clean water for peopleˮ initiative to improve sustainable management 565 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations of fresh water resources, including management. These include the development of integrated land management and water use plans based on sustainable use of renewable resources, increasing understanding of sustainable use, protection and management of water resources, and promotion of programs to enhance, in a sustainable manner, the productivity of land and efficient use of water resources in agriculture, especially through indigenous and community based approaches[4]. Also, sustainable water systems are defined as “water systems that are managed to satisfy changing demands placed on them (both human and environmental) now and into the future, whilst maintaining ecological and environmental integrity of water systems” [5]. 2.2. Integrated Urban Water Management Integrated Urban Water Management is a process that promotes water utilities to plan and manage water supply, wastewater and stormwater systems in a coordinated manner to minimise their impact on the natural environment, maximise their contribution to economic vitality and to engender overall community wellbeing and improvement. IUWM has been focused around the development of a tool or model which provides adequate understanding and analysis of the managed water systems in urban areas[1]. 2.3. Ecohydrology Ecohydrology is a scientific concept that quantifies and explains relationships between hydrologyical processes and biotic dynamics at a catchment scale and is applied to solving environmental problems. It has been defined as a subdiscipline of hydrology focused on ecological aspects of the water cycle. This concept is based on the assumption that the sustainable development of water resources is dependent on the ability to restore and maintain the evolutionarily established processes of water and nutrient circulation and energy flows at the catchment scale[1]. REFERENCES 566 1. Wagner, I., Masalek, J., Breil, P., (2008). Aquaric habitats in sustainable urban water management, 10-40,urban water seriesUNESCO-IHP 2. Ubay Tönük, G., (2011), Urban water resources management, Gazi University, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ankara 3. Meriç, B., T., (2004), Water Resources Management and Turkey, Geological Engineering Dergisi 28 (1), 27-38, AnkaraTurkey 4. Treitler, I., (2007), It’s about Water: Anthropological Perspectives on Water and Policy, 140-149, Human Organization 66. 2 . 5. Leonie J. Pearson •Anthea Coggan, Wendy Proctor•Timothy F. Smith, (2010), A Sustainable Decision Support Framework for Urban Water Management, Water Resour Manage, 24:363–376, DOI 10.1007/s11269-009-9450-1 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Grown up Applications with ‘Dry Mounted’ Membranes Ronald van ‘t Oever1, Rob Borgerink2, Gulsah Yildirim3 Pentair X-Flow B.V., P.O. 739, 7500 AS ENSCHEDE (The Netherlands) Ronald.vantOever@Pentair.com 2 Pentair X-Flow B.V., P.O. 739, 7500 AS ENSCHEDE (The Netherlands) 3 Pentair X-Flow BV, Istanbul (Turkey) Gulsah.yildirim@pentair.com 1 Abstract The MBR market continues to show high growth a significant part of the installed base as either fibre or flat plate submerged membranes. Recently a market has developed for ‘dry’ mounted membranes where the membrane is outside the bioreactor. This allows easy access to all parts of the plant, including the membranes. The two options available for MBR are either submerging membranes in the bioreactor itself (or in a separate membrane tank next to the plant), or recycle sludge for separation in tubular membranes. The conventional way of operating tubular membranes is based on high cross flow velocities with the consequent high energy consumption. With the move to a “greener” environment lower energy systems were required. Norit X-Flow has developed an application of the “dry” membrane concept called Airlift MBR. The AirLift MBR development has reduced the energy requirements to level than is required for submerged MBR plants. Keywords: membrane bioreactor, municipal and industrial waste water, side-stream, air lift, aerobic, ultrafiltration. 1. INTRODUCTION Waste water treatment has seen many developments in the last two decades, as water treatment is more and more required. It is necessary to keep the world a better place from environmental point of view, but also from water scarcity’s point of view. Waste water treatment with membranes have given particular benefits no other technology can offer. Pentair’s X-Flow has shown in that same period significant performances of membrane application into waste water treatment and is looking into the future. This paper will describe the specific application of side stream membrane bioreactors of several municipal and industrial projects. Reuse of the produced water is often the main driver for such project. Specifically the dry set up of membranes next to the bioreactor with additional benefits will be highlighted, both aerobic as anaerobic 2. EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE Currently, the new generation Airlift MBR will be presented based on the “Efficient Performance Technology” (EPT) approach, leaving no stone unturned to find ways to a higher output, a greater process stability, and more process flexibility, while lowering the CAPEX/OPEX balance; decreasing the system footprint; and reducing energy, chemical use and waste production. Also in the industrial applications of membranes in (an-)aerobic bioreactors give good improvements of efficiency in performance. 2.1. Technology The original AirLift MBR staggered skid configuration is the ideal MBR solution for separating sludge at any capacity. Thanks to its flexible design and modular external set up it is the solution for newly built sites as well as for upgrading existing municipal and industrial wastewater plants. Two examples of the application of this design will show the specific benefits of the Airlift Process. The AirLift MBR concept, however, was subjected to our decisive intent to achieve breakthrough performance at a reduced cost and lower environmental impact. The new megablock MBR configuration is a new even more compact-modular purification system, which combines the biological treatment step with this membrane separation step. The external 567 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations placement of the megablock configuration reduces the separation section to the smallest footprint known to date. The system is designed in block-form enabling a simple “clamp on” method of additional blocks until the required capacity is achieved. The pre-engineered block characteristic of this next generation MBR significantly reduces plant design and on-site construction time for the > 5 MLD capacity plants. The plant can be up and running quicker at lower cost requiring less space and operates in a clean, sustainable manner. 2.2. Results Results of the MBR side stream-approach are: # Megablock • Improved membrane characteristics for a higher flux level despite tightest UF MBR membrane applied; typically an AirLift MBR system runs at flux levels between 50-65 l/(m2.h). • Optimised module and aeration hydrodynamics for an lower energy consumption; due to the welldefined flow channels using inside fed membranes the air scouring is very effective resulting in typical energy consumptions of ca 0.25 kWh/m3 permeate.. • A unique system lay-out for a significant reduction in foot-print, building time and process complexity; a plug-and-play compact package design offers a flat slab erection without a lot of civil works reducing capital expenses importantly. REFERENCES 568 1. Buitenweg, J; Borgerink, R. 2008. H2O article: Hybrid MBR Ootmarsum exceeds expectation (translated). 2. Klegraf, F; Lahnsteiner, J. 2008. IWA presentation Vien 3. Z.Hirani. 2006. Assessing the ability of Dynalift Membrane Bioreactor to meet existing water reuse criteria. MWH. 4. Mulder JW. Schonewille, de Jager. 2010. Presentation Aachener Kolloquium. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Mixed Micelles Cloud Point Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Table Olive Wastewaters Jihane Raiti, El Abbassi Abdelilah, Hajar Kiai, Abdellatif Hafidi Food Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences - Semlalia, BP: 2390, 40090. Marrakech, Morocco. Email: jihane.raiti@gmail.com (Raiti, J.), a.hafidi@ucam.ac.ma (Hafidi, A.). Abstract A mixed micelle-cloud point extraction (MM-CPE) has been developed for the extraction of natural phenolic compounds from table olive wastewaters using Genapol® X-080 and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Parameters affecting the MM-CPE including Genapol concentration, SDS concentration, pH and equilibration temperature were investigated. The optimum MM-CPE conditions were found to be 5 mM SDS, 5% Genapol (v/v) and pH 4 at 50°C. At optimum conditions a relatively important reduction (47%) of the phenolic compounds of table olive wastewaters can be reached in a single stage extraction. Keywords: Table Olive Wastewaters, Cloud Point Extraction, Mixed micelle, phenolic compounds, extraction. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent decades, cloud point extraction (CPE) was widely used a preconcentration step prior to analytical determinations [1]. More recently, the CPE method was used as extraction methods for the recovery of valuable compounds [2]. The method is based on the property of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solutions to form micelles and become turbid when heated to a temperature above a temperature called cloud point temperature which is specific to each surfactant. Above the cloud point temperature the micellar solution separates into a surfactant-rich phase of small volume and a diluted aqueous phase, in which the surfactant concentration is close to the critical micellar concentration (CMC). Any analyte solubilized in the hydrophobic core of the micelles will separate and become concentrated in the small volume of the surfactant-rich phase. Recent works applied a new variant of CPE called mixed micelle cloud point extraction [3] which consists of using a mixture of non-ionic and ionic surfactants. The table olive processing constitutes a major economic activity to Mediterranean countries. The generated wastewater of table olive processing contains a high amount of polyphenols which are known for their interesting biological activities especially antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In this work, we studied the applicability of MM-CPE method for the extraction and recovery of phenolic compounds from table olive wastewaters (TOW). 2. EXPERIMENTS Effluent samples were mixed with SDS and homogenized by magnetic stirring (300 rpm) at room temperature for 10 min. This solution was used to prepare a series of tubes with different concentration of Genapol X-80 (v/v); the final volume of each tube was 20 ml. The tubes were then vortexed. In order to obtain the best experimental conditions for phase separation, the surfactants concentrations were varied from 0.006 to 10 mM SDS and from 1 to 5% v/v Genapol. The extraction was carried out at room temperature (25°C ± 2°C) and left to separate for 24 h. The effect of equilibrium temperature was also evaluated. A surfactant-rich phase was eliminated and a sample of the aqueous phase (lower phase) was then removed and analyzed. The phenolic content was determined colorimetrically using Folin Ciocalteu method. The ratio of phases was obtained by measuring the volumes of the respective phases. 3. RESULTS The effect of SDS concentration on the extraction of phenolic compounds from TOW was investigated in the range of 0.006 to 10 mM. As shown in Fig 1, the concentration of SDS strongly affects the extraction efficiency. A concentration of 2.5 mM of SDS was used for the next experiments since a high concentration of SDS can be considered as a secondary pollution besides that this concentration gives a reasonable recovery without consuming high concentration of surfactant. 569 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations The effect of equilibrium temperature on the extraction efficiency was investigated at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 50°C. For all the tested Genapol concentrations, the equilibrium temperature of 50°C gave the highest recovery followed by 20°C. Therefore, equilibrium temperature of 25°C (room temperature) was selected since it showed a reasonable recovery without change of temperature (consumption of energy). The SDS decrease considerably the cloud point temperature of Genapol X-80, for this reason the micellar mixed systems showed a great flexibility and permitted cloud point extraction at room temperature. 60 Genapol 1% 2% 3% 4% 60 5% Equilibration temperature 40 30 20 10 0 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 50 Recovery (%) Recovery (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SDS concentration (mM) Figure 1. Effect of anionic surfactant concentrations on phenol extraction efficiency. 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Genapol (%) Figure 2. Effect of equilibrium temperature on phenol recovery. Fixed parameters: 2,5Mm SDS. The effect of pH on the cloud point extraction of phenolic compounds was studied in the range of pH-values of 2–10 by the addition of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. The results demonstrate that pH of solution had strong effect on the extraction of phenolics. The highest recovery rate was obtained at pH 4. The recovery of phenolics from TOW remained low at basic pH. Kukusamude et al. [4] reported that when using a mixture of anionic and non-ionic surfactants as extractants, the maximum extraction efficiency was achieved at the pH-value where the anionic charged form of the target analyte prevails. The extraction of TOW phenolic compounds which are a high added-value compounds (powerful natural antioxidants) may allow - in the same time - depollution and valorisation of table olive wastewaters. REFERENCES 570 1. Yamini, Y., Ghambarian, M., (2012). Environmental Applications of Cloud-Point Extraction, Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation, 3, 657-680. 2. Gortzi, O., Lalas, S., Chatzilazarou, A., Katsoyannos, E., Papaconstandinou, S., Dourtoglou, E., (2008). Recovery of Natural Antioxidants from Olive Mill Wastewater Using Genapol-X080, J. Am. Oil Chem., 85, 133–140. 3. Ezoddin, M., Shemirani, F., Khani, R., (2010). Application of mixed-micelle cloud point extraction for speciation analysis of chromium in water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Desalination, 262, 1–3, 183-187. 4. Kukusamude, C., Santalada, A., Boonchiangmaa, S., Burakhama, R., Srijaranai, S., Chailapakul, O., (2010). Mixed micellecloud point extraction for the analysis of penicillin residues in bovine milk by high performance liquid chromatography, Talanta, 81, 486–492. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Table Olive Processing Wastewaters by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Hajar Kiai1, El Abbassi Abdelilah1, Abdellatif Hafidi1, Maria Carmen García-Payo2, Mohamed Khayet2 Laboratory of Food Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences - Semlalia, P.O. Box: 2390, 40 000 Marrakech, Morocco. Email: a.hafidi@ucam.ac.ma (Hafidi, A.) & hajarkiai@gmail.com (Kiai, H.) 2 Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Email: khayetm@fis.ucm.es (Khayet, M.) 1 Abstract Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was applied to table olive processing wastewaters (TOPW) aiming concentration of the phenolic compounds. These valuable natural bioproducrs can be reused in different industries as powerful antioxydants. Recently, the copolymer poly(vinylidene floride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) seams to be a highly promising material for membrane preparation induced phase inversion technique and was applied in various membrane processes. Therefore, three types of PVDF-HFP hollow fiber membranes : HF1: (19% PVDFHFP + 3% PEG 6000 + 76% DMAC), HF2: (19% PVDF-HFP + 5% PEG 6000 + 76% DMAC) and HF3: (19% PVDF-HFP + 5% PEG 6000 76% (40% TMP + 60% DMAC) were tested. The transmembrane flux and phenolic compounds concentration in the permeate and retentate were measured under various operation conditions. It was found that the three hollow fiber membranes exhibit an excellent separation factors (100%). The highest permeat flux (13 l/h.m2) and concentration factor (2) were obtained with the hollow fiber membranes 3 (HF3) at feed temperature of 70°C. These results demonstrate clearly that DCMD can efficiently be applied to the treatment of TOPW for the concentration and recovery of phenolic compounds. Keywords: Membrane distillation; table olive processing wastewaters; phenolic compound; concentration factor, hollow fiber membranes. 1. INTRODUCTION Table olives industry has great economic and social importance in the Mediterranean countries. However, it generates each year a huge volume of wastewaters from different manufacturing stages such as desamerisation, cleaning and brining. TOPW constitute a serious environemental problem , specially for Mediterranean countries which are the main producer of the table olive in the world, due to the high organic load, salt concentration, polyphenols concentration, and suspended solids content. Few studies, have been dealing with the treatement of TOPW seeking the degradation of phenolic compounds by biological processes (aerobic or anaerobic) or chemical oxidation [1,2]. However, none of these treatement processes alone or combined offer sufficient treatement efficiencies. İn the last decade, membrane processes become a great topic of research due to their applicability in wastewater treatement. DCMD is a selective membrane separation technique, in which only vapor molecule are transported through prous hydrophobic membranes. DCMD has many advantages in comparaison with the conventional distillation, such as low operating pressure and temperature, insensitivity to salt and organic compounds concentration, along with the merits in using alternative energy sources [3]. Furthermore ,hollow fibre membranes distillation (MD) modules have a more compact structure than flat sheet membrane modules, providing potentially greater advantage in commercial applications [4]. The aim of this work was the concentration and the recovery of phenolic compounds from TOPW using DCMD in hollow fiber modules. 2. EXPERIMENTS Samples were collected from table olive manifacturing plant, located in the region of Barcelona, Spain during 2010-2011 season, transported to the laboratory and stored in the freezer until analysis. Three types of PVDF-HFP hollow fiber membranes were prepared, chracterized and tested. DCMD 571 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations experiments were carried out first employing distilled water as feed at different temperatures 50,60 and 70ºC and maintaining the permeate temperature constant at 25ºC. Similar experiments were carried out for TOPW concentration during 4h for each membrane. The effect of PEG concentration as well as the nature of solvent used on the permeat flux and phenolic compounds concentration factor under various operating conditions was measured. The concentration factor, β, was calculated as follows : β = CF (t) / CF0 . Where CF(t) and CF0 are the concentration of phenolic compounds in the feed at the time t and time 0, respectively. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It is well known in MD, that the feed temperature is one of the important operating variables that affect considerably the flux due to the exponential increase of the vapour pressure with temperature. From our results, it is pointed out that TOPW treatment and phenolic compounds concentration depends on the hollow fiber membranes characteristics. Figure 1. Effect of feed temperature on the permeat flux of DCMD of TOPW using hollow fiber membranes HF1,HF2 and HF3 Figure 2. Effect of feed temperature on the concentration factor β using hollow fiber membranes HF1,HF2 and HF3 As shown in Fig.1 the permeat flux of DCMD of TOPW increased exponentially with the feed temperature and it is lower than that of pure water as feed. This is due to the decrease of the vapour pressure with the high concentration of salt present in TOPW. The permeat flux of DCMD of TOPW increases as the PEG concentation increases from 3 to 5% and become higher when TMP (40%) solvant was mixed with DMAC (60%) for 5% PEG concentration. Therfore, HF3 exhibits higher permeate flux than HF2 and HF3 for the three feed temperature tested. As can be seen in Fig. 2 the concentration factor β increased with the increase of feed temperature for the three used membranes. This rise was due to continuous permeation of water vapor through membrane pores and thus the concentration of dissolved substances increased. Besides, an excellent separation factor (α = 100%) was obtained for the three membranes after 4 h of DCMD with a maximum concentration factors at 70°C (1.18 ± 0.01, 1.35 ± 0.02 and 1.76 ± 0.01 for HF1, HF2 and HF3, respectively). The DCMD system has proven its ability to retain and concentrate phenolic compounds contained in TOPW. The obtained concentrate can be purified and used as alternative to synthetic antioxidants. REFERENCES 572 1. Borja, R., Sanchez, E., Rincon, B., Raposo, F., Martin, M.A., Martin, A., (2005). Study and optimisation of the anaerobic acidogenic fermentation of two-phase olive pomace, Process Biochemistry, 40, 281–291. 2. Canizares, P., Martinez, L., Paz, R., Saez, C., Lobato,J., Rodrigo, M.A., (2006). Treatment of Fenton-refractory olive oil mill wastes by electrochemical oxidation with boron-doped diamond anode, Journal of Chemistry and Biotechnology, 81, 1331–1337. 3. El-Bourawi, M.S., Ding, Z., Maa, R., Khayet, M. (2006). A framework for better understanding membrane distillation separation process, Journal of Membrane Sciences, 285, 4–29. 4. Zhang, J., Li, J.D., Duke, M., Xie, Z., Gray, S., (2010). Performance of asymmetric hollow fibre membranes in membrane distillation under various configurations and vacuum enhancement, Journal of Membrane Science, 362, 1-2, 517-528. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Removal of Phosphorus and Potassium from Synthetic Aqueous Solutions through the Precipitation of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Hexahydrate Benltifa Mahmoud1, Ben Hammouda Mohamed1, Hamzaoui Ahmed Hichem2, Jellali Salah1 Water research and technologies centre, wastewater treatment laboratory. E-mail addresses: mahmoud.benltifa@certe.rnrt. tn; med.b.hamouda@live.fr; salah.jallali@certe.rnrt.tn; Material sciences research centre, Natural resources and recuperated materials valorization laboratory, Tunisia. E-mail address: mdmihi10@gmail.com 1 2 Abstract This study aims to study the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and potassium from synthetic aqueous solution through the precipitation of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MPP: MgKPO4. 6H2O) in batch mode. The studied key parameters were the initial aqueous potassium concentration, the pH of the aqueous solution and the molar ratio of Mg:K:P. The experimental results showed that the MPP was essentially formed for pH values higher than 9 and when the Mg and P exist in excess in the solutions. The Mg:K:P ratios significantly affected the MPP formation. In fact, for all the tested pH values, no MPP was formed when this ratio was fixed to 1:1:1. However, for pH values higher than 9, the MPP formation was favored when the Magnesium and phosphorus were in excess. For an initial potassium concentration of 4 mmol/L and a constant Mg:K:P of 3:1:3, the phosphates and potassium removal efficiencies increase when increasing the pH values. Indeed, for all the teseted Mg:K:P ratios, no MPP was formed until a pH value equal to 9. For an initial aqueous potassium concentration of 3mMol/L, the best potassium and phosphorus removal efficiencies was observed for an aqueous pH solution of 11.5 and a molar ratio Mg:K:P of 3:1:3. For this case, the phosphorus and potassium removal efficiencies were estimated to 59.8 and 55.5% respectively. The Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray analyses of the formed solid matrix confirm that the Co-precipitation of two types of struvite compounds, i.e., magnesium sodium phosphate heptahydrate (MSP: MgNaPO4.7H2O) and MPP. The results indicate that the MPP precipitation is an efficient method for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and potassium with the possibility of a further subsequent use in agriculture as a fertilizer. Keywords: Phosphorus, Potassium, Removal, Recovery, Struvite. 1. INTRODUCTION Phosphorus is an essential nutrient that is required for the growth of organisms in most ecosystems; however, if it exits in excess, it can cause the eutrophication of water bodies. On the other hand, demand of phosphates products has extremely increased in order to satisfy the food’s need of the world population. Thus, phosphorus recovery from renewable resources such as wastewaters has been identified as an interesting method to overcome the problems cited above. The precipitation of phosphorus as struvite forms has become this last decade an innovative research option. The simultaneous precipitation of potassium and phosphorus through artificial magnesium adding as MPP has been studied under different experimental conditions [1,2]. The main objective of this work is to optimize the parameters for the simultaneous removal of P and K from synthetic solutions through MPP precipitation. The tested parameters are the pH, the molar ratio of Mg:K:P, the presence of calcium and ammonium ions in the solutions. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The synthetic solutions containing potassium, magnesium and phosphorus were prepared using high grade analytical reagents which are KCl, MgCl2.6H2O and Na2HPO4.12H2O respectively. Many factors that could affect the formation of MPP have been studied. They include the potassium concentration (1 and 4 mmol/L), the Mg:K ratios (1:1 and 1:3) and P:K (1:1 and 1:3), the pH values (7; 8; 9; 10; 11 and 11.5). Additional experiments have been carried out in order to investigate the impact of the presence of other ions such as calcium and ammonium. All these experiments have been performed using 250 mL of aqueous solutions in 500 mL batch reactor. They were shaken for 30 min using a magnetic stirrer at 200 tr/min. The pH adjustment has been performed using 1.0 M NaOH solutions. 573 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The batch results showed that for all the tested Mg:K:P tested, the MPP precipitation does not occur for pH lower than 9. Indeed, even for the optimal Mg:K:P ratio (3:1:3), the potassium removal from the aqueous solutions is negligible until a pH value of 10, then it significantly increases when increasing pH values reaching a value of 55.5% at pH=11.5 (table 1). The maximum P removal has been observed at pH=10. The Mg:K:P ratio impact studies has proved that the MPP formation is favored when the Mg and phosphorus were in excess compared to potassium. Indeed, for aqueous pH solutions of 9 and 11, no potassium removal was observed for an Mg:K:P equal to 1:1:1. The maximum K removal has been registered at pH=11.5 and Mg:K:P = 3:1:3 (Figure 1). However, at the same pH value, the maximum phosphorus removal has been observed for an Mg:K:P = 3:1:1 which indicates the probable precipitation of Mg(OH)2 leading to stronger competition for OH- withPO43- [2]. With increasing pH values, Mg3(PO4)2, rather than struvite, also could precipitates. pH Ratio Mg:K:P K removal (%) P removal (%) 9 1 :1 :1 0.00 0.46 9 1 :1 :3 8.89 22.42 9 3 :1 :1 0.00 93.96 9 3 :1 :3 20.00 83.93 11.5 1 :1 :1 0.00 51.75 11.5 1 :1 :3 47.58 45.16 11.5 3 :1 :1 15.86 87.17 11.5 3 :1 :3 55.51 59.83 7 3:1:3 0.00 3.93 8 3:1:3 0.00 17.03 9 3:1:3 20.00 56.73 10 3:1:3 25.00 67.43 11 3:1:3 39.72 64.37 Table 1. Effect of pH and Mg:K:P on the removal of K and P from the synthetic aqueous solutions for an initial aqueous concentration of 4 mmol/L The presence of calcium and ammonium has significantly affected the formation of MPP. In fact, their existence in the solutions had decreased the potassium removal. On the other hand, the Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray analyses of the formed solid matrix confirm that the Co-precipitation of two types of struvite compounds, i.e., magnesium sodium phosphate heptahydrate (MSP: MgNaPO4.7H2O) and MPP. This is due to the presence of excess of sodium due to the pH adjustment using NaOH and also to the use of Na2HPO4 as a source of phosphorus. The MPP could be valorized as fertilizer for several local plants and therefore limit the use of synthetic fertilizers that generally negatively affect the subsurface and the shallow groundwater. REFERENCES 1. Wilsenach, J.A., Schuurbiers, C.A.H., Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., (2007). Phosphate and potassium recovery from source separated urine through struvite precipitation, Water Research. 41, 458-466. 2. Xu, K., Wang, C., Liu, H., Qian, Y., (2011). Simultaneous removal of phosphorus and potassium from synthetic urine through the precipitation of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate, Chemosphere. 84, 207-212. 574 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Septic Tank Internal Layers Characterization: Implications for Septic Sludge Management Renata Cristina Chagas, Sérvio Túlio Alves Cassini, João Batista Gomes de Melo, Cristiane de Oliveira Veronesi, Jessica Carla da Silva, Ricardo Franci Gonçalves Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.060-970 Vitória, ES, Brazil renataeab@yahoo.com.br Abstract For management purposes, material pumped out from septic tanks is frequently considered at all, without individual characterization of internal layers. In order to better understand the specificities of these layers and thus support a more adequate management, scum, liquid, top sludge and bottom sludge layers were characterized for physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. A proportional mixture of these layers and the corresponding truck transported septage were also analyzed. It was found a high variation among studied septic tanks concerning to both layers physical-chemical characteristics and percentage volume occupied by layers inside the tank. Sludge layers presented expressively higher levels of COD, total P, KTN, O&G and solids than other layers. Total coliforms and E. coli trended to be lower for sludge layers and higher for scum layer. Truck transported septage coliforms and E. coli levels were influenced by previous transported septage. It is discussed how an appropriate knowledge of these aspects and layers specific features could influence pumping, transportation, treatment and destination approaches. Keywords: sludge management, septic sludge, scum, septage, segregating pumping. 1. INTRODUCTION Septic tanks systems are widely adopted as wastewater treatment solution for individual dwellings, small villages and commercial buildings. In these systems, sewage is treated by settlement and flotation of solids and anaerobic digestion of settled organic matter[1]. Due to flotation and settling processes, the content of a septic tank trends to exhibit three distinct layers: scum, constituted by floated solids; sludge, formed by the settled solids; and a middle layer, which is the liquid inside the tank[1]. For correct operation and performance, septic sludge has to be periodically removed from the tank[2]. It is often performed by pumping out the tank content at all and not only the sludge layer (most of cases, septage is both pumped and transported by a specially adapted truck). Originated septage normally has offensive odour and appearance, are poorly stabilized, resistant to settling and dewatering and hosts several pathogenic organisms; thus, it requires special handling and treatment[2,3]. For correct septage treatment and disposal, it is necessary to properly know its characteristics[2, 4]. In general, only truck transported septage characteristics are considered for management purposes. However, a detailed characterization of septic tank layers could support the adoption of alternative technologies for removal, dewatering and destination of the septic material. In this context, the aim of this work was to quantify and characterize the layers inside septic tanks located at Vitória metropolitan region (Brazil) and discuss management approaches. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Samples were collected from septic tanks located at Vitória metropolitan region (Brazil). Scum, liquid and sludge layer heights were measured with a properly equipped rod. Each layer was pumped out and sampled separately. During pumping and sampling procedure, it was observed that sludge layer presented two clearly distinct regions; these regions (named top sludge and bottom sludge, as they were at the top and at the bottom of the sludge layer) were sampled and analyzed individually. Scum, liquid, top sludge and bottom sludge layers, a proportional mixture of them and corresponding truck transported septage were characterized for pH, COD, total P, Kjedahl total nitrogen (KTN), oil and grease (O&G), TS, VS, TSS and VSS, total coliforms and E. coli. Sample collection, storage 575 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations and analysis were carried out according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater[5]. 3. FIDINGS, ARGUMENT AND CONCLUSIONS Proportional heights occupied by each layer inside the septic tanks varied in a wide range; sludge layer represented about one third or less of the total content in most of cases. Physical-chemical parameters values were also high variable among septic tanks. Variation could be attributed to differences of building occupation and septic tank project and operation and has to be taken in account when planning a management strategy. Sludge layers presented expressively higher levels of COD, total P, KTN, O&G and solids than other layers. That can be explained by solids and organic matter accumulation at bottom of the tank (sludge layers) and by a possible O&G drag by settling particles. This high O&G content can difficult dewatering processes[6] and this is worth of attention. Scum layer and top sludge layer had the highest values for SV/ST ratio while bottom sludge presented the lowest, which indicates that bottom sludge had a tendency to be more stabilized than top sludge and scum. Total coliforms and E. coli trended to be lower for sludge layers and higher for scum layer. Truck transported septage coliforms and E. coli levels were influenced by previous transported septage. As presented and discussed above, different layers inside a septic tank present considerably diverse characteristics and specific critical points. Therefore, a separation approach seems to be appropriate for septage characterization and could better support management strategies as segregating pumping and transport systems, for example. REFERENCES 576 1. Butler D., Payne J. (1995). Septic tanks - problems and practice, Building and Environment, 30, 3, 419-425. 2. United States Environmental Protection Agency – USEPA (1999). Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet - Septage Treatment/Disposal. Publication nº EPA/932-F-99-068, Washington. 3. Rodríguez-Canché, L.G., Cardoso Vigueros, L., Maldonado-Montiel, T., Martínez-Sanmiguel, M., (2010). Pathogen reduction in septic tank sludge through vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida, Bioresource Technology, 101, 3548–3553. 4. Metcalf & Eddy (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse, 1819, McGraw-Hill, New York. 5. APHA, AWWA, WEF (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington. 6. Vincent, J., Molle, P., Wisniewski, C., Liénard, A., (2011). Sludge drying reed beds for septage treatment: towards design and operation recommendations, Bioresource Technology, 102, 17, 8327-8330. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Polyphenols Recovery from Pretreated Olive Mill Wastewaters Using Cloud Point Extraction Method Abdelilah El-Abbassi, Hajar Kiai, Jihane Raiti, Abdellatif Hafidi Food Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences – Semlalia, Avenue of Prince Moulay Abdellah, P.O. Box 2390, 40090 Marrakesh, Morocco. abdelilah2010@gmail.com, hafidi.abdellatif@googlemail.com Abstract Olive mill wastewater (OMW) causes many environmental problems, mainly in the Mediterranean area. The phenolic content of OMW is principally responsible for the phytotoxicity and microbial growth inhibitory effects. However, these effluents can be considered as a source of powerful natural antioxidants. Cloud Point Extraction method was used to recover and separate phenolic compounds from pretreated (Ultrafiltration on PES membranes) olive mill wastewater. The Triton X-100 was used as surfactant at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 % (w/w). Three temperatures (70°, 80° and 90°C) above the cloud point temperature of the surfactant were tested. The obtained results show the possibility to extract up to 66.5 % of the phenolic content from OMW using one step CPE. The highest yield was obtained when using 10 % of Triton X-100 at 90°C.The results show that the CPE can be an efficient alternative to the classic methods of extraction since it can offer a mixture of natural antioxidants suitable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food applications. Keywords: Olive mill wastewater, Cloud point extraction, Pretreatment, Phenolic compounds, Recovery. 1. INTRODUCTION Several methods have been developed aiming the extraction and purification of phenolics from OMW, including membrane technologies, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction, most of them are under patent protection[1,2]. The liquid-liquid extraction exhibits important restrictions and drawbacks related to the use of expensive, toxic and inflammable organic diluents. Almost all methods proposed to treat and valorise OMW remain not adopted mainly because of practical/ economic reasons. Owing to the small scale and dispersed nature of the olive mills and the seasonality of the process, choosing a proper technique is a real challenge. In the present work, we applied CPE method for the extraction of phenolic compounds from an ultrafiltred sample of OMW using the Triton X-100 as extractant. 2. EXPERIMENTS 2.1. OMW pretreatment by ultrafıltratıon Ultrafiltration (UF) was carried out at room temperature in a stirred cross-flow ultrafiltration cell (AMICON 8200, Millipore USA) with 200 ml of volume. A polyethersulfone membrane (MicrodynNadir, Germany) with a molecular weight cut-off of 50 kDa was used. The effective area of the membrane is 28.7 cm2. The transmembrane pressure was kept at 3 bar using a nitrogen cylinder and the stirring rate was set at 250 rpm. 2.2. Cloud poınt extractıon experıments A mother solution of 20 % Triton X-100 in ultrafiltred OMW was prepared and homogenized by magnetic stirring (300 rpm) at 50°C over a night. This solution was used to prepare 3 series of tubes with 0 to 10 % of Triton X-100 in ultrafiltred OMW, the final volume of each tube was 10 ml. The tubes were then vortexed and incubated for 30 min in a water bath at 70, 80 or 90°C. Once the tubes were taken out from the bath, they were left to settle for 4 hours at room temperature until a clear separation of two phases. The volume of each phase was measured and the total phenolic content of the diluted phase was extracted by ethyl acetate and determined colorimetrically using FolinCiocalteu method. The phenols recovery was calculated using the following equation: 577 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations where Co represents the phenol initial concentration in the ultrafiltred OMW-surfactant mixture of volume Vo, CD represents the phenol concentration in the water phase of volume VD and CC represents the phenol concentration in the surfactant concentrated-phase of volume VC. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS At temperatures above 80°C, the phenolic compounds recovery seems proportional to the surfactant concentration. At 70°C, particularly at surfactant concentrations above 5%, the phenols recovery showed a less dependent behaviour on the surfactant concentration. The average recovery rate (R%) obtained with 10% Triton X-100, were 46.4, 63.9 and 66.5 % at 70°, 80° and 90°C, respectively (Fig1). Figure 1. Total phenolic compounds recovery (%) from OMW versus surfactant concentrations (Solid line presents the trendline of experimental data and the dashed line shows to the confidence interval of 95%.) As the coacervate is less hydrophilic than the micellar aqueous phase, the extraction may be increased for the most hydrophobic organic compounds in OMW including phenolic compounds. As the Triton X-100 is a strong hydrogen-bond acceptor, such interactions may contribute to the concentration of phenolic compounds among other solutes in the surfactant rich phase[3]. Once, these hydrogen bonds broken, the free phenolics may solubilise in the aqueous phase of the coacervate. Hence, changing the solution pH to alkaline conditions above their pKa will lead to free phenolic compounds, which can be effectively stripped from the coacervate[4]. Subsequently, the phenolic compounds are recovered from the coacervate after adjusting the pH to 10 using with a NaOH 2M and re-incubation at 70°C for 20 min to obtain two new phases: A clear surfactant-rich phase and a dark small aqueous phase containing the phenols. About 54 wt% of the phenols was released from the coacervate into the new small water phase. As a result, the overall phenolic compounds extraction yield is about 32%. Recycling the surfactant phase in multistage extractions will lead to higher yields. REFERENCES 578 1. Fernández-Bolaños, J., Heredia, A., Rodrigues, G.G., Rodriguez, A.R., Jeminez, A.A., Guillen, B.R., World Patent, WO 02,064,537 (2002). 2. Villanova, L., Fasiello, G., Merendino, A., American Patent, US 20,090,023,815 (2009). 3. Sastre, A.M., Szymanowski, J., (2005). Extraction: Solvent Extraction Principles, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, 2nd Ed., 569-577, Elsivier. 4. Haddou, B., Canselier, J.P., Gourdon, C., (2006). Cloud point extraction of phenol and benzyl alcohol from aqueous stream, Separation and Purification Technology, 50, 114–121. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Simultaneous COD Reduction and Mannitol Removal by Nanofiltration Membrane Toufik Chaabane1, André Darchen2, Rachida Maachi1 USTHB / FGM-GP/Département de l’Environnement, BP 32 El-Alia 16111, Alger, Algérie tfkchaabane@yahoo.fr 2 UMR CNRS n° 6226 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ENSCR, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex, France 1 Abstract In this study, we investigated the feasibility of treatment of synthetically solutions containing the mannitol by nanofiltration (NF) process. Knowing that the mannitol is a sugar-alcohol (diol) responsible for the increase in the COD in the effluent rejections. In the pharmaceutical industry mannitol is used in various applications. The orthoboric acid (OA) of formula H3BO3 is used for the conservation of the organic matters in food industry; it is also a light disinfectant. Boric acid/borate reacts with neutral polyolic compounds, generating anionic complexes. This work reports also on the study of the influence of different parameters let use note: transmembrane pressure, time of filtration, mannitol concentration, salinity of medium, mannitolOA mixture and pH. The whole of the results obtained enables us to also note that the use of NF as treatment for the elimination of sugars (diol) of the industrial effluents seems the method effective and led to promising results. Moreover, the NF of the synthetic effluent enabled us to note that a better reduction of the COD was obtained with a value of 85.23 % for a concentration of the mannitol equal to 0.15g. L-1 and pH of work equal to 2.4. At the end of this work, we can conclude that the study of the influence of the concentration, transmembrane pressure, time of filtration and the pH on the retention of the parameters of pollution enabled us to highlight the aptitude and the effectiveness of nanofiltration for the treatment of this type of effluent. 1. Experımental apparatus Figure 1. Experimental apparatus 579 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations 2. Pressure ınfluence on COD retentıon 100 60 40 20 0 pHi = 5.69 pH= 3.4 pH= 2.4 0 1 2 (b) 90 (a) CODremoval efficiency [%] CODremoval efficiency (%) 80 3 4 80 70 60 50 40 30 PHi = 5.1 PH= 3.4 PH= 2.4 20 10 0 5 � P( bar ) (a) Mannitol concentration [Co]=0.6 g.L-1. 0 1 2 3 � P( bar ) 4 (b) Mannitol concentration [Co]=0.1 g.L-1. Figure 2. Evolution of the COD rate retention versus transmembrane pressure. 3. Mannıtol concentratıon ınfluence 100 CODremoval efficiency [%] CODremoval efficiency [%] 80 80 60 40 C=0.56 g.L-1 C=0.312 g.L-1 C=0.15 g.L-1 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Filtration time (min) (a) Evolution of the COD removal efficiency versus time of filtration. 60 40 20 0 1mol de M+1mol de OA 1mol de M+2mol de OA 2mol de M+1mol de OA 0 1 2 3 4 � P( bar ) (b) Evolution of the COD removal efficiency versus transmembrane pressure for different concentrations on mannitol. References 580 1. D. PRATS, M. F. CHILLON. ARIAS, M. RODRINGUEZ. PASTOR, ‘Analysis of the influence of pH and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis ‘, Desalination 128 (2000) 269. 2. W. BOWEN, J. WELFOOT ‘Modelling the performance of membrane nanofiltration critical assessment and model development ‘, Chem. Eng. Sci. 57 (2002) 1121–1137. 3. NITZAN GEFFEN, RAPHAEL SEMIAT, MORIS S. EISEN, YAEL BALAZS, ILAN KATZ, CARLOS G. DOSORETZ, ‘Boron removal from water by complexation to polyol compounds‘, Journal of Membrane Science, Volume 286, Issues 1–2, 15 December 2006, Pages 45-51. 4. PIOTR DYDO, IZABELA NEMŚ, MARIAN TUREK, Boron removal and its concentration by reverse osmosis in the presence of polyol compounds, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 89, 22 March 2012, Pages 171-180. 5. KIYOSAWA, K. (1991) ‘Volumetric properties of polyols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, meso-erthritol, xylitol and mannitol in relation to their membrane permeability: group estimation and estimation of the maximum radius of their molecules’. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1064: 251. 6. C. CAUSSERAND, P. AIMAR,’ Characterization of Filtration Membranes’, Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering, Volume 1, 2010, Pages 311-335. 7. A.Y. Zahrim, C. Tizaoui, N. Hilal,‘Coagulation with polymers for nanofiltration pre-treatment of highly concentrated dyes: A review Review Article’, Desalination, Volume 266, Issues 1–3, 31 January 2011, Pages 1-16. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater The Photolytic Degradation of Olive Mill Wastewater by O3/UV/NaBO3 and Lime Treatment Mehmet Uğurlu, M. Hamdi Karaoğlu, A.İmran Vaizoğullar and Selma Baştan Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey. mehmetu@mu.edu.tr. mnazlican@hotmail.com. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of decolourization and removal of colour, phenol and lignin in OMW by using O3/UV/NaBO3 and Lime Treatment. The operating parameters, such as NaBO3 dosage, times, pH, temperature, and O3 effect of initial concentration were determined to find the suitable operating conditions for the best removal. At the end of all experiments, changes in colour, phenol and lignin concentrations were analysed according to standard methods. From experimentals results, Optimum values of NaBO3 and temperature were found to be 10gL-1. The degradation of phenol and lignin was favorable at pH 9.0, color degradation was observed in acidic conditions (pH<5.0 and pH>3.0). The optimum time, temperature and UV intensity for removal of color, phenol and lignin were found to be 10h, 308K and 34 Watt, respectivelly. Keywords: Olive mill wastewater (OMW), color, phenols, lignin, sodium perborate (NaBO3) 1. INTRODUCTION Olive mill wastewater (OMW) generated by the olive oil extracting industry is a major pollutant because of its high organic load and the phytotoxic and antibacterial phenolic compounds which resist biological degradation. Mediterranean countries are mostly affected by this serious environmental problem, since they are responsible for 95% of the worldwide olive-oil production [1-3]. There are many methods used for OMW treatment, such as that proposed by Kestioğlu et al. (2004[4] who studied the phsico-chemical treatment and advanced oxidation processes by means of the ozone or Fenton’s reagent in the presence and absence of UV radiation. They showed that the same COD and total phenol removal efficiencies (99% removal for both COD and total phenol) were found to have been given by both H2O2/UV and O3/UV combinations. Another method was recently applied to the treatment of OMW and consists of the application of an integrated centrifugation-ultra filtration system[5] allowing an efficient reduction of pollution and a selective separation of some useful product. Traditional physical and chemical techniques, such as flocculation, coagulation, filtration, lagoons of evaporation, the electrochemical treatment of OMW and burning systems also solve the problem, but only partially[1,4-6]. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the decolourization and removal of some organic compounds (phenol, lignin) from OMW by using O3/UV/NaBO3. In addition, there is no study reported in the literature related to the use of UV and NaBO2H2O2.3H2O together in the OMW treatment. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The wastewater under study was obtained from an olive oil producing plant (Muğla area of Turkey), which uses a modern production process. No chemical additives are used during the olive oil production. Photolytic experiments, by considering the studies in the literature, were carried out in UV reactor equipped with water cooling feature, magnetic stirrer and UV lamp (GPH846TL, 17 W, 254 nm). The scheme of the used reactor is shown in Figure 1. The contact time, temperature, initial pH, NaBO2H2O2.3H2O amount and UV intensity were selected as experimental parameters. The pH of the solution was adjusted with 0.1M NaOHor 0.1 MHCl solution by using a pHmeter equipped with a combined electrode. At the end of the experiment, the concentrations of phenol, lignin, and color changes were determined spectrophotometrically. 581 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Poster Presentations Fıgure 1. Appearance schematic of UV reactor used for the experimental studies 2.1 Effect of O3, O3/UV, O3/NaBO2H2O and O3/UV/NaBO2H2O It is expected that when O3, UV, NaBO2H2O compounds are used together or alone, the reaction differentiates, which influences the degradation. With the aim of concretizing this situation, the experiments were carried out in certain conditions by using O3, O3/UV, O3/NaBO2H2O and O3/UV/ NaBO2H2O. Changes in color removal are shown in Figure 2. The photolytic effect of NaBO2H2O2.3H2O has been investigated as oxidation compounds for removal of color, phenol, and lignin from OMW. The degradation of OMW was facilitated by the presence of 308K, high pH, and a catalyst amount 10gL-1 combined with UV intensity. The degradation of phenol and lignin was favorable at pH 9.0, color degradation was observed in acidic conditions (pH<5.0 and pH>3.0). The optimum time, temperature and UV intensity for removal of color, phenol and lignin were found to be 10h, 308K and 34 Watt, respectivelly. In addition, the pseudo-first order model was applied and r2 values were noted from 0.90 to 0.99. it can be said that this study proves the effectiveness of photolytic removal for highly concentrated organic pollutants present in OMW. Moreover, there is no study reported in the literature related to the use of O3/UV/NaBO3 in OMW treatment and O3/UV/NaBO3 may constitute an important step for further purification processes such as adsorption, membrane processes, etc. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Boron Research Institute, (BOREN) for financial support to carry out the research work. REFERENCES 582 1. Israilised, C.J, Vlyssides, A.G, Mourafeti, V.N. and Karvouni, G. (1997). Olive oil waste water treatment with the use of an electrolysis system. Bioresource Technology, 61,163-170. 2. Adhoum, N. and Monser, L. (2004). Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chemical Engineering and Process. 433, 1281-1287. 3. Ugurlu, M. and Karaoğlu, M.H. (2011). TiO2 supported on sepiolite: Preparation, structural and thermal characterization and catalytic behaviour in photocatalytic treatment of phenol and lignin from olive mill wastewater, Chemical Engineering journal, 166, 859-867. Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater 4. Kestioglu, K., Yonar, T. and Azbar, N. (2004). Feasibility of Physico chemical treatment and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as a means of pre-treatment of olive mill effluent (OME). Process Biochemistry. 40, 2409–2416. 5. Turano, E., Curcio, S., Paola, M.G., Calabro, V. and Iorio, G. (2002). An integrated centrifugation–ultrafiltration system in the treatment of OMW. Journal Member Sciences, 209(2)519–531. 6. Schwitzguébel, J.P., Aubert, S., Grosse, W. and Laturnus, F. (2002). Sulphonated Aromatic Pollutants: Limits of Microbial Degradability and Potential of Phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 9 (1) 62–72. 7. Uğurlu, M. and Hazırbulan, A.S. (2007). The removal of some organic compounds from Pre-treated olive mill wastewater by sepiolite. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 16 (8) 887-895. 8. Oukili, O., Chaouch, M., Rafiq, M., Hadji, M., Hamdi, M. and Benlemlih, M. (2001). Bleaching of olive mill wastewater by clay in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Annales des Chimie, Science des Matérials. 26 (2) 45-53. 583 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 584 Poster Presentations Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Excellent technology for water management. For generations. WILO pumps and water management systems set the benchmarks in terms of efficiency and technical performance with reliable solutions. Pumps and components from WILO are able to supply the fluid for as efficiently and for as long as possible in the best possible way. WILO offers the right solution for any application: with the highest safety standarts and lowest costs. Wastewater Market-leading position Poster Presentations Worldwide activity 6 Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 MARTIN plants in 32 countries worldwide www.martingmbh.de Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress 2013 Wastewater Energy from Waste Turnkey Solutions Air & Water-Cooled Grates Horizontal & Vertical Boiler Types Ash & Slag Handling Advanced Combustion Control Hazardous Waste Treatment Flue Gas Cleaning Processes After Sales Service We make the world a cleaner place www.fisia-babcock.com Waste is our Energy. Engineering is our Business. Sustainable Solutions are our Mission. Hitachi Zosen Inova AG | Hardturmstr. 127 | P.O. Box 680 | 8037 Zurich | Switzerland T +41 44 277 11 11 | F +41 44 277 13 13 | info@hz-inova.com | www.hz-inova.com 8 9 786056 326912